RUSEKAMPUNZI v. MUVUNYI N’UNDI

RUSEKAMPUNZI v. MUVUNYI N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2024-08-14 - Case/document no.: RCOMA 00448/2024/HCC - Collection: Commercial High Court

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RUSEKAMPUNZI v. MUVUNYI N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU RW’UBUCURUZI – RCOMA 00448/2024/HCC (Mutajiri, P.J.) 14 Kanama 2024] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’ubucuruzi – Cyamunara – Igenagaciro ku mutungo ugurishwa mu cyamunara – Umutungo ugurishwa ugomba gukorerwa igenagaciro, rikozwe igihe cyo kuwugurisha, rikagaragaza agaciro kawo kari ku isoko kagenwe n’umugenagaciro wemewe. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’manza z’ubucuruzi – Cyamunara – Amakosa akozwe mu gutangaza Cyamunara – Kuba uwari ufite ishingano yo gutangaza cyamunara yakora amakosa mu gihe ayitangaza akagaragaza aho atazatanga itangazo, bifatwa nko kuyobya abakiriya ndetse na nyiri mutungo cyangwa uwari watanze ingwate. Gutangaza cyamunara si umuhango gusa, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo kumenyesha nyir’umutungo, abandi bantu baba bafite inyungu mu kuwurengera, abo ny’ir’umutungo yaba abereyemo imyenda, abaguzi cyangwa uwo ariwe wese icyo yabaza kuri uwo mutungo, ko washyizwe ku isoko kugira ngo habanze hishyurwe umwenda runaka kandi kugira cyamunara imennywe na benshi ndetse na nyiri umutungo abe ashobora kurangira abakiriya. Incamake y’ikibazo: DATAPRO GRAPHICS Ltd yahawe inguzanyo na ECOBANK yishingirwa na Rusekampunzi aho yatanze ingwate y’umutungo we ubaruye kuri UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374. DATAPRO GRAPHICS yananiwe kwishyura iyo nguzanyo, bituma ECOBANK isaba Umwanditsi Mukuru uburenganzira bwo kugurisha

ingwate yahawe irabyemererwa, uwo mutungo ugurishwa mu cyamunara. Rusekampunzi yandikiye Umwanditsi Mukuru asaba ko iyo cyamunara iteshwa agaciro kuko yakozwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, abonye atamusubije aregera Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi asaba ko cyamunara iteshwa agaciro ashingiye ku mpamvu zirimo kuba igenagaciro ryashingiweho ritajyanye n’igihe, no kuba itangazo rya cyamunara ryatanzwe mu kinyamakuru gitandukanye n’icyo ushinzwe gucunga ingwate yari yarateganyije mu mabwiriza y’igurisha. Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko cyamunara yakozwe yubahirije amategeko, bityo igomba kugumaho. Rusekampunzi yajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi asaba kumenya niba mu gihe umutungo wa Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera ufite UPI 1/02//13/01/1374 wagurishwaga muri cyamunara tariki 7/06/2024 ECOBANK Rwanda Plc iba yarawukoreye irindi genagaciro ritandukanye n’igenagaciro ryo kuwa 26/04/2023 no kumenya niba kuba uwashinzwe cyamunara yagaragaje mu mabwiriza y’igurisha yuko itangazo ryo kugurisha ingwate muri cyamunara rizacishwa mu kinyamakuru Igihe.com nyamara akaricisha mu kinyamakuru AMAKURU MEDIA atar’impamvu yo gusesa cyamunara. Avuga ko igenagaciro cyamunara ishingiyeho ritakozwe ku buryo bukurikije amategeko, rikaba ritujuje ibisabwa byose kugirango rigire agaciro. Avuga kandi ko kuba cyamunara itaratangajwe mu kinyamakuru cyavuzwe mu mabwiriza y’igurisha ari inenge yatumye cyamunara ititabirwa uko bikwiye; ko rero amakosa yakozwe agomba gukosorwa cyamunara igateshwa agaciro.

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ECOBANK RWANDA Plc na Muvunyi (uwashinzwe gucunga ingwate) bavuga ko cyamunara itagomba guteshwa agaciro kuko Rusekampunzi yamenyeshejwe igenagaciro akaba atararinenze cyangwa ngo arinyomoze. Bakavuga kandi ko cyamunara yatangajwe ku buryo bukurikije amategeko. Basaba kugenerwa indishyi zitandukanye. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ushinzwe gucunga ingwate afite inshingano zo kugurisha ku giciro gikwiriye hakurikijwe ihindagurika ry’ibiciro ku isoko ndetse no ku igenagaciro ry’umutungo rijyanye n’igihe cy’igurisha.

2. Kuba uwari ufite ishingano yo gutangaza cyamunara yakora amakosa mu gihe ayitangaza akagaragaza aho atazatanga itangazo, bifatwa nko kuyobya abakiriya ndetse na nyiri mutungo cyangwa uwari watanze ingwate. Gutangaza cyamunara si umuhango gusa, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo kumenyesha nyir’umutungo, abandi bantu baba bafite inyungu mu kuwurengera, abo ny’ir’umutungo yaba abereyemo imyenda, abaguzi cyangwa uwo ariwe wese icyo yabaza kuri uwo mutungo, ko washyizwe ku isoko kugira ngo habanze hishyurwe umwenda runaka kandi kugira cyamunara imennywe na benshi ndetse na nyiri umutungo abe ashobora kurangira abakiriya. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro. Amategeko yashingiweho: Amabwiriza y’umwanditsi mukuru nº 001/2020/org yo ku wa 12/05/2020 agenga ibyerekeye gucunga, gukodesha, kugurisha mu cyamunara, no kwegukana ingwate, Ingingo ya 26,27 na 28. Nta manza zifashishijwe Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] DATAPRO GRAPHICS LTD yagiranye amasezerano y’umwenda na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc igihe cyo kwishyura kigeze Datapro Graphics Ltd ntiyashobora kwishyura nk’uko yari yabyiyemeje, ibonye itagishoboye kwishyura isaba izahura irarihabwa ariko izahura ntiryakunda. Igihe cyarageze Datapro Graphics Ltd ishyirwa mu iyegeranya n’igabagabanya ry’umutungo wayo nkuko bigaragazwa n’urubanza RCOM00952/2023/TC, Urukiko rukaba rwaremeje ko umutungo ufite UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374 utari mu mitungo ya DATAPRO GRAPHICS LTD

igomba kwegeranywa no kugabagabanywa. [2] Taliki ya 16/01/2024 ECOBANK RWANDA Plc yahawe “permit to sale” ariko iza guhagarikwa kubera ko abishingizi bemeye kwishyura umwenda ECOBANK yaberetse ungana na 389,426,451, ku wa 07/05/2024 ECOBANK RWANDA Plc irongera ihabwa urundi ruhushya rwo kugurisha mu cyamunara umutungo UPI:1/02/13/01/1374 w’umwishingizi witwa Rusekampunzi EDGAR Kabera, uwo mutungo ukaba waragurishijwe ku itariki ya 07/06/2024.

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[3] Kuwa 14/06/2024 Rusekerampunzi yandikiye Umwanditsi Mukuru asaba gutesha agaciro iyo cyamunara ku mpamvu zuko ngo idakurikije amategeko, inenge yagaragarije Umwanditsi Mukuru ngo akaba ari uko nta nteguza yishyuza umwenda ungana na 324.426.451 FRW yigeze itangwa, inenge ya kabiri ngo akaba ari uko uwahawe umwenda ariwe DATAPRO GRAPHICS LTD atigeze amenyeshwa igenagaciro, permit to sale, amabwiriza y’igurisha n’itangazo rya cyamunara; inenge ya gatatu ngo akaba ari uko raporo ya cyamunara igaragaza ko cyamunara yatangajwe mu kinyamakuru AMAKURU MEDIA nyamara itangazo rya cyamunara receiver agaragaza ko yaricishije mu IGIHE.COM. [4] Umwanditsi Mukuru nta gisubizo yatanze kuri ubwo busabe bwa Rusekerampunzi, kuwa 22/06/2024 atanga ikirego mu rukiko asaba gutesha agaciro cyamunara yakozwe ku mutungo ufite UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374 gihabwa nomero RCOM 00913/2024/TC. [5] Iburanisha ry’uru rubanza ryabaye kuwa 9/07/2024 Rusekerampunzi Edgar Kabera aburanirwa na Me Mwima Michel, ECOBANK iburanirwa na Me Bimenyimana Eric naho Muvunyi Serge yunganirwa na Me Mfashingabo Aimable. [6] Uburanira Rusekerampunzi asaba ko cyamunara yakozwe ku mutungo ufite UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374 yateshwa agaciro kuko ngo itubahirije amategeko kuko ngo “Notice of appointment of receiver”, kopi y’igenagaciro,“Permi to sale”bitigeze bimenyeshwa uwatanze ingwate ari we DATAPRO GRAPHICS LTD, ikindi ngo raporo ya

