UBUSHINJACYAHA v BANDORA

UBUSHINJACYAHA v BANDORA Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU URUGEREKO RWIHARIYE RUSHINZWE KUBURANISHA IBYAHA BYO KU RWEGO MPUZAMAHANGA N’IBYAHA BYAMBUKA IMBIBI - RP 0007/13/HCCI/KIG (Muhima, P.J., Mukamurenzi na Ndagijimana, J.) 15 Gicurasi 2015. Amategeko agenga imanza z’inshinjabyaha – Ibyaha bya Jenoside – Ubwumvikane bugamije Jenoside - Icyaha cy'ubwumvikane bugamije Jenoside gishobora kugaragazwa n'uruhererekane rw'ibimenyetso n'ibikorwa byabaye, kabone n'iyo nta masezerano yanditse cyangwa ubuhamya butaziguye buhari. Amategeko agenga imanza z’inshinjabyaha – Ibyaha bya Jenoside – Umugambi n’ubushake bwo gukora Jenoside - Umugambi n'ubushake bwo gukora Jenoside (dolus specialis) bishobora gukurwa mu myitwarire y'uregwa no mu ruhererekane rw'ibyabaye. Amategeko agenga imanza z’inshinjabyaha – Icyaha kihariye n’icyaha rusange - Icyaha cyihariye kirusha uburemere icyaha rusange (specialia generalibus derogant) bityo iyo ibikorwa byujuje icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije Jenoside, ntihaba hakenewe kongeraho icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe. Incamake y’ikibazo: Bandora Charles wahoze ari Perezida wa MRND muri Komini Ngenda akaba n’umucuruzi ukomeye kuri santeri ya Ruhuha, yashinjwaga kugira uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Ubushinjacyaha bwamureze mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye rushinzwe kuburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibe, buvuga ko ku wa 7 Mata 1994 yakoresheje inama yabereye mu gikari cy'amazu ye i Ruhuha, aho abayobozi ba komini, abasirikare n'abacuruzi bumvikaniye gutangiza Jenoside. Nyuma y'iyo nama, hatanzwe imipanga, abaturage basabwa "guhiga umwanzi", maze hatangira ibitero byahitanye Abatutsi benshi ku Ruhuha no mu nkengero zaho. Bandora yahakanye ibyo aregwa avuga ko uwo munsi yari yaje gukurikirana ubujura bwari bwamukorewe bukozwe n'abasirikare, ko nta nama yabaye kandi ko nta ruhare yagize mu itegurwa cyangwa ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Jenoside. Muri uru rubanza, urukiko rwasuzumye niba koko harabaye inama yo ku wa 7 Mata 1994 kwa Bandora Charles, niba iyo nama yari igamije gutegura Jenoside, bityo bikaba bigize icyaha cy'ubwumvikane bugamije gukora Jenoside, niba Bandora yaratanze amabwiriza cyangwa ubufasha bwagize uruhare mu kwica Abatutsi, niba kandi ibikorwa bye byari bigize icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w'abagizi ba nabi cyangwa cyamirwa n'icyaha cy'ubwumvikane bugamije Jenoside. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ubuhamya bw'abatangabuhamya benshi bugaragaza ko inama yabereye kwa Bandora, ko ari ho hacuriwe umugambi wo gutangiza Jenoside, hagatangwa amabwiriza n'ibikoresho byo kwica, ndetse hakoherezwa ibitero byibasiye Abatutsi. Bwongeraho

ko uruhererekane rw'ibyabaye nyuma y’iyo nama rugaragaza neza umugambi wo kurimbura Abatutsi. Bandora we yiregura ahakana ibyo aregwa avuga ko nta nama yabaye, ko ubuhamya bwatanzwe, abamushinja bavuguruzanya, ko nta bimenyetso bifatika bigaragaza ko yatanze amabwiriza, imodoka cyangwa intwaro, kandi ko yari ahugiye mu gukurikirana ubujura bwari bwamukorewe bukozwe n’abasirikare. Urukiko rwemeje ko habaye inama yo ku wa 7 Mata 1994 mu gikari cy’amazu ya Bandora Charles kandi ko iyo nama yari igamije gutegura Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Rwasanze Bandora yarayitabiriye kandi yaragize uruhare mu bwumvikane bwo gukora Jenoside no mu gutanga amabwiriza yo kwica Abatutsi ku Ruhuha no mu Gatanga. Ariko urukiko rwasanze ibimenyetso bidahagije kugira ngo rwemeze ko yohereje imodoka ze bwite mu bitero cyangwa ko yakoze amalisiti y’abagombaga kwicwa. Nanone rwanze kumuhamya icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi kuko cyamizwe n’icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije Jenoside. Incamake y’icyemezo:1. Icyaha cy'ubwumvikane bugamije Jenoside gishobora kugaragazwa n’uruhererekane rw’ibimenyetso n’ibikorwa byabaye, kabone n’iyo nta masezerano yanditse cyangwa ubuhamya butaziguye buhari; 2.Umugambi n’ubushake bwo gukora Jenoside (dolus specialis) bishobora gukurwa mu myitwarire y'uregwa no mu ruhererekane rw'ibyabaye; 3. Icyaha cyihariye kirusha uburemere icyaha rusange (specialia generalibus derogant) bityo iyo ibikorwa byujuje icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije Jenoside, ntihaba hakenewe kongeraho icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe. Uregwa ahamwa na bimwe mu byaha ashinjwa. Amategeko yashingiweho Amategeko mpuzamahanga: Amasezerano yo ku wa 9 Ukuboza 1948 yo gukumira no guhana icyaha cya Jenoside (Genocide Convention), ingingo ya 3(b) Amategeko yo mu gihugu: Itegeko Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n'ububasha by'Inkiko Gacaca, ingingo ya 51; Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza, ingingo ya 65; Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 165; Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana., ingingo ya 281, 681.

Imanza zifashishijwe: ICTR, Prosecutor v. Alfred Musema (ICTR-96-13-T), 27 January 2000; ICTR, Ferdinand Nahimana et al. (ICTR-99-52-A), 28 November 2007; ICTR, Eliezer Niyitegeka (16 May 2003); ICTR, Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana (ICTR-95-1-T); ICTY, Prosecutor v. Goran Jelisić (Appeals Chamber, 5 July 2001); ICTR, Jean-Paul Akayesu (2 September 1998) ; ICTR, Athanase Seromba (12 March 2008); State of Connecticut v. Gary Bell (Connecticut Court of Appeals, USA, 2002); Christopher Burkeen v. Commonwealth of Virginia (Virginia Court of Appeals). Inyandiko z'abahanga zifashishijwe: Robert Cryer et al., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, Cambridge University press, New York, 2007, p.202; Sarah GIRAULT, le choix d‟une qualification pénale, Université Paris Pantheon – ASSAS (Paris II), 1999-2000, p.20 ; LARGUIER J.& al., Droit Pénal spécial, 13e éd., Paris, 2005, p. 366 ; CORNU G., Vocabulaire juridique,8ème éd, PUF, Paris 2000, p.84 ; Juliet R. Amenge OKOTH, The Crime of Conspiracy in International Law,SRINGER& T.M.C. ASSER, The Hague, p.27. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda hishwe abaturage bazira ko ari abatutsi, bicirwa ahantu hatandukanye. Muri komine Ngenda by‘umwihariko kuri santeri ya Ruhuha, kuri Paruwasi gatolika ya Ruhuha no mutundi duce twa komini ya Ngenda naho hiciwe abatutsi. Bandora Charles nk‘umuntu wari ufite ijambo kubera ko yari umwe mu bayobozi b‘ishyaka rya MRND muri komini Ngenda, akaba n‘umucuruzi ukuriye abandi ari mu bantu baketsweho kubigiramo uruhare. [2] Ibyo bikaba byaratumye aregwa gukoresha inama kuwa 07/04/1994 n‘izindi nama zateguriwemo umugambi wo gukora jenoside, gukora amalisiti y‘ abagombaga kwicwa, gutanga ibikoresho byakoreshejwe jenoside, gushyirishaho za bariyeri ziciweho abantu, gutanga amabwiriza yo gukora jenoside no kuyobora ibitero bigamije kwica abatutsi. Muri uru rubanza hakaba hagomba gusuzumwa niba hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza nta shiti ko Bandora Charles yagize uruhare muri ibyo bikorwa byose aregwa. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO Kubyerekeranye n’icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside.

[3] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kuwa 07/04/1994 mu mazu ya Bandora Charles ari kuri santeri ya Ruhuha habereye inama yacuriwemo umugambi wo gutangiza jenoside ku Ruhuha by‘umwihariko no muri komine ya Ngenda muri rusange, iyo nama ikaba yari irimo abacuruzi bo kuri santeri ya Ruhuha n‘ abayobozi banyuranye barimo Bandora Charles, Hategekimana Samuel wari Burugumesitiri wa komine ya Ngenda, Lt Bizimungu wari ukuriye ingabo muri Ruhuha, BIKOMAGU Samuel wari umupolisi, Sengabo Marcel, KIYOGE François, Bimenyimana François, Baziga, Nkezabera Nathan, Munyampirwa n‘abandi , ko muri iyo nama abari bayirimo bumvikanye gukora jenoside, ariko mbere y‘iyo tariki hakaba haragiye haba izindi nama zitandukanye ndetse na za meeting za MRND zabaga ziyobowe na Bandora Charles zitegura uburyo abatutsi bazicwa. [4] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibimenyetso bushingiraho bugaragaza ko inama yo kuwa 07/04/1994 yayobowe na Bandora Charles ari imvugo z‘abatangabuhamya barimo Baziga Emmanuel, Kayitare Cyprien, Karamage Innocent alias Mugande, Mukantwali Immaculée, MUKANDANGA Eugénie, DUSABIMANA Alexis, Mukeshamariya Vénantie, MUTIMUKWE Innocent, Matabaro Vianney alias MASUDI, Hakizimana De Gaulle, NAHIMANA Dismas, NGARAMBE Félix, SEROMBA Pierre Célestin n‘abatangabuhamya bahawe amazina ya PBB na PBD kubera impamvu z‘umutekano wabo, bemeza ko kuwa 07/04/1994 kuri santeri ya Ruhuha mu gikari cy‘amazu y‘ubucuruzi ya Bandora hateraniye inama yarimo abantu b‘ingeri zitandukanye yateguriwemo jenoside. [5] Bukomeza buvuga ko icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside kigizwe n‘ubwumvikane hagati y‘abantu babiri cyangwa benshi n‘ubushake bugaragazwa n‘umugambi wo kurimbura abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, ko ibyo bisobanuro binahura n‘ibyatanzwe n‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza rwa Musema Alfred rwo kuwa 27/01/2000 no mu rubanza rwa NAHIMANA Ferdinand na bagenzi be rwo kuwa 3/12/2003, bukavuga ko binahura neza n‘ibyo Bandora Charles yakoze ajya gukoresha inama itegura ubwicanyi kuwa 07/04/1994 mu mazu ye yari ihuriwemo n‘abantu benshi bafite umugambi wo kwica abatutsi n‘abandi batavuga rumwe na Leta. [6] Bandora Charles avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bumuhimbira icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside kandi nk‘umuntu utarize amashuri menshi atari gushobora kuwucura kuko ibyo bikorwa n‘abantu bize bazi neza impamvu yabyo. Avuga kandi ko ibyo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yacuze umugambi wa jenoside kubera ko yayoboye ishyaka rya MRND igihe kirekire, atari byo kuko yayiyoboye abihatiwe akaza no kubikurwaho kubera amashuri make ndetse ko atari no kujya umugambi wo kwica abantu batagiraga icyo bapfa. [7] Avuga nanone ko ubushinjacyaha bumushinja iki cyaha bushingiye ku mvugo z‘abatangabuhamya batavuga ukuri kuko mu gitondo cy‘umunsi bavuga ko yakoreshejeho inama yari yasahuwe n‘abasirikare bayobowe na Lt Bizimungu mu mazu ye aho yacururizaga ku Ruhuha, akaba rero atari gukorana inama n‘abasirikare bamusahuye, ko na Burugumesitiri Hategekimana Samuel bavuga wari uyirimo, yaje aho kuri santeri ariwe umuhuruje kugirango amufashe muri

