SANLAM ASSURANCES GENERALES PLC v. NYIRANSHIMIYIMANA

# SANLAM ASSURANCES GENERALES PLC v. NYIRANSHIMIYIMANA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2021-12-29 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2021/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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SANLAM ASSURANCES GENERALES PLC v. NYIRANSHIMIYIMANA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2021/CA (Kamere, P.J) 29 Ukuboza 2021] Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – amasezerano y’ubwishingizi – ingingo rusange n’izindi nyandiko z’amasezerano y’ubwishingizi – Mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi, umwishingizi niwe ufite inshingano yo gushyikiriza uwishingiwe inyandiko zose zigize amasezerano cyane ko n’ubundi ari we uzitegura, akaba ari we mbere na mbere uba uzi ingingo zizikubiyemo n’akamaro zagirira buri ruhande. Incamake y’ikibazo: Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yagiranye na SORAS AG Ltd ubu yahindutse Sanlam Assurances Generales Plc amasezerano y’ubwishingizi bwo mu bwoko bwa “omnium/tous risques bw’imodoka ye nshya Suzuki Grand Vitara RAD 543 Q, ubwo bwishingizi bukaba bwari bufite agaciro kuva kuwa 29/01/2018 kugeza kuwa 28/01/2019. Iyo modoka yafatiwe ubwishingizi yaje gukora impanuka itwawe n’umushoferi ndetse icyo gihe iyo mpanuka iba Nyiranshimiyimana (nyir’imodoka) akaba nawe yarari muri iyo modoka. Nyuma yuko iyo mpanuka ibaye, Nyiranshimiyimana yasabye SORAS Assurances Generales ko yamukoreshereza imodoka ye ku byo yari yangirikiyeho muri iyo mpanuka hakurikijwe amasezerano y'ubwishingizi yavuzwe haruguru, SORAS A.G.LTD imusubiza ko itakoresha iyo modoka kuko yakoze impanuka itwawe n’umushoferi wasinze kandi mu masezerano bafitanye bidateganyijwemo . Biba ngombwa rero ko Nyiranshimiyimana Christine arega SORAS AG Ltd ubu yahindutse Sanlam Assurances Generales Plc mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi arusaba kuyitegeka kubahiriza inshingano zayo zikubiye mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi bagiranye no kumuha izindi ndishyi zitandukanye. Urukiko rw’ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ikirego cya Nyiranshimiyimana kidafite ishingiro ndetse atagomba gukoresherezwa imodoka ye cyangwa ngo ahabwe indishyi na SORAS AG Ltd. Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiye icyemezo cyarwo ku ngingo rusange z’amasezerano y’ubwishingizi (Conditions Générales) kandi atarazimenyeshejwe ngo yemere ko ziri mu bigize amasezerano y’ubwishingizi, kandi ko rwemeje ko ikinyabiziga cyari gitwawe n’umushoferi wasinze nyiracyo abizi kandi atari ko bimeze, ndetse yinubira indishyi yaciwe. Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Nyiranshimiyimana Christine bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ariko ko nta kimenyetso kidashidikanywaho cy’uko umushoferi wari utwaye ikinyabiziga cya Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yari yasinze ubwo yakoraga impanuka. SORAS AG Ltd/ Sanlam Assurances Generales Plc yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ku mpamvu yuko Urukiko Rukuru rw'Ubucuruzi rwavuze ko nta kimenyetso

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kidashidikanywaho cy’uko umushoferi warutwaye ikinyabiziga igihe impanuka yabaye yari yasinze kandi mu ibazwa yari yemereye umugenzacyaha ko yanyoye inzoga bagasanga yarengeje igipimo gifatirwaho; kandi ko yahamwe n’icyaha cyo kwica umuntu bidaturutse ku bushake, aburana yemera ko yari yasinze ndetse abisabira n’imbabazi, akatirwa igifungo cy’umwaka wose. SANLAM Assurances Generales ivuga kandi ko impamvu umwishingizi atagomba kuryozwa akoresha imodoka yangirikiye mu mpanuka yakozwe itwawe n’umushoferi wasinze cyangwa nyirayo, mu gihe amasezerano bafitanye asonera umwishingizi ubwo buryozwe kandi bikagaragazwa na conditions générales de l’assurance automobile y’umwishingizi. Nyiranshimiyimna nyiri modoka yakaze impanuka yiregura avuga ko nta bimenyetso bigaragaza ko imodoka yishingiwe yakoze impanuka itwawe n’umushoferi wasinze, atahawe document ikubiyemo conditions générales de l’assurance automobile SORAS AG Ltd yashingiyeho yanga kumukoreshereza imodoka cyangwa ngo abe yarazihawe kugirango azishyireho umukono we. Mu guca urubanza ubu rurimo gusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, inkiko zombi zabanje zemeje ko “Conditions Generales” ziri mu bigize amasezerano y’ubwishingizi bwafashwe na Nyiranshimiyimana Christine ariko zigatandukanira ku mpamvu zabishingiyeho aho ku rwego rwa mbere Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ruvuga ko rushingira ku kuba Nyiranshimiyimana Christine atarigeze asaba conditions générales de l’assurance automobile ngo bazimwime, naho ku rwego rw’ubujurire Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rukavuga ko n’ubwo Nyiranshimiyimana Christine atigeze asinyira ko izo ngingo rusange azizi kandi azemera, imyitwarire ye igaragaza ko yazimenye ndetse akazemera kuko yasinye amasezerano yihariye abona neza ko ingingo rusange ziyavugwamo kandi ziseguriye ibivugwa mu masezerano yihariye yashyizeho umukono. Incamake y’icyemezo: Mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi, umwishingizi niwe ufite inshingano yo gushyikiriza uwishingiwe inyandiko zose zigize amasezerano cyane ko n’ubundi ari we uzitegura, akaba ari we mbere na mbere uba uzi ingingo zizikubiyemo n’akamaro zagirira buri ruhande. Bityo, umwishingizi aryozwa uburangare yagize bwo gudashikiriza uwishingiwe inyandiko zose za ngombwa zigize amasezerano y’ubwishingizi kugirango azimenye anazishireho umukono. Ikirego nta shingiro gifite. Amategeko yifashishijwe: Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko, Ingingo ya 63, Itegeko N°45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, Ingingo ya 64, Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 3, Itegeko No 01/2002 ryo ku wa 17/01/2002 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko-Teka no 20/75 ryo ku wa 20 Kamena 1975 ryerekeye ubwishingizi muri rusange, ingingo ya 3. Nta manza zifashishijwe.