cyamunara ikaba yerekana ko itangazo rya cyamunara ryatangajwe mu kinyamakuru bita AMAKURU MEDIA kandi iryo tangazo ryaranyujijwe mu Igihe .Com ; ikindi ashingiraho ngo akaba ari uko Rusekerampunzi atigeze ahabwa integuza yishyuza, asaba rero ko iyo cyamunara yateshwa agaciro kandi abaregwa bagatanga amafranga y’ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. [7] Muvunyi n’umwunganira bavuga ko cyamunara yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, inyandiko zose zijyanye na cyamunara zikaba zaramenyeshejwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko cyamunara ikaba itateshwa agaciro, mu kirego kiregera kwiregura asaba ko yahabwa amafranga y’ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza; uburanira ECOBANK nawe avuga ko inyandiko zose zijyanye na cyamunara uhereye ku cyemezo cyo kugurisha ingwate zamenyeshejwe. [8] Urukiko muguca urubanza rwemeje ko ikirego cya Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera rugisuzumye rusanga nta shingiro gifite maze rwemeza ko cyamunara ku mutungo UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374 yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko ikaba igomba kugumaho. [9] Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza maze ajurira asaba kumenya niba mu gihe umutungo wa Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera ufite UPI 1/02//13/01/1374 wagurishwaga muri cyamunara tariki 7/06/2024 ECOBANK Rwanda Plc iba yarawukoreye irindi genagaciro ritandukanye n’igenagaciro ryo kuwa 26/04/2023 no kumenya niba kuba uwashinzwe cyamunara yagaragaje mu mabwiriza y’igurisha yuko itangazo ryo kugurisha ingwate muri cyamunara rizacishwa mu kinyamakuru Igihe.com nyamara akaricisha mu kinyamakuru AMAKURU MEDIA atar’impamvu yo gusesa cyamunara. [10] Abaregwa bakaba mukugira icyo bavuga ku mpamvu z’ubujurire, Me Mfashingabo mu mwanya wa Muvunyi Serge atanga inzitizi yo kuba ikirego kitaragombaga kwakirwa ku rwego rwa mbere kuko cyatanzwe ibihe byararenze.

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[11] Muri uru rubanza hakaba hagomba gusuzumwa niba niba mu gihe umutungo wa Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera wagurishwaga muri cyamunara ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yagombaga kongera kuwukorera irindi genagaciro, kumenya niba kuba itangazo rya cyamunara ryaracishijwe mu kinyamakuru gitandukanye n’icyavuzwe mu mabwiriza y’igurisha yaba impamvu yo gusesa cyamunara no kumenya niba indishyi zisabwa mu bujurire zifite ishingiro. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO A. Kubirebana no gusuzuma niba ikirego kitaragombaga kwakirwa ku rwego rwa mbere kuko cyatanzwe ibihe byararenze [12] Me Mfashingabo asobanura ko asanga iki kirego kitaragomba kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe kuberako Urega atubahirije ibihe biteganwa n’amategeko ku bijyanye no gutesha agaciro cyamunara, cyamunara isabirwa guteshwa agaciro yabaye taliki ya 07/06/2024, ariko nyiri mutungo wagurishijwe mu cyamunara, kuwa 14/06/2024 nibwo yandikiye RDB ibaruwa isaba kutemeza raporo ya cyamunara urega akaba yaratanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi kuwa 22/06/2024 nyuma y’iminsi icyenda (09) cyamunara ibaye, bityo akaba asanga iki kirego kitubahirije ibihe byo kurega, kuko yari afite uburenganzira bwo gutanga ikirego mugihe kitarenze iminsi itanu (5) nkuko biteganwa n’ingingo ya 260 CPCCSA). [13] Akomeza avuga ko asanga ibijyanye no kubara ibihe byo kuregera Urukiko ku wifuza gutesha agaciro cyamunara bitarubahirijwe, hakaba hari umurongo watanzwe mu

rubanza RCOMAA 00090/2022/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kuwa 14/10/2022 haburana Me Muhire Samuel na BPR Plc n’abandi. Muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rwafashe umurongo wuko ibihe byo kuregera Umwanditsi mukuru k’ufite icyo anenga cyamunara yakozwe bikorwa mu gihe cy’iminsi itanu (5) Mugihe Umwanditsi mukuru yasabwe gutesha agaciro cyamunara nta subize mubihe biteganwa n’amategeko, kuregera Urukiko bitangira kubarwa uhereye kugihe ntaregwa cy’iminsi itatu (3) yari afite cyo gusubiza ni ukuvuga ko umunsi w’icyo gikorwa ariwo uherwaho habarwa igihe cyo kuregera ko cyamunara iteshwa agaciro. [14] Na none avuga ko ibihe byo kuregera gutesha agaciro cyamunara bibarwa mu buryo bw’iminsi ikurikirana. Avuga ko asanga cyamunara yarabaye kuwa 07/06/2024 urega akaba yaratanze ikirego taliki ya 22/06/2024 nyuma y’iminsi 09 cyamunara ibaye, ibi akaba aribyo ashingiraho asaba ko ikirego kitakirwa cyaneko no kurwego rwambere yasabye ko urega yagaragaza inyandiko y’igisubizo yahawe na RDB ariko ntabyo berekanye, akaba asanga Urukiko ku rwego rwambere rwari no kwibwiriza rugasuzuma niba ibijyanye n’ibihe byo gutanga ikirego byarubahirijwe ariko nti byakozwe , kuberako kurenza ibihe byo kurega ari indemyagihugu turasaba kuri uru rwego ko Urukiko rwabanza gusuzuma niba ikirego cyaragombaga no kwakirwa. [15] Me Mwima Michel asobanaura ko iyi nzitizi itagomba gutangwa kuko imyanzuro igomba gutangwa

igihe umuburanyi yiregura, ko kuba inzitizi itangwa bari mu rubanza bumva itakwakirwa na cyane ko mu rwego rwa mbere batigeze bayitanga. [16] Me Bimenyimana asobanura ko iyi nzitizi nta shingiro yahabwa kuko itegeko rivuga iminsi itatu y’akazi, ko kandi mu bisanzwe Umwanditsi Mukuru nk’urwego rwa Leta, atakwandikirwa kuwa gatanu ngo asabwe gukora mu minsi y’impera z’icyumweru. Ko aho itegeko rivuga iminsi y’akazi, iminsi y’ibiruhuko ikurwamo.

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[17] Me Mutsinzi Clementine avuga ko yemeranya n’ibyo Me Bimenyimana Eric yavuze. [18] Muvunyi Serge asobanurako we asanga iminsi ivugwa ari ikurikirana atari iy’akazi, ibyo abishingira ku rubanza rwavuzwe rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. [19] Kukibazo cyo kumenya kuba ibihe Umwanditsi Mukuru yagombaga gutanga igisubizo harajemo iminsi y’impera z’ucyumweru, hashingiwe kuri bivugwa muri urwo rubanza rwatanze umurongo niba Umwanditsi Mukuru nawe ategetswe gukurikiza iyo minsi mugihe cyo gusubiza, Me Bimenyimana asubiza ko iki kibazo gisubizwa n’ingingo ya 39 na 39bis y’amabwiriza y’Umwanditsi Mukuru, izi ngingo zivuga hamwe ku minsi y’akazi (ingingo ya 39) naho igihe cyo kurega bakavuga iminsi yose, bivuga ko Umwanditsi Mukuru atabarirwa iminsi yose kandi week end adakora. [20] Me Mfashingabo avuga ko hazarebwa igika cya 25 cy’Urubanza rwavuzwe. Ko kandi n’Umwanditsi Mukuru agomba gukurikiza iminsi ikurikiranye. Asoza avuga ko mu rubanza RCOMAA 00090/2022/CA mu gika cya 23 rugaragaza ko habarwa iminsi ikurikirana, ko kuba Umwanditsi Mukuru yarandikiwe kuwa 14/06/2024, bivuga ko yagombaga gusubiza tariki 16/06/2024, bivuga ko ikirego cyagombaga gutangwa bitarenze tariki 20/06/2024 kuko iminsi itanu ivugwa yagombaga kubarwa guhera 16/06/2024 kugeza kuwa 20/06/2024. [21] Muvunyi avuga ko mukurega hagenderwa kukuba Umwanditsi Mukuru yabashubije cyangwa tabashubije, ko bityo bagombaga