icyo kibazo cy‘ubujura yari yakorewe. Akomeza avuga ko n‘iyo iyo nama ubushinjacyaha buvuga yaba yarabaye we atigeze ayijyamo kuko aho buvuga yaberaga atigeze ahagera kuko n‘ubwo hari mu mazu ye ariko atari we wahakoreraga kuko yari yarahakodesheje uwitwa Micomyiza Faustin. Avuga kandi ko akigera ku Ruhuha agasanga bamwibye yahise ajya mu biro bye asa n‘uwataye umutwe arifungirana, aho agaruriye ubwenge asanga mu kabati ko mu biro bye nta kintu kikirimo, akavuga ko icyo yibuka neza ari uko yagiye aho uwitwa KIYOGE yakoreraga akahakura abakozi babiri barimo uwitwa Dieudonné kugira ngo bamufashe gusana ahari hangijwe n‘abamwibye. [8] Anavuga ko ikigaragaza ko ibyo aregwa nta shingiro bifite ari uko abatangabuhamya Baziga Emmanuel na Hakizimana De Gaulle, Ubushinjacyaha bwitangiye, bivuguruje bagaragaza ko ibyo bari baravuze mu iperereza bamushinja babihatiwe bizezwa ibihembo no kuzafungurwa, ko abandi batangabuhamya nabo batavugisha ukuri ahubwo bivuguruza, bakaba batanavuga ibyo bahagazeho, ntibanagaragaze ko hari umugambi cyangwa ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside byabereye muri iyo nama bavuga, cyangwa se ngo bagaragaze abari bayirimo n‘ ibyayivugiwemo, ibyo agasanga bishimangira ko iyo nama ivugwa itigeze ibaho. Asoza avuga ko ibigize icyo cyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside biteganywa n‘amategeko bituzuye haba mu bikorwa n‘ubushake bwo kugikora. [9] Urukiko rusanga mu batangabuhamya rwabajije hari abavuga ko biboneye ibyabereye kuri santeri ya Ruhuha mu gitondo cyo kuwa 07/04/1994 n‘abavuga ko ibyahabereye babyumviye mu ikusanyamakuru ry‘Inkiko Gacaca. Mu bavuga ko babyiboneye kuko bari ku Ruhuha barimo Kayitare Cyprien, Matabaro Vianney alias Masudi, Dusabimana Alexis n‘abatangabuhamya PBB na PBD bahawe ayo mazina kubera impamvu z‘umutekano wabo, bavuga ko uwo munsi mu gikari cy‘amazu ya Bandora ari kuri iyo santeri habereye inama itegura jenoside irimo abantu banyuranye barimo abasirikare, Hategekimana Samuel wari Burugumesitiri wa komine Ngenda, abacuruzi bo ku Ruhuha barimo Bandora Charles n‘abandi, bakanavuga ko n‘ubwo batari bayirimo ariko kuba barabonye IPJ Kayiranga Callixte w‘ umututsi yarayisohotsemo yatemwe ndetse akicirwa hafi aho no kuba iyo nama irangiye abari bayirimo barahise basaba abari hanze gushyira hamwe bakareka iby‘amashyaka bagahiga umwanzi, kuba bamwe mu bacuruzi barahaye abaturage imipanga no kuba harahise hagabwa ibitero ku batutsi, bakabica bakanabasahura, byabagaragarije ko icyo iyo nama yari igamije kwari ugutegura ubwicanyi. Naho abandi barimo Mudenge Athanase, Munyampirwa Augustin, Hakizamungu Laurent n‘umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya PBA kubera impamvu z‘umutekano bavuga ko iby‘iyo nama yo kuwa 07/04/1994 itegura ubwicanyi babyumviye mu ikusanyamakuru ry‘Inkiko Gacaca. [10] Urukiko rusanga kandi hari n‘abatangabuhamya barimo Baziga Emmanuel, Hakizimana De Gaulle, Nsaziyinka Jean Paul, Ujyiyekera Justin, Hanyurwimfura Aimable, Rugemana Jean, Kabera Emmanuel na Nzigihima Théoneste bavuga ko nta nama bazi yabereye kwa Bandora Charles kuwa 07/04/1994, ko ahubwo icyabayeho ari ubujura bwakorewe Bandora bukozwe n‘abasirikare banatangije ubwicanyi ku Ruhuha. Manirakiza Charles we akavuga ko nta kintu kidasanzwe cyabaye ku mazu ya Bandora ko ahubwo muri icyo gitondo hari hakoraniye abantu benshi. [11] Urukiko rurasanga muri aba batangabuhamya abitwa Baziga Emmanuel na Hakizimana De Gaulle babazwa mu iperereza, baravuze ko kwa Bandora habereye inama itegura ubwicanyi ariko

babazwa n‘urukiko bahindura imvugo zabo bavuga ko nta nama yahabereye, ko ibyo bamushinje mbere babihatiwe. Hakizimana De Gaulle asobanurira Urukiko ko mu gitondo cyo kuwa 07/04/1994 Bandora yibwe n‘abasirikare, aza ku Ruhuha ahurujwe n‘abakozi be, maze we, LT Bizimungu kimwe n‘abacuruzi barimo Micomyiza Faustin wakodeshaga akabari kari mu gikari cy‘amazu ya Bandora na Hategekimana Samuel wari Burugumesitiri wa komini Ngenda bajya mu kibazo cy‘amafaranga ya Bandora yari yibwe. Avuga kandi ko bigeze nka saa saba abari mu gikari basohotse, abitwa Zamani Zacharie, Sengabo Marcel, Bimenyimana François alias Kaduha na Nzabamwita Silas, babitegetswe n‘ abasirikari, bahise bababwira ngo bajye gufata imipanga bahige umwanzi ariwe mututsi, ko bamaze kuyifata bagiye kwa Vianney no kwa Edison bari abadozi barabica, nyuma bajya kwa Hakizamungu Laurent bahawe amabwiriza na Burugumesitiri Hategekimana Samuel na Lt Bizimungu bica barumuna be babiri, banasahura imodoka ye, bakomereza no kwa Mugenzi Ezechiel wari konseye wa segiteri Gakomeye nawe baramwica, baranamusahura, ko ku birebana n‘urupfu rwa IPJ Kayiranga Callixte, uyu yinjiye mu kabari kwa Micomyiza abona harimo abantu benshi bari baje kunywa inzoga asohoka yiruka, Munyengango, Turatsinze Alphonse na Matomati bamwirukaho Turatsinze amutema ku nda ageze ku muryango w‘igipangu. Anavuga ko nawe yinjiye mu gikari agiye kwereka Lt Bizimungu umusirikare wamushakaga ariko ahita asohoka, ko ari nabwo yabonye abantu bagera kuri makumyabiri (20) bari bicaye muri ako kabare. Akomeza avuga ko Bandora nawe yinjiye mu kabari anyuze mu biro bye, ariko ko atakurikiranye ngo amenye niba yaragumyemo cyangwa niba yaricaye akagira icyo avugiramo. [12] Baziga Emmanuel, wari kigingi ku modoka za Bandora, nawe yasobanuriye Urukiko ko mu gitondo cyo kuwa 07/04/1994 ku mazu ya Bandora ari ku Ruhuha habaye ubujura bukozwe n‘abasirikare, abakozi be bajya kumuhuruza aho yari atuye mu cyaro, ahagera ari kumwe na Micomyiza n‘abaturanyi basanga bamwibye, baniba mu kabari kari inyuma mu gikari aho Micomyiza Faustin yacururizaga. Avuga ko we atigeze yinjira muri ako kabari, ko ariyo mpamvu atazi ibyakabereyemo kuko yari yagumye hafi y‘ibintu byari mu modoka yakoragaho yari hanze imbere y‘ibaraza, ko icyakora hari abantu yabashije kubona binjira muri ako kabari barimo Burugumesitiri Hategekimana Samuel, Nkezabera Nathan, Bimenyimana François, Ndababonye, Byumvuhore Pierre na Sengabo bakamaramo igihe kigera ku isaha, basohotse uwitwa Bimenyimana François bitaga Kaduha abajyana iwe abaha imipanga ababwira ngo bahige umwanzi; ubwicanyi bukomeza butyo. Yongeraho ko mu gihe abo bantu bari mu gikari, IPJ Kayiranga Callixte yinjiye mu kabari ka Micomyiza kari mu gikari, ahageze uwitwa Nkezabera Nathan amusohora amwirukana, bageze ku muhanda arahagarara uwitwa Turatsinze Alphonse amutema mu rubavu akomeza kwiruka, uwitwa Munyengango aramukurikira amutsinda hafi aho kuri farumasi. Anasobanura ko icyatumye bamusohora bakanamwica ari uko yari umututsi kandi abatutsi bari batangiye guhigwa. [13] Urukiko rusanga n‘ubwo Baziga Emmanuel na Hakizimana De Gaulle bavuga ko mu gihe cy‘iperereza bahatiwe gushinja Bandora ariko ubuhamya batangiye mu rukiko buhura n‘ubw‘abandi batangabuhamya bemeza ko mu gitondo cyo kuwa 07/04/1994 ku Ruhuha haje abantu benshi barimo Burugumesitiri Hategekimana Samuel, Lt Bizimungu, abacuruzi n‘abandi baturage bicara mu kabare kari mu gikari cy‘amazu ya Bandora, bakanahuriza kandi ku kuba IPJ Kayiranga Callixte yaratemwe asohoka aho mu gikari, akicirwa hafi aho mu gihe abo bantu bari bakiri muri ako kabari, kuba abari muri ako kabari barasohotse, abacuruzi bagahita batanga imipanga bavuga ngo bahige umwanzi no kuba harahise hagabwa ibitero ku batutsi barimo

umucuruzi wo ku Ruhuha witwa Hakizamungu Laurent no kwa Mugenzi Ezéchiel wari konseye wa segiteri Gakomeye. [14] Urukiko rurasanga rero ibivugwa n‘abatangabuhamya barimo Kayitare Cyprie n, Matabaro Vianney alias Masudi, na Dusabimana Alexis n‘abatangabuhamya PBB na PBD, bemeza ko kuwa 07/04/1994 mu gikari cy‘amazu ya Bandora Charles ari kuri santeri ya Ruhuha habereye inama yo gutegura ubwicanyi bifite ishingiro kuko ibyo bavuga bifite ingingo zikiranuye, zihuye n‘ikiburanwa kandi bavuga ibyo bazi bahagazeho, ndetse bikaba binashimangirwa n‗uruhererekane rw‘ibyabaye uwo munsi abatangabuhamya babajijwe bahurizaho. Ku bw‘ibyo ubwo buhamya bukaba bugomba kwemerwa nk‘uko biteganywa n‘ingingo ya 65 y‘Itegeko no 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n‘itangwa ryabyo ivuga ko urukiko ari rwo rwonyine rupima ko imikirize y‘abatangabuhamya ihuye n‘ikiburanwa, ifite ingingo zikiranuye kandi ikaba ikwiye kwemerwa cyangwa guhakanwa, ko rutiitsitsa ku mubare w‘abatangabuhamya, rwita cyane cyane ku bumenyi bwabo bw‘ibyabaye, no ku buryo babivuga uko byagenze ntacyo bihimbira. [15] Harebwe nanone ibivugwa n‘abatangabuhamywa bemeza ko habaye inama itegura ubwicanyi n‘ibyabaye uwo munsi abatangabuhamya bahurizaho birimo kwica IPJ Kayiranga Callixte w‘umututsi, gutanga imipanga no kugaba ibitero ku batutsi, urukiko rusanga nta gushidikanya guhari ko muri iyo nama habereyemo ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside. Urukiko rurasanga igihe ibikorwa bigize icyo cyaha Bandora aregwa byakorwaga cyarateganywa n‗ingingo ya 3 b y‘Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 ku gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside, u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono kuwa 12/02/1975 nk‘ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside1, kikanakurikiranwa hashingiwe ku byateganywaga n‘ingingo ya 51 1o y‘Itegeko Ngenga n° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‘ububasha by‘Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n‘ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y‘itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 na 31 Ukuboza 1994 nk‘uko ryavuguruwe, iyo ngingo ikaba yarateganyaga ko urwego rwa mbere rw‘abakoze jenoside rurimo umuntu wakoze ibyaha cyangwa ibikorwa by‘ubufatanyacyaha bimushyira mu bacuze cyangwa abateguye umugambi wa jenoside cyangwa ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, hamwe n‘ibyitso bye. [16] Hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n‘izo ngingo, urukiko rusanga kuba harabaye inama abari bayirimo bakumvikana kwica abatutsi ku Ruhuha no mu nkengero zaho babaziza ubwoko bwabo, bigize icyaha cy‘ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside. Icyo cyaha kikaba kirangwa no kumvikana cyangwa guhuza igitekerezo hagati y‘abantu babiri cyangwa barenze, icyumvikanyweho kikaba ari ukurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry‘uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo haba mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa mu bihe by‘intambara. Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza rwitiriwe abanyamakuru2, urwa Alfred Musema n‘urwa Eliezer 1Article 3 de la convention pour la prévention et la repression du crime de génocide : « Seront punis les actes suivants : a) le génocide; b) l‟entente en vue de commettre le génocide ; c) l‟incitation directe et publique a commettre le génocide ; d) la tentative de génocide; e) la complicité de génocide ». 2 ICTR-99-52-A, Ferdinand NAHIMANA et al., 28 November 2007, para.896.

