UBUSHINJACYAHA v. KINYOGOTE

# UBUSHINJACYAHA v. KINYOGOTE

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-06-26 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RP 00005/2021/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. KINYOGOTE [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RS/INJUST/RP 00005/2021/CA (Nyirandabaruta, P.J.) 26 Kamena 2025] Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye – Iyo sheki itanzwe mbere y’itariki yanditseho ko igomba kwishyurwa, biba ari ukugira ngo uwishyuwe ashobore gukura amafaranga kuri konti ya nyiri sheki ku itariki cyangwa nyuma y’itariki yanditswe kuri sheki yahawe. Ibyo bivuze ko utanze sheki aba yizeza uwo ayihaye kuzishyurwa igihe kiri kuri sheki kigeze, kuba cyagera agasaba kwishyurwa akabura ubwishyu kuri konti sheki ibikuzwaho, bigaragaza ko aba yahawe sheki itazigamiwe. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwaciwe hasubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019 aho uregwa yari yahanaguweho ibyaha yari yahamijwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye aribyo byo Gukoresha inyandiko itavuga ukuri, Ubwambuzi bushukana, Kugurisha ikintu kitari icye no Gutanga sheki itazigamiwe. Ubushinjacyaha bukaba bwari bwamukurikiranye buvuga ko sosiyete yari ahagarariye yapiganiye isoko rya service yo gutwara abantu muri MININFRA, ku wa 09/05/2016 ahabwa icyemezo cy’agateganyo cy’uko ariwe watsindiye iri soko (provisional notification), ngo iki cyemezo yagitanze muri Equity Bank, bamuha inguzanyo ya 176,000,000Frw yo kugura imodoka eshanu, banamwishyurira umwenda yari afite muri Ecobank, izi modoka, hamwe n’izindi yari asanganywe, akaba arizo yatanzeho ingwate muri Equity Bank. Yafashe na none imodoka eshatu yatanzeho ingwate muri Equity Bank, arongera azitangaho ingwate muri Letshego, imuha inguzanyo y’amafaranga 95.000.000. Nyuma ariko hari uwari watsinzwe wajuririye iby’iri soko, birangira MININFRA irisheshe, ibimenyesha abo bireba. Na none, muri izi modoka uregwa yari yatanzeho ingwate muri Equity Bank, yafashemo imodoka ebyiri, azigurisha uwitwa Sekamana. Mu mikoranire ye na Sekamana, uyu yari yaramugurije amafaranga, mu kumwishyura amuha sheki zitazigamiwe zihwanye n’amafaranga 57,500,000Frw (imwe y’amafaranga 17,000,000Frw n’indi y’amafaranga 40,000,000Frw). Kubera ko ubwo urwo rubanza rwageraga mu Rukiko rukuru, Kinyogote yahanaguweho ibyaha byose yaregwaga, byatumye Ubushinjacyaha busubirishamo urwo rubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane nuko Urubanza rucibwa n’Urukiko Rw’Ubujurire. Ubushinjacyaha bwagaragazaga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengangije ibiteganywa n’itegeko rufata ibintu uko bitari ubwo rwemezaga ko kuba Sekamana wahawe sheki itazigamiye, yari abizi ko itazigamiye ahubwo ari ingwate (garantie”) igaragaza ko azishyurwa, bukomeza buvuga ko itegeko ritemera ko sheki ifatwa nka ‘‘instrument de garantie”; ko rwirengagije ko iyo Sekamana (wayihawe) aza kumenya ko sheki yahawe ari “garantie”, ataba yaragiye kuri banki kuzibikuza, ari nabwo byamenyekanye ko zitari zizigamiye. Bunavuga ko rwitiranyije sheki n’inyandiko nsezeranya bwishyu (promissory note), bugasaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko Kinyogote ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye. Ibyo byatumye Urukiko rw’ubujurire rusuzuma niba mu rubanza RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019, harirengijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 373 (10) y’Itegeko ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana

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bigatuma rugira umwere Kinyogote ku cyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye, nuko mu isesengura rwakoze rusanga ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga, abizi sheki itazigamiwe. Muri urwo rubanza kandi Sekamana wahawe sheki zitazigamiwe avuga ko yisunze ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha busubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, urubanza RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG, nawe aregera indishyi asaba gutegeka Kinyogote kumwishyura amafaranga angana na miliyoni mirongo inani n’ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana atatu (82.300.000 Frw). Kinyogote we akavuga ko ntawakuririra ku kirego cy’undi gisubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ngo nawe agire ibyo asaba. Urukiko rw’ubujurire rukaba rwarasanze icyemezo cyafashwe ku kirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha gisubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, gifite ingaruka mu buryo bufitiye inyungu Sekamana waregeye indishyi yisunze Ubushinjacyaha, ko kuba byagaragajwe ko icyaha cyo gutanga sheki zitazigamiwe gihama Kinyogote, ari ukuvuga ko ikirego cy’indishyi nacyo gikwiye kwakirwa kigasuzumwa muri uru rubanza kuko gisobekeranye n’icy’Ubushinjacyaha. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Iyo sheki itanzwe mbere y’itariki yanditseho ko igomba kwishyurwa, biba ari ukugira ngo uwishyuwe ashobore gukura amafaranga kuri konti ya nyiri sheki ku itariki cyangwa nyuma y’itariki yanditswe kuri sheki yahawe. Ibyo bivuze ko utanze sheki aba yizeza uwo ayihaye kuzishyurwa igihe kiri kuri sheki kigeze, kuba cyagera agasaba kwishyurwa akabura ubwishyu kuri konti sheki ibikuzwaho, bigaragaza ko aba yahawe sheki itazigamiwe. Bityo Kinyogote ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga, abizi sheki itazigamiwe, akaziha Sekaguamana. 2. Ababuranyi batasubirishijemo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ntibashobora guhabwa uburenganzira bwo kuririra ku isubirwamo ryasabwe n’abandi rikemerwa, ngo bagire ibyo basaba ko bihinduka ku rubanza batasabye ko rusubirwamo kuko ubwo burenganzira baba barabwibujije. Icyemezo cyafatiwe abatarasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, bakuririra ku busabe bw’abandi, gishobora guhinduka gusa iyo urukiko rusanze hari ubusobekerane ku byerekeye imikorere y’icyaha bahuriyeho n’abasabye gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ku buryo icyemezo cyafatirwa abareze cyabagiraho ingaruka mu buryo bubafitiye inyungu. Bityo kuba icyaha cyo gutanga sheki zitazigamiwe gihama Kinyogote, ikirego cy’indishyi nacyo gikwiye kwakirwa kigasuzumwa muri uru rubanza kuko gisobekeranye n’icy’Ubushinjacyaha. Ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane gifite ishingiro; Kinyogote ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki zitazigamiye; Ikirego cy’indishyi cyuriye ku cy’Ubushinjacyaha gifite ishingiro. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ingingo ya 1 n’iya 2. Itegeko ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 373. Itegeko Nº 32/2009 ryo ku wa 18/11/2009 ryerekeye inyandiko zishobora gucuruzwa, Ingingo ya 110.

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Imanza zifashishijwe: Ubushinjacyaha vs Magara Gahakwa n’abandi, RS/INJUST/RP 00001/2020/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 23/12/2020. Supreme Court of India, Sampelly Satyanarayana Rao v. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd, Judgement delivered on 19th September 2016, par.18, p.11 Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] KINYOGOTE Cyrille wari uhagarariye PROLAND SĄFARS Ltd yapiganiye isoko rya serivisi yo gutwara abantu muri MININFRA, ku wa 09/05/2016 ahabwa icyemezo cy’agateganyo cy’uko ariwe watsindiye iri soko (provisional notification), iki cyemezo yagitanze muri Equity Bank, bamuha inguzanyo y’amafaranga miliyoni ijana na mirongo irindwi n’esheshatu (176,000,000Frw), yo kugura imodoka eshanu (5), banamwishyurira umwenda yari afite muri ECOBANK. Izo modoka n’izindi yari asanganywe KINYOGOTE Cyrille yazitanzeho ingwate muri EQUITY BANK. [2] KINYOGOTE Cyrille yafashe imodoka eshatu (3) yatanzeho ingwate muri EQUITY BANK, arongera azitangaho ingwate muri LETSHEGO, imuha inguzanyo y’amafaranga miliyoni mirongo cyenda n’eshanu (95,000,000Frw), afata nanone izindi modoka ebyiri (2) nazo yari yatanzeho ingwate muri EQUITY BANQUE, azigurisha SEKAMANA Gaspard. SEKAMANA Gaspard yari yaramugurije amafaranga, mu kumwishyura KINYOGOTE Cyrille amuha sheki zitazigamiwe zihwanye n’amafaranga miliyoni mirongo itanu na zirindwi (57,500,000Frw), izo sheki imwe yari iy’amafaranga miliyoni cumi na zirindwi (17,000,000Frw) n’indi ari iya miliyoni mirongo ine (40,000,000Frw). [3] Uwitwa RUDASINGWA James yatije KINYOGOTE Cyrille ingwate agiye gusaba inguzanyo muri ECOBANK y’amafaranga miliyoni magana ane (400,000,000Frw), nyiri ugutiza ingwate akavuga ko bari bumvikanye ko izaba ingwate yo ku rwego rwa kabiri, ariko KINYOGOTE Cyrille ayigira ingwate yo ku rwego rwa mbere. [4] Iperereza rirangiye Ubushinjacyaha bwareze KINYOGOTE Cyrille mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge ibyaha bikurikira: Gukoresha inyandiko itavuga ukuri, Ubwambuzi bushukana, Kugurisha ikintu kitari icye, Gutanga sheki itazigamiwe, ibyaha biteganywa kandi bigahanishwa ingingo za 614, 318, 323, 373 z’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/5/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana. [5] KINYOGOTE Cyrille yaburanye ahakana ibyaha aregwa, avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bumurega icyaha cyo gukoresha inyandiko itavugisha ukuri, ariko ntibuyigaragaze; ku cyaha cyo kugurisha ikintu cy’undi, avuga ko nta kintu cy’undi yagurishije cyangwa ngo agitangeho ingwate; ku cyaha cy’ubwambuzi bushukuna avuga ko RUDASINGWA James yamutije inzu ayitangaho ingwate, Ubushinjacyaha bukaba butagaragaza ikinyoma yaba yarakoresheje. [6] Muri urwo rubanza SEKAMANA Gaspard yisunze Ubushinjacyaha aregera indishyi za miliyoni mirongo inani n’imwe n’ibihumbi magana atanu (81.500.000 Frw) yamuhaye, miliyoni