kurega bakurikije igihe yagombaga kubasubiriza cy’iminsi itatu. [22] Me Mwima Michel asobanura ko urwo rubanza batigeze barubona ndetse n’inzitizi batari bayibonye, ko ariko bemeranywa n’ibivugwa na Me Bimenyimana Eric. [23] Abahuranira uwajuriye bavuga ko ku ruhande rwa Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera basanga inzitizi yatanzwe na Me Muvunyi Serge nta shingiro ifite, kubera ko ibihe biteganywa n’amategeko ku nzego zose byarubahirijwe, byaba ibihe byo kwandikira Umwanditsi Mukuru ndetse n’ibihe byo kuregera urukiko. Ku bijyanye no kubara ibihe byo kwandikira umwanditsi mukuru. Ibihe biteganywa n’amabwiriza bibarwa hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 10 (39 bis) y’amabwiriza y’Umwanditsi Mukuru Nº 002/2021/0RG yo ku wa 29/06/2021 ahindura amabwiriza n° 001/2020/ORG yo ku wa 12/05/2020 agenga ibyerekeye gucunga, gukodesha, kugurisha mu cyamunara, no kwegukana ingwate igira iti “Ubifitemo inyungu ufite icyo anenga cyamunara cyangwa imigendekere yayo, ashobora, mu minsi itanu (5) uhereye ku munsi yakiriyeho raporo ya cyamunara, gusaba mu nyandiko Umwanditsi Mukuru ko asuzuma inenge yagaragajwe akayifataho icyemezo gikwiye. Usaba agenera kopi uwashinzwe gucunga ingwate». Uko iminsi itanu (5) ivugwa mu mabwiriza y’umwanditsi Mukuru ibarwa byatanzweho umurongo n’urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu rubanza RCOMAA 00090/2022/CA rwaciwe n’urukiko rw’ubujurire kuwa 14/10/2023 mu bika byarwo bya 21,23 na 24 aho rwavuze

mu gika cya 21 ko iyo minsi ari iteganywa n’itegeko no 10/2009 ryo kuwa 14/05/2010 ryerekeye ubugwate ku mutungo utimukanwa nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza cyane cyane mu ngingo yaryo ya 19, urukiko rw’ubujurire rukomeza mu gika cya 23 rusobanura ko iminsi itanu (5) ibarwa mu minsi ikurikirana ko kandi umunsi wa mbere w’igikorwa utabarwa nk’uko urukiko rw’ubujurire rwabisobanuye mu gika cya 24 cy’urwo rubanza.

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[24] Muri uru rubanza rero, basanze Me Muvunyi Serge washinzwe kugurisha ingwate, yarakoze raporo kuwa 10/06/2024, Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera yandikira umwanditsi Mukuru ku wa 14/06/2024 amusaba kutayemeza, agata agaciro. N’ubwo iyo minsi itanu (5) ibarwa guhera ku munsi uterezwa cyamunara yamenyesherejweho raporo ya cyamunara, ntashobora kuyimenya mbere y’italiki yakoreweho. Aramutse yaramenyeshejwe raporo ya cyamunara ku italiki 10/06/2024, yagombaga kutarenza kuwa 15/06/2024 atandikiye Umwanditsi Mukuru. [25] Kuba Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera yarandikiye umwanditsi mukuru kuwa 14/06/2024 nk’uko bigaragazwa n’italiki ibaruwa yakiriweho, bigaragara ko yubahirije iminsi itanu iteganyijwe. [26] Ku bijyanye no kubara ibihe byo kuregera urukiko. Ibyo bihe byarubahirijwe. Ibihe byo kuregera urukiko n’uburyo bibarwa ntacyo amabwiriza Nº 002/2021/0RG yo ku wa 29/06/2021 ahindura amabwiriza N° 001/2020/ORG yo ku wa 12/05/2020 agenga ibyerekeye gucunga, gukodesha, kugurisha mu cyamunara, no kwegukana ingwate abivugaho. [27] Ibihe byo kuregera urukiko bibarwa hakurikijwe ingingo ya 260 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi mu gika cyayo cya 6 ahagira hati “Guhagarika no gutesha agaciro cyamunara ku mitungo igurishwa hashingiwe ku cyemezo cyo kugurisha ingwate cyatanzwe n’Umwanditsi Mukuru,

bisabwa Umwanditsi Mukuru. Umwanditsi Mukuru atanga igisubizo mu gihe kitarenze iminsi itatu (3) y’akazi. Iyo hari utishimiye igisubizo cy’Umwanditsi Mukuru cyangwa udahawe igisubizo mu gihe giteganywa muri iki gika, abitangira ikirego mu rukiko rw’ubucuruzi hakurikijwe ibivugwa muri iyi ngingo mu gihe kitarenze iminsi itanu (5) y’akazi uhereye igihe yamenyeye icyo gisubizo”. [28] Umurongo n’urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu rubanza RCOMAA 00090/2022/CA rwaciwe n’urukiko rw’ubujurire kuwa 14/10/2023 kuri iyi ngingo ugaragara mu gika cyarwo cya 33 ahavuga ko ingingo ya 260 isobanura neza ko Umwanditsi Mukuru ashobora gusubiza cyangwa ntasubize, ko kandi kudasubiza bidaha uwamusabye kutemeza raporo ya cyamunara uburenganzira bwo gutegereza igisubizo ko ahubwo aba afite iminsi itanu y’akazi ibarwa guhera ku munsi ukurikira umunsi wa nyuma Umwanditsi Mukuru yagombaga kuba yamuhereho igisubizo. [29] Ibi rero Rusekampunzi yarabyubahirije. Me Muvunyi Serge avuga ko Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera yandikiye Umwanditsi Mukuru amusaba kutemeza raporo ya cyamunara kuwa 14/06/2024, atanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi kuwa 22/06/2024 nyuma y’iminsi icyenda (09) cyamunara ibaye, bityo we akaba abona iki kirego kitarubahirije ibihe byo kurega, kuko yari afite uburenganzira bwo gutanga ikirego mugihe kitarenze iminsi itanu (5) nk’uko biteganwa n’ingigo ya 260 CPCCSA. [30] Muvunyi Serge avuga neza amataliki

y’ibikorwa, ariko yajya kubara iminsi ntiyubahirize ibyo ingingo ya 260 iteganya akavuga ko Rusekampunzi atubahirije ibihe byo kuregera urukiko rw’ubucuruzi kandi atari ko biri. Uko ibihe biteganywa mu gika cya 6 cy’ingingo ya 260 ya CPCCSA ya 2018 bibarwa byatanzweho umurongo n’urukiko rw’ubujurire mu rubanza RCOMAA 00090/2022/CA mu gika cyarwo cya 36 ku kibazo gisa n’iki ku birebana no kubara iminsi umwanditsi Mukuru yagombaga gutangamo igisubizo ku busabe bwo kutemeza raporo ya cyamunara. Urukiko rw’ubujurire rwemeje muri icyo gika cya 36 ko mu kubara iminsi itatu (3),

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habarwa iminsi y’akazi ko kandi umunsi wa mbere utabarirwamo ariko umunsi wa nyuma ukabarwa. Bavuga ko bakurikije rero ibihe byo muri uru rubanza ruburanishwa, iminsi itatu Umwanditsi Mukuru yagombaga gusubizamo ibarwa guhera kuwa 14/06/2024 ariko uwo munsi ntubarirwemo. Iminsi ya 15/06/2024 n’uwa 16/06/2024 nayo ntibarwa kuko ari iy’impera yicyumweru. Habarwa uwa 17/06/2024; uwa 18/06/2024 n’uwa 19/06/2024. Iminsi itanu ibarwa mbere yo kuregera urukiko yo ibarwa guhera kuwa 20/06/2024 (utabariwemo) kugeza kuwa 27/06/2024 (ubariwemo). Kuba rero ikirego cyaratanzwe mu rukiko rw’ubucuruzi kuwa 22/06/2024 mu rukiko rw’ubucuruzi, byumvikanisha ko nta kurenza ibihe byo kuregera urukiko byabayeho, bityo ikirego cya Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera kikaba cyarakiriwe n’urukiko rw’ubururuzi mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. Uko Urukiko rubibona [31] Impaka ziri muri iyi ngingo zishingiye kukumenya niba kubara ibihe byo kuregera Urukiko ku wifuza gutesha agaciro cyamunara cyarubahirijwe. [32] Ingingo ya 260, igika cya 6 y’itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nkuko ryahinguwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu iteganya ko guhagarika no gutesha agaciro cyamunara ku mitungo igurishwa hashingiwe ku cyemezo cyo kugurisha ingwate cyatanzwe n’Umwanditsi Mukuru, bisabwa Umwanditsi Mukuru. Umwanditsi Mukuru atanga

