RUGANGO v. BPR

# RUGANGO v. BPR

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2014-01-17 - Case/document no.: RCOMA 0147/11/CS - Collection: Supreme Court

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RUGANGO v. BPR [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – 2014SC – RCOMA 0147/11/CS (Mutashya, P.J., Mukanyundo na Kayitesi R, J.) Kuwa,17 Mutarama 2014] Amategeko y’ubucuruzi – Amasezerano y’inguzanyo – Mu gihe banki yishubije amafaranga yari yarashyize kuri konti y’umukiriya iyamuhayeho inguzanyo byafatwa nk’impamvu yo kwica amasezerano – Nta muburanyi wavuga ko byamuteje igihombo ahubwo byitwa ko yatakaje amahirwe . Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rishyiraho urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano igitabo cya gatatu Ingingo ya 33. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uwajuririye yakoranye hamwe n’uregwa amasezerano y’inguzanyo y’amafaranga angana na 5.000.000 Frws yagombaga kwishyura 208.000 frws buri kwezi mu gihe cy’imyaka ibiri, ku mushinga wo kugura imodoka Toyota Hiace Minibus azajya akoresha ubwikorezi bw’abantu. Uwajuriye yabikuje 1.300.000 frws , nyuma uregwa (Banki) imwangira kongera gukura amafaranga kuri compte ye, birayigeraho isigaramo 200 frw gusa, bituma uwajuriye asubiza imodoka nyira yo, n’umushinga we urahagarara. Uregwa yaje gutanga ikirego mu rukiko rw’ubucuruzi yishyuza uwajuririye amafaranga yamusigayemo ku nguzanyo yahawe, hamwe n’inyungu.Uwajuriye nawe yatanze ikirego muri urwo rubanza asaba indishyi,anavuga ko uregwa yishe amasezerano bagiranye, none ikaba imwishyuza inyungu ku mwenda itamuhaye. Urwo rubanza rwaraciwe,rwemeza ko ikirego cya buri ruhande gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe.Uregwa yajuririye urwo rubanza mu rukiko rukuru rw’ubucuruzi,narwo rwemeza ko urubanza rujuririrwa ruvanyweho kuko rwaburanishijwe n’urukiko rutarirubifitiye ububasha, urega nawe yahise areka ikirego urubanza rugiye kuburanishwa mu mizi. Uwajurirye muri uru rubanza nawe yatanze ikirego mu rukiko rukuru rw’ubucuruzi asaba indishyi z’igihombo avuga ko yatewe no kuba uregwa yarishubije inguzanyo yari yamuhaye itubahirije ingengabihe bari bunvikanye. Uwajuririye yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga avuga ko rwirengagije ibimenyetso yarugaragarije, avuga kandi ko icyemezo cyafashwe hatitawe ku miterere y’amasezerano bagiranye.Urubanza rwongeye gupfundurwa, abazungura b’uwajuririye bahari, n’ amasezerano impande zombie zagiranye yashyikirijwe urukiko. Incamake y’icyemezo:1. Gutanga cyangwa kureka gutanga inguzanyo ni uburenganzira bwa Banki. Ariko igihe yijeje umukiriya inguzanyo ariko nyuma ikisubiraho, ishobora kubiryozwa kuko ubwabyo bigira ingaruka. Abahanga mu mategeko bo bajya kure dore ko banemeza ko n’iyo banki yaba yari itarayaha umukiriya ariko yaramwijeje ubwayo bigira ingaruka. Bityo kuba nyuma y`ukwezi kumwe uwarezwe yarisubije amafaranga y`inguzanyo yari yahaye uwajuririye binyuranyije n’ibyo bari bumvikanye, ikaba rero yarakoze ikosa igomba kuryozwa kuko ariyo nyirabayazana w`imbogamizi yabangamiye ubucuruzi bw`ubwikorezi uwajuririye yari yiyemeje gukora. 2. Mu kwamburwa inguzanyo nta wakwemeza ko byanze bikunze hari igihombo bitera, ahubwo icy`ukuri (ikiri ``objectif``) ni uko hatakazwa amahirwe (perte d`une chance) kuko iyo kubona iyo nguzanyo, byashoboka ko ibyazwa inyungu. Hakurikijwe ibyo abahanga mu mategeko