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icumi (10.000.000 Frw) y’indishyi z’akababaro, miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) yo gushorwa mu manza na miliyoni imwe n’ibihumbi magana atanu (1.500.000 Frw) y’igihembo cya avoka. [7] Mu rubanza No RP 00199/2018/TGI/NYGE rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge ku wa 28/01/2018, rushingiye kuba KINYOGOTE Cyrille abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha yariyemereye ko yasabye inguzanyo muri EQUITY BANK no muri ECOBANK; ko yapiganiye isoko ryo gutanga service yo gutwara abantu muri Minisiteri y’Ibikorwa Remezo riza guseswa ku wa 30/05/2016, akemera kandi ko imodoka eshanu (5) yaguriwe na EQUITY zaba ingwate yayo, eshatu (3) muri zo yongeye kuzigwatiriza muri LETSHEGO; kuba kuri “invoice proforma” yatanzwe na KINYOGOTE Cyrille yo ku wa 15/12/2016 y’AKAGERA MOTORS avuga ko izo modoka zizatangwa na company yitwa EAST West Travel &Tours Ltd, iyo company ikaba ari iye ariko yanditse ku mazina y’umukozi we witwa GAKUNZI Frank, no kuba EQUITY BANK yaragaragaje ko mu byangombwa KINYOGOTE Cyrille yaberetse asaba inguzanyo, harimo icyemezo cy’agateganyo kigaragaza isoko yatsindiye muri MININFRA kandi iryo soko ryari ryasheshwe; rwemeza ko ibyaha KINYOGOTE Cyrille aregwa bimuhama, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka irindwi (7), n’ihazabu y’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2,000,000Frw), runamutegeka kwishyura SEKAMANA Gaspard amafaranga angana na miliyoni mirongo inani n’ebyiri (82,000,000Frw). [8] KINYOGOTE Cyrille yajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru, avuga ko yahamijwe ibyaha bitabayeho. [9] Ubushinjacyaha bwaburanye buvuga ko icyaha cyo gukoresha inyandiko itavugisha ukuri n’icyaha cy’ubwambuzi bushukana bitabayeho kuko nta bikorwa bigize icyaha KINYOGOTE Cyrille yakoze, ariko bukemeza ko icyaha cyo kugurisha cyangwa gutangaho ingwate ikintu cy’undi n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiwe bimuhama. [10] Mu rubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019, rushingiye ku kuba ntaho bigaragara ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille yakoresheje inyandiko y’agateganyo imumenyesha ko yatsindiye isoko (provisional notification), kuba yaratanzeho ingwate imodoka yaguze, nyuma akazitangaho ingwate ku wundi muntu, ko rero atatanze ingwate ku kintu cy’undi, kuko izo modoka, n’ubwo zari zatanzweho ingwate, zakomeje kuba ize; kandi ko kuba yaragurishije imodoka ze ziri mu bugwate, bitakwitwa ko yagurishije ikintu cy’undi kuko ariwe wakomeje kuba nyirazo; bityo rwemeza ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille adahamwa n’ibyaha icyo gukoresha inyandiko itavugisha ukuri, icyo kwambura ikintu cy’undi akoresheje amayeri, icyo kugurisha cyangwa gutanga ingwate ku kintu kitari icye, cyangwa icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiwe. Rwemeje ko ari umwere, ko ahita afungurwa. [11] Ubushinjacyaha bwaje gusaba ko urubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019 rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu cyemezo N°175/CJ/2021 cyo ku wa 04/06/2021, ategeka ko rwoherezwa mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire rukandikwa mu bitabo byabugenewe kugira ngo ruruburanishe. [12] Urubanza rwahawe Nº RS/INJUST/RP 00005/2021/CA, ruhamagazwa kuburanishwa ku wa 01/04/2025 ariko uwo munsi ntirwaburanishwa kuko KINYOGOTE Cyrille yarwaye, ndetse na nyuma rukomeza kwimurirwa iburanisha ku mpamvu zitandukanye kugeza ubwo ku wa