igisubizo mu gihe kitarenze iminsi itatu (3) y’akazi. Iyo hari utishimiye igisubizo cy’Umwanditsi Mukuru cyangwa udahawe igisubizo mu gihe giteganywa muri iki gika, abitangira ikirego mu rukiko rw’ubucuruzi hakurikijwe ibivugwa muri iyi ngingo mu gihe kitarenze iminsi itanu (5) y’akazi uhereye igihe yamenyeye icyo gisubizo. [33] Ikibazo cy’ibarwa by’igihe byo kuregera Urukiko kuwifuza gutesha agaciro cyamunara byarakemuwe mu rubanza RCOMAA 00031/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/8/2020, haburana SOTRAPROMETAL Ltd na BANQUE POPULAIRE DU RWANDA Ltd hamwe n’Umwanditsi Mukuru muri RDB, Urukiko rwarasobanuye ko ibihe biteganywa mu ngingo ya 275 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/4/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, bikurikizwa iyo nta bundi buryo Umushingamategeko yateganyije bwerekana uko ibihe bivugwa mu itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano bigomba kubarwa. Kuba ngo Umushingamategeko yaragaragaje muri iyo ngingo ihame rusange rikurizwa mu kubara ibihe, ariko ashyiraho irengayobora kuri iyo ngingo y’imena (règle de droit substantielle), icyo gihe, ibihe bikaba bibarwa uko bivugwa muri iyo ngingo yihariye igaragaza irengayobora. [34] Ibimaze kuvugwa bihujwe n’uru rubanza, rusanga ibarwa ry’ibihe byo kuregera gutesha agaciro cyamunara bigomba kubarwa nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 260 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/4/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, isobanaura ko iyo hari utishimiye igisubizo cy’Umwanditsi Mukuru cyangwa udahawe igisubizo mu gihe giteganywa muri iki gika, abitangira ikirego mu rukiko rw’ubucuruzi hakurikijwe ibivugwa muri iyi ngingo mu gihe kitarenze iminsi itanu (5) y’akazi uhereye igihe yamenyeye icyo gisubizo, byumvikana ko iminsi ibarwa ari imunsi y’akazi aho kubariramo iminsi y’impera z’icyumweru n’iminsi y’ikiruhuko.

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[35] Na none urubanza RCOMAA 00090/2022/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 14/10/2022 haburana Me Muhire Samuel na Banque Populaire du Rwanda Plc n’abandi, rwatanze umurongo ko ibihe byo kuregera Umwanditsi Mukuru k’ufite icyo anenga cyamunara yakozwe bikorwa mu gihe cy’iminsi itanu (5) bibarwa mu buryo bw'iminsi ikurikirana uhereye ku munsi raporo ya cyamunara yakiriweho. Mu gihe Umwanditsi Mukuru yasabwe gutesha agaciro cyamunara ntasubize mu bihe biteganywa n'amategeko, kuregera Urukiko bitangira kubarwa uhereye ku gihe ntarengwa cy'iminsi itatu yari afite cyo gusubiza. Ibi byumvikanisha ko kubara imisi ikurikiranye, ibarwa ari guhera ku munsi raporo ya cyamunara yakiriweho ari ugusaba gutesha agaciro icyamunara, ariko kubijyanye no kuregera Urukiko k’umuntu utishimiye igisubizo cy’Umwanditsi Mukuru cyangwa utahawe igisubizo kikaba ari iminsi itatau (3jours), aha uru rubanza rukaba rutaravuze niba ari iminsi ikurikiranye, ariyo mpamvu mu kubara iki kige hagenderwa k’umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza RCOMAA 00031/2020/CA hakagenderwa ku biteganywa n’ingingo rengayobora ariyo ya 260 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/4/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, isobanura ko iyo minsi itatau ari iy’akazi. [36] Rusanga kubirebana n’uru rubanza, rusanga kuba Umwanditsi Mukuru yarandikiwe kuwa 14/06/2024, bivuga ko umunsi wa nyuma yagombaga gutangaho igisubizo ari uwo kuwa 19/06/2024 (habazwe iminsi

y’akazi) kuba ikirego cyaratanzwe kuwa 22/06/2024 bigaragaza ko ikirego cyatanzwe igihe cy’iminsi itanu iteganyijwe n’itegeko, itararenga, bityo akaba nta mpamvu Urukiko rwari gushingiraho rwanga kwakira ikirego kikaba. B. Kubirebana no gusuzumwa niba mu gihe umutungo wa Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera wagurishwaga muri cyamunara ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yagombaga kongera kuwukorera irindi genagaciro [37] Ababuranira uwajuriye bavuga ko uwo aburanira yasabye urukiko rw’ubucuruzi gutesha agaciro cyamunara yakozwe ku ngwate yatije DATAPRO GRAPHICS Ltd nayo ikayiha ECOBANK Rwanda Plc ifite UPI 1/02//13/01/1374 ku mpamvu yuko nta genagaciro yakorewe uyu mutungo ubwo cyamunara yakorwaga tariki 7/06/2024. Ingingo ya 27 Amabwiriza y’Umwanditsi Mukuru nº 001/2020/org yo ku wa 12/05/2020 agenga ibyerekeye gucunga, gukodesha, kugurisha mu cyamunara, no kwegukana ingwate ivuga yuko inyandiko y’amabwiriza y’igurisha mu cyamunara iherekezwa na 1º kopi y’icyemezo cyo kugurisha mu cyamunara ingwate cyamenyeshejwe uwatanze ingwate na nyir’umutungo iyo atandukanye n’uwatanze ingwate; 20 kopi ya raporo y’igenagaciro ry’umutungo ryakozwe igihe cyo kugurisha ingwate mu cyamunara n’umugenagaciro w’imitungo itimukanwa wemewe kandi ryamenyeshejwe uwatanze ingwate na nyir’umutungo watanzweho ingwate iyo atandukanye n’uwatanze ingwate Urukiko rw’ubucuruzi ,mu gika cya 19 cy’urubanza rwajuririwe rwavuze yuko

hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 28 y’Amabwiriza avuzwe harugugru, agace kayo ka 2 akuriraho uwahawe ingwate ariwe ECOBANK Rwanda Plc inshingano zo gukora irindi genagaciro ku ngwate yahawe na Rusekampunzi ifite UPI 1/02//13/01/1374. Urukiko rubanza rwavuze yuko hashingiwe kur’yi ngingo ya 28 y’Amabwiriza agenga cyamunara ngo Rusekampunzi iyo abona atishimiye igenagaciro aba yarakoze irindi maze akanyomoza igenagaciro ryakozwe; Rusekampunzi aragaragariza urukiko rwajuririwe yuko mu gika cya 19 cy’urubanza rwajuririwe, urukiko rubanza rutasesenguye neza ikivugwa mu ngingo ya 28 y’Amabwiriza avuzwe haruguru. Nubwo urukiko rubanza rutabivuze mu buryo butaziguye, byumvikana yuko rwashyigikiye ko cyamunara ku ngwate yagombaga gushingira ku genagaciro ryakozwe tariki 26/4/2023 rikozwe n’umugenagaciro Abayo Emmanuella. Iri genagaciro