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bavuga ndetse no mu zindi manza zaciwe, bavuga ko indishyi zituruka mu kuvutsa amahirwe, zigenwa n’umucamanza mu bushishozi bwe. Bityo Urukiko rukaba rusanga mu bushishozi bwarwo rwagenera abazungura b’uwajuririye indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 1.300.000 Frws. Ubujurire bw’abazungura bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. indishyi z’abazungura zizatangwa n’uregwa. amagarama y’urubanza aherera ku regwa. Amategeko yakoreshejwe Itegeko ryo kuwa30/07/1888 rishyiraho urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano igitabo cya gatatu,ingingo ya 33. Imanza zifashishijwe. Urubanza N RCOMA 0143/12/CS, rwaciwe kuwa 11/10/2013, haburanagamo ECOBANK na ECOGER. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Kuwa 26/11/2004, Banki y’Abaturage y’u Rwanda, Ishami rya Nyamata, yagiranye amasezerano y’inguzanyo na RUGANGO Dismas, imuha inguzanyo ingana na 5.000.000 Frw ku mushinga wo kugura imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa Toyota Hiace Minibus azajya akoresha ubwikorezi bw`abantu ku muhanda wa Nyamata-Kigali, agomba kujya yishyura 208.000 Frw buri kwezi mu migabane 24 hamwe n`inyungu zisanzwe zibarirwa ku gipimo cya 18%, guhera kuwa 30/12/2004 kugeza kuwa 30/12/2006; kuwa 30/11/2004 no kuwa 23/12/2004 Rugango avuga ko yabikujeho 1,300,000 Frw, nyuma banki imwangira kongera gukura amafaranga kuri konti ye itamubwiye impamvu, akomeza gusiragira ayisaba ibisobanuro ntibyagira icyo bitanga, bituma asubiza ya modoka nyirayo, umushinga we uhagarara utyo. [2] Kuwa 05/02/2005 Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd, yakase kuri konti ye 294.650 Frw, nyuma y`iminsi 9 ni ukuvuga kuwa 16/2/2005, ikuraho andi 2.410.500 Frw, bigeraho naho konti ye yasigayeho 200 Frw gusa; bivugwa kandi ko BPR yatangaje Rugango Dismas kuri liste ya ba bihemu yamanitse ku karubanda ku nyubako ikoreramo. [3] Hashize igihe, Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw`Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge yishyuza Rugango Dismas amafaranga 2.214.000 yayisigayemo ku nguzanyo yahawe, inyungu zayo zisanzwe za 842.427 Frw n`iz`ubukererwe za 187.206 Frw n`amafaranga y`ikurikiranarubanza angana na 15% y`amafaranga yose aregerwa ni ukuvuga 486.544 Frw. Muri urwo rubanza RUGANGO Dismas nawe yatanze ikirego cyo kwiregura asaba indishyi zingana na 25.000.000 Frw, avuga ko banki yishe amasezerano bagiranye, none ikaba imwishyuza inyungu ku mwenda itamuhaye.