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26/05/2025 rwaburanishijwe KINYOGOTE Cyrille yunganiwe na Me RUBERWA Ngarukiye Silas na Me MUTABAZI Innocent, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na HABIMANA Jean Cabin , Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu, naho SEKAMANA Gaspard yunganiwe na Me MUNYAMASOKO Jovith. [13] Mu mwanzuro no mu miburanire ye, uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko mu rubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane hirengagije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 373 (10) y’Itegeko ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ryariho ubwo icyaha KINYOGOTE Cyrille akurikiranyweho cyakorwaga, kuko iyo ngingo itemera ko sheki ifatwa nka ‘‘instrument de garantie”; ko rwirengagiza ko iyo SEKAMANA Gaspard aza kumenya ko sheki yahawe ari “garantie”, ataba yaragiye kuri banki kuyibikuza, ari nabwo byamenyekanye ko itari zizigamiye. Anavuga ko rwitiranyije sheki n’inyandiko nsezeranya bwishyu (promissory note), agasaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye, rukamuhanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga miliyoni ibihumbi magana atanu mirongo irindwi (570,000.000 Frw) nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 373 y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, kandi rukemeza ko ahita afatwa agafungwa urubanza rukimara gusomwa. [14] KINYOGOTE Cyrille avuga ko ibisabwa n’Ubushinjacyaha bitahabwa ishingiro kuko nta mugambi yari afite wo gukora icyaha, ko impamvu Ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho busubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019, yuko mu icibwa ryarwo hirengagijwe amategeko n’ibimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese nta shingiro yahabwa, kuko Urukiko rwasobanuye neza aho rwashingiye icyemezo cyarwo, nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 43, 44 na 45 by’urwo rubanza. [15] SEKAMANA Gaspard uregera indishyi asaba Urukiko kwemeza ko ikirego cye cy’indishyi gifite ishingiro no gutegeka KINYOGOTE Cyrille kumwishyura amafaranga angana na miliyoni mirongo inani n’ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana atatu (82.300.000 Frw). [16] Ibibazo bisuzumwa muri uru rubanza ni ibikurikira: 1. Kumenya niba KINYOGOTE Cyrille ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye; 2. Kumenya niba KINYOGOTE Cyrille yategekwa guha SEKAMANA Gaspard indishyi. II. ISESENGURWA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA. 1. Kumenya niba KINYOGOTE Cyrille ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye. [17] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko mu rubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019, hirengagijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 373 (10) y’Itegeko ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana (Itegko ryariho ubwo icyaha cyakorwaga) iteganya ko ‘‘Umuntu wese:1° utanga, abizi, sheki itazigamiwe; 2° ubikuza amafaranga ye yose cyangwa igice cyayo cyangwa ubuza ku bw‟uburiganya umufitiye amafaranga kwishyura, nyuma yo gutanga sheki, atarayitambamiye bitewe n’uko yatakaye, yangiritse cyangwa yibwe cyangwa uwahawe sheki atarahombye cyangwa atarambuwe ububasha bwo kwakira amafaranga; 3° utanga sheki yari yarahawe n‟undi azi ko itazigamiwe cyangwa azi

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ko amafaranga arimo atakwishyura umwenda cyangwa azi ko amafaranga adashobora kubikuzwa; 4° wemera, abizi neza, kwakira sheki itanzwe mu buryo buteganyijwe mugace ka 1º, aka 2º n‟aka 3º tw’iki gika;ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku myaka ibiri (2) kugeza ku myaka itanu (5) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda yikubye inshuro kuva kuri eshanu (5) kugeza ku icumi (10) z’agaciro k‟amafaranga ari kuri iyo sheki.” [18] Avuga ko muri urwo rubanza, igika cya 44, Urukiko rwasobanuye nabi ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 373 (10) y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, rufata ibintu uko bitari ubwo rwemezaga ko kuba SEKAMANA Gaspard wahawe sheki itazigamiye, yari abizi ko itazigamiye ahubwo ari ingwate (garantie”) igaragaza ko azishyurwa, ibyo bitafatwa nk’icyaha kuko ameze nk’uwabonye umujura amwiba ntamufate, aho kumurega akaba yakabaye amwishyuza ibyo yamutwaye areba. [19] Avuga ko iyo ngingo itemera ko sheki ifatwa nka ‘‘instrument de garantie”, ndetse ko ibisobanuro Urukiko rwatanze binyuranyije n’ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 1 n’iya 25 z’Itegeko No 32/2009 ryo ku wa 18/11/2009 ryerekeye inyandiko zishobora gucuruzwa kandi ko itariki yanditse kuri bene iyo nyandiko ari yo ifatwa nk’ukuri. Asobanura ko ibyo bivuze ko iyo itariki yanditse kuri sheki igeze nta mafaranga ari kuri konti, iyo sheki ihita ifatwa nk’itazigamiye. [20] Akomeza avuga kandi ko Urukiko rwitiranyije sheki n’inyandiko nsezeranyabwishyu (promissory note), agasobanura ko sheki ari ‘‘inyandiko itavuguruzwa itanzwe n’uwayishyizeho umukono igenewe banki imwe cyangwa ikigo cy’imari kimwe, isaba kwishyura mu gihe bisabwe, umubare w’amafaranga usobanuye kuri sheki.” nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 110 y’Itegeko N°32/2009 ryo ku wa 18/11/2009 rivuzwe haruguru; bityo ko sheki igomba kwishyurwa nyir’ubwite, umuntu wateganyijwe cyangwa uyitwaje, mu gihe ingingo ya 124 y’iryo Tegeko iteganya ko inyandiko nsezeranyabwishyu (promissory note) ari ‘‘amasezerano atavuguruzwa yanditse ashyirwaho umukono n‘uwasezeranyije kwishyura wiyemeje kwishyura nta yindi mpamvu, igihe abisabwe cyangwa mu gihe cyateganyijwe...”