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Urubanza I.IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Kuwa 24/01/2018, Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yagiranye na SORAS AG Ltd ubu yahindutse Sanlam Assurances Generales Plc amasezerano No 100/125/1/114419/2018 maze afatira imodoka ye nshya Suzuki Grand Vitara RAD 543 Q ubwishingizi bwo mu bwoko bwa “omnium/tous risques”, ubwo bwishingizi bukaba bwari bufite agaciro kuva kuwa 29/01/2018 kugeza kuwa 28/01/2019. Kuwa 05/03/2018, iyo modoka yakoze impanuka itwawe n’umushoferi witwa Ndarihoranye Oscar kandi na nyir’imodoka ayirimo. Nyiranshimiyimana yasabye SORAS Assurances Generales ko yamukoreshereza imodoka ye ku byo yari yangirikiyeho muri iyo mpanuka hakurikijwe amasezerano y'ubwishingizi yavuzwe haruguru, ariko SORAS A.G.LTD imusubiza ko itakoresha iyo modoka kuko yakoze impanuka itwawe n’umushoferi wasinze kandi mu masezerano bafitanye (ingingo ya 25 n'iya 39 ya “Conditions Générales”) hateganyijwemo ko umwishingizi atabiryozwa iyo impanuka yabaye imodoka itwawe n’umushoferi wasinze. [2] Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yaregeye Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, kuko atemeraga ko impanuka yabaye umushoferi we yasinze no kuba atarigeze ashyikirizwa inyandiko iyo ariyo yose ikubiyemo “Conditions Générales d’assurance” SORAS AG Ltd yari yashingiyeho yanga kumukoreshereza imodoka. Ikirego cye cyanditswe kuri RCOM 00629/2018/TC, asaba Urukiko gutegeka SORAS AG Ltd ubu yahindutse SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc kubahiriza inshingano zayo zikubiye mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi impande zombi zagiranye no kumuha izindi ndishyi zitandukanye. [3] Ku wa 26/09/2018, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urwo rubanza, mu gika cyarwo cya gatandatu rusobanura ko Nyiranshimiyimana Christine atagomba gukoresherezwa imodoka ye cyangwa ngo ahabwe indishyi na SORAS AG Ltd yitwaje ko atashyikirijwe inyandiko ya “Conditions Générales” kuko yari afite inshingano zo kujya gusaba iyo nyandiko akamenya ibizikubiyemo, ko atigeze azisaba SORAS AG LTD ngo izimwime, ko kuba “P.V de synthèse d’accident” yakozwe n’ubugenzacyaha ivugwamo ko umushoferi we impanuka iba yari yasinze bituma nta ndishyi SORAS AG Ltd ikwiye kumuha, maze rwanzura ko ikirego yatanze kidafite ishingiro, ko indishyi yishyuza SORAS AG Ltd/ Sanlam Assurances Generales Plc atabasha kuzigaragariza ukuri, kandi ko indishyi zose asaba atazihabwa, rumutegeka ahubwo kuba ari we wishyura SORAS AG Ltd/ SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’Avoka zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) kandi ko adasubizwa amafaranga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000 Frw) y’ingwate y’amagarama yatanze arega. [4] Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, ubujurire bwe bwandikwa kuri RCOMA 00677/2018//HCC, aho yanenze ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiye icyemezo cyarwo ku ngingo rusange z’amasezerano y’ubwishingizi (Conditions Générales) kandi atarazimenyeshejwe ngo yemere ko ziri mu bigize amasezerano y’ubwishingizi, kandi ko rwemeje ko ikinyabiziga cyari gitwawe n’umushoferi wasinze nyiracyo abizi kandi atari ko bimeze, ndetse yinubira indishyi yaciwe.