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[4] Urwo rukiko rwaciye urubanza Nº RCOM 1970/08/TC/NYGE kuwa 13/02/2009, rwemeza ko ikirego cya buri ruhande gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe, rutegeka BPR kwishyura RUGANGO Dismas indishyi za 8.700.000 Frw. [5] Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, ruca urubanza Nº RCOMA 0046/09/HCC rwemeza ko urubanza rujuririrwa ruvanyweho kuko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge rwaburanishije ikirego gifite agaciro ka 25.000.000 Frw kandi rutabifitiye ububasha, ariko rugiye kuburanisha mu mizi Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd ihita ireka ikirego. [6] RUGANGO Dismas yahise atanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi kigamije gusaba indishyi z’igihombo yatewe no kuba Banki yarishubije inguzanyo yari yamuhaye itubahirije ingengabihe bari bumvikanye, Urukiko rwemeza kuwa 28/10/2011, ko ikirego cya RUGANGO Dismas nta shingiro gifite, rumutegeka kwishyura Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya avoka. [7] RUGANGO Dismas yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 28/11/2011, avuga ko urukiko rwirengagije ibimenyetso yarugaragarije by`uko Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd yamubujijie gukura amafaranga y`inguzanyo kuri konti ye, ngo nyamara bigaragara ko yo yagiye iyakuraho, ko kandi rwafashe icyemezo rutitaye ku miterere y’amasezerano yari yaragiranye nayo. [8] Urubanza rwari kuburanishwa kuwa 11/06/2013 ariko uwo munsi iburanisha rirasubikwa kugira ngo hatumizwe abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas, urubanza ruburanishwa mu ruhame kuwa 10/09/2013, abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas baburanirwa na Me KARAMBIZI Canisius naho BPR iburanirwa na Me KANYAMBO Diogène wabanje kuzamura inzitizi yuko ubujurire bwatanzwe bukererewe, kuwa 04/10/2013 Urukiko rwemeza mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi ko iyo nzitizi nta shingiro ifite, ruvuga ko iburanisha rizongera gupfundurwa kuwa 03/12/2013, hagati aho amasezerano impande zombi zagiranye akaba yashyikirijwe Urukiko. [9] Kuwa 03/12/2013, urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame, abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas baburanirwa na Me KARAMBIZI Canisius naho Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd iburanirwa na Me KANYAMBO Diogène.. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URU RUBANZA. 1. Kumenya niba Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd itarubahirije amasezerano y`iguriza yagiranye na RUGANGO Dismas. [10] Me KARAMBIZI Canisius uburanira RUGANGO Dismas avuga ko Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd itubahirije amasezerano y`iguriza bagiranye kuwa 25/11/2004, kuko yagombaga kujya ayishyura 208.000 Frw buri kwezi mu gihe cy`amezi 24 uhereye kuwa 30/12/2004 kugeza kuwa 30/12/2006, hamwe n`inyungu zisanzwe zibarirwa ku gipimo cya 18% n`iz`ubukererwe zibarirwa ku gipimo cya 4%. Avuga ko kuwa 30/11/2004 no kuwa 23/12/2004 RUGANGO Dismas yabikuje kuri konti ye 1,300,000 Frw, nyuma Banki imwangira kongera gukura amafaranga kuri konti ye itamubwiye impamvu, ahubwo nayo nyuma y`ukwezi itangira kugenda imukata asigaye, ntiyashobora gukomeza umushinga we, Taxi Minibus (Hiace) yagombaga kwishyura ayisubiza nyirayo, umushinga urahagarara.

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[11] Avuga ko yagaragarije Urukiko ibimenyetso by`uko ibintu byahindutse, ko kuwa 05/02/2005, Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd yakase kuri konti ye 294.650 Frw, nyuma y`iminsi 9 kuwa 16/2/2005, ikuraho 2.410.500 Frw, bigera naho konti ye isigaraho 200 Frw gusa; ko kandi Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd yandaritse RUGANGO Dismas imushyira kuri lisiti ya ba bihemu yatangaje, ariko ko atabona iyo lisiti kugira ngo ayereke urukiko kuko aho imanitse haba hafunze ku buryo ntawashyikira izo mpapuro. [12] Avuga ko yagombaga kwishyura guhera kuwa 30/12/2004 kugera kuwa 30/12/2006, ko kandi yari yaratangiye kwishyura kandi ko atigeze arariranya, ko n`impamvu ariya mafaranga atayakuriyeho rimwe, byatewe n’uko yabanje gukuraho make yo gutangaho avansi y`imodoka yagombaga kugura kugira ngo ayikorere igerageza, akaba yari yaranayeretse Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd. [13] Me KANYAMBO Diogène uburanira banki avuga ko umucamanza ku rwego rwa mbere yagaragaje ko nta bimenyetso bigaragaza ko yaba yarabujijwe gutwara amafaranga ye kandi no mu bujurire bikaba bigaragara ko aterekana ko yambuwe ariya mafaranga. Avuga kandi ko iyo gukura ariya mafaranga kuri konti ye bimutera ikibazo, aba yaragiye mu yindi banki cyangwa agasaba ko amasezerano aseswa. [14] Avuga ko gukura ayo mafaranga kuri konti ari ikosa ryabaye, ariko ko iyo RUGANGO Dismas ahita abikurikirana aba yarayashubijwe aho kwihutira kujya kurega. Asobanura ko icyishwe atari amasezerano y’inguzanyo ahubwo ko ari amasezerano yo kubitsa (contrat de dépot), akaba ari nayo yanagombye kuregera. Ku bijyanye no gushyirwa ku rutonde rwa ba bihemu bambuye banki, Me KANYAMBO Diogène avuga ko nta kimenyetso RUGANGO Dismas abitangira. Uko Urukiko rubibona [15] Ingingo ya 33 y`Igitabo cya gatatu cy`urwunge rw`amategeko mbonezamubano iteganya ko ``amasezerano agira agaciro hagati y`abakoranye``, bisobanuye ko amasezerano akozwe ku buryo bukurikije amategeko aba abaye itegeko ku bayagiranye, ashobora guseswa ari uko babyumvikanyeho cyangwa ku mpamvu zemewe n`amategeko kandi agomba kubahirizwa nta buryarya. [16] Bigaragara koko mu mpapuro Me KARAMBIZI Canisius yatangiye mu iburanisha, n’ubwo zitari umwimerere, ko kuwa 05/02/2005, Banki yakuye kuri konti ya RUGANGO Dismas 294.650 Frw, naho kuwa 16/02/2005 ikuraho 2.410.500 Frw, ibi kandi n’uburanira Banki akaba atabihakana, uretse ko avuga ko ari amakosa yari gukosorwa hatiriwe habaho imanza. [17] Urukiko rurasanga mu masezerano Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd yagiranye na RUBANGO Dismas kugira ngo agure imodoka yo kumufasha gushyira mu bikorwa Umushinga we w`ubwikorezi bw`abantu, impande zombi zari zumvikanye ko RUBANGO Dismas yagomabaga kwishyura 208.000 Frw buri kwezi mu gihe cy`imyaka ibiri, kuzishyura inyungu zisanzwe zibariwe ku gipimo cya 18% n`iz`ubukererwe zibariwe ku gipimo cya 4%. [18] Urukiko rurasanga rero kuba nyuma y`ukwezi kumwe Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd yarisubije amafaranga y`inguzanyo yari yahaye RUGANGO Dismas binyuranyije n’ibyo bari