. [21] Avuga ko ingingo ya 5 n’iya 6 z’Amabwiriza No 006/15 yo ku wa 16/09/2015 ya Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda yerekeye sheki itazigamiwe, ziteganya ko “ufite sheki aba afite inshingano yo kuba afite amafaranga kuri konti ye ku itariki sheki igomba kwishyurirwaho kugeza itaye agaciro, kandi ko sheki yitwa ko itazigamiwe mu gihe itishyuwe bitewe no kuba mu gihe cyose igifite agaciro kayo nta mafaranga ari kuri konti y’uyitanze cyangwa amafaranga ariho atageze ku mubare wanditse kuri sheki”. [22] Avuga ko SEKAMANA Gaspard ku wa 01/12/2017 yahawe sheki ebyiri (2) na KINYOGOTE Cyrille, imwe y’amafaranga miliyoni cumi na zirindwi n’ibihumbi magana atanu (17,500,000Frw) indi sheki iriho miliyoni mirongo ine (40,000,000Frw); ko iyo SEKAMANA Gaspard aza kuba abizi ko sheki yahawe ari “garantie”, ataba yaragiye kuri banki kuzibikuza ku wa 01/12/2017, iki gihe akaba aribwo yamenyekanye ko sheki yahawe zitazigamiye kuko Bank yateyeho kashe imaze gusanga nta mafaranga yari kuri konti ya KINYOGOTE Cyrille. [23] Asoza avuga ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwaragize KINYOGOTE Cyrille umwere ku cyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiwe, ari ukwirengagiza amategeko n’ibimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese, cyane cyane ko adahakana ko sheki yahaye SEKAMANA Gaspard, yazitanze azi neza ko nta mafaranga ari cyangwa azaba ari kuri konti ku itariki yanditse kuri sheki. Asaba Urukiko

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rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko mu rubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG hirengagije amategeko n’ibimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese ku bijyanye n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye; rukemeza ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye agahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y‘u Rwanda ibihumbi magana atanu mirongo irindwi (570.000 Frw) ahanye n’inshuri icumi (10) z’agaciro k‘amafaranga ari kuri sheki yatanze nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 373 y’itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana cyakoreshwaga ubwo icyaha cyakorwaga; rugategeka ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille ahita afatwa agafungwa urubanza rukimara gusomwa mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo by’inkiko dore ko nta yindi nzira y’ubujurire azaba asigaje kwitabaza. [24] KINYOGOTE Cyrille avuga ko SEKAMANA Gaspard yamugurije amafaranga miliyoni cumi n’imwe (11,000,000Frw) kugira amufashe gutegura inama ya African Union yari ku wa 27/05/2016, agomba gutangamo servisi y’imodoka zo gutwara abaperezida, amaze kuyamuguriza hashize icyumweru SEKAMANA Gaspard aza kumwishyuza, amuha sheki za miliyoni mirongo itanu na zirindwi (57,000,000Frw) akubiyemo amafaranga yagurijwe n’inyungu zayo, aramusinyira amubwira ko nubwo amuhaye izo sheki ari “garantie” kuko amafaranga atarayabona; ko yagombaga kuzibikuza tariki ya 1/12/2017. [25] KINYOGOTE Cyrille avuga ko igihe cyageze, SEKAMANA Gaspard aragaruka amusaba ko nubwo sheki yazimuhaye nk’ingwate, bazisimbuza imodoka, maze amuha imodoka ebyiri (2) nk’ingwate ariko bandika ko baziguze, ariko ntiyamusubiza izo sheki. [26] KINYOGOTE Cyrille n’abunganizi be bakomeza bavuga ko icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye kitujuje ibikigize kuko nta mugambi yari afite wo kugikora kuko sheki yazihaye SEKAMANA Gaspard nawe azi neza ko atishyuwe, ndetse ko abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha no Bushinjacyaha yemeye ko izo sheki yazihawe nka “garantie”. [27] Bavuga ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille atigeze abeshya SEKAMANA Gaspard ko amwishyuye, bigaragaza ko nta bushake bwo gukora icyaha (intention nuisible) yagize kuko uyu yari abizi ko nta mafaranga afite, kandi ko SEKAMANA Gaspard yamuhaye amafaranga ari kumuguriza nta kintu baguze, nawe amuha izo sheki nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko azamwishyura kuko ubusanzwe sheki imara amezi abiri (2) ariko izo akaba yarazimaranye umwaka urenga. [28] Bakomeza bavuga ko kuba kandi hari amafaranga angana na miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana atanu (2,500,000Frw) KINYOGOTE Cyrille yari yatangiye kwishyura SEKAMANA Gaspard nawe akayemera, ari ikigaragaza ko yari afite ubushake bwo kubahiriza amasezerano bagiranye, kuko iyo bitaba ibyo SEKAMANA Gaspard atari kwemera ko agenda amwishyura mu byiciro. Bahakana kandi bavuga ko nta mafaranga miliyoni mirongo itandatu (60,000,000Frw), SEKAMANA Gaspard yigeza aguriza KINYOGOTE Cyrille, ahubwo ko sheki ziburanwa yazihaye SEKAMANA Gaspard nka “guarantee” y’umwenda wavuzwe haruguru wa miliyoni cumi n’imwe (11,000,000Frw) yari yaramugurije n’inyungu zawo. [29] Basoza bavuga ko ibisabwa n’Ubushinjacyaha bitahabwa ishingiro kuko mu bika bya 43,44 na 45 by’urubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Urukiko rwasobanuye neza aho rwashingiye icyemezo cyarwo, bityo ko nta mategeko n’ibimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese byirengagijwe.

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[30] SEKAMANA Gaspard avuga ko yaguze imodoka ebyiri na KINYOGOTE Cyrille ku wa 11/10/2016 kuwa 12/10/2016, iyo mu bwoko bwa Prado yaguze miliyoni cumi n’esheshatu (16.000.000Frw), n’indi yo mu bwoko bwa “Avensis” ya miliyoni umunani (8,000,000Frw), yishyura KINYOGOTE Cyrille amafaranga yose hamwe miliyoni makumyabiri n’enye (24,000,000Frw) akoresheje sheki ya miliyoni cumi n’eshanu (15,000,000Frw) andi miliyoni icyenda (9,000,000Frw) ayamuha mu ntoki. Avuga kandi ko izo modoka yamugurishije, nyuma yaje gusanga zari mu bugwate bwa banki. [31] Akomeza avuga ko nyuma y’aho KINYOGOTE Cyrille yamusabye kumuguriza amafaranga miliyoni mirongo itandatu (60,000,000Frw), amubwira ko ayakenye kuko afite ikibazo cyo kubaka amazu ijana na makumyabiri (120) i Kagugu, bityo SEKAMANA Gaspard amuha sheki ya miliyoni mirongo itatu (30,000,000Frw), nyuma amusanga ku rusengero amuha andi mafaranga yari asigaye bari mu modoka. Asobanura ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille mu kumwishyura ayo mafaranga, ku wa 1/12/2016 aribwo yamuhaye sheki za miliyoni mirongo itanu na zirindwi (57,000,000Frw), agiye kuzibikuza kuri bank asanga nta mafaranga ari kuri konti yazo, ko atari azi ko zitazigamiye. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [32] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba mu rubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019, harirengijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 373 (10) y’Itegeko ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, bigatuma rugira umwere KINYOGOTE Cyrille ku cyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye. [33] Ingingo ya 373 (10) y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko: ‘‘Umuntu wese:1° utanga, abizi, sheki itazigamiwe; 2° ubikuza amafaranga ye yose cyangwa igice cyayo cyangwa ubuza ku bw’uburiganya umufitiye amafaranga kwishyura, nyuma yo gutanga sheki, atarayitambamiye bitewe n’uko yatakaye, yangiritse cyangwa yibwe cyangwa uwahawe sheki atarahombye cyangwa atarambuwe ububasha bwo kwakira amafaranga;3° utanga sheki yari yarahawe n’undi azi ko itazigamiwe cyangwa azi ko amafaranga arimo atakwishyura umwenda cyangwa azi ko amafaranga adashobora kubikuzwa;4° wemera, abizi neza, kwakira sheki itanzwe mu buryo buteganyijwe mu gace ka 1º, aka 2º n’aka 3º tw’iki gika; ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku myaka ibiri (2) kugeza ku myaka itanu (5) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda yikubye inshuro kuva kuri eshanu (5) kugeza ku icumi (10) z‘agaciro k’amafaranga ari kuri iyo sheki.” [34] Mu rubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, igika cya 37, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze n’ubwo KINYOGOTE Cyrille atemera icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiwe, ariko yemeranwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ko igihe yahaga SEKAMANA Gaspard sheki, izo sheki zari zitazigamiwe, kuko ngo yari azimuhaye nka “garantie” ku mafaranga yari amugurije, kandi ko SEKAMANA Gaspard yabyemeye mu gihe yabazwaga mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha. Mu gika cya 40, cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasanze mu kwemeza ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille yakoze icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye, hagomba kurebwa n’icyo yari agambiriye, mu yandi magambo ubushake bwo gukora icyaha (mens rea).