Niyitegeka3 rukaba narwo rwarasobanuye ko igikorwa kigize icyaha cy‘ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside gishobora kwemezwa hagaragajwe ko habaye inama zateguriwemo ubwicanyi, ko ariko hashobora gushingirwa no ku bindi bimenyetso. Uwitwa Juliet R. Amenge Okoth nawe mu gitabo „The Crime of Conspiracy in International Law4 - asobanura ko igikorwa kigize icyo cyaha ari ubwumvikane (agreement), ko ubwo bwumvikane bushobora kugaragazwa hashingiwe ku bikorwa n‘uruhererekane rw‘ibyabaye. [17] Urukiko rurasanga kandi ku cyaha nk‘iki gishingiye ku bwumvikane hagati y‘abantu babiri (2) cyangwa benshi, ubushake bwo kugikora bushobora kureberwa mu myitwarire y‘ushinjwa no ku ruhererekane rw‘ibyabaye nk‘uko byemejwe n‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza rwa Clément Kayishema na Obed Ruzindana5 aho rwasobanuye ko bishobora kutoroha kubona ibimenyetso by‘uko ushinjwa yagaragaje ubushake bwo gukora icyaha ku buryo bweruye, ko ariko ibikorwa bye ndetse n‘uruhererekane rw‘ibyabaye bishobora kugaragaza ubushake bwo gukora icyaha; akaba ari nabyo byemejwe n‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho icyahoze ari Yugosilaviya mu rubanza rwa GORAN Jesilic6. Ibi bikaba bihura n‘ibyemejwe mu rubanza rwa State of Connecticut v. Gary Bell rwaciwe n‘Urukiko rw‘Ubujurire rwa Connecticut (USA)7 no mu rubanza rwa Christopher Burkeen v. Commonwealth of Virginia rwaciwe n‘Urukiko rw‘Ubujurire rwa Virginia (USA)8 aho izo nkiko zagaragaje ko ubushake bwo gukora icyaha cy‘ubwumvikane bushobora kugaragazwa n‘uruhererekane rw‘ibyabaye n‘imyitwarire y‘uregwa. [18] Urukiko rurasanga rero uruhererekane rw‘ibyabaye haba mu gihe inama yo kuwa 07/04/1994 yarimo iba hakicwa IPJ Kayiranga Callixte abari bayirimo bakumva induru ivuze bagasohoka babona yamaze kwicwa bakisubirira mu gikari nk‘uko byemezwa n‘umutangabuhamya Hakizimana De Gaulle n‘uko abari mu nama basohotse abacuruzi barahise batanga imipanga basaba abaturage kwishyira hamwe bakareka iby‘amashyaka bagahiga umwanzi, kuba harahise hagabwa ibitero ku batutsi nk‘uko byasobanuwe hejuru no kuba Bandora 3 Musema, (Trial Chamber), January 27, 2000, para. 191: —Conspiracy to commit genocide is to be defined as an agreement between two or more persons to commit the crime of genocide. ‖ Niyitegeka, (Trial Chamber), May 16, 2003, para. 423. 4 — The agreement to carry out the unlawful act is the actus reus and is the essence of criminal conspiracy. It is considered to be a manifestation of the intention conceived in the mind. It is the act of agreeing in itself which is criminalized. The prosecution does not have to prove the existence of a formal or express agreement. The agreement may be implicit, inferred from the facts and circumstances of the case‖, Juliet R. Amenge OKOTH, The Crime of Conspiracy in International Law,SRINGER& T.M.C. ASSER, The Hague, p.27. 5 ICTR-95-1-T, Clement Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana, para.93. 6 IT-95-10-A, Jelisic, (Appeals Chamber), July 5, 2001, para. 47:‖ As to proof of specific intent, it may, in the absence of direct explicit evidence, be inferred from a number of facts and circumstances, such as the general context, the perpetration of other culpable acts systematically directed against the same group, the scale of atrocities committed, the systematic targeting of victims on account of their membership of a particular group, or the repetition of destructive and discriminatory acts.” 7 State of Connecticut v. Garry Bell (AC 21374), Argued December 11, 2001— officially released March 19, 2002: “„„Intent is generally proven by circumstantial evidence because direct evidence of the accused‟s state of mind is rarely available [Intent is often inferred from conduct and from the cumulative effect of the circumstantial evidence and the rational inferences drawn therefrom. ‟‟, (https://www.jud.ct.gov/external/supapp/Cases/AROap/68ap243.pdf accessed on 10th May 2015). 8 Christopher Burkeen v. Commonwealth of virginia (Record no. 122178): —Intent is a state of mind which can be evidenced only by the words or conduct of the person who is claimed to have entertained it‖, (http://www.courts.state.va.us/opinions/opnscvwp/1122178.pdf accessed on 6th May, 2015).

Charles ataragaragaje ko adashyigikiye ibyakorwaga, bigaragaza ko nawe yari afite ubushake bwo kurimbura abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo. Bityo hashingiwe ku kuba harabaye inama ikaberamo ubwumvikane, Bandora Charles nawe akajya muri uwo mugambi azi neza ko ikigamijwe ari ugukora jenoside, bituma ahamwa n‘icyaha cy‘ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside. [19] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Bandora Charles avuga ko atigeze agera mu kabari kari mu gikari cy‘amazu ye, ko ahubwo yageze ku Ruhuha ahurujwe, agahita ajya mu biro bye akifungiranamo igihe kigera ku masaha atandatu (6) asa n‘uwataye ubwenge, nta shingiro bifite kuko yivuguruza avuga ko muri icyo gihe yari yifungiranye yanagiye kugura ibikoresho byo gusana ahari hasenywe bamwiba, bikanavuguruzwa n‘ubuhamya bwa Hakizimana De Gaulle yatangiye mu rukiko yemeza ko Bandora yinjiye mu kabari ahaberaga inama anyuze mu biro bye, ariko ko atakurikiranye niba yaragumyemo cyangwa niba yaricaye akagira icyo ahavugira. [20] Urukiko rusanga Bandora atari gusiga Burugumesitiri Hategekimana Samuel avuga ko yahuruje ngo amufashe gukemura ikibazo cy‘ubujura yari yakorewe n‘abasirikare bayobowe na Lt Bizimungu ngo narangiza amusige muri icyo kibazo ajye kwifungirana mu biro bye. Naho ibyo avuga ko nta bushobozi yari afite bwo kuyobora inama irimo burugumesitiri n‘ukuriye ingabo, kuba atari gutegura jenoside kandi nta mashuri afite no kuba atabazwa ibyabereye mu mazu yari yarakodeshejwe na Micomyiza, nabyo bikaba bitamukuraho uruhare yagize, kuko uburyozwacyaha muri iki cyaha aregwa butareberwa kuri ibyo byose avuga, ahubwo bugaragazwa no kuba yari mu nama akagirana ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside n‘abo bari kumwe. [21] Urukiko rurasanga kandi abatangabuhamya bavuga ko nta nama yabaye ahubwo Bandora yibwe n‘abasirikare muri icyo gitondo, abayobozi barimo Burugumesitiri, umukuru w‘ingabo muri ako gace n‘abacuruzi bo ku Ruhuha bakazanwa n‘icyo kibazo, nabyo nta gaciro byahabwa kubera ko abo batangabuhamya badasobanura uburyo hasuzumwe ikibazo cy‘ubwo bujura bavuga ariko hagahita hakurikiraho guha abaturage imipanga no kugaba ibitero ku batutsi, abayobozi bari aho ntibagire icyo babikoraho. Kuba kandi Bandora Charles avuga ko nta nama yabaye kuko abatangabuhamya Kayitare Cyprien na PBB badahuza ku byo yari yambaye uwo munsi, nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko urukiko rwagaragaje ko iyo nama yabaye kandi na Bandora akaba adahakana ko yageze ku Ruhuha mu mazu ye mu gitondo cyo kuwa 07/04/1994. [22] Ku birebana n‘izindi nama zitegura jenoside ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Bandora Charles yagiye ayobora, urukiko rurasanga nta bimenyetso zatangiwe bigaraza aho zabereye, igihe zabereye n‘ibyazivugiwemo n‗aho zihurira n‘ibyaha Bandora aregwa muri uru rubanza. Ku bijyanye n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ abagizi ba nabi [23] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kugira ngo jenoside yakorewe abatutsi igerweho muri santeri ya Ruhuha, Bandora Charles yaremye umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi, ugizwe n‘abacuruzi,

interahamwe, abakozi bakoraga ku modoka ze, abapolisi, abasirikare, n‘inzego z‘ubuyobozi bwa komine, kandi ko nk‘umuntu wari ufite ijambo rikomeye muri komine Ngenda, yakoresheje umwanya yari afite akoresha inama kuwa 07/04/1994 itegura itangizwa rya Jenoside muri Ngenda. Buvuga kandi ko muri iyo nama hemejwe ko abaturage bareka gucikamo ibice bashingiye ku mashyaka barimo ahubwo bagahagurukira kurwanya umututsi bitaga umwanzi, maze abacuruzi Bandora Charles yari akuriye batanga imipanga n‘izindi ntwaro zakoreshejwe mu bwicanyi. [24] Buvuga ko ibikorwa bifatika bigize icyaha Bandora Charles aregwa ari ukurema umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi, kuwutunganya, koshya abandi kuwujyamo, kuwuyobora no kuwufasha, naho ku bijyanye n‘ubushake bwe bwo gukora icyaha akaba ari uko uwo mutwe wari ugambiriye kwica abatutsi no gusahura ibyabo; kuba rero Bandora yarakoresheje inama iwe, akangurira interahamwe kwica abatutsi, aziyobora mu gikorwa cyo kwica abatutsi, anatanga ubufasha bufatika burimo imodoka no guhemba abajyaga kwica, bigaragaza ko yaremye anatunganya umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi nk‘uko bigaragazwa n‘imvugo z‘abatangabuhamya barimo abavuzwe ku cyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside bavuga ko Bandora yakoresheje inama kuwa 07/04/1994 itegura jenoside, ko n‗abajyaga mu bitero bahagurukiraga iwe, bakanahagaruka bazanye ibyasahuwe, ko yatanze imipanga n‘amabwiriza yo kujya kwica. [25] Bandora Charles ahakana icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi yaremye, izina wari warahawe, abawugize, ko ndetse n‘abo buvuga ko bari mu nama yo kuwa 07/04/1994 butagaragaza ko bari muri uwo mutwe, bukaba butarabazanye ngo bakurikiranwe hamwe nawe. Akomeza avuga ko n‘ uwo mutwe w‘ interahamwe uvugwa udatangirwa ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko ari Bandora Charles wawushyizeho, ko yari awurimo, ko yari awukuriye, uretse ko nta n‘interahamwe zigeze ziba muri Ngenda. Naho ku bijyanye no kuziha imyenda y‘ishyaka nabyo akaba atari byo kuko imyenda y‘ishyaka yatanze yayihaye abaturage mu 1992. Avuga kandi ko ibyo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yakoranaga n‘ abasirikari, nta shingiro bifite kuko atari gufatanya nabo kurema umutwe w‘ abagizi ba nabi kandi aribo bari bamwibye, ndetse ko n‘ abatangabuhamya batanzwe n‘ Ubushinjacyaha nta n‘ umwe wagaragaje ko Bandora Charles yaremye umutwe w‘ abagizi ba nabi, ko ahubwo asanga ibyo ubushinjacyaha bumurega ari uburyo bwo kumugwizaho ibyaha kuko nta gikorwa na kimwe mu bigize iki cyaha bugaragaza. Byongeye kandi n‘ibimenyetso ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho bumurega bikaba ntaho bitadukaniye n‘ibyo butanga ku bindi byaha bumukurikiranyeho. [26] Urukiko rurasanga igihe ibikorwa Bandora aregwa byakorwaga, icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi cyarateganywaga n‘ingingo ya 281 y‘igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana,yavugaga ko :—Kurema umutwe wose, hatitaweho umubare w‟abawugize cyangwa igihe uzamara, ugamije kugirira nabi abantu cyangwa ibyabo ni icyaha kigirwa n‟uko kurema agakungu ubwabyo9—. Abahanga mu mategeko barimo Jean LARGUIER na bagenzi be basobanura ko kurema umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi ari ukwishyira hamwe cyangwa ubwumvikane bw‗abantu 9 Ingingo ya 681 y‗itegeko ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‗amategeko ahana iteganya ko : Kurema umutwe, ugamije kugirira nabi abantu cyangwa ibyabo, hatitawe ku mubare w‟abawugize cyangwa igihe uzamara, ni icyaha cy‟ubugome.