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bumvikanye nk`uko biteganyijwe mu masezerano bashyizeho umukono kuwa 26/11/2004 kandi yaragombaga kubahirizwa n’impande zayagiranye, hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 33 y’igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano cyariho icyo gihe, Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd ikaba rero yarakoze ikosa igomba kuryozwa kuko ariyo nyirabayazana w`imbogamizi yabangamiye ubucuruzi bw`ubwikorezi RUGANGO Dismas yari yiyemeje gukora, bityo ubujurire bwe bukaba bufite ishingiro. 2. Kumenya niba indishyi abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas basaba bazihabwa. [19] Uburanira abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas avuga ko hari amahirwe yavukijwe kuko iyo agura iyo modoka yari kujya akora inshuro enye mu muhanda Nyamata-Kigali, atwaye abagenzi 17, kandi buri mugenzi akishyura 600 Frw, akaba yari kwinjiza ku munsi (600 Frw x 17 x 4)= 40.800 Frw, ko mu myaka 2 yari kwinjiza 25.459.200 Frw abazwe mu buryo bukurikira: [40.800 Frw/jr x (720jrs- 96 jrs) kubera 1jr/semaine yo gukoresha imodoka entretien]. [20] Avuga ko muri rusange indishyi asaba zavanywemo amafaranga yari kujya atanga kuri iyo modoka mu bintu biyigendaho bitandukanye nko kugura lisansi, guhemba umushoferi no kuyikoresha (réparation) ari 23.799.072 Frw. [21] Uburanira abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas asaba kandi indishyi z’akababaro zingana 5.000.000 Frw kuko Banki yamushyize ku rutonde rwa ba bihemu, bigatuma yamburwa umwanya yari afite wa ``Médicin-Directeur du District Sanitaire de Bugesera``, akagirwa umuganga usanzwe ku Gisenyi. Asaba kandi 1.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya avoka na 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. [22] Uburanira Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd avuga ko izo ndishyi nta shingiro zifite kubera ko Banki yubahirije amasezerano bagiranye kandi iby‘uko Rugango yasebejwe nta n’ikimenyetso abazungura be babitangira. Avuga kandi ko iyo amasezerano atubihirijwe, uruhande bibabaje rusaba ko yubahirizwa cyangwa agaseswa, ko rero nta mpamvu yo gusaba indishyi mu gihe batasabye ko amasezerano aseswa. Uko Urukiko rubibona [23] Kuri iki kibazo cyo kunyaga umukiriya amafaranga wari waramugurije, abahanga mu mategeko bo bajya kure dore ko banemeza ko n’iyo banki yaba yari itarayaha umukiriya ariko yarayamwijeje ubwabyo bigira ingaruka, ni muri urwo rwego bemeza ko ari uburenganzira bwa Banki gutanga inguzanyo cyangwa kubireka, ko ariko igihe yijeje umukiriya inguzanyo ariko nyuma ikisubiraho ishobora kubiryozwa (Le banquier est à priori libre d’octroyer ou non un crédit, mais cette liberté a des limites. Ainsi la banque qui laisserait penser son client qu’elle est disposée à lui consentir un concours, mais s’abstiendrait ensuite de passer à l’acte, serait fautive)1. [24] Urukiko rusanga rero niba banki yaryozwa ko yimye umukiriya amafaranga yari yaramwijeje ibitangira indishyi, nta cyabuza ko mu gihe banki yishubije amafaranga yari yarashyize kuri konti y’umukiriya iyamuhayeho inguzanyo, nyuma ikayisubiza igihe cyo kwishyura kitaragera ngo abinanirwe, ari ikosa ryo kwica amasezerano, ikaba igomba gucibwa indishyi kubera iyo myitwarire.