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[5] Ku wa 14/02/2019, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urwo rubanza, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Nyiranshimiyimana Christine bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ko ingingo z’amategeko rusange y’ubwishingizi zari mu bigize amasezerano yihariye yagiranye na SORAS AG Ltd, ariko ko nta kimenyetso kidashidikanywaho cy’uko umushoferi wari utwaye ikinyabiziga cya Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yari yasinze ubwo yakoraga impanuka. Urukiko rwategetse SORAS AG Ltd kwishyura ibyangiritse ku kinyabiziga cya Nyiranshimiyimana Christine bihwanye na 18.633.368 Frw, kumuha amafaranga angana na 7.200.000 Frw ahwanye n’ibyo yatanze ku ngendo ze za buri munsi mu gihe atabashaga gukoresha imodoka ye yishingiwe, abariwe kuri 20.000 Frw ku munsi uhereye ku munsi yakoreyeho impanuka kugeza ku munsi urubanza rwaciriweho, kumuha indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza ku maherere n’iz’ibyo yatanze kuri urwo rubanza zihwanye na 3.000.000 Frw zigenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko no kumusubiza igarama yatanze ku rwego rwa mbere. Urukiko rwanategetse ko urubanza RCOM 00629/2018/TC rwajuririwe rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 29/09/2018 ruhindutse kuri byose, naho igarama ryatanzwe mu kujurira rigahera mu Isanduku ya Leta. [6] SORAS AG Ltd/ SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire isaba ko urubanza RCOMA 00677/2018/CHC/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 14/02/2019 rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Impamvu z’akarengane zagaragajwe na SORAS AG Ltd/ Sanlam Assurances Generales Plc zikaba ari ukuba ngo mu guca urwo rubanza Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaremeje ko nta kimenyetso kidashidikanywaho cy’uko umushoferi wari utwaye ikinyabiziga cya Nyiranshimiyimana Christine cyari mu bwishingizi yari yasinze ubwo yakoraga impanuka, rwirengagije ibimenyetso bigizwe na PV de synthèse d’accident de roulage yo ku wa 05/03/2017, inyandikomvugo y’ibazwa rya shoferi Ndarihoranye Oscar yo ku wa 05/03/2017 yiyemerera ko yakoze impanuka yasinze n’urubanza nshinjabyaha RP 00275/2018/TGI/NYGE shoferi Ndarihoranye Oscar yaburanye yemera ko yakoze impanuka yasinze ndetse akabisabira imbabazi. Nyuma yo gusesengura ubwo busabe, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga amusaba kwemeza ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo kubera ko rushobora kuba rurimo akarengane. [7] Ku wa 23/03/2021, mu cyemezo cye N°128/CJ/2021, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeje ko urubanza RCOMA 00677/2018/CHC/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 14/02/2019 rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, maze arwoherereza Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ngo rurwandike mu bitabo byabugenewe kugira ngo azabe ari rwo ruzaruburanisha. [8] Impamvu SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc igaragaza ko ishingiraho akarengane kayo ni izi zikurikira : -Urukiko Rukuru rw'Ubucuruzi rwavuze ko nta kimenyetso kidashidikanywaho cy’uko umushoferi warutwaye ikinyabiziga RAD 543.Q yari yasinze kandi inyandikomvugo y’uko impanuka yagenze nk’uko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwayo rwa 4, igaragaza ko ubugenzacyaha bwakurikiranye iby’iriya mpanuka, buhageze bwasanze uwari utwaye Jeep Suzuki Grand Vitara RAD543Q ariwe Ndarihoranye Oscar yasinze, bwaramupimye n’icyuma cyabugenewe busanga afite 4.80% d’alcool ; - Mu ibazwa rya Ndarihoranye Oscar warI utwaye iriya modoka yakoze impanuka, yemereye umugenzacyaha ko yanyoye inzoga bagasanga yarengeje igipimo gifatirwaho nk’uko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwa 3 rw’ibazwa rye ryo kuwa 05/03/2018 kandi iyo