barenze umwe hatitawe ku gihe uzamara n‘abawugize10. Ibi akaba ari nabyo bisobanurwa na Gerard Cornu ariko we akongeraho ko uwo mutwe uba ugamije gukora ibyaha by‘ubugome n‘ibyaha bikomeye11. [27] Urukiko rusanga rero ugereranyije ibyateganywa n‘iyo ngingo n‘ibisobanuro by‗abahanga ku cyaha cyo kurema umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi n‘ibisobanuro by‘icyaha cy‘ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside byatanzwe hejuru, ibyo byaha byombi bisaba ko abantu barenze umwe bumvikana ku gitekerezo cyo gukora icyaha, ubwo bwumvikane bukaba buhanirwa n‘iyo icyaba kigambiriwe kitagerwaho. Ariko by‘umwihariko icyaha cy‘ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside kikaba gisaba ko habaho umugambi wihariye (dolus specialis) wo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry‘uruhu cyangwa ku idini nk‘uko n‘Urukiko Mpamanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwabyemeje mu manza zitandukanye nk‘urwa Musema Alfred rwavuzwe rwo kuwa 27/01/200012. [28] Urukiko rushingiye ku bimaze gusobanurwa no ku ihame specialia generalibus derogant, rusanga iyo ubwumvikane bwo kugirira nabi abantu n‘ibyabo bisabwa ku cyaha cyo kurema umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi hiyongereyeho ubushake bwo gukora jenoside, icyo gihe ubiregwa byombi yakurikiranwaho icyaha cy‗ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside gusa kubera ko ari icyaha cyihariye (spéciale) ugereranije n‘icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi13. Bityo, kuba Bandora Charles yahamwe n‘icyaha cy‘ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside akaba atakurikiranwaho n‗icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w‘abagizi ba nabi hashingiwe ku gikorwa kimwe cy‘ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside bwabereye mu nama yo kuwa 07/04/1994. Ku byerekeranye n’icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside [29] Ubushinjacyaha burega Bandora Charles icyaha cya jenoside buvuga ko yakoresheje inama zitegura ubwicanyi nk‘inama yo kuwa 07/04/1994 yacuriwemo umugambi wo gukora jenoside, inatangirwamo amabwiriza yo gutangira kwica abatutsi barimo uwitwa Kayiranga Callixte wari IPJ wa komine ya Ngenda n‘abandi barimo abo basanze mu ngo zabo, mu mayira n‘abari bahungiye kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha bari hagati ya magana atanu na magana atandatu (500-600) aho yagiye ubwe ayoboye igitero. Bugasobanura ko Bandora yakoze amalisiti y‗abagomba kwicwa, ashyirishaho za bariyeri (barrières)ziciweho abantu barimo umuryango wa Murangira 10 “L‟association de malfaiteurs est un groupement formé ou d‟une entente établie (deux personnes ou plus), quelle qu‟en soit la durée, même si les autres membres ne sont pas identifiés“, LARGUIER J.& al., Droit Pénal spécial, 13e éd., Paris, 2005, p. 366. 11 —Tout groupement formé ou toute entente établie en vue de la préparation (caractérisée par un ou plusieurs faits matériels) d‟un ou plusieurs crimes ou délits graves, la participation à une telle association constituant une infraction à la paix publique —, CORNU G., Vocabulaire juridique,8ème éd, PUF, Paris 2000, p.84. 12 ICTR-96-13-T affaire Musema Alfred du 27/01/2000 : « … une résolution d‟agir sur laquelle au moins deux personnes se sont accordées envue de commettre un génocide ». 13 « Qualifications alternative ou absorbantes : Dans les cas de qualifications alternatives, l‟adage « specialia generalibus derogant » selon lequel les règles spéciales dérogent à celles plus générales est alors de riguer », Sarah GIRAULT, le choix d‟une qualification pénale, Université Paris Pantheon – ASSAS (Paris II), 1999-2000, p.20.

Gratien, agenzura ibikorwa by‘ubwicanyi, atanga inkunga zifatika agamije kurimbura abatutsi no kuba yaratangaga inyigisho zikangurira abahutu kwanga abatutsi. Bwongeraho ko ibyo bumurega bishimangirwa n‘imvugo z‘abatangabuhamya batandukanye bemeza ko ibyo bikorwa byose yateguye akabigeraho, yabikoze ubwe cyangwa abikoresheje abandi, bigaragaza umugambi wihariye (special intent) wo kwica abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, ko uretse n‘abantu bishwe hari n‘ibintu byasahurwaga bikabikwa mu mazu ya Bandora. [30] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko kuba Bandora Charles nta muntu yishe ku giti cye, bitabuza ko akurikiranwaho icyaha cya jenoside kuko n‗Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) mu rubanza rwa Seromba Athanase rwaciwe kuwa 12/03/2008 rwavuze ko gukora icyaha cya jenoside bitavuze ko ugikurikiranyweho agomba kugira uruhare ku giti cye akora ibikorwa bitaziguye kandi bifatika (direct and physical perpetration), ahubwo ko hari n‘ ibindi bikorwa byinshi ashobora gukora bitewe n‘ uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo (circumstances), ko bivuze rero ko urutonde rw‘ ibyo bikorwa rutagira aho rugarukira (not limited). [31] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko Bandora Charles yabaye icyitso cy‘ abakoze jenoside atanga ubufasha bugaragara kandi bufatika burimo gutanga imodoka zijyana interahamwe kwica ahantu hatandukanye, nk‘imodoka yajyanye abagiye kwica abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha, ko kandi mbere yo kujya kwica bahuriraga iwe akabaha amabwiriza, banavayo akabaha ibyo kunywa no kurya. Buvuga kandi ko Bandora afatanyije n‘abandi bacuruzi barimo Bimenyimana François na Sengabo Marcel yatanze n‘ibikoresho byo kwica birimo imipanga n‘izindi ntwaro za gakondo, ko ibyo byemezwa n‗ abatangabuhamya banyuranye bavuga ko kuwa 07/04/1994 kwa Bandora habereye inama itegura ubwicanyi, itararangira hicwa IPJ Kayiranga Callixte, irangiye hatangwa ibikoresho birimo imipanga n‘imodoka ndetse n‘amabwiza yo kugaba ibitero ahantu hatandukanye harimo kwa Hakizamungu Laurent no kwa Mugenzi Ezechiel, banavuga ko Bandora Charles yayoboye igitero cyo kujya kwica abantu bari hagati ya magana atanu na magana atandatu (500-600) bari bahungiye kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha n‘ abandi biciwe mu ngo zabo no mu mayira, ko yanakoze amalisiti y‘abatutsi bagomba kwicwa anashyirishaho bariyeri zagiye zicirwaho abantu barimo umuryango wa Murangira. [32] Bunavuga kandi ko ubushake bwo gukora icyaha cy‘icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside bugaragarira mu kuba uwabikoze yari azi neza ingaruka z‘ibikorwa byo gufasha abakora icyaha haba mu kugitegura no kugishyira mu bikorwa, nk‘uko byanasobanuwe mu rubanza rwa Akayesu Jean Paul rwaciwe n‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda kuwa 02/09/1998, bityo rero Bandora Charles nk‘umuntu wayoboye MRND igihe kirekire bigaragaza ko yari azi neza gahunda itegurwa yo kwica abatutsi. [33] Bandora Charles avuga ko nta ruhare yigeze agira mu itegurwa n‘ikorwa rya jenoside kuko nta nama itegura jenoside azi yaba yarabereye mu mazu ye ari kuri santeri ya Ruhuha nk‘uko yabisobanuye, ko nta n‘ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho ubushinjacyaha buyitangira. Avuga kandi ko ibyo bishimangirwa n‘uko mu rubanza RP 137/98/CS/Nmta/Gde rwa Micomyiza Faustin na bagenzi be baregwa gukora jenoside muri komini Ngenda rwaciwe n‗u Rukiko rwa Mbere rw‘Iremezo rwa Nyamata kuwa 24/10/2001, nta n‘umwe mu baruregwamo wavuze ko bafatanyije cyangwa wamubonye akora jenoside, ko ahubwo urwo rubanza rwemeje ko iyo nama yo kuwa 07/04/1994 itigeze ibaho. Asobanura ko n‘abantu barimo IPJ Kayiranga, umuryango wa

Hakizamungu, Mugenzi Ezechiel n‗ umuryango wa Murangira Gratien Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko bishwe kubera amabwiriza yatanze atari ukuri. [34] Akomeza avuga ko n‘imipanga yo kwica abo bantu ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yatanzwe n‘abacuruzi ntaho ahuriye nayo kimwe n‘inyigisho zigamije gukangurira abanyeshuri by‘ umwihariko n‘abaturage muri rusanga kwanga abatutsi kuko ntazo yigeze atanga kandi akaba yari abanye neza nabo, hari abo akoresha, abo bacuruzanyaga n‘abo bari barabyaranye abana muri batisimu. Avuga kandi ko nta n‘imodoka yasahuye kwa Hakizamungu Laurent, bityo bikaba bitarashobokaga ko ayohereza mu bikorwa by‘ubwicanyi. [35] Bandora Charles avuga nanone ko mu rwego rw‘amategeko, iyo asesenguye asanga n‘ubwo ikirego cy‘ubushinjacyaha gikubiyemo ibyaha bitandatu(6) bitandukanye ariko ibikorwa bigize ibyo byaha byose ari bimwe kandi bisa n‘ibigize icyaha kimwe, ko kubirebana n‘icyaha cya jenoside aregwa asanga ibikigize bituzuye, nta n‘ibimenyetso bifatika gitangirwa kuko icyo ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho bukimurega ari ukuvuga gusa ko yari umuntu ukomeye uvuga rikijyana muri Komini ya Ngenda kubera ko yabaye Perezida wa MRND, akanaba Perezida w‘abacuruzi, kandi ibyo akaba atari ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko yakoze jenoside. Anavuga ko mu batangabuhamya b‘ubushinjacyaha harimo abavuga ko nta cyo bamuziho, abavuga ko bahatiwe kumushinja ibinyoma n‘abavuga ko nta muntu yigeze yica, ko ahubwo bamwe muri abo batangabuhamya bavuga ko ari abasirikare babahaye amabwiriza yo gufata imipanga no kujya kwica abatutsi, abandi bakayahabwaga na bamwe mu bacuruzi barimo abitwa Bimenyimana François na Sengabo Marcel. Anavuga ndetse ko abo batangabuhamya banemeza ko ntaho ahuriye n‘ibitero bamurega kuko byayoborwaga n‘uwitwa Ryangombe, ko kandi ibyo abatangabuhamya bamushinja atari ibyo bahagazeho ahubwo ari ibyo bumvanye abandi, bakaba bataranigeze bagira n‘ icyo bamuvugaho muri Gacaca, ko ndetse hari n‘ abarokotse jenoside bamushinjura. [36] Bandora akomeza avuga kandi ko igikorwa cyo gukora amalisiti y‘abagombaga kwicwa ashinjwa nacyo ntacyabayeho kuko ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza ayo malisiti, igihe yakorewe, abayagaragaraho ndetse n‘uwayakoze, ko n‘ibyo buvuga ko yagenzuraga ubwicanyi muri Ngenda bitari gushoboka kuko igihe ubwicanyi bwakomeraga kuwa 09/04/1994 yari yagiye ku Gisenyi. Avuga kandi ko n‘ibivugwa n‘ ubushinjacyaha ko abajyaga gusahura bahagurukiraga iwe, ibyo bavuye gusahura bakabizana iwe, nta kigaragaza ko byigeze bibaho kuko n‘ubuhamya bunyuranye bwatanzwe mu rukiko, uretse kuba bugaragaramo ukwivuguruza, bwanatanzwe mu mugambi wo kumubeshyera wateguwe n‘abitwa Shuhe Edouard, Bakundukize Janvier, Karamage Innocent, Kayitare Cyprien, Rwangaguteba, Rucyahana Faustin bahatiye Hakizimana De Gaulle na Baziga Emmanuel gushinja ibinyoma abacuruzi bo ku Ruhuha kugira ngo babone uko bigarurira imitungo yabo. Yanzura kuri iki cyaha avuga ko atakagombye kukiregwa hashingiwe ku Itegeko Ngenga no 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 04/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana kubera ko iryo tegeko ryasohotse nyuma y‘igihe ibikorwa aregwa byakorewe. [37] Bandora Charles anavuga ko ataregwa icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy‘ abakoze jenoside mu gihe hatagaragazwa abo yafatanyije nabo kugikora cyangwa ngo herekanwe imanza zabahamije icyaha cya jenoside. Akomeza asobanura ko nta bimenyetso bigaragaza ubwo bufatanyacyaha, haba imodoka yajyanaga abantu mu bitero ahantu hanyuranye, haba ibindi bikoresho yaba yarahaga abajyaga mu bwicanyi,yaba ibijyanye no gutanga amabwiriza yo kujya kwica, gukora lisiti z‘abagombaga kwicwa no kugena aho abicanyi bagombaga kujya ndetse no gutiza aho inama yo kuwa 07/04/1994 yabereye, cyane cyane ko mu batangabuhamya bashingirwaho