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[25] Ku bijyanye n’indishyi zisabwa n`abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas bashingiye ku gihombo nkuko bakibaze bavuga ko yatejwe no kudahabwa inguzanyo, Urukiko rusanga mu kwamburwa inguzanyo nta wakwemeza ko byanze bikunze hari igihombo byamuteje, ahubwo icy`ukuri (ikiri ``objectif``) ni uko yatakaje amahirwe (perte d`une chance) yuko iyo aza kubona iyo nguzanyo, byashobokaga ko ayibyaza inyungu. Urukiko rusanga rero nkuko rwabyemeje mu rundi rubanza2 rwaciwe n`uru Rukiko rugendeye ku byemejwe n`abahanga mu mategeko ndetse n`izindi manza zaciwe, indishyi zituruka mu kuvutsa amahirwe, zigenwa n`umucamanza mu bushishozi bwe, aho kubarwa nk’igihombo nk’uko uburanira abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas abivuga, rukaba rusanga mu bushishozi bwarwo rwabagenera indishyi zingana na 800.000 Frw. [26] Ibimaze kuvugwa bisa kandi n’ibyemejwe n’uru Rukiko mu rubanza Nº RCOMA 0143/12/CS rwaciwe kuwa 11/10/2013, haburanagamo ECOBANK na ECOGER, aho Urukiko rwavuze ko kuba ECOGER yari yemerewe umwenda na ECOBANK ikaza kwisubiraho, ECOGER itabiheraho ngo isabe indishyi z’igihombo yavukijwe, ahubwo yasaba indishyi z’amahirwe yavukijwe. [27] Ku birebana n`indishyi basaba ku byatakajwe mu gukurikirana urubanza n`amafaranga y`igihembo cya avoka, Urukiko rurasanga bakwiye kugenerwa 300.000 Frw ku y’ikurikiranarubanza na 200.000 Frw y’igihembo cya avoka. [28] Ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’akababaro abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas bavuga kumanurwa mu ko yatewe no gutangazwa ku rutonde rwa ba bihemu ndetse bikanamuviramo ntera mu kazi yakoraga, Urukiko rurasanga izo ndishyi nta shingiro zifite kuko ibyo nta bimenyetso babitangira, yaba urwo rutonde rwa banki ruriho ba bihemu cyangwa ibaruwa yo mu rwego rw‘akazi imanura Rugango mu ntera kubera kuba agaragara ku rutonde rwa ba bihemu. [29] Urukiko rusanga rero indishyi zose abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas bagomba guhabwa na BPR ari 800.000 Frw + 300.000 Frw + 200.000 Frw yose hamwe akaba 1.300.000Frw. 3. Ku bijyanye n’ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bwatanzwe na Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd. [30] Uburanira Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd asaba indishyi za 1.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya avoka no gushorwa mu manza ku bw’amaherere. [31] Uburanira abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas avuga ko BPR iri kwigiza nkana kuko izi neza ko ariyo yamuhemukiye, ko rero izo ndishyi nta shingiro zifite. [32] Urukiko rusanga iki kirego cya Banki y`Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd nta shingiro gifite kuko bigaragara ko ubujurire bw’abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas bufite ishingiro, bityo ikaba itarakuruwe mu manza ku bw’amaherere.

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III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [33] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bw’abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [34] Rutegetse Banki y’Abaturage y’u Rwanda Ltd kwishyura abazungura ba RUGANGO Dismas amafaranga y`indishyi zose hamwe angana na 1.300.000 Frw. [35] Rutegetse Banki y’Abaturage y`u Rwanda Ltd kwishyura amagarama y’urubanza angana na 21.700 Frw, itayanga agakurwa mu byayo ku ngufu za Leta