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nyandiko y’ibazwa rye yayishyizeho umukono we, hakaba nta wundi wahakana ko yari yasinze igihe uwanyoye inzoga ubwe abyiyemerera ; -Ndarihoranye Oscar yarezwe mu rubanza RP 00275/2018/TGI/NYGE icyaha cyo kwica umuntu bidaturutse ku bushake, mu miburanire ye imbere y’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge aburana yemera ko yari yasinze nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya kabiri (2) kiri ku rupapuro rwa mbere (1) rw’urwo rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha, ndetse abisabira n’imbabazi, akatirwa igifungo cy’umwaka wose. [9] Muri rusange mu myiregurire ye Nyiranshimiyimana Christine avuga ko impamvu z’akarengane zitangwa na Sanlam Assurances Generales Plc zigamije kwerekana ko umushoferi Ndarihoranye Oscar wari utwaye imodoka yishingiwe yari yasinze nta shingiro zifite ariko ko ku bw’ibanze Urukiko rwakagombye no kubanza gusuzuma amasezerano y’ubwishingizi impande zombi zagiranye rukabona ko ntaho agaragaramo ingingo impamvu zombi zaba zarumvikanyeho y’uko umwishingizi atagomba gukoresha imodoka yishingiye ku mpamvu z’ubusinzi bw’uwari uyitwaye mu gihe yakoraga impanuka, akavuga ko iyo inkiko zabanje zisuzuma ibisobanuro byatanzwe kuri iyi ngingo bitari no kuba byarabaye ngombwa kugera ku ngingo zo kumenya niba umushoferi yari yasinze cyangwa se atasinze. [10] Iburanisha ry’urubanza ryabaye ku wa 01/12/2021 ababuranyi bose bahari, SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc ihagarariwe na Me Ruzindana Ignace afatanyije na Me Mukandori Brigitte, naho Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yunganiwe na Me Nkanika Alimace afatanyije na Me Nsabimana Joseph. Isomwa ry’urubanza ryashyizwe ku wa 24/12/2021 ariko uwo munsi ryimurirwa ku wa 29/12/2021 ari nacyo gihe urubanza rusomeweho. II.IBIBAZO BIGIZE URU RUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO Kumenya niba Conditions Générales d’Assurance ziteganya ko umwishingizi  ataryozwa ingaruka z’impanuka yabaye imodoka itwawe n’umuntu wasinze ari kimwe mu bice bigize amasezerano y’ubwishingizi Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yagiranye na SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc ku wa 24/01/2018 [11] Urukiko rwasanze rukwiye kubanza gusuzuma kw’ikubitiro iki kibazo cyo kumenya niba Conditions Générales d’Assurance ziteganya ko umwishingizi ataryozwa ingaruka z’impanuka yabaye imodoka itwawe n’umuntu wasinze ari kimwe mu bice bigize amasezerano y’ubwishingizi Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yagiranye na SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc ku wa 24/01/2018 kubera ko umwanzuro rwaba rufashe kuri iki kibazo ari wo waruha kumenya niba rugomba gutera intambwe ikurikiyeho yo kumenya niba umushoferi Ndarihoranye Oscar yarakoze impanuka y’imodoka yishingiwe yasinze cyangwa se atasinze, ndetse n’ingaruka zajyana nabyo. [12] Me Ruzindana Ignace na Me Mukandori Brigitte bahagarariye SANLAM Assurances Generales bavuga ko impamvu umwishingizi atagomba gukoresha imodoka ya Nyiranshimiyimana Christine ari uko yangirikiye mu mpanuka yakozwe itwawe n’umushoferi wasinze nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ibimenyetso binyuranye batanze, mu gihe amasezerano bafitanye cyane cyane ingingo ya 25 n'iya 39 y'amasezerano rusange (Conditions Generales) asonera

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umwishingizi ubwo buryozwe kandi akaba ari mu bigize amasezerano y’ubwishingizi ahuza impande zombi. [13] Bakomeza basobanura ko umuntu wese utwaye imodoka yishingiwe yasinze, yaba ari nyir’imodoka wafashe ubwishingizi ubwe cyangwa se undi yayihaye, igakora impanuka ikangirika atishyurwa n’umwishingizi ibirebana no kuyikoresha kandi ko ibyo biteganyijwe mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi impande zombi zagiranye mu gice cyayo cya “Conditions Générales”, ingingo ya 25, agace ka 10, ndetse bikaba binateganyijwe muri rusange mu ngingo ya 11 y’Itegeko-Teka NO 32/75 ryo ku wa 07/08/1975 ryerekeye ubwishingizi bw’ibinyabiziga bigendera mu muhanda. Bongeraho ko kuba umushoferi yari yasinze kandi ari kumwe na nyir’imodoka ari “situation aggravante” kuko nyir’imodoka atagombaga kumwemerera kuyitwara. [14] Ku kibazo babajijwe n’Urukiko mu iburanisha cyo kumenya niba iyo nyandiko ya “Conditions Générales” yarigeze ishyikirizwa Nyiranshimiyimana Christine ubwo yafatiraga ubwishingizi imodoka ye, ababuranira SANLAM Assurances Generales basubije ko n’ubwo badafite “accusé de reception” ye [umukono wa Nyiranshimiyimana ugaragaza aho yayakiririye], ko muri “pratique”[mu mikorere isanzwe] umukiriya wese uje gufata ubwishingizi iyo nyandiko nayo umwishingizi ayimushyikiriza, kandi ko nka Nyiranshimiyimana Christine usanzwe ari umunyamategeko ndetse uzi indimi nta kuntu yari kuba atarayihawe. [15] Nyiranshimiyimna Christine avuga ko n’ubwo nta gihamya ko imodoka yishingiwe yakoze impanuka itwawe n’umushoferi wasinze, guhera mu nkiko zabanje yagaragaje ko document ikubiyemo conditions