n‘ubushinjacyaha hari abavuga ko ari abasirikare baboherezaga kwica kandi akaba atarigeze akorana nabo ndetse nta n‗aho gukorera yabatije. Akanavuga ko nta n‘ibyasahuwe byigeze bibikwa iwe aho yacuririzaga kuko ibyo yacuruzaga byari bihagije. [38] Yongeraho ko icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy‘ abakora jenoside yakirezwe ari uko ubushinjacyaha bubonye inkiko Gacaca zimugize umwere, ko n‘ ibyo bamurega ko ariwe watangije jenoside ku Ruhuha atari ukuri kuko abatangabuhamya bamwe bavuga ko ari uwari ukuriye ingabo muri Ruhuha watangije ubwicanyi mu ijoro ryo kuwa 06/04/1994 ngo yerekane uko abatutsi bagomba kwicwa, akanavuga ko ari interahamwe zatanze amabwiriza yo kureka abatutsi bose bagahungira kuri paruwasi ku Ruhuha bakazabicirayo ari benshi, bigaragaza ko ntaho ahuriye n‘ icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy‘ abakoze jenoside. [39] Bandora Charles avuga nanone ko agace ka kabiri (2) k‘ingingo ya 98 y‘ Itegeko Ngenga no 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‘ amategeko ahana Ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho karebana n‘umufatanyacyaha aho kuba uwafashije uwakoze icyaha uvugwa mu gace ka gatatu(3) k‘iyo ngingo, ko rero ntaho gahuriye n‘icyo cyaha aregwa. Anasobanura ko bitumvikana uburyo yaregwa icyaha cya jenoside akanaregwa kuba icyitso cy‘ abakoze jenoside hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe birimo inama yo kuwa 07/04/1994, gukangurira abahutu kwica abatutsi n`abandi batavuga rumwe na Leta no gutanga inkunga ya ngombwa kugira ngo jenoside ikorwe, ko ndetse n‗ubushake bwo gukora icyo cyaha butagaragazwa kuko yageze ku Ruhuha ku wa 07/04/1994 agiye gukurikirana ubujura bwari bwamukorewe, akaba atari ajyanyweyo n‘inama ivugwa ko yabaye uwo munsi. [40] Akomeza asobanura ko n‘imvugo z‘abatangabuhamya zitagaragaza ibikorwa byihariye by‘ icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy‘ abakoze jenoside, kuko ibyo abo batangabuhamya bavuga ari nabyo bavuze ku cyaha cya jenoside , ndetse ibimenyetso ubushinjacyaha butanga akaba ari bimwe ku byaha byose bumurega. Naho ibyemezo by‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) bishingirwaho n‘Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza ko hari abahaniwe icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy‘ abakoze jenoside nk‘uwitwa Akayesu Jean Paul, nabyo ntaho bihuriye n‘urubanza rwe kuko kuba urukiko rwarasanze hari ibikorwa bigira Akayesu icyitso cy‘ abakoze jenoside, bitavuze ko na we yagikoze mu gihe hatagaragazwa ibikorwa n‘ubushake bigize icyo cyaha. [41] Urukiko rurasanga abatangabuhamya babajijwe n‘urukiko bamwe bemeza ko Bandora Charles yatanze inkunga ifatika ku bakoraga jenoside irimo gutanga imodoka zijyana abantu mu bitero, gutanga amabwiriza yo kujya kwica, gukora amalisiti y‘abagomba kwicwa, gushyirishaho za bariyeri, gutanga ibikoresho byakoreshejwe ubwicanyi no kugenzura ubwicanyi, hakaba n‘abandi batangabuhamya bavuga ko nta ruhare Bandora yagize muri ibyo bikorwa. • Gutanga imodoka zijya mu bitero [42] Urukiko rusanga abatangabuhamya babajijwe kuri iki kibazo barimo Manirakiza Charles, Baziga Emmanuel, Matabaro Vianney, PBE, PBA, Furere Nepomuscène n‘Ujyiyekera Justin bahuriza ku kuba imodoka Toyota Dyna yasahuwe umucuruzi witwa Hakizamungu Laurent kuwa 07/04/1994 ariyo yakoreshajwe mu bitero. Muri aba batangabuhamya PBE na Matabaro Vianney bemeza ko Bandora ari mu bohereje iyo modoka mu bitero naho Furere Nepomuscène akavuga ko basanze iyo modoka ihagaze kwa Bandora Charles bayijyamo bahita bajya mu bitero.

Umutangabuhamya Kayitare Cyprien we akavuga ko n‘ubwo yari yihishe mu masaka ku matariki atandukanye yashoboye kwibonera imodoka za Bandora Charles zirimo imodoka ya Daihatsu y‘umweru atibuka uwari uyitwaye n‘indi yo mu bwoko bwa Samurayi yariho mikoro icuranga indirimbo za Bikindi zijyana abajya kwica. [43] Urukiko rusanga hari n‘abatangabuhamya bavuga ko imodoka z‘abacuruzi zose zari zarafashwe zikoreshwa n‘abasirikare mu gihe cya jenoside, abo bakaba barimo Kabera Emmanuel uvuga ko n‘imodoka ya Daihatsu ya Bandora nayo yafashwe n‘ubwo atibuka itariki yafatiweho n‘Ujyiyekera Justin uvuga ko abasirikare bamaze gutangiza ubwicanyi ku Ruhuha bafashe imodoka z‘abacuruzi bakwira mu masegiteri yose ariko akavuga ko atazi neza niba n‘iya Bandora yari mu zafashwe, naho Baziga Emmanuel na Matabaro Vianney bakavuga ko nta modoka ya Bandora babonye mu bitero. Mudenge Athanase we akemeza ko iyo bajyaga mu bitero batagendaga n‘imodoka kuko aho bajyaga habaga ari hafi. [44] Urukiko rusesenguye izo imvugo rusanga nta mutangabuhamya n‘umwe wemeza ku buryo budashidikanywaho ko Bandora Charles yohereje imodoka ze bwite mu bitero. Ibyo Kayitare Cyprien avuga ko ubwo yari yihishe mu masaka yabonye imodoka ebyiri (2) za Bandora ku matariki atandukanye zitwaye abajya kwica, bikaba bitashingirwaho kubera ko atagaragaza aho yazibonye n‘ibitero zajyagamo, n‘izo avuga ko zagiye ku Ruhaha, Kindama na Gakomeye atari ibyo yiboneye ahubwo ari ibyo yumvise nyuma y‘aho ahungukiye. Ikindi kandi, nk‘uko byagaragajwe haruguru, hakaba hari n‘abatangabuhamya bemeza ko imodoka z‘abacuruzi zari zarafashwe n‗abasirikare bakazijyana ahantu hatandukanye, ko n‘imodoka ya Daihatsu ya Bandora nayo yari muzafashwe. Bityo, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 165 y‘Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‘imanza z‘inshinjabyaha iteganya ko gushidikanya birengera ushinjwa, urukiko rurasanga nta kimenyetso kidashikanywaho cyatanzwe kigaragaza ko Bandora Charles yohereje imodoka ze bwite mu bitero byajyaga mu bwicanyi. • Gutanga imipanga n’izindi ntwaro za gakondo byakoreshejwe jenoside [45] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya Matabaro Vianney avuga ko iyo bajyaga mu bitero uretse abasirikare babaga bafite imbunda n‘ibisasu bya gerenade, abandi babaga bafite impiri n‘imipanga irimo itandatu (6) bahawe na Bandora n‘indi yatanzwe na bamwe mu bacuruzi bo ku Ruhuha barimo Sengabo Marcel, Bimenyimana François bitaga Kaduha na Zamani. Umutangabuhamya Baziga Emmanuel we avuga ko abari mu kabare bageze hanze uwitwa Bimenyimana François bitaga Kaduha yabajyanye iwe abaha imipanga ababwira ngo bahige umwanzi, ko indi mipanga yatanzwe na Sengabo Marcel n‘abasilikali bayikuye mu iduka rya Nzabamwita Silas. Hakizimana De Gaulle we akavuga ko nka saa saba abitwa Zamani Zacharie, Sengabo Marcel, Bimenyimana François na Nzabamwita Silas basohotse aho bari bari mu kabare bahita bababwira ngo bajye gufata imipanga bahige umwanzi ariwe mututsi, naho Ujyiyekera Justin akavuga ko ibikoresho byakoreshejwe muri jenoside byatanzwe n‘abasirikare bigabye mu maduka y‘abacuruzi bakuramo imipanga bayiha insoresore noneho bajya kwica abaturage bayobowe na Lieutenant Bizimungu. Nsengiyumva Mukera Philippe we akavuga ko nta bikoresho Bandora yigeze atanga. [46] Urukiko rurasanga abo batangabuhamya bahuriza ku kuba kuwa 07/04/1994 inama ikirangira abari bayirimo barasohotse bagasaba abari hanze kwishyira hamwe bakareka

iby‘amashyaka, bagahiga umwanzi, bamwe mu bacuruzi bo ku Ruhuha bari bayirimo bagahita batanga imipanga yakoreshejwe mu bwicanyi, bigaragaza ko icyemezo cyo gutanga imipanga cyafatiwe muri iyo nama. Bityo kuba Bandora Charles yari ayirimo nk‘uko byasobanuwe, bigaragaza ko nawe yagize uruhare mu ifatwa ry‘icyo cyemezo cyo gutanga imipanga. Ku birebana n‗imipanga itandatu (6) umutangabuhamya Matabaro Vianney avuga ko yatanzwe na Bandora ubwe, urukiko rusanga iyo mvugo itashingirwaho kuko idakiranuye kandi itera gushidikanya kubera ko abandi batangabuhamya bemeza ko uretse imipanga yatanzwe na Zamani Zacharie, Sengabo Marcel, Bimenyimana François na Nzabamwita Silas inama ikirangira bayivanye mu maduka yabo nta yindi mipanga yatanzwe. Urukiko rusanga nanone nta n‘ikimenyetso gifatika kigaragaza ko hari intwaro za gakondo Bandora yatanze haba inama ikirangira cyangwa nyuma yayo kuko n‘intwaro za gakondo zavuzwe mu rubanza, abatangabuhamya bavuga ko zatanzwe mu gihe cy‘ishyamirana ry‘amashyaka. • Gukora amalisiti y’abagomba kwicwa [47] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya Matabaro Vianney avuga ko kuwa 07/04/1994 inama irangiye, Bandora ari kumwe n‘uwari burigadiye wa komini Ngenda na Lt Bizimungu yasohokanye urupapuro, bavuga ko IPJ Kayiranga Callixte ariwe ubanje gupfa ariko ko lisiti igomba kongerwaho abandi, aramuhamagara amubaza abatutsi b‘iwabo i Gakomeye, akavuga ko mubo yamubwiye kongera ku rutonde harimo Mugenzi wari konseye, Marara na Seburigi Paul. Hakizimana De Gaulle we akavuga ko iyo bajyaga kwica, amabwiriza bayahabwaga n‘abapolisi n‘abasirikare, akanavuga ko nta malisiti bareberagaho ahubwo babaga bazi aho abatutsi bari bakaboherezayo. Undi mutangabuhamya witwa Ujyiyekera Justin akavuga ko kuwa 07/04/1994 hahise hatangira isakasaka babaza aho abatutsi baherereye maze batangira kubarasa bavuga ko bahorera umubyeyi. [48] Urukiko rugereranyije ibivugwa n‗abo batangubuhamya, rusanga ubuhamya bwa Matabaro butera gushidikanya ku kuba inama irangiye Bandora Charles yarasohokanye urupapuro ruriho amazina y‘abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa kubera ko ibyo avuga atabihurizaho na Hakizimana De Gaulle nawe wari uhari inama irangiye ndetse n‘abandi batangabuhamya mu babajijwe ntawigeze uvuga ko hari liste yakozwe, dore ko nta n‘iyigeze igaragazwa. • Gutanga amabwiriza yo kujya kwica abatutsi ku Ruhuha no mu nkengero zaho [49] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya Matabaro Vianney avuga ko inama irangiye Bandora Charles, Burugumesitiri na Lt Bizimungu bahise bababwira ngo bajye kwa Hakizamungu Laurent, bajyayo bica murumuna we witwa Célestin banahasahura amakaziye bayapakira imodoka Toyota Dyna bajya kubipakururira kwa Bandora, barangije babohereza i Gakomeye kwa Mugenzi, bajyana n‘abantu benshi barimo abasirikare batatu, bageze yo bica Mugenzi banasahura, ibintu babipakira imodoka bajya kubipakururira ku ibaraza rya bare ya Bandora. PBE we avuga ko igihe barimo bapakurura ibintu imodoka ya Hakizamungu Laurent yari ivanye Kindama, babonye ivatiri izamuka, Bandora ababwira gupakurura vuba bakajya kureba ko itagiye kwa Mugenzi Ezechiel