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rigaragaza yuko agaciro ki ngwate kuri open market ari 208,240,000FRW naho agaciro kayo kuri forced sale value ari 145,700,000FRW. [38] Bakomeza bavuga ko igiciro fatizo cy’ingwate kigaragara muri raporo ya cyamunara ni 208,240,000FRW. Rusekampunzi ntabwo yemeranya n’uburyo urukiko rubanza rwasesenguye ingingo ya 27 n’iya 28 z’Amabwiriza. Urukiko rubanza ntabwo rwahuje igenagaciro ryakorewe umutungo wa Rusekampunzi (ryo kuwa 26/04/2023) n’ingingo ya 27 ngo ruvuge niba iryo genagaciro ari rishya cyangwa ngo ruvuge impamvu rusanga nta rindi genagaciro ryari gukorwa ubwo Umwanditsi Mukuru yatangaga uburenganzira bwo kugurisha ingwate ( permit to sell ) tariki 7/05/2024 , aho gukora iri sesengura ngo rufate umwanzuro urishingiyeho ahubwo urukiko rubanza rwahise rufata umwanzuro rushingiye kungingo ya 28 kandi izi ngingo zombi ntizivuguruzanya ahubwo ziruzuzanya.Ibi tuvuze bishimangirwa n’ihame ry’uko ucunga ingwate afite inshingano yo kugurisha ingwate ku giciro gikwiye kiri ku isoko, igiciro gikwiye kigenwa hakurikijwe uko ibiciro bigenda bihindagurika ku isoko, igurisha ryose rikurikiza inzira y’icyamunara. Ingingo irebana n’igenagaciro twayitinzeho kuko n’ibyavuye mu cyamunara byerekana ko igiciro cyafatiweho cyari gito kuko ku nshuro ya mbere abaguzi batatu batanze arenze 75% y’igiciro fatizo turasaba urukiko kuzabisuzumana ubushishozi umutungo ntuteshwe agaciro kugeza ubwo

utavuyemo ubwishyu kubera ikoso ry’igenagaciro. [39] Urukiko Rukuru Rw’Ubucuruzi ruzabone ko urukiko rubanza rwakoze ikosa ryo gusesengura ingingo ya 27 n’iya 28 uko bitari. Rusekampunzi agaragaza yuko igenagaciro ry’ingwate ryashingiweho itezwa cyamunara ryari rimaze umwaka, n’igihe kirekire, bivuze yuko nyuma yicyo gihe umutungo wari wariyongereye, kudakora irindi genagaciro n’ugupfobya agaciro kawo; ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 27 y’Amabwiriza, igika cyayo cya 2 yuko Inyandiko y’amabwiriza y’igurisha mu cyamunara iherekezwa na kopi ya raporo y’igenagaciro ry’umutungo ryakozwe igihe cyo kugurisha ingwate mu cyamunara n’umugenagaciro w’imitungo itimukanwa wemewe kandi ryamenyeshejwe uwatanze ingwate na nyir’umutungo watanzweho ingwate iyo atandukanye n’uwatanze ingwate bigomba kubahirizwa. Bisobanuye yuko igihe cyose uwahawe ingwate iyo asabye Umwanditsi Mukuru uburenganzira bwo kugurisha iyi ngwate muri cyamunara, aba agomba guhita ashaka umugenagaciro wemewe agahita ayikorera igenagaciro rishya maze akaba ariyo rigenderwaho muri cyamunara. Ingingo ya 28 y’Amabwiriza yuzuzanya n’ingingo ivuzwe, iha uburenganzira nyir’ingwate mu gihe atishimiye iri genagaciro kuba yarinyomoza asabye umugenagaciro wemewe maze uyu agakora igenagaciro rye, ushinzwe ingwate ashobora gukora impuzandengo y’amagenagaciro yombi igihe amagenagaciro atandukanye, maze akabona agaciro k’umutungo

kagenderwago. [40] Basoza bavuga ko biragaragara rero yuko umwanzuro urukiko rubanza rwafashe rwanga guhamya ECOBANK Rwanda Plc n’uwashinzwe kugurisha ingwate ariwe Muvunyi Serge ikosa ryo kuba batarakoreye umutungo wagurishijwe muri cyamunara igenagaciro rishya udakurikije ingingo ya 27 y’Amabwiriza y’Umwanditsi Mukuru nº 001/2020/org yo ku wa 12/05/2020 agenga ibyerekeye gucunga, gukodesha, kugurisha mu cyamunara, no kwegukana ingwate. Ntabwo Rusekampunzi yanengwa kuba ataravuguruje igenagaciro ritakozwe ahubwo urukiko rubanza rwari kwemeza yuko abaregwa batakoze ibisabwa n’itegeko maze rukemeza ko cyamunara iteshwa agaciro. Rusekampunzi arasaba Urukiko rwajuririwe gukosora ikosa ryakozwe n’urukiko rubanza maze rugahamya abaregwa iryo kosa maze rukemeze ko cyamunara ku ngwate yavuzwe iteshwa agaciro; Urukiko rw’ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza, rutesha agaciro cyamunara kubera ko

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ingingo ya 27 y’Amabwiriza angenga cyamunara atubahirijwe, ni m’urubanza RCOM 00469/2024/TC rwaciwe tariki 2/05/2024. [41] Bavuga ko ikibazo atari icy’igenagaciro ahubwo ikibazo ari uko mbere yo gukoresha icyamunara yagombaga kubanza gukoresha igenagaciro ry’icyo gihe, ko kandi buri mwaka imitungo ihindura igenegaciro. [42] Kukibazo cyo kumenya igenegaciro ryagendeweho ari iryakozwe ryari, Me Muvunyi asubiza ko ari iryakozwe kuwa 26/04/2023, ko ryakozwe hagiye kugurishwa uwo mutungo, noneho Rusekampunzi amaze kunanirwa kwishyura na none Umwanditsi Mukuru atanga ubundi burenganzira bwo kugurisha. [43] Muvunyi Serge n’umwunganizi we biregura ko Iyimpamvu ya Rusekampunzi y’ubujurire bararasanga ari ntashingiro yahabwa kubera impamvu ashingiraho arinayo kurwego rubanza yashingiyeho asaba ko cyamunara ikwiye guteshwa agaciro ngo kuberako hatubahirijwe ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 27 y’amabwiriza y’Umwanditsi Mukuru ngo hakaba nta genagaciro ry’ingwate ryashyikirijwe Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera ntirinashyikirizwe DATAPR GRAPHICS LTD; bavuga ko bagaragaje mukwiregura kuri iyi ngingo ko twagaragaje ibimenyetso byerekana ko igenagaciro ry’umutungo UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374 ryakozwe n’uwitwa Abayo Emmanuella, iryo genagaciro rikaba ryaramenyeshejwe Rusekerampunzi ku itariki ya 08/05/2024 bikozwe n’umuhesha w’inkiko Mugabekazi Marie Claire ndetse akaba yaranarimenyesheje DATAPRO GRAPHICS LTD, bityo

akaba abona ko iyi mpamvu ntashingiro yahabwa kuko ibyo Rusekampunzi ashingiraho ko cyamunara yateshwa agaciro ku mpamvu yuko igenegaciro ritamenyeshejwe nta shingiro bifite; kuba avuga ko iryo genagaciro ari iryakozwe muri 2023 ngo ibiciro bikaba byarazamutse, nyuma yo kurishyikirizwa ntaryishimire yari gukoresha irindi genegaciro rinyomoza, nanone iyi ntiyafatwa nk’impamvu yo gutesha agaciro cyamunara kuko itari mu mpamvu zishingirwaho mugutesha agaciro cyamunara nkuko ziteganwa n’ingingo ya 260CPCCSA. [44] Ababuranira banki biregura ko kuri iyi ngingo ECOBANK RWANDA PLC irasanga ibyuko Rusekampunzi ahakahaka igenagaciro ryakoreshejwe muri cyamunara nta shingiro bifite kubera ko mu gika cya 19 cy’urubanza rwajuririwe Urukiko rwasobanuye neza mu magambo yumvikana ibyo Rusekampunzi yari gukora iyo aza kuba atararyishimiye mu gihe rero yarimenyeshejwe ntarinenge mu gihe giteganywea n’amategeko bikanashimangirwa nuko yanaryifashishije ashaka umuguzi witwa Mushinzimana Emmanuel iyo asanga igenagaciro ridakurikikije amategeko aba yarakoresheje igenagaciro ririvuguruza kandi ku gihe cyanywe n’amategeko iyo atarikoresheje biba bisobanuye ko nta rindi ryakoreshwa uretse iryo yemenyeshejwe. Ikindi hakurikije amasezerano Rusekampunzi yagiranye na Mushinzimana yasabye banki ko yakwigurishiriza kuko yamuhaga 75%, ibi bigaragaza ko yemeraga igenagaxiro ryakozwe, byongeye kuba mu cyamunara iyo 75% yashakaga gufata yararengejwe bivuze ko ntacyo bimubangamiraho. Uko Urukiko rubibona [45] Impaka ziri muri iyi ngingo zishingiye kukumenya niba nyuma y’uko permit to sell ya mbere itubahirijwe biturutse k’ubwumvikane bw’impande zombi nyuma hakaza gutangwa indidi