générales de l’assurance automobile SORAS AG Ltd yashingiyeho yanga kumukoreshereza imodoka atazizi, atazibonye cyangwa ngo abe yarazihawe, atazishyizeho umukono we, ko n’ingingo zivugwa mu masezerano yihariye yasinyeho nta zirebana na exclusions de la responsabilité [ kwikuraho uburyozwe] zirimo ndetse ko nta na “clauses de renvoi” cyangwa “clause de remise” zigaragara muri ayo masezerano yihariye yasinyeho SORAS AG LTD yigeze ishyira mu masezerano yihariye imumenyesha ko haba hari indi document ikubiyemo “les conditions générales” kandi ko azimenyeshejwe anazishyikirijwe, ndetse ko hamwe na SORAS AG LTD bazishyizeho imikono yabo, bityo ko izo “conditions générales de l’assurance automobile” asanga ari “inopposable” kuri we. [16] Kuri iki kibazo Nyiranshimiyimana Christine avuga ko afata ubwishingizi amasezerano yasinyanye na SORAS tariki ya 24/01/2018 agizwe na “pages” eshatu (3) gusa, ko ibyo SANLAM Assurances Generales yita “conditions générales” yamwereka aho yabimumenyeshereje kuko atabizi. Avuga ko mu ngingo ya 5 y’itegeko Teka n˚20/75 ryo kuwa 20/6/1975 rigenga ubwishingizi muri rusange n’ingingo ya 3 igika cyayo cya nyuma [5] y’Itegeko No 01/2002 ryo kuwa 17/01/2002 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Teka No 20/75 ryo ku wa 20/06/1975 ryerekeye ubwishingizi muri rusange hateganywa inshingano y’umwishingizi yo kumenyesha uwishingiwe ibimureba byose kandi ko iyo bihindutse hakorwa icyo bita Avenant, akibaza aho ibyavuzwe mu ngingo ya 2 ya police d’assurance ku bireba conditions generales byaba bihuriye n’ibirimo kuburanwaho muri uru rubanza. [17] Ku kibazo cy’uko n’iyo adahabwa police d’assurance (amasezerano yihariye y’ubwishingizi) n’ubundi atari afite aho ahungira ingingo ya 11, al.2 y’Itegeko Teka N˚20/75 ryo kuwa 20/6/1975 rigenga ubwishingizi muri rusange, Nyiranshimiyimana Christine avuga ko

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ikimuhuza na SANLAM Assurances Generales ari amasezerano, atari ikibazo cy’ubusinzi nk’icyaha cyajyanwa muri “penal”, ko bihagije kuba uwo baburana yemera amasezerano bagiranye, ko bitakumvikana impamvu bari kugirana ayo masezerano yihariye mu gihe bari kuba bifuza gukomeza kugengwa n’iryo Tegeko rya rusange, ko iyo bajya gushaka kuzagengwa n’iyo ngingo y’iryo tegeko yavuzwe haruguru bari kuyigaragaza mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi ko bayishingiyeho. [18] Nyiranshimiyimana Christine n’abamwunganira bavuga kandi ko guhera mu nkiko zombi zabanje bagaragaje uko ikibazo cya “assuré” utarigeze amenyeshwa, ahabwa cyangwa ngo asinyire “les conditions générales de l’assurance automobile” nk’uko byagendekeye Nyiranshimiyimana Christine cyakemuwe n’izindi nkiko aho bagaragaje “Jurisprudence” nyinshi z’Urukiko Rusesa imanza rwo mu gihugu cy’Ubufaransa, aho urwo rukiko rwagikemuye rugira ruti: ‘‘Une clause d’un contrat d’assurance n’est opposable à l’assuré que si elle a été portée à sa connaissance au moment de l’adhésion à la police ou, tout au moins, antérieurement au sinistre”, ko uru rukiko rwakomeje rugira ruti: “c’est à l’assureur qui se prévaut d’une stipulation contractuelle de démontrer qu’elle a été portée à la connaissance de son cocontractant (1re Civ., 7 mars 1995, pourvoi n° 92-14.788 ; 2e Civ., 28 mai 2009, pourvoi n° 08-16.928)”, rugakomeza rugira ruti: “Une telle preuve peut résulter de l’insertion dans les conditions particulières signées par l’assuré d’une clause de renvoi à des documents non signés, à la condition que ces documents soient suffisamment identifiés, que l’assuré soit informé qu’ils font partie du contrat et qu’il ait pu en prendre connaissance avant sa conclusion” . [19] Bakomeza bavuga ko nanone mu rundi rubanza rusa n’urumaze kuvugwa haruguru, urwo Rukiko Rusesa imanza rwo mu Bufuransa rwagize ruti : “La Cour d'appel rejette l'inopposabilité à l'assurée des clauses de limitation et plafonnement de garanties contenues dans les CG et CP. La société a exécuté le contrat dont le contenu était nécessairement connu et accepté par elle, y compris les CG et CP figurant au dos de l'avenant d'assolement en sa possession. La Cour de cassation censure l'arrêt au visa des articles L. 112-2, L. 112-3 et L. 112-4 du code des assurances. L'assureur n'établit pas avoir porté à la connaissance de l'assuré les CG et CP du contrat avant le sinistre. (Cass., 2e ch. civile, 22 janvier 2009, pourvoi n° 07-21.530”. Bakongeraho ko urwo Rukiko rwabisesenguye