kuko afite umuhungu w‘inkotanyi, ababwira kujyayo bajyanye n‘abasirikare bane (4) bafite imbunda, bagezeyo umuhungu we arabacika, Mugenzi we baramwica banamusahura ibintu babijyana kwa Bandora babisiga ku ibaraza. [50] Harebwe imvugo za PBE uvuga ko amabwiriza yo gutera kwa Mugenzi Ezechiel bayahawe na Bandora Charles, hanashingiwe no ku ruhererekane rw‘ibyabaye mu gitondo cyo kuwa 07/04/1994 birimo kwica IPJ Kayiranga Callixte nyuma y‘uko abari mu nama bumviye induru ivuze bagasohoka babona yishwe bakisubirira mu gikari nk‘uko byemezwa n‘umutangabuhamya Hakizimana De Gaulle n‘uko abari mu nama basohotse, abacuruzi bahise batanga imipanga basaba abaturage kwishyira hamwe bakareka iby‘amashyaka bagahiga umwanzi no kuba harahise hagabwa ibitero kwa Hakizamungu Laurent no kwa konseye Mugenzi Ezechiel no kuba uwo munsi harishwe abandi bantu benshi aho ku Ruhuha no mu nkengero zaho barimo Célestin murumuna wa Hakizamungu, Mugenzi Ezechiel, urukiko rurasanga Bandora Charles nawe ari mu batanze amabwiriza yo kwica abatutsi. [51] Ku birebana no kuba amabwiriza yo kwica yaratangwaga n‘abasirikare nk‘uko bivugwa n‘abatangabuhamya barimo Munyampirwa Augustin, Ujyiyekera Justin, Rugemana Jean, Manirakiza Charles na Furere Nepomuscène, ndetse na Hakizimana De Gaulle uvuga ko amabwiriza bayahabwaga na Lt Bizimungu na Burugumesitiri no kuba abajyaga kwica nta mabwiriza bahabwaga bivugwa na Baziga Emmanuel, Nsengiyumva Mukera Philippe na Nsaziyinka Jean Paul, urukiko rusanga n‘ubwo haba hari abo abasirikare bahaye amabwiriza cyangwa abibwirije kujya kwica, bidakuraho kuba Bandora Charles yaratanze amabwiriza yo kwica abatutsi ku Ruhuha no mu nkengero zaho. [52] Ku birebana n‗abasirikare babiri (2) biciwe ku Ruhuha bahanyuze, urukiko rusanga nta bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho bigaragaza ko Bandora yatanze amabwiriza kugira ngo bicwe kubera ko abatangabuhamya Nsaziyinka na Baziga bagize uruhare mu iyicwa ryabo basobanura ko babishe nyuma y‘uko uwitwa Micomyiza Faustin amenyemo umwe w‘umututsi ukomoka ku Kibuye bigatuma babica bavuga ko ari inkotanyi. [53] Rurasanga kandi uretse abatangabuhamya bavuga ko imodoka yajyanye abagiye mu gitero cyagiye kwa Mugenzi Ezechiel yahagurikiye imbere y‘amazu ya Bandora ikanahazana ibyasahuwe, nta kindi kimenyetso kigaragaza ku buryo budashikanywaho ko abajyaga mu bitero bahuriraga kwa Bandora Charles akabaha amabwiriza mbere yo kubijyamo, banavayo akabaha ibyo kurya no kunywa. • Amabwiriza yo kwica abatutsi bo mu Gatanga [54] Urukiko rurasanga umutangabuhamya Mudenge Athanase, watanzwe n‘impande zombi, avuga ko kuwa 07/04/1994 hagati ya saa kumi n‘ebyiri na saa moya z‘umugoroba Bandora n‘umusirikare witwa Issa bamusanze aho yacururizaga mu Gatanga, Bandora ariwe uri imbere kuko ariwe wari uzi ko ari umuselire amubaza uko biriwe, uwo musirikare amubaza niba nta byitso cyangwa abatutsi bagihari, anamubwira ko nagaruka agasanga hari ibyitso cyangwa abatutsi bahari azabibazwa, maze nawe ahita areba abantu bari aho bajya gushakisha umuryango wa Murangira Gratien basanga udahari, bawusanga mu rundi rugo bari bahungiyemo ruri hepfo gato ya bariyeri barabica. Anavuga ko we yagiye mu bitero bibiri, icya mbere akaba ari Bandora na Issa bamuhaye amabwiriza naho icya kabiri bayahabwa na Kayibanda Midi.

[55] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya PBE nawe avuga ko kuwa 07/04/1994 bari bagiye kunywa inzoga mu Gatanga, hagati ya saa moya na saa moya n‘igice babona imodoka ya Bandora imanutse iva ku Ruhuha igeze mu Gatanga irahagarara bajya kumusuhuza babona ari kumwe n‘abasilikali babiri, Bandora abaza Mudenge Athanase warimo upima inzoga niba umuryango wa Murangira Gratien ukiriho, kubera ko ariwe wari resiponsabule, ko Bandora yahise amubwira ngo ajyane n‘abantu bajye kubica,baragenda bageze kwa Murangira asanga bahunze, barabashakisha babasanga kwa BISURAGU baharangiwe na SERWENDA bagezeyo bahasanga abantu batanu (5) bahita bicamo bane. [56] Hakurikijwe izo mvugo z‘abatangabuhamya, urukiko rusanga ku mugoroba wo kuwa 07/04/1994, Bandora Charles yarageze mu Gatanga atwaye abasirikare barimo uwitwa Issa mu modoka ye, uyu abwira Mudenge Athanase wari resiponsabule gushakisha abatutsi n‘ibyitso byabo. Ibi bikaba bigaragaza ko Bandora Charles yagize uruhare mugutanga amabwiriza yo kwica abatutsi bo mu Gatanga barimo umuryango wa Murangira Gratien kubera ko ariwe wajyanye umusirikare Issa mu Gatanga amutwaye mu modokaye akabwira Mudenge guhiga abatutsi n‘ibyitso. Bityo, ibyo Bandora avuga ko atageze mu Gatanga kuko abatangabuhamya Mudenge Athanase na PBE batavuga kimwe ibyahavugiwe, nta shingiro bifite kuko ubuhamya bwabo buhuriza ku kuba yarahageze ku mugoroba atwaye abasirikare mu modoka ye, akavugana na Mudenge Athanase amubaza uko ibintu bimeza aho. Ikindi kuba abatangabuhamya badahuriza kuwavuze ko umuryango wa Murangira wicwa hagati ya Bandora na Issa, nabyo bikaba bitavuze ko Bandora atatanze amabwiriza yo kuwica kuko kuba ariwe wahajyanye Issa amutwaye mu modoka ye, akamujyana kwa Mudenge Athanase ariwe uzi ko amujyanye kwa resiponsabule, ibyo bavuganye bigatuma Mudenge ashaka abantu bajyana kwa Murangira, bamubuze baramushakisha kugeza babonye aho abo mu muryango we bihishe barabica. [57] Urukiko rusanga nanone ibivugwa na Bandora ko abo batangabuhamya banyuranya ku mubare w‘abasirikare bari kumwe nawe ashaka kugaragaza ko byaba ikimenyetso cy‘uko atageze mu Gatanga, nabyo nta gaciro byahabwa kuko Mudenge avuga umusirikare yabonye winjiranye na Bandora aho yapimiraga naho PBE akaba yaravuze abasirikare bose yabonye ubwo bajyaga gusuhuza Bandora ku modoka akigera mu Gatanga. • Ibitero byo kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha [58] Urukiko rusanga abatangabuhamya babajijwe ku kibazo kijyanye no kuba Bandora Charles yarayoboye igitero cyagabwe kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha hakicwa abantu barenga magana atanu (500), bamwe bemeza ko babonye Bandora Charles ari mu gitero, abandi bakavuga ko atahageze. Abavuga ko bahamubonye ari mu gitero akaba ari abari bahahungiye barimo DUSABIMANA Alexis, Kayitare Cyprien na PBC bavuga ko bamubonye yambaye ikabutura n‘umupira afite akaradiyo mu ntoki, naho Matabaro Vianney wari mu gitero we akavuga ko Bandora yari yambaye ipantalo n‘ishati afite kupa kupa mu ntoki ariko abazwa mu iperereza mubo yavuze bajyanye mu gitero akaba atari yaravuzemo Bandora. Abandi batangabuhamya barimo Baziga Emmanuel, Hakizimana De Gaulle na Rugemana Jean nabo bari mu gitero bavuga ko batahamubonye n‘ubwo mu gihe cy‘iperereza Baziga Emmanuel yari yaravuze ko Bandora Charles yageze kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha ari kumwe na Burugumesitiri ubwicanyi burangiye na Hakizimana De Gaulle wari waravuze ko batajyanaga na Bandora kwica ahubwo ko yabahaga amabwiriza.

[59] Urukiko rusanga kandi RWAGASANA Athanase na Kabera Emmanuel bavuga ko batigeze babona Bandora mu gitero cyo kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha, ko hatewe n‘abantu benshi bayobowe n‘abasirikare, naho BASOMINGERA MASUMBUKO wakoreraga abapadiri kuri iyo paruwasi, wanatekeraga abari bahahungiye, we avuga ko kwa padiri habaye ibitero bibiri (2), ko ubwa mbere uwitwa BUMERA yaje ajonjora abantu 12 bajya kubicira ku Ruhuha babata mu musarani, ubwa kabiri azana igitero cy‘abasirikare saa munani, abatutsi bose bari bahari barabarasa barabica haza imodoka ya Croix rouge ipakira imirambo ijya kuyita mu Kanyaru/ Rwabusoro, akavuga ko nta Bandora yigeze abona mu gitero. Naho Munyampirwa Augustin akavuga ko nta ruhare rwa Bandora azi mu gitero cyo kuri paruwasi, ko nta n‘igitero yumvishe yagiyemo. [60] Urukiko rushingiye kuri uko kudahuza kw‘abatangabuhamya ku bijyanye no kuba Bandora yari mu gitero cyateye kuri paruwasi kandi bose bemeza ko babonye abari bakirimo, n‘abavuga ko bahamubonye ntibahuze ku bijyanye n‘uko yari yambaye n‘icyo yari yitwaje no kuba hari abagiye bahindagura imvugo harebwe ibyavugiwe mu ipereza no mu rukiko, rurasanga izo mvugo zitera ugushidikanya gukomeye ku birebana no kuba Bandora yari mu gitero cyagabwe kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha hakicwa abantu barenga magana atanu (500) cyangwa yarakiyoboye. [61] Urukiko rusanga n‘ubwo Bandora Charles atagaragaye kuri paruwasi mu bitero, ariko nk‘uwari mu nama yo kuwa 07/04/1994 yagiriwemo ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside ku Ruhuha igakurikirwa n‘ibikorwa byasobanuwe birimo kwica, gutanga imipanga no kugaba ibitero ku batutsi ahantu hatandukanye muri Ruhuha no mu nkengero zaho, byatumye abatutsi bahungira ahantu hatandukanye harimo no kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha, abahahungiye bakahicirwa bigaragaza ko nawe yagize uruhare mu itangwa ry‘amabwiriza yo kwica abatutsi yaturutse muri iyo nama bigatuma hagabwa ibitero ahantu hatandukanye harimo n‘ibyagabwe kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha bikica abantu bari bahahungiye. • Gushyirishaho za bariyeri ziciweho abantu [62] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya Mudenge Athanase yemeza ko bariyeri yo mu Gatanga yashyirishijweho n‘uwari Superefe Djuma kandi ko yagiyeho mbere yo kuwa 07/04/1994. NZIGIHIMANA Théoneste na HANYURWIMFURA Aimable bo bavuga ko bariyeri yo mu Gatanga yashyizweho bitegetswe na konseye NAHIMANA Dismas kubera impamvu z‘umutekano kuko iyo nzira yajyaga mu mahanga, ko nta ruhare rwa Bandora bazi mu ishyirwaho ry‘iyo bariyeri. Naho PBE akavuga ko kuwa 07/04/1994 bariyeri yo mu Gatanga yashyizweho na Mudenge amaze kuvugana na Bandora. Ugereranyije ubu buhamya, urukiko rusanga uretse ibirebana n‘amabwiriza yo kwica abatutsi bo mu Gatanga, nta ruhare Bandora yagize mu gushyirishaho bariyeri yo mu Gatanga kuko na PBE uvuga ko yashyizweho na Mudenge amaze kuvugana na Bandora uretse ibyo yasobanuye birebana no kujya gushakisha umuryango wa Murangira, akaba adasobanura iby‗ibyishyirwaho ry‘iyo bariyeri. [63] Ku birebana n‘izindi bariyeri Bandora aregwa gushyirishaho, urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya Kabera Emmanuel avuga ko bariyeri zashyirishijweho n‘abasirikari bari kumwe n‘uwari resiponsabule witwaga Ngirinshuti Azarias. Nsengiyumva Mukera Philippe we avuga ko nta bariyeri Bandora yigeze ashyiraho, Rugemana Jean akavuga ko bariyeri azi ari ebyiri zashyizwe ku Ruhuha imwe iri mu mujyi indi iri hafi yo kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha zashyizweho

n‘abaresiponsabule n‘abakonseye, ariko ko nta ruhare rwa Bandora azi mu kuzishyiraho. Hakizimana De Gaulle uvuga ko nta ruhare Bandora yagize mugushyirishaho bariyeri muri Ngenda, Kayitare Cyprien akavuga ko ahungutse atigeze yumva ko hari bariyeri Bandora yashyizeho. [64] Umutangabuhamya Matabaro Vianney akaba ari we wenyine uvuga ko bariyeri yibuka ari izo Bandora Charles, RADJABU na BUMERA Azarias bashyirishijeho, imwe ikaba yari hafi y‘inzu y‘ababikira ku Ruhuha, indi iri hagati mu isoko. Urukiko rugereranyije izo mvugo, rusanga zihuriza ku kuba nta ruhare Bandora yagize mu gushyirishaho bariyeri kuko na Matabaro Vianney ubivuga adasobanura neza uburyo Bandora yafatanyije n‘abandi kuzishyirishaho, akaba atanabihurizaho na Rugemana Jean uvuga ko zashyizweho n‗abaresiponsabule n‘abakonseye. [65] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa birebana n‗ ibikorwa bya Bandora Charles bijyanye no kuba yaragize uruhare mu ifatwa ry‗ icyemezo cyo gutanga imipanga, kuba yarohereje imodoka yasahuwe Hakizamungu Laurent mu gitero cyagabwe kwa Mugenzi Ezechiel, kuba yaratanze amabwiriza yo kwica abatutsi bo ku Ruhuha no mu Gatanga barimo IPJ Kayiranga Callixte, barumuna ba Hakizamungu Laurent, Mugenzi Ezechiel, umuryango wa Murangira Gratien n‘abandi, Urukiko ruhereye kuri ibyo bikorwa no kuba yari mu nama yabereyemo ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside, rusanga ibyo bigaragaza ko yari afite ubushake bwo gutanga inkunga ya ngombwa yo gufasha mu kwica abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo bazira ubwoko bwabo, bikaba bimugira icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside. [66] Urukiko rusanga ibi birebana n‘ubushake bwo gukora icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside ari nabyo byasobanuwe n‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyirire u Rwanda (ICTR) aho rwavuze ko ubwo bushake bugaragarira mu kuba uwatanze inkunga aba yarayitanze azi neza ko izafasha abo ayihaye gukora icyaha cya jenoside, runasobanura ko igihe cyose atari ngombwa ko uwabaye icyitso cya jenoside aba afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry‘uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, ko apfa kuba yari azi icyo inkunga arimo gutanga izamara14. [67] Urukiko rukaba rusanga rero ibikorwa Bandora Charles yakoze n‘ ubushake yari afite bwo gukora icyaha, bimugira icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside ku Ruhuha no mu nkengero zaho kubera inkunga ya ngombwa yatanze ku bayikoze hashingiwe ku byateganywaga n‗ingingo ya 91 y‘igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana yakurikizwaga igihe ibikorwa bigize ibyaha Bandora akurikiranweho byakorwaga yavugaga ko icyitso ari uwatanze inkunga, uwakanguriye abandi gukora icyaha n‘uwatanze ibikoresho naho ku birebana n‘icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy‗abakoze jenoside ibyo bikorwa bikaba bihura n‘ibyateganywaga n‘ ingingo ya 53 z‘ Itegeko Ngenga n° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‘ububasha by‘Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n‘ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y‘itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 na 31 Ukuboza 1994 nk‘uko ryagiye 14 ICTR-96-4-T, Semanza Laurent, para. 388; ICTR-97-20-T, Jean Paul Akayesu, para. 535; ICTR-96-13-T, Alfred Musema, para.181 & 183; ICTR-95-1A-T, BAGIRISHEMA Ignace, par. 71.