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permit to sell, ushinzwe kugurisha yarigukoresha irindi genagaciro cyangwa yarikugendera ku igengaciro rya permit to sell ya mbere ryari rimaze umwaka rikozwe. [46] Ingingo ya 26 agace ka 50 y’Amabwiriza y’umwanditsi mukuru nº 001/2020/org yo ku wa 12/05/2020 agenga ibyerekeye gucunga, gukodesha, kugurisha mu cyamunara, no kwegukana ingwate nk’uko yahinduwe kandi akuzuzwa n’Amabwiriza 2021 y’Umwanditsi Mukuru Nº 002/2021/0RG yo ku wa 29/06/2021 iteganya ko “Ushinzwe gucunga ingwate ategura inyandiko y’amabwiriza y’igurisha mu cyamunara ikubiyemo nibura amakuru akurikira: 5° agaciro kari ku isoko1 k’umutungo kagenwe n’umugenagaciro w’umutungo utimukanwa wemewe.” Ibi bisobanuye ko Ushinzwe gucunga ingwate afite inshingano zo kugurisha ku giciro gikwiriye hakurikijwe ihindagurika ry’ibiciro ku isoko ndetse no ku igenagaciro ry’umutungo rijyanye n’igihe. [47] Ingingo ya 27, 2º y’Amabwiriza y’Umwanditsi mukuru nº 001/2020/org yo ku wa 12/05/2020 amaze kuvugwa iteganya ko inyandiko y’amabwiriza y’igurisha mu cyamunara iherekezwa na: 2º kopi ya raporo y’igenagaciro ry’umutungo ryakozwe igihe cyo kugurisha ingwate mu cyamunara n’umugenagaciro w’imitungo itimukanwa wemewe kandi ryamenyeshejwe uwatanze ingwate na nyir’umutungo watanzweho ingwate iyo atandukanye n’uwatanze ingwate. Iyi ngingo yumvikanisha ko mu bigomba kuba biherekeje inyandiko y’amabwiriza y’igurisha mu cyamunara harimo

kopi ya raporo y’igenagaciro ry’umutungo ryakozwe igihe cyo kugurisha ingwate mu cyamunara. [48] Ingingo ya 28 y’amabwiriza agaragajwe hejuru igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri iteganya ko “Nibura iminsi icumi (10) mbere y’umunsi wa cyamunara, uwashinzwe gucunga ingwate amenyesha uwahawe ingwate n’uwayitanze inyandiko y’amabwiriza y’igurisha mu cyamunara akagenera kopi Umwanditsi Mukuru na nyir’umutungo iyo anyuranye n’uwatanze ingwate. Iyo uwatanze ingwate cyangwa nyir’umutungo iyo anyuranye n’uwatanze ingwate atishimiye igenagaciro ryakozwe n’umugenagaciro wemewe arinyomoza yifashishije umugenagaciro ahawe n’Urugaga rw’Abakora Umwuga w’igenagaciro ku mutungo utimukanwa mu Rwanda.” Ibi bivuze ko iyo nyiri mu tungo cyangwa uwatanze ingwate iyo anyuranye na nyiri mutungo bafite uburenganzira bwo kwanga igenagaciro ryatazwe bakabikora bifashisha urugaga rw’abagenagaciro ku mitungo itimukanawa mu Rwanda. [49] Dosiye y’uru rubanza igaragaza « permit to sale the mortgaged property » yo ku wa 03/07/2023, ishyiraho ushinzwe kugurisha ingwate witwa Nkurunziza Aaron yagombaga kurangira kuwa 03/07/2023. [50] Dosiye y’uru rubanza igaragaza « permit to sale the mortgaged property » yo ku wa 16/01/2024, ishyiraho ushinzwe kugurisha ingwate witwa Muvunyi Serge yagombaga kurangira kuwa 16/03/2024. [51] Dosiye y’uru rubanza igaragaza « permit to sale the mortgaged property » yo ku wa 07/05/2024, ishyiraho ushinzwe kugurisha ingwate witwa Muvunyi Serge yagombaga kurangira

1 agaciro kari ku isoko: ikigereranyo cy‟ikiguzi gihwanye n‟agaciro ku mutungo utimukanwa igihe igenagaciro rikorewe. Ingingo ya 2 agace 3, itegeko N°17/2010 ryo kuwa 12/05/2010 Itegeko rishyiraho kandi rikagena imikorere y‟umwuga w‟igenagaciro ku mutungo utimukanwa mu Rwanda.

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kuwa 07/07/2024 igaragaza ko kuwa 8/05/2024 yamenyeshejwe DATAPRO GRAPHICS LTD bikozwe n’umuhesha w’inkiko witwa Mugabekazi Marie Claire, iyo permit to sale ikaba inagaragaza ko yamenyeshejwe Rusekampunzi Edgar KABERA kuri uwo munsi nabwo bikozwe n’umuhesha w’inkiko witwa Mugabekazi Marie Claire. [52] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza igenagaciro ry’umutungo UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374 ryakozwe n’uwitwa Abayo Emmanuella ryo kuwa 26/04/2023, iryo genagaciro rikaba ryaramenyeshejwe Rusekerampunzi ku itariki ya 08/05/2024 bikozwe n’umuhesha w’inkiko Mugabekazi Marie Claire ndetse akaba yaranarimenyesheje DATAPRO GRAPHICS LTD. Nkuko itariki iri genagaciro ibigaragaza ryakoreshejwe n’ushinzwe kugurisha ingwate witwa Nkurunziza Aaron agendeye kuri « permit to sale the mortgaged property » yo ku wa 03/07/2023. [53] Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwasanze ibyo urega ashingiraho ko cyamunara yateshwa agaciro ku mpamvu yuko igenegaciro ritamenyeshejwe nta shingiro bifite ; kuba urega avuga ko iryo genagaciro ari iryakozwe muri 2023 ngo ibiciro bikaba byarazamutse , nyuma yo kurishyikirizwa ntaryishimire yari gukoresha irindi genegaciro rinyomoza nkuko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 28 agace ka 2 y’amabwiriza yavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko iyo uwatanze ingwate cyangwa nyir’umutungo iyo anyuranye n’uwatanze ingwate atishimiye igenagaciro ryakozwe n’umugenagaciro wemewe arinyomoza yifashishije umugenagaciro ahawe

n’Urugaga rw’Abakora Umwuga w’igenagaciro ku mutungo utimukanwa mu Rwanda [54] Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ntirwemeranya n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi kuko nubwo itegeko ridateganya ko iyo permit to sell ya mbere itubahirijwe biturutse k’ubwumvikane bw’impande zombi nyuma hakaza gutangwa indi permit to sell, ushinzwe kugurisha ingwate akoresha irindi genagaciro cyangwa agendera ku igengaciro rya permit to sell ya mbere, hasesenguwe ingingo yavuzwe hejuru, mugihe igwate igiye kugurishwa hagasabwa indi permit to sell shya byumvikana ko n’igenagaciro naryo ubwaryo ryakabaye rishya kuko ibintu biba byasubiye bushya. [55] Rusanga kandi nkuko ingingo ya 26 agace ka 50 kabisobanura ko ushinzwe gucunga ingwate ategura inyandiko y’amabwiriza y’igurisha mu cyamunara ikubiyemo nibura amakuru akurikira: 5° agaciro kari ku isoko2 k’umutungo kagenwe n’umugenagaciro w’umutungo utimukanwa wemewe. Ibi bisobanuye ko ushinzwe gucunga ingwate afite inshingano zo kugurisha ku giciro gikwiriye hakurikijwe ihindagurika ry’ibiciro ku isoko ndetse no ku igenagaciro ry’umutungo rijyanye n’igihe cy’igurisha. Aha Muvunyi Serge igihe yahabwaga inshingano zo kugurisha ingwate akaba yaranafite inshingano yo gukoresha igenagaciro aho kugendera kuryari ryarakoreshejwe na Nkurunziza Aaron kuwa 26/04/2023 yari yakoresheje nawe agendeye kuri « permit to sale the mortgaged property » yo ku wa 03/07/2023, kutabikora rero akaba ari ukutubahiriza ibiteganywa n’ingingo imaze kuvugwa. [56] Rusanga rero igenagaciro ryakozwe ryo kuwa 26/04/2023 ritanjyanye n’igihe cya munara yabereyeho kuko ibiciro bigenda bihindagurika haba kwiyongera cyangwa kugabanyuka k’umutungo uko umwaka ushize hakaza undi urugero ninkaho ibiciro fatizo by’ubutaka mu

2 Agaciro kari ku isoko: ikigereranyo cy‟ikiguzi gihwanye n‟agaciro ku mutungo utimukanwa igihe igenagaciro rikorewe. Ingingo ya 2 agace 3, itegeko N°17/2010 ryo kuwa 12/05/2010 Itegeko rishyiraho kandi rikagena imikorere y‟umwuga w‟igenagaciro ku mutungo utimukanwa mu Rwanda.