muri ubu buryo : “Le code des assurances pose pour principe que lorsque l'assureur subordonne sa garantie à la réalisation d'une condition, il doit alors prouver que cette condition a bien été portée à la connaissance de l'assuré. A défaut, elle lui est inopposable”. [20] Nyiranshimiyimana Christine n’abamwunganira bavuga kandi ko ibikubiye muri izo jurisprudence zimaze kuvugwa haruguru byose inkiko zombi zabanje zanze nkana kugira icyo zibivugaho nyamara ariho urubanza rwari ruzingiye, maze ahubwo zikemura ikibazo mu buryo bwo kugenekereza aho mu gace ka 6 k’urubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa mbere n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi Urukiko ruvuga ko Nyiranshimiyimana Christine atigeze asaba conditions générales de l’assurance automobile ngo bazimwime, naho ku rwego rw’ubujurire Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rukavuga ko “n’ubwo atigeze [ Nyiranshimiyimana Christine] asinyira ko izo ngingo rusange azizi kandi azemera, imyitwarire ye igaragaza ko yazimenye ndetse akazemera kuko yasinye amasezerano yihariye abona neza ko ingingo rusange ziyavugwamo kandi ziseguriye ibivugwa mu masezerano yihariye”. Bakaba babona uku kugenekereza

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kudakwiye mu manza mu gihe haba itegeko1 bagaragaje haba na jurisprudence byose bishimangira ko ari umwishingizi ufite inshingano zo gushyikiriza uwishingiwe conditions générales, akazishyiraho umukono kugira ngo ejo umwishingizi ashobore kuzitwaza nk’impamvu imukuraho uburyozwe (clause d’exonération de la responsabilité). Bityo ko n’ubwo batemera impamvu y’ubusinzi ishingirwaho n’umwishingizi nk’uko n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwabisobanuye ko idafite ishingiro, ngo nta na hamwe iyi mpamvu y’ubusinzi Soras AG.Ltd yakomeje kwitwaza ivugwa mu masezerano yihariye [les conditions particulières] Nyiranshimiyimana yagiranye na SORAS A.G Ltd, ndetse n’ingingo zimwe za conditions générales de l’assurance automobile zivugwa muri ayo masezerano yihariye yashyizeho umukono nta na hamwe zivuga kuri iyo mpamvu y’ubusinzi. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [21] Ku birebana n’iburanisha ry’ibirego bisaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ingingo ya 63 y’Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko iteganya ibikurikira : Iyo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga cyangwa urundi rukiko Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga agena rushyikirijwe urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, rurusuzuma mu mizi bundi bushya abarubayemo ababuranyi bose bahamagajwe. [22] Ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko n°45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, iteganya ibikurikira : Amasezerano akozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, aba itegeko ku bayagiranye, ashobora guseswa ari uko babyumvikanyeho cyangwa ku mpamvu zemewe n'amategeko, ko agomba kwubahirizwa nta buriganya. [23] Ingingo ya 3, igika cya nyuma [5] y’Itegeko no 01/2002 ryo ku wa 17/01/2002 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko-Teka no 20/75 ryo ku wa 20 Kamena 1975 ryerekeye ubwishingizi muri rusange iteganya ibikurikira : Amasezerano y’ubwishigizi akorwa mu rurimi uwishingiwe ahitamo, ruri mu ndimi eshatu zemewe gukoreshwa mu Rwanda, akaba ari na rwo amenyeshwamo ibimureba byose. [24] Ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana. Naho ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi igateganya ibikurikira : Urega agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera. Iyo abibuze, uwarezwe aratsinda. Naho uvuga ko atagitegetswe gukora icyo yategekwaga gukora cyagaragajwe n’ibimenyetso agomba kugaragaza impamvu zakimukuyeho. Iyo abiburiye ibimenyetso, uwo baburana aramutsinda. [25] Dosiye y’uru rubanza igaragaza ko ku wa 24/01/2018 SORAS Assurances Generales Ltd ubu yahindutse SANLAM Assurances Generales PLC na Nyiranshimiyimana Christine bagiranye amasezerano y’ubwishingizi y’ubwoko bwa ”Omnium” bw’imodoka Suzuki Grand Vitara RAD 543 Q hashyirwa umukono n’izo mpande zombi ku nyandiko y’amasezerano 1 Berekana ingingo ya 5 y’itegeko Teka n˚20/75 ryo kuwa 20/6/1975 rigenga ubwishingizi muri rusange n’ingingo ya 3 igika cyayo cya nyuma [5] y’itegeko No 01/2002 ryo kuwa 17/01/2002 rihindura kandi ryuzuza itegeko Teka N o 20/75 ryo kuwa 20 /06/1975 ryerekeye ubwishingizi muri rusange.