rivugururwa, yavugaga ko icyitso ari umuntu watanze inkunga mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose ku bantu bakoze ibyaha cyangwa ibikorwa by‘ubufatanyacyaha bibashyira mu bacuze cyangwa abateguye umugambi wa jenoside cyangwa ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu hamwe n‘ibyitso byabo bavugwa mu ngingo ya 51 y‘iryo tegeko. Icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside kikaba kinateganywa n‘ingingo ya 3 y‘Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 yerekeranye no gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono kuwa 12/02/1975. Ibijyanye n‘icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside akaba ari nabyo byasobanuwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda nk‘urwa Semanza Laurent rwavuzwe15. [68] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa, urukiko rurasanga rero icyaha gihama Bandora Charles ari icyaha cy‗icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside aho kuba icyaha cya jenoside gisaba ko ukiregwa aba yarakoze ubwe ibikorwa birimo kwica abantu, kubatera ubumuga bw‘umubiri cyangwa bwo mu mutwe, kubashyira ubigambiriye, mu miberehe ishobora gutuma barimbuka bose cyangwa harimbuka igice cyabo, gufata ibyemezo bibabuza kubyara no kubambura ku ngufu urubyaro rwabo ukaruha abandi bantu badahuje bigamije kurimbura abo bantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry‘uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo nk‘uko gisobanurwa n‘ingingo ya 2 y‘Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 yerekeranye no gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono kuwa 12/02/1975. Kikaba cyarateganywaga kandi kigahanwa hakurikijwe ibyateganywaga n‘ ingingo ya 1, 51 2o, 53 n‘iya 72 z‘ Itegeko Ngenga n° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‘ububasha by‘Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n‘ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y‘itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n‘iya 31 Ukuboza 1994. [69] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Bandora Charles avuga ko ataba icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside mu gihe hatagarazwa abo yafashije kuyikora cyangwa abayihaniwe, nta shingiro bifite kuko kugira ngo icyitso gikurikiranwe atari ngombwa kubanza kugaragaza abakoze icyaha nka gatozi, kugaragaza ko bafashwe cyangwa bahanwe; icyitabwaho akaba ari ukureba ko icyaha cyakozwe, nk‘uko byanateganywaga n‘ingingo ya 89 y‘igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana. Bikanahuza n‘ibyemejwe mu rubanza rw‘Akayesu Jean Paul rwaciwe n‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda16. Bityo kuba ubushinjacyaha butarazanye mu rubanza abo Bandora Charles yahaye inkunga mu gukora jenoside ku Ruhuha no mu nkengero zayo, bitabuza ko akurikiranwa nk‘icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside. [70] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo Bandora avuga ko haba ababuranye mu nkiko zisanzwe cyangwa muri Gacaca ntawigeze avuga ko yagize uruhare muri jenoside ashaka kugaraga ko nta ruhare yagize mu byaha aregwa, nabyo nta shingiro byahabwa kuko uru rukiko rwagaragaje aho rushingira uruhare rwe, ndetse no mu manza zaciwe n‘Urukiko rwa Mbere rw‘Iremezo rwa Nyamata Bandora yatanze nk‘ibimenyetso zikaba zigaragaza ko atari umuburanyi muri izo manza. 15 ICTR-97-20-T of 15 May 2003,Para 393, “Therefore, complicity to commit genocide in Article 2(3)(e)refers to all of assistance or encouragement that have substantially contributed to, or have had a substantial effect on the completion of the crime of genocide. The accused must have acted intentionally and with the awareness that he was contributing to the crime Of genocide, including all its material elements‖. 16 ICTR-96-4-T of 2nd September 1998, para. 531, —The issue thence is whether a person can be tried for complicity even where the perpetrator of the principal offence himself has not being tried‖.

Ku bijyanye n’icyaha cyo kurimbura n’icyaha cyo kwica nk’ ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu [71] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko hagati y‘itariki ya 06/04/1994 n‘itariki ya 4/7/1994 hagabwe ibitero simusiga kandi rusange byibasiye abaturage b‘abasivili bazizwa gusa ko ari abatutsi, hanibasirwa n‘abandi batavugaga rumwe na Leta, ko by‘umwihariko muri komine ya Ngenda, cyane cyane ku Ruhuha, hagabwe ibitero biyobowe na Bandora cyangwa bikozwe ku mabwiriza ye, birimbura imbaga y‘abatutsi bari hagati ya 500 na 600 bari bahungiye kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha, nyuma yo kubareka bakahakoranira ari benshi kugira ngo biborohere kubica, binica n‘abandi batutsi byagiye bisanga mu ngo zabo no mu mayira. Bunasobanura ko ibyo byemezwa n‘abatangabuhamya barimo Baziga Emmanuel, Kayitare Cyprien, Matabaro Vianney n’‗ umutangabuhamya wahawe n‘urukiko izina rya PBC kubera impamvu z‘umutekano we, bemeza ko Bandora Charles afatanyije n‘abo bari kumwe mu nama yo kuwa 07/04/1994 bari bahuje mugambi wo kurimbura abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo babagabyeho ibitero. [72] Bukomeza buvuga ko kuwa 07/04/1994 ari bwo Bandora Charles yakoresheje inama iwe muri santeri ya Ruhuha itegura ubwicanyi, ko aho no mu nkengero zaho hishwe abantu benshi bahereye kuri Kayiranga Callixte wari IPJ wa komine wiciwe imbere y‘inzu ya Bandora Charles ariwe utanze amabwiriza, hanicirwa abasirikare babili (2) batamenyekanye amazina bazira ko ari abatutsi. Buvuga kandi ko afatanyije n‘abo bari bahuje umugambi wo kwica abatutsi, Bandora Charles yatanze amabwiriza hicwa abantu benshi barimo abitwa Mugenzi Ezechiel wari konseye wa Gakomeye, Murangira Gratien hamwe n‘umuryango we baguye kuri bariyeri yo mu Gatanga, umushumba wa Kageruka, Murumba, Mukabideri Jeannette n‘umwana yari ahetse, Marthe nawe wari uhetse umwana, Cansilde wo muri Buteteri, Celestin murumuna wa Hakizamungu Laurent, umuryango wa Hakizamungu Laurent ugizwe n‘abantu cumi na babili, Martin, Gaspard Iddy, Theophile, MUSONERA Louis n‘abandi benshi bagiye batsinda mu ngo zabo no mu mayira nk‘uko imvugo z‘abatangabuhamya zibigaragaza. [73] Ubushinjacyaha busobanura kandi ko icyaha cyo kurimbura imbaga nk‘icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu gishingiye ku kuba hari abatutsi barenga magana atanu(500) bari bahungiye kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha bakahicirwa, naho icyaha cyo kwica nk‘icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu bugishingira ku bantu biciwe ahantu hatandukanye basanzwe mu ngo zabo, mu mayira cyangwa aho babaga bihishe bakicwa mu bitero rusange kandi bya simusiga. Buvuga kandi ko ibyo byaha byombi bitagomba kwitiranywa, kuko n‘ ubwo byose ari ibyaha bigizwe n‘ibikorwa bikozwe mu bitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga, byibasiye abaturage batari abasirikare, bazira ubwenegihugu bwabo, ibitekerezo bya politiki, ubwoko cyangwa idini ariko bifite itandukaniro nk‘uko byasobanuwe n‗abahanga ndetse n‘imanza zaciwe n‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga zirimo urwa George Rutaganda17 aho rwasobanuye itandukaniro riri hagati y‘icyaha cyo kwica no kurimbura imbaga rusobanura ko aho bitandukanira ari uko kimwe kireba 17 ICTR-96-3-T, Rutaganda du 06/12/1999.

abantu benshi naho ikindi kikaba kidasaba ko gikorerwa abantu benshi18, binahuza n‘ ibyavuzwe mu rubanza rwa Sylvestre Gacumbitsi19. [74] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kuba rero Bandora Charles yari azi umubare w‘abatutsi bahungiye kuri paruwasi, agatanga amabwiriza y‘uko abo bose n‘abandi batutsi bicwa kubera ubwoko bwabo, abyumvikanyeho na bagenzi be, akanagenzura ko ayo mabwiriza yatanze yashyizwe mu bikorwa bigaragaza ibikorwa bifatika byo kwica no gutsemba abatutsi benshi ugambiriye kubarimbura hakoreshejwe ibitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga byibasira abaturage batari abasirikare kandi biri muri gahunda inoze. Buvuga kandi ko kuba yari azi gahunda ihari yo kwica abatutsi kuko yari afite ububasha bwo kubimenya nk‘umuyobozi w‘ishyaka rya MRND n‘uw‘abacuruzi, kandi n‘abaturage bamwibonabo akohereza interahamwe kuri paruwasi n‘ahandi mu bitero azi neza ko ziri bwice kandi koko abatutsi zoherejweho bakaza kwicwa bigaraza umugambi yari afite wo kwica no kurimbura imbaga. [75] Bandora Charles avuga ko atemera icyaha cyo kurimbura imbaga aregwa kuko ubushinjacyaha bumurega wenyine kandi ari icyaha gikorwa mu bitero rusange kandi simusinga, ntibunagaraze abo bafatanyije cyangwa ngo bugaragaze imanza zaba zarabahamije icyo cyaha, ko kandi ataregwa kurimbura no kwica nk‘ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu ngo anaregwe icyaha cya jenoside kubera ko icyaha cyo kurimbura n‗ icyaha cyo kwica nk‘ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu nabyo ari bimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside hagendewe ku biteganywa n‘ingingo ya 114, 120 na 121 z‘Itegeko Ngenga rishyiraho igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana. [76] Avuga kandi ko haba ibikorwa, haba n‘ibimenyetso bishingirwaho n‘ubushinjacyaha kuri ibi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bisa n‘ibyo bushingiraho ku bindi byaha byose aregwa. Akomeza avuga ko nta mutangabuhamya umushinja kuba hari umuntu yishe, ndetse ko atakagombye gukurikiranwaho icyaha cyo kwica nk‘ icyaha kibasiye inyokomuntu, kuko asanga umushingamategeko yarashatse kugaragaza ko icyo cyaha kireba undi muntu wishwe azize ubundi bwoko butari ubw‘abatutsi kandi Ubushinjacyaha bukaba ntawe bwagaragarije urukiko ko yiciwe muri Ngenda amwicishije naho abatutsi biciwe muri Ngenda bakaba barishwe mu rwego rwa jenoside batishwe mu rwego rwo kwibasira inyokomuntu. [77] Yongeraho ko ibyemezo by‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) bishingirwaho n‘Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza ko hari abahaniwe icyaha cyo kurimbura imbaga nabyo ntaho bihuriye n‘urubanza rwe kuko niba urwo rukiko rwarasanze abaziregwagamo bararimbuye imbaga bitavuze ko na Bandora yakoze icyo cyaha mu gihe hatagaragazwa ibikorwa yakoze bijyanye nacyo. Asoza avuga ko ibyo yavuze yiregura ku cyaha cya jenoside anenga ubuhamya bwatanzwe ari nako akomeje kubivuga ku cyaha cyo kurimbura imbaga n‘icyaha cyo kwica nk‘ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu kuko ibyavuzwe n‘abo batangabuhamya ari bimwe. 18 Pursuant to article 3(c) of the Statute, extermination constitutes a crime against humanity. By its very nature, extermination is a crime which is directed against a group of individuals. Extermination differs from murder in that it requires an element of mass destruction which is not a pre-requisite for murder”. 19 ICTR-2001-64-T, Sylvestre Gacumbitsi du 01/12/2008