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Rwanda 2021 byateguwe n’Urugaga rw’abagenagaciro (IRPV) rwagaragaje ko rufite inshingano yo gutegura urutonde rw'ibiciro ngenderwaho by'ubutaka n’ibyabukoreweho rusubirwamo buri mwaka nk’uko biteganywa mu ingingo ya 22 y’itegeko N° 32/2015 ryo ku wa 11/06/2015 ryerekeye kwimura abantu ku mpamvu z’inyungu rusange. Mu kuzuza izi nshingano, hari ibiciro fatizo byagiye bitangazwa mu bihe bitandukanye. Ibi bigaraza ko no kuyindi mitungo ibiciro bihindagurika. [57] Ibyo abaregwa bavuga ko kuba yaramenyeshejwe igenagaciro ariko we ntarihakane ndetse akaba yaranarikoresheje ashaka umukiriya witwa Mushinzimana Emmanuel ibi ntago byahabwa agaciro kuko nkuko Muvunyi Serge nk’umunyamwuga yagomba kwita kubiteganwa n’amategeko ntago yakwitwaza ko yishe amategeko maze nuwo yagomba kuyubahirizaho yabibona akabyihorera igihe bigaragaye rero amategeko abagomba kubahirizwa uko ari. [58] Hashingiwe ku ngingo z’amategeko zagaragajwe haruguru, no kubimaze gusobanurwa, Urukiko rurasanga kuba Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwaremeje ko cyamunara idateshejwe agaciro nta ishingiro bifite, kuko yakozwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, ikaba igomba guseswa, bityo ubujurire bwatanzwe na Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera kuri iyi ngingo bukaba bufite shingiro. C. Kubirebana no gusuzuma niba kuba itangazo rya cyamunara ryaracishijwe mu kinyamakuru gitandukanye n’icyavuzwe mu mabwiriza y’igurisha yaba impamvu yo gusesa

cyamunara [59] Ababuranira Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera basobanura ko impamvu ya 2 yatumye Rusekampunzi ajurira ijyanye n’ikosa ryakozwe n’umuhesha w’inkiko washinzwe cyamunara ariwe Muvunyi Serge. Receiver yagaragaje mu mabwiriza y’igurisha yuko itangazo ryo kugurisha muri cyamunara ingwate ya Rusekampunzi rizacishwa mu kinyamakuru Igihe.com, nyamara ntabwo yabyubahirije ahubwo iri tangazo yaricishije mu kinyamakuru AMAKURU MEDIA. Rusekampunzi yagaragaje yuko ari inenge yatumye hari abaguzi bashatswe na nyir’umutungo batabonye itangazo mu gihe.com barifata kuko batinyaga kugura mu cyamunara gishobora guteshwa agaciro kubera amakosa yo gutanga itangazo nabi, kuko ntibyumvikana ukuntu umwanditsi Mukuru yaba yaremeje amabwiriza y’igurisha nyuma receiver agahindura ibiyakubiyemo. Iyi nenge ikaba ihagije kugirango cyamunara iteshwe agaciro nyamara urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye yuko uwashinzwe cyamunara yibeshye, ko iryo kosa rye ritatuma cyamunara iseswa. Rusekampunzi aragaragariza Urukiko yuko hari imirongo yafashwe n’Urukiko rw’ubujulire kubijyanye n’agaciro ko gutangaza cyamunara, ruvuga yuko gutangaza cyamunara atar’umuhango gusa, ko cyamunara igomba gukorwa m’uburyo amategeko ateganya. Ni mu rubanza RCOMAA 0028/2023/CA rwaciwe n’uru rukiko kuwa 20/10/2023, muri uru rubanza AMAJYAMBERE Industry Ltd Co Ltd iburana na Valerien MUNYANEZA na COGEBANQUE Plc. Aha ikibazo cyasuzumwe

n’ukumenya niba kudatangaza cyamunara kugihe ishobora gutuma itakaza agaciro. [60] Bakomeza bavuga ko mu gusuzuma iki kibazo, Urukiko rw’Ubujulire rwatanze Umurungo wagutse kubyerekeranye no gutangaza cyamunara kuburyo unareba n’ikibazo cyo guhindura ikinyamakuru cyacishwamo itangazo ryerekaranye na cyamunara ku ngwate. Uyu murongo uragira uti: ʺ Gutangaza cyamunara si umuhango gusa, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo kumenyesha nyir’umutungo, abandi bantu baba bafite inyungu mu kuwurengera, abo ny’ir’umutungo yaba abereyemo imyenda, abaguzi cyangwa uwo ariwe wese icyo yabaza kuri uwo mutungo, ko washyizwe ku isoko kugira ngo habanze hishyurwe umwenda runaka. Mu gihe gihe ibihe

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byateganyijwe byo gutangaza cyamunara bitubahirijwe, abo bose baba bambuwe uburenganzira bwaboʺ. Uyu murongo w’Urukiko rw’Ubujulire ugaragara k’urupapuro rwa 126 w’icyegeranyo cy’Imanza zaciwe n’urukiko rw’Ubujulire mu kwezi k’Ukwakira 2023, ingeri ya 11. [61] Akomeza avuga ko na none Urukiko rw’Ubujulire m’Urubanza RCOMAA 00064/2019/CA rwaciwe kuwa 3/10/2019 haburana Kayumba Godfrey na SIMACO Ltd, BRD na SAFARI rwatanze umurongo kubirebana n’ingaruka zo gutangaza cyamunara nabi, uyu murongo uragira uti ʺ Mu gihe itangazwa rya cyamunara ritakozwe mu kinyamakuru kimwe cyangwa byinshi mu byateganyijwe n’itegeko cyangwa rikaba ryarakozwe ariko rigakorwa nabi cyangwa rigakorwa impitagihe, ni mpamvu yo gutesha agaciro cyamunara kuko riba ritatangajwe nkuko amategeko abiteganyaʺ. Uyu murongo ugaragara kuri page ya 17 y’icyegeranyo cy’imanza zaciwe n’urukiko rw’Ubujurire, ingeri ya 11. Rusekampunzi ashingiye ku mirongo yatanzwe n’urukiko rw’Ubujulire kubijyanye n’itangazwa ry’igurisha ry’ingwate muri cyamunara, arasaba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi kuzabona yuko uwashinzwe kugurisha muri cyamunara ingwate yavuzwe warezwe atagombaga gutangaza cyamunara mu kindi kinyamakuri gitandukanye nicyo yari yagaragaje mu Mabwiriza y’igurisha, bityo ruzemeze ko cyamunara yakozwe ku ngwate ya Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera iteshejwe agaciro. [62] Abaregwa basoza bavuga ko ibivugwa ko itangazo rigaragazwa

mu mabwiriza, ari ahatangazwa bwa mbere muri icyo kinyamakuru, ko andi ataringombwa gucishwamo, ko mu kinyamakuru igihe.com nta tangazo na rimwe ryigezwe ricishwamo ndetse ko no muri AMAKURU MURI MEDIA ntaryacishijwemo. [63] Muvunyi Serge n’umwunganizi we basobanaura ko iyi mpamvu y’ubujurire ya Rusekerampunzi ari ntashingiro ifite kubera ko ingingo ya 29 y’amabwiriza y’umwanditsi mukuru Nº 001/2020/ORG yo ku wa 12/05/2020 agenga ibyerekeye gucunga, gukodesha, kugurisha mu cyamunara, no kwegukana ingwate Iteganya ko Ushinzwe gucunga ingwate amenyekanisha igurisha mu cyamunara nibura iminsi icumi (10) mbere y’umunsi wa cyamunara kuri radiyo cyangwa televiziyo no mu kinyamakuru cyandikirwa mu icapiro cyangwa gikorera kuri interineti bikorera mu Rwanda. Murubanza ku rwego rubanza twagaragaje ko itangazo rya cyamunara ryatanzwe mu kinyamakuru AMAKURU MEDIA kuwa 20/05/2024 kandi Rusekerampunzi nawe atabihakana ; kuba mu mabwiriza y’igurisha y’ingwate receiver yaranditse ko itangazo ryanyuze mu kinyamakuru Igihe.com ni ukwibeshya bisanzwe kwabayeho kuko bigaragara ko ryaciye mu kinyamakuru AMAKURU MEDIA Tukaba twaragaragaje ko iyo itaba impamvu yatuma cyamunara iteshwa agaciro kuko icy’ingenzi akaba ari uko cyamunara yatangajwe nkuko biteganywa n’amabwiriza y’Umwanditsi Mukuru. Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa, rukabarubona cyamunara ku mutungo UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374 yarakozwe mu buryo

bukurikije amategeko iyimpamvu y’ubujurire ikaba itahabwa ishingiro. [64] Basoza bavuga ko icyari ngombwa ari ugutangaza icyamunara mu kinyamakuru icyaricyo cyose, ko kandi ibyo yabyubahirije. Kukibazo cyo kugaragaza aho bacishije amatengazo, basubiza ko harebwa ikimenyetso kiri kuri 021 mu rubanza rwa mbere. Ababuranira banki basobanura ko mu gika cya 23 na 24 ry’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rw’ubucuruzi rwasobanuye neza uburyo gutangaza bikorwa ndetse runagaragaza ko muri cyamunara iburanwa itangazo ryaciye mu kinyamakuru AMAKURU MEDIA, ibi kandi ni nako baygenze yewe n’uwajuriye ntabwo abihakana, bityo akaba ari nta mpamvu cyamunara yateshwa agaciro. Ko ibyo receiver yakoze ntakibazo kuko yemerewe n’amategeko gutangaza mu kinyamakuri icyaricyo cyose, ko kandi