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ikozwe mu rurimi rw’igifaransa yiswe “police no 100/1/114419/2018”, iyo nyandiko ikaba igizwe n’impapuro eshatu gusa kandi kuri buri rupapuro hakaba hagaragaraho umukono wa buri ruhande mu zagiranye ayo masezerano, kandi ababuranyi bombi bemeranwa ko ukwangirika kw’iyo modoka mu mpanuka biri mu byishingiwe, impaka zivuka gusa ku birebana n’ubusinzi bw’uwari uyitwaye mu gihe yangirikaga. Urukiko rukaba rusanga ayo masezerano ari yo mahitamo ababuranyi bakoze ko azababera itegeko mu bibahuza birebana n’ubwo bwishingizi nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko N°45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano yavuzwe haruguru. [26] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko ahatangira mu masezerano yiswe police no 100/1/114419/2018 amaze kuvugwa haruguru hakomoza ku magambo “Aux conditions générales de la Police modèle 2501 édition 10/84….”, ayo masezerano akagaragaza aho akurikiza ingingo ya 45 ya Conditions Generales ahagira hati: “Conformément aux dispositions de l’article 45 des conditions générales…”, ahatagomba gukurikizwa ingingo ya 34 ya Conditions Générales ahagira hati: “Contrairement aux dispositions de l’article 34 des conditions générales…”, n’ahatagomba gukurikizwa ingingo ya 29 ya Conditions Generales ahagira hati “Contarirement aux dispositions de l’article 29 des conditions générales…”. Dosiye ariko inagaragaza ko nta na hanwe higeze hagaragazwa iyo nyandiko yiswe “conditions générales de la Police modèle 2501 édition 10/84…” byaba bikozwe n’urega cyangwa se n’uregwa. [27] Dosiye y’urubanza n’imiburanire by’ababuranyi bombi bigaragaza ko impamvu zateye impaka zaje no kuba intandaro y’uru rubanza ari uko Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yasabye SORAS Assurances Generales ko yamukoreshereza imodoka ye ku byo yari yangirikiyeho mu mpanuka hakurikijwe amasezerano y'ubwishingizi yavuzwe haruguru yo ku wa 24/01/2018, ariko SORAS A.G.LTD ikamusubiza ko itakoresha iyo modoka kuko yakoze impanuka itwawe n’umushoferi wasinze kandi ngo mu masezerano bafitanye harateganyijwe mu ngingo ya 25 n’iya 39 za Conditions Générales ko umwishingizi atabiryozwa iyo impanuka yabaye imodoka itwawe n’umushoferi wasinze. Ikibazo cy’ibanze aha kikaba ari ukumenya niba izo Conditions Générales muri rusange cyangwa se izo ngingo zazo za 25 na 39 by’umwihariko ziri mu byumvikanywe n’impande zombi ko bigize amasezerano y’ubwishingizi yo ku wa 24/01/2018. [28] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko mu guca urubanza ubu rurimo gusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, inkiko zombi zabanje zemeje ko “Conditions Generales” ziri mu bigize amasezerano y’ubwishingizi bwafashwe na Nyiranshimiyimana Christine ariko zigatandukanira ku mpamvu zabishingiyeho aho ku rwego rwa mbere Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ruvuga ko rushingira ku kuba Nyiranshimiyimana Christine atarigeze asaba conditions générales de l’assurance automobile ngo bazimwime, naho ku rwego rw’ubujurire Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rukavuga ko n’ubwo Nyiranshimiyimana Christine atigeze asinyira ko izo ngingo rusange azizi kandi azemera, imyitwarire ye igaragaza ko yazimenye ndetse akazemera kuko yasinye amasezerano yihariye abona neza ko ingingo rusange ziyavugwamo kandi ziseguriye ibivugwa mu masezerano yihariye yashyizeho umukono. [29] Urukiko rurasanga mu bisobanuro ndetse n’ibimenyetso byatanzwe mu rubanza, haba Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku rwego rwa mbere, haba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku rwego rw’ubujurire ndetse na SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc SORAS AG LTD nta wigeze yemeza ko Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yashyikirijwe inyandiko ya Conditions Générales de

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l’Assurance Automobile abigaragarishije ikimenyetso icyo ari cyo cyose cy’aho yaba yaraherewe iyo nyandiko cyangwa se yarasinyiye ko ayihawe, mu gihe nyamara kuri buri rupapuro rw’amasezerano yiswe police NO100/1/114419/2018 kandi yari yarateguwe n’umwishingizi SORAS Assurances Generales Ltd hagaragaraho umukono wa buri ruhande mu zayagiranye. Urukiko rukaba rusanga inshingano yo gushyikiriza Nyiranshimiyimana Christine inyandiko zindi zose zigize amasezerano yari iya SORAS Assurances Generales Ltd, kuko n’ubundi ari yo izitegura, ikaba ari yo mbere na mbere iba izi ingingo zizikubiyemo n’akamaro zagirira buri ruhande mu zigiranye amasezerano y’ubwishingizi. Kuba rero haba hari inyandiko zirimo ingingo zakenerwa mu bikorwa by’ubwishingizi bihuza umwishingizi n’uwishingiwe ariko umwishingizi usanganywe inshingano zo kuzitegura akaba atabasha kugaragaza ko yazishyikirije uwishingiwe hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 3, igika cya nyuma [5] y’Itegeko NO 01/2002 ryo ku wa 17/01/2002 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko-Teka NO 20/75 ryo ku wa 20 Kamena 1975 ryerekeye ubwishingizi muri rusange yibukijwe haruguru, Urukiko rukaba rusanga ntaho rwahera rwemeza ko uwishingiwe yategekwa kubahiriza ibizikubiyemo. [30] Urukiko rurasanga kandi ku bice byose by’amasezerano yiswe police no 100/1/114419/2018 ahagenda hakomozwa kuri “Conditions Generales” nta na hamwe hagaragaramo ko impande zombi zumvikanye ko izo “Conditions Generales” zose uko zakabaye zaba kimwe mu bigize amasezerano y’ubwishingizi zagiranye. Urukiko rukaba rusanga ahubwo ingingo eshatu (3) gusa zayo ari zo zatoranyijwe zigashingirwaho mu buryo bweruye kandi no ku bibazo byagaragajwe neza muri ayo masezerano, aho muri police no 100/1/114419/2018 humvikanywe ku gukurikiza ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 45 ya Conditions Generales no ku kudakurikiza ingingo ya 34 n’iya 29 zazo nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru. [31] Urukiko rukaba rusanga rero nta shingiro SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc yahoze yitwa SORAS Assurances Generales LT yari ifite mu kwanga gukoresha imodoka ya Nyirashimiyimana Christine yitwaje impamvu y’ubusinzi bw’umushoferi ngo iteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 25 n’iya 39 za Conditions Générales kuko uretse no kuba izo conditions generales muri rusange nta kigaragaza ko ziri mu bigize amasezerano nta n’ubwo izo ngingo zayo za 25 na 39 ziri mu zatoranyijwe cyangwa se ngo zinakomozweho mu zaba zifite aho zihuriye n’amasezerano ya police NO 100/1/114419/2018 impande zombi zasinyiye mu buryo budashidikanywaho. Aha SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc ikaba itsindwa no kutabasha kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo iburanisha nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo ndetse n’ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko NO 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi zombi zibukijwe haruguru. [32] Urukiko rushingiye ku bisobanuro bimaze kugaragazwa haruguru rukaba rusanga mu gutegeka SANLAM Assurance Generales Plc kwishyura amafaranga yo gukoresha imodoka ya Nyiranshimiyimana Christine n’indishyi zikomoka ku kwica amasezerano y’ubwishingizi bagiranye, nta karengane yatewe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi mu rubanza RCOMA 00677/2018/CHC/HCC rurimo gusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. [33] Nyuma yo gusanga Nyiranshimiyimana Christine atarebwa na Conditions Generales SANLAM Assurances Generales Ltd ikuramo impamvu y’ubusinzi bw’umushoferi nk’ikigomba gushingirwaho hadakoreshwa imodoka yishingiwe kuri byose, Urukiko rurasanga bitakiri

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ngombwa gusuzuma mu mizi impamvu z’akarengane zatanzwe na SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc hagamijwe kumenya niba umushoferi wari utwaye imodoka ya Nyiranshimiyimana Christine yari yasinze cyangwa se atasinze, kuko umwanzuro wava muri iryo sesengura n’ubundi ntacyo wahindura ku cyemezo cyafashwe kuri iyo ngingo mu rubanza rusubirishwamo. Ibijyanye n’indishyi, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’ay’igihembo cya Avoka  asabwa n’ababuranyi [34] SANLAM Assurances Generales PLC isaba Urukiko

gutegeka Nyiranshimiyimana Christine kuyishyura indishyi zo gushorwa ku maherere mu manza zose baburanye kugeza no kuri uru rw'akarengane zingana na miliyoni enye (4.000.000Frw), amafaranga angana na miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) y'ikurikiranarubanza na miliyoni eshatu (3.000.000Frw) y'igihembo cya Avoka kuri izi manza zose baburanye. [35] Nyiranshimiyimana Christine n’abamwunganira bavuga ko ibisabwa na SANLAM Assurance Generales Plc nta shingiro bifite, ko bo bagaragaje ko nta karengane kari mu rubanza, ko ahubwo SANLAM Assurances Generales PLC ari yo igomba gutegekwa kwishyura Nyiranshimiyimana Christine indishyi z’akababaro zingana na miliyoni umunani (8.000.000 Frw), amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka angana na miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000 Frw), na miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, kubera gukomeza gusiragizwa mu manza bikamubuza gukora akazi ashinzwe, akanazitakarizamo amafaranga ashaka Abavoka kandi ngo yakagombye kuyakoresha indi mirimo. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [36] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N°22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ibikurikira : Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe. [37] Urukiko rurasanga indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza ku maherere, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’ay’igihembo cya Avoka asaba na SANLAM Assurances Generales PLC nta shingiro afite kuko itsindwa n’urubanza ku kiregerwa cy’ibanze izo ndishyi n’ayo mafaranga bishamikiyeho. [38] Urukiko rurasanga, SANLAM Assurances Generales PLC ari yo ahubwo igomba guha Nyiranshimiyimana Christine amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza, kuko uyu yiyambaje Avoka bo kumuburanira urubanza ndetse agira ibyo atakaza arukurikirana, ariko ayo mafaranga akaba agomba kugenwa mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, kuko ayo asaba ari menshi hakurikijwe imirimo yakozwe ku rubanza n’igihe rumaze mu Rukiko, bityo akaba agomba guhabwa 700.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 300.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza kuri uru rwego. Naho ku birebana n’indishyi z’akababaro asaba akaba atazihabwa kuko atagaragaza ibimenyetso by’uko mu kuregera akarengane SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc yaba yarabikoreye kumusiragiza gusa izi neza ko itazatsinda urubanza. III.ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO

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[39] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc isaba gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza RCOMA 00677/2018/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 14/02/2019 nta shingiro gifite ; [40] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RCOMA 00677/2018/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 14/02/2019 igumanye agaciro mu ngingo zarwo zose ; [41] Rutegetse SANLAM Assurances Generales Plc kwishyura Nyiranshimiyimana Christine 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka kuri uru rwego ; [42] Ruvuze ko amagarama y’urubanza aherera ku Isanduku ya Leta ;