[78] Urukiko rurasanga ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byarakurikiranwaga hashingiwe ku biteganywa n‘ingingo ya 1 y‘Itegeko Ngenga n° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‘ububasha by‘Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n‘ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y‘itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 na 31 Ukuboza 1994 nk‘uko ryagiye rihindurwa, ingingo ya 51 yaryo igashyira mu nzego abakoze ibyaha birimo ibyibasiye inyokomuntu, naho iya 72 igategana ibihano ku bakoze ibyo byaha bari mu rwego rwa mbere. [79] Mu rwego mpuzamahanga icyo cyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu cyasobanuwe na sitati ya Nuremberg mu ngingo yayo ya 6, ingingo ya 7 ya Sitati y‘i Roma n‘ingingo ya 3 ya sititi y‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda ziteganya ko icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu ari kimwe mu bikorwa bikurikira gikozwe mu bitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga byibasiye abaturage batari abasirikare bazira ubwenegihugu bwabo, ibitekerezo bya politiki, ubwoko cyangwa idini, nko kubica, kubarimbura, kubashyira mu bucakara, kubatwara bunyago cyangwa kubimura kungufu aho bari batuye n‘ibindi. Ibyo bisobanuro binahura n‘ibiteganywa n‘ingingo ya 120 y‘itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana. [80] Urukiko rusanga icyaha cyo kurimbura n‘icyaha cyo kwica nk‘ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bihurira ku kuba bikorwa mu bitero rusange cyangwa simusiga bikorewe abasivile kubera izo mpamvu z‗ivangura ariko ku cyaha cyo kurimbura hakiyongeraho ko hicwa umubare munini w‘abantu cyangwa umubare muto ariko icyari kigenderewe ari ukwica umubare munini. Ibi bikaba bihura n‘ibyasobanuwe mu rubanza rwa Musema Alfred rwaciwe n‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda aho rwasobanuye ko ibikorwa byinshi by‘ubwicanyi bifatirwa hamwe bikagira icyaha cyo kurimbura nk‘icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu20. Kuba rero hari abantu barenga 500 biciwe hamwe kuri Paruwasi ya Ruhuha bigize icyaha cyo kurimbura nk‘icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Kuba nanone hari abatutsi biciwe ahantu hatandukanye, mu ngo, mu mayira n‘ahandi nabyo bigize icyaha cyo kurimbura nk‘icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu aho kuba icyo kwica nk‘icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu, kuko n‘ubwo bigaragara ko hari ahagiye hicirwa abantu bake baticiwe hamwe icyari kigamijwe kwari ukurimbura abatutsi. [81] Urukiko rusanga icyaha cyo kurimbura ari kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, gikorwa hicwa umubare munini w‘abantu cyangwa hashyirwa abantu ubigambiriye, mu mibereho ishobora gutuma harimbuka igice cyabo, nko kubicisha inzara cyangwa kutabavuza.21 Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho icyahoze ari Yugosilaviya mu rubanza rwa Krstic rwasobanuye ko kurimbura ari icyaha gitegurwa kigambiriye kurimbura 20 ICTR-96-13-T, Musema Alfred, 27/01/2000, para.956, — …. a series of acts of murder, as alleged in individual paragraphs of the Indictment were held collectively to constitute an act of extermination‖. 21 Cfr statut de Rome art 7 2. « Par extermination on entend, notamment le fait d‟imposer intentionnellement des conditions de vie, telles que la privation d‟accès à la nourriture et aux médicaments, calculées pour entraîner la destruction d‟une partie de la population».

abantu benshi, runavuga ko icyo cyaha gishobora no gukorwa kidakorewe umubare munini w‘abantu iyo ugikoze azi neza ko ibikorwa bye biri muri gahunda yo kurimbura imbaga22. Ibi akaba ari nabyo byemejwe n‗Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, mu rubanza rwa Clément Kayishema na Obed Ruzindana rwemeje ko ushinjwa ashobora guhamwa n‘icyaha cyo kurimbura imbaga hashingiwe ku kuba yarishe umuntu umwe gusa, apfa kuba yarabikoze azi neza ko ibikorwa bye biri muri gahunda yo kurimbura imbaga23. Bigahura kandi n‘ibyanditswe n‘abahanga aho bemeza ko icyaha cyo kurimbura imbaga kigaragarira mu kuba ushinjwa yarishe muri gahunda yo kwica umubare munini w‘abantu ndetse ko atari ngombwa ngo ushinjwa ku giti cye abe yarishe umubare munini w‘abantu ahubwo icya ngomba ari uko aba yari azi ko hariho gahunda yo kwica imbaga y’abantu24. [82] Urukiko rusanga ibikorwa bigize ibyaha Bandora aregwa birimo abantu bishwe ku Ruhuha no mu nkengero zaho barimo Kayiranga Callixte wari IPJ wa komine, Mugenzi Ezechiel wari konseye wa Gakomeye, Murangira Gratien hamwe n‘umuryango we baguye kuri bariyeri yo mu Gatanga, umushumba wa Kageruka, Murumba, Mukabideri Jeannette n‘umwana yari ahetse, Marthe nawe wari uhetse umwana, Cansilde wo muri Buteteri, Célestin na Martin barumuna ba Hakizamungu Laurent, n‘abandi benshi bagiye bicirwa mu ngo zabo no mu mayira, hanicwa abantu bari hagati ya 500 na 600 bari barahungiye kuri paruwasi ya Ruhuha bikozwe mu bitero rusange kandi simusiga bikorerwa abasivile bazira ivangura rishingiye ku bwoko, bigakorwa n‘abantu benshi, ababikoze babikora mu bihe byegeranye n‘ahantu hatandukanye kandi hicwa umubare munini w‘abantu. [83] Urukiko rusanga kandi kuba Bandora Charles yari mu nama yacuriwemo umugambi wo kwica abatutsi ku Ruhuha no mu nkengero zaho no kuba ari mu batanze amabwiriza yo kubica mu Gatanga bigaragaza ko yari azi neza ko ibyo bitero bigamije kwica umubare munini w‘abatutsi. Bityo, urukiko rusanga Bandora Charles yaragize uruhare mu itangwa ry‘amabwiriza n‘ibikoresho ku bagiye mu bitero bakica abantu bavuzwe, iyo akaba ari inkunga ikomeye yabahaye. Ku bw‗ibyo akaba ahamwa no kuba icyitso cy‘abakoze icyaha cyo kurimbura nk‘icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hashingiwe ku biteganywa n‘ingingo ya 91 y‘Igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana yakurikizwaga igihe ibikorwa bigize icyo cyaha byakorwaga n‘ingingo ya 1, iya 51 n‘iya 53 z‘Itegeko Ngenga n° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 ryavuzwe. [84] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Bandora Charles avuga ko ataregwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n‘ibyaha bifitanye isano na jenoside ku bikorwa bimwe, nta shingiro bifite kuko nta kibuza ko 22 « Le terme même d‟extermination suggère fortement la commission d‟un crime de grande ampleur, qui suppose à son tour un certain degré de préparation et d‟organisation. Il convient toutefois de noter que l‟extermination pourrait théoriquement être appliquée à la commission d‟un crime qui n‟est étendu mais qui consiste néanmoins en l‟éradication d‟une populaton entière, qui se distingue par des caracteristiques qui ne sont pas couvertes par la convention contre le génocide, mais est composé d‟un groupe relativemen t restreint des personnes. En d‟autres mots, alors que l‟extermination implique généralement un grand nombre de victime, il peut être même constitué lorsque le nombre de victimes est plus restreint ». Jugement KRSTIC, para. 501. 23 ICTR-95-1-T, Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana, par.147. « An actor may be guilty of extermination if he kills, or creates the conditions of life that kills, a single person providing the actor is aware that his act(s) or omission(s) forms part of a mass killing event » 24 Robert Cryer et al., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, Cambridge University press, New York, 2007, p.202 « both tribunals jurisprudence and the ICC elements indicate that extermination involves killing by the accused within a context of mass killing […] The perpetrator need not carry out the mass killing personally; he only needs to know of the context of mass killing»

umuntu abikurikiranwaho byombi mu gihe ibigize ibyo byaha bitandukanye no mu gihe amategeko abiteganya arengera inyungu zitandukanye. Ibi bikaba bihura n‗i byemejwe mu rubanza rwa Musema Alfred rwaciwe n‗Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda25. • Ibyaha bihama Bandora Charles n’amategeko ashingirwaho hagenwa igihano [85] Urukiko rusanga Bandora Charles ahamwa n‘icyaha cy‘ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, icyo kuba icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside n‘icyo kuba icyitso cy‘abakoze icyaha cyo kurimbura nk‘icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Ibi byaha bikaba bigize impurirane y‘imbonezamugambi hakurikijwe ingingo ya 93 y‘Igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana cyakurikizwagwa igihe ibikorwa Bandora aregwa byakorwaga iteganya ko iyo igikorwa kimwe ubwacyo gishobora kubyara ibyaha byinshi uwagikoze ahanishwa igihano kiremereye giteganyirizwa kimwe muri ibyo byaha. [86] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 115, iya 121 n‘iya 132 z‘itegeko Ngenga no 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana ziteganya igihano cy‘igifungo cya burundu y‘umwihariko kuri buri cyaha cyavuzwe gihama Bandora Charles. Igihano giteganywa n‘iri tegeko ngenga kikaba kidatandukanye n‘igihano cyateganywaga n‘ingingo ya 72 y‘ Itegeko Ngenga n° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 ryavuzwe yahinduwe kandi yuzuzwa n‘ingingo ya 17 y‘itegeko Ngenga No 13/2008 ryo kuwa 19/05/2008 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Ngenga n° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‘ububasha by‘Inkiko Gacaca ryavuzwe. Hakurikijwe rero ingingo ya 765 igika cya 2 y‘Itegeko Ngenga no 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe iteganya ko icyaha cyakozwe mbere y‘iri tegeko gihanwa hakurikijwe itegeko ryakigengaga, keretse mu gihe iri tegeko riteganya ibihano byoroheje, Itegeko ryakurikizwaga igihe ibikorwa bigize ibyaha Bandora Charles aregwa byakorwaga akaba ari ryo rigomba gukurikizwa kuko naryo riteganya igihano cy‘igifungo cya burundu y‘umwihariko ku bahamwe n‘ibyo byaha bari mu rwego rwa mbere rurimo abakoze ibyaha cyangwa ibikorwa by‘ubufatanyacyaha bibashyira mu bacuze cyangwa bateguye umugambi wa jenoside cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu hamwe n‘ibyitso byabo. [87] Urukiko rusanga ariko ingingo ya 5 bis y‘itegeko Ngenga No 08/2013/OL ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rihindura kandi ryuzuza itegeko Ngenga No 31/2007 ryo kuwa 25/04/2007 rikuraho igihano cyo kwicwa nk‘uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu iteganya ko uwahamwe n‘icyaha mu rubanza rwimuriwe mu Rwanda ruvuye mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda cyangwa mu kindi gihugu, adashobora guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu cy‘umwihariko. Ku bw‘ibyo Bandora Charles akaba agomba guhanwa hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n‘iyo ngingo. [88] Hakurikijwe uburyo Bandora Charles yaburanye atagoranye agatuma iburanisha ry‘urubanza ryihuta no kuba atarigeze akatirwa n‘inkiko ku buryo buzwi, Urukiko rusanga yagabanyirizwa hashingiwe ku byateganywaga n‘ingingo ya 22 y‘itegeko Ngenga No 13/2008 ryo 25 ICTR-96-13-T, Musema Alfred, 27/01/2000 , para. 291. —… it is acceptable to convict the accused of two offences in relation to the same set of facts in the following circumstances: (1) where the offences have different elements; or (2) where the provisions creating the offences protect different interests; or (3) where it is necessary to record a conviction for both offences in order fully to describe what the accused did.‖

kuwa 19/05/2008 ihindura kandi yuzuza ingingo ya 81 y‘Itegeko Ngenga n° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‘ububasha by‘Inkiko Gacaca ryavuzwe iteganya ko iyo hari impamvu nyoroshyaha igihano gitangwa ari igihano gito giteganywa n‘ iri Tegeko Ngenga. Bityo akaba atagomba guhanishwa igihano cy‘ifungo cya burundu yari guhanishwa iyo hataboneka impamvu nyoroshyacyaha. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [89] Rwemeje ko Bandora Charles ahamwa n‘icyaha cy‘ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, icy‘icyitso cy‘abakoze jenoside n‘icy‘icyitso mu cyaha cyo kurimbura nk‘icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. [90] Rumuhanishije igihano cy‘igifungo cy‘imyaka mirongo itatu (30). [91] Rutegetse ko Bandora Charles asonewe amagarama y‘urubanza kubera ko aburana afunze. [92] Rwibukije ko kujurira bikorwa mu gihe cy’ ukwezi kumwe kubarwa uhereye igihe urubanza ruciriweho.