## Page 9

Bisobanuye ko igikorwa cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye, Urukiko rwari rwasanze cyarabaye, bityo rujya gusuzuma ubushake bwo gukora icyo gikorwa. [35] Rushingiye ku by’abahanga mu mategeko bavuze ku mategeko yo 1865 na 18101, rwasanze igihanwa ku muntu watanze sheki itazigamiwe, ari ukubeshya uwo ayihaye, ko amwishyuye, akoresheje sheki, kandi azi neza ko atamwishyuye, kubera ko itazigamiwe2, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 3 y’Itegeko n° 47/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 rihindura itegeko n° 03/2010 ryo ku wa 26/02/2010 ryerekeye uburyo bw’imyishyuranire nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubwo, rusobanura ko hahanwa umuntu ubeshya abandi akoresheje sheki, kuko hatarimo kubeshya, umuntu agahabwa sheki itazigamiwe abizi, akaba kandi azi ko nawe ntawe agomba kuyiha mu gihe cyose azi ko itazigamiwe, cyangwa atizeye ko izigamiwe, nta wundi muntu byabangamira, kuko byaba biri hagati yabo bombi kugeza igihe ikibazo bazagikemurira; bityo ko ntaho byabangamira na gato uburyo bw’imyishyuranire, kuko uhawe sheki itazigamiwe aba azi ko atishyuwe, kandi nawe akaba azi ko atagomba kuyiha abandi, ko uwemeye sheki itazigamiwe abizi atarega ko yakorewe icyaha, ahubwo yakwishyuza amafaranga ye3. Ayo mategeko yashingiweho ariko, ntiyari ajyanye n’uru rubanza kuko irya 2018 ritariho igihe KINYOGOTE Cyrille atangaga sheki zitazigamiwe, naho iby’abahanga mu mategeko bavuze ku mategeko yo 1865 na 1810 yo mahanga, Urukiko Rukuru ntirwagaragaje ko byari bikijyanye n’igihe, ubwo icyaha KINYOGOTE Cyrille akurikiranyweho cyakorewe. [36] Mu gika cya 45 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasanze SEKAMANA Gaspard yarahawe sheki ku wa 26/11/2017, yemera ko kuri iyo tariki nta mafaranga KINYOGOTE Cyrille yari afite kuri konti, uretse ko yari amubwiye ko ku wa 1/12/2017, bazaba bamwishyuye. Rwasanze kubera ko ari inzagihe yari kwishyurwa, kandi bidaturuka kuri KINYOGOTE Cyrille, umuntu nka SEKAMANA Gaspard nawe yagombaga kumva ko kuri iyo tariki, amafaranga yashoboraga kuba yahageze, ko bitafatwa ko ku wa 26/11/2017 KINYOGOTE Cyrille yabeshye SEKAMANA Gaspard, kubera ko atari Imana yari kumenya nta gushidikanya ibizaba ku wa 1/12/2017, ahubwo yumvaga ko ashobora kuzaba yishyuwe, SEKAMANA Gaspard nawe akaba yaragombaga kuba yiteze ko amafaranga azayabona cyangwa ntayabone; kubera iyo mpamvu rwemeza ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille adahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiwe. [37] Dosiye igaragaza sheki ebyiri (2) KINYOGOTE Cyrille yahaye SEKAMANA Gaspard, imwe y’amafaranga miliyoni cumi na zirindwi n’ibihumbi magana atanu (17,500,000Frw), n’indi ya miliyoni mirongo ine (40,000,000Frw); izo sheki zose zikaba zaratanzwe ku wa 01/12/2017. Itegeko nº 32/2009 ryo ku wa 18/11/2009 ryerekeye inyandiko zishobora gucuruzwa, ari naryo ryagenga ibijyanye n’amasheki icyo gihe, riteganya mu ngingo ya ryo ya 111, igika cya 2, ko: “Umuntu uhawe sheki abona uburengazira bwose kuri iyo sheki uhereye itariki yanditsweho na nyiri ukuyitanga”. ingingo ya 113 ikavuga ko “Sheki igira agaciro mu minsi mirongo itandatu (60) uhereye ku itariki yatangiweho.” Ibyo bivuze ko kuva ku wa 01/12/2017 igihe KINYOGOTE Cyrille yatangaga izo sheki zombie kugeza 29/01/2018, SEKAMANA Gaspard yari afite uburengazira bwose bwo kubikuza izo sheki kubera ko Sheki ari inyandiko itavuguruzwa igenewe banki cyangwa ikigo cy’imari kimwe, isaba kwishyura mu gihe bisabwe, umubare w’amafaranga

1 (une loi du 14 juin 1865 incrimine l’émission d’un chèque sans date ou avec une fausse date et l’émission d’un chèque sans provison. C’est qu’en effet, l’article 405, CP, de 1810….) Urubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019, igika cya 41. 2 Idem, urubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG, igika cya 42. 3 Id. Igika cya 44.