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ashobora no gutanga rimwe mu kinyamakuru kimwe ubutaha akaba yacisha mu kindi kinyamakuru. Uko urukiko rubibona [65] Impaka ziri kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba kuba cyamunara yarataganjwe mu kinyamakuru kitari icyari cyatangajwe mumabwiriza ajyanye na cyamunara byatuma iseswa. [66] Ingingo ya 29 y’amabwiriza y’umwanditsi mukuru Nº 001/2020/ORG yo ku wa 12/05/2020 agenga ibyerekeye gucunga, gukodesha, kugurisha mu cyamunara, no kwegukana ingwate Iteganya “ko Ushinzwe gucunga ingwate amenyekanisha igurisha mu cyamunara nibura iminsi icumi (10) mbere y’umunsi wa cyamunara kuri radiyo cyangwa televiziyo no mu kinyamakuru cyandikirwa mu icapiro cyangwa gikorera kuri interineti bikorera mu Rwanda.Iyo minsi ibarwa uhereye ku munsi ukurikira uwo cyamunara yatangarijweho habariwemo umunsi cyamunara izaberaho. Ushinzwe gucunga ingwate amanika iryo tangazo ku biro by’akagari ingwate iherereyemo akanarishyira mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga bukoreshwa mu kurangiza inyandikompesha igihe uru rubuga ruri gukora.” [67] Dosiye y’uru rubanza igaragaza mu mabwiriza ko kumenyekanisha cyamunara itangazo rya cyamunara baza gusanga ku mugereka w'iyi nyandiko y’amabwiriza ryaricishijwe mu kinyamakuru lgihe.com, kuri Radio Isango Star, ryamanitswe kandi ku biro by'Akagari ka Nyabisindu, rigomba kugaragara kandi ku rubuga rwa cyamunara.gov.rw rwifashishwa n'abashaka kugura imitungo muri

cyamunara. [68] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko itangazo rya cyamunara ryatanzwe mu kinyamakuru AMAKURU MEDIA kuwa 20/05/2024; rubona n’ubwo mu mabwiriza y’igurisha y’ingwate receiver yaranditse ko itangazo ryanyuze mu kinyamakuru Igihe.com nawe akavuga ko ari ukwibeshya kwabayeho kuko bigaragara ko ryaciye mu kinyamakuru AMAKURU MEDIA. [69] Rusanga nubwo Urukiko rw’ubucuruzi rwagagaje ko itaba impamvu yatuma cyamunara iteshwa agaciro; icy’ingenzi akaba ari uko cyamunara yatangajwe nkuko biteganywa n’amabwiriza y’Umwanditsi Mukuru. Nyamara byaba ari ukwirengangiza impamvu yo gutangaza aho wagaragaje bigomba gukorerwa. Kuba uwari ufite ishingano ubwe yiyemerera ko yakoze amakosa akagaragaza aho atazatanga itangazo ibi bifatwa nko kuyobya abakiriya ndetse na nyiri mutungo cyanwa uwari watanze ingwate. [70] Rusanga nkuko urega yabigagaragaje gutangaza cyamunara si umuhango gusa, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo kumenyesha nyir’umutungo, abandi bantu baba bafite inyungu mu kuwurengera, abo ny’ir’umutungo yaba abereyemo imyenda, abaguzi cyangwa uwo ariwe wese icyo yabaza kuri uwo mutungo, ko washyizwe ku isoko kugira ngo habanze hishyurwe umwenda runaka kandi kugira cyamunara imennywe na benshi ndetse na nyiri umutungo abe ashobora kurangira abakiriya. Mu gihe gihe ushizwe kugurisha ingwate yavuze aho azatangaza amatangazo ya cyamunara ntabikore biba biyobeje amakuru. [71] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa, rukabarubona cyamunara ku mutungo UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374 yarakozwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko iyi mpamvu nayo ikaba yiohagije kugira cyamunara ibe yaseswa ikaba igomba kuvaho.

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D. Gusuzuma ukwiye gucibwa amafaranga y’igihembo cy’umu avoka n’ikurikirarubanza n'igarama [72] Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera arasaba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi kuzamugenera 2,200,000FRW y’igihembo cya avoka yaregeye ku rwego rwa mbere, na 1,000,000FRW ku rwego r’Ubujurire, rukamugenera 600,000FRW y’ikurikiranarubanza ku rwego rwa mbere n’urw’ubujurire ndetse rukamugenera 60,000FRW y’igarama yishyuye arega bwa mbere ndetse anajurira. Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ruzategeke ECOBANK Rwanda Plc na Muvunyi Serge buri wese kwishyura Rusekampunzi izi ndishyi. [73] ECOBANK RWANDA PLC yireguye ivuga ko isanga izi ndishyi nta shingiuro zifite kubera ko n'ubujurire budafite ishingiro. [74] Muvunyi Serge atanga ubujurire bwuririye kubundi avuga ko asaba ko Urukiko rwahatira uwajuriye kumwishyura FRW 700,000 y'igihembo cy'Avoka ku rwego rw'ubujurire, n'indishyi zo gushyorwa mu manza n'ikurikirana rubanza zingana na 300,000 FRW yiyongera kuyatanzwe kurwego rubanza. Uko urukiko rubibona [75] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo kuwa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu, iteganya ko ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe

n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe. [76] Ingingo ya 26, igika cya kabiri, y’amabwiriza N° 01/2014 agena ibihembo mbonera by’abavoka iteganya ko […] avoka w’uregwa agena ibihembo bye akurikije agaciro k’ikiburanwa, ingorane ziri mu rubanza, hamwe n’ibyo agomba kubanza gukora byose, ndetse n’ingaruka z’icyemezo cyafashwe; ariko igihembo ntikijye munsi y’amafaranga 500.000 kandi ntikirenge amafaranga 3.000.000. [77] Izi ngingo zimaze kuvugwa haruguru, zumvikanisha ko iyo ikirego cy’uwajuriye kidahawe ishingiro, utsinze urubanza afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa ibyo yatakaje k’urubanza rwose harimo n’amafaranga yishyuye umu avoka. [78] Urukiko rusanga indishyi zisabwa na Muvunyi Serge ntashingiro zifite kuko niwe wakoze amakosa yo gukora cyamunara idakurikije amategeko. [79] Urukiko rusanga indishyi zisabwa na Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera zifite ishingiro bityo Muvunyi Serge igomba guha Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera amafaranga 1,000,000 FRW y'igihembo cy'avoka n'amafaranga 200,000 FRW y’ikurikiranarubanza ku rwego rwa mbere n’ubujurire na 60,000FRW y’igarama yishyuye arega bwa mbere ndetse anajurira.

III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO

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[80] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera bufite ishingiro. [81] Rwemeje ko mikirize y’urubanza RCOM 00093/2024/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 12/07/2024 ihindutse. [82] Rwemeje ko cyamunara ku mutungo UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374 yakozwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko ikaba igomba kuvaho. [83] Rutegetse ko cyamunara ku mutungo UPI: 1/02/13/01/1374 isheshwe. [84] Rutegetse Muvunyi Serge kwishyura Rusekampunzi Edgar Kabera amafaranga 1,000,000 FRW y'igihembo cy'umu avoka n'amafaranga 200,000 FRW y’ikurikiranarubanza ku rwego rwa mbere n’ubujurire na 60,000FRW y’igarama yishyuye arega bwa mbere ndetse anajurira. Yose hamwe akaba 1,260,000FRW.