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usobanuye kuri sheki4, bityo kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwaravuze ko SEKAMANA Gaspard yagombaga kwitega ko amafaranga azayabona cyangwa ntayabone, bikaba atari byo kuko binyuranye n’ibyo Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa riteganya. [38] Dosiye igaragaza ko ku itariki yanditswe kuri sheki zavuzwe haruguru (ku wa 01/12/2017), SEKAMANA Gaspard yajyanye izo sheki yahawe na KINYOGOTE Cyrille kuri banki ya Kigali (BK) asaba kwishyurwa, iyo banki imusubiza ko amafaranga yagaragaraga kuri izo sheki, ntayari kuri konti za EAST WEST TRAVEL & TOURS LTD yagomba kubikuzwaho, bityo izimusubiza zitishyuwe (Return unpaid) inaziteraho kashe ya banki zombi; bivuze ko zitazigamiwe. [39] Ku bijyanye no kumenya niba KINYOGOTE Cyrille na SEKAMANA Gaspard bari bazi ko izo sheki zitazigamiye, mu miburanire ya KINYOGOTE Cyrille avuga ko yamumbwiye ko nubwo amuhaye izo sheki ari “garantie” kuko amafaranga atarayabona, ko yagombaga kuzibikuza tariki ya 1/12/2017. Ibi nibyo bita “A guarantee cheque” cyangwa “Post-Dated Cheque” aribyo bisobanuye sheki itanzwe mbere y’itariki yanditsweho igomba kwishyurwaho5. Binahuye kandi n’ibyo SEKAMANA Gaspard yavugiye mu Bugenzacyaha ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille yamuhaye sheki zavuzwe haruguru ku wa 26/11/2017, amubwira ko azazibikuza ku wa 01/12/2017, kuko aribwo amafaranga KINYOGOTE Cyrille yari ategereje kwishyurwa ku isoko yakoraga azaba yageze kuri konti6. Bivuze ko SEKAMANA Gaspard yari azi ko kuri iyo tariki ya 01/12/2017 (ari nayo yari yanditswe kuri izo sheki), aribwo yagombaga kubona amafaranga yishyuwe kuri sheki, icyo gihe akaba aribwo yagiye kuri banki kuzibikuza, ariko ahageze asanga nta mafaranga ari kuri konti zagombaga kubikuzwaho nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, bivuze ko yagiye kuri banki azi ko sheki yahawe zizigamiwe ariko asanga zitazigamiwe, abura amafaranga yari kwishyurwa. [40] Muri dosiye nta kimenyetso na kimwe cyerekana ko konti za sosiyete EAST WEST TRAVEL & TOURS LTD zagomba kubikuzwaho sheki zavuzwe haruguru, ku wa 01/12/2017 zariho amafaranga miliyoni mirongo itanu na zirindwi n’ibihumbi magana atanu (57,500,000Frw) KINYOGOTE Cyrille yari yishyuye SEKAMANA Gaspard kuri izo sheki yamuhaye, ndetse nta n’ikigaragaza ko hari isoko ryagombaga kwishyurwa iyo sosiyete kuri iyo tariki ku buryo izo sheki zari kuba zizigamiwe; ibyo kuba izo sheki zarasimbuwe n’imodoka ebyiri KINYOGOTE Cyrille avuga ko yahaye SEKAMANA Gaspard, nabyo nta kibigaragaza cyane cyane ko izo modoka zari ingwate ya Ecobank. Ibi byose bisobanuye ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille atanga izo sheki yari azi ko zitazigamiwe.

4 “Sheki ni inyandiko itavuguruzwa itanzwe n’uwayishyizeho umukono igenewe banki imwe cyangwa ikigo cy’imari kimwe, isaba kwishyura mu gihe bisabwe, umubare w’amafaranga usobanuye kuri sheki.” Ingingo ya 110 y’Itegeko nº 32/2009 ryo ku wa 18/11/2009 ryerekeye inyandiko zishobora gucuruzwa. 5 A Post-Dated Cheque is simply a cheque that a payee can encash on a future date. When you write such a cheque, you typically put a future date on it, instead of the date on which you are writing the cheque. The idea behind issuing a post-dated cheque is that the payee can deposit it into their account or withdraw money only on or after the future date mentioned on the cheque.” https://www.hdfcbank.com/personal/resources/learning-centre/save/what-is-post- dated- cheque#:~:text=A%20Post%2DDated%20Cheque%20is%20simply%20a%20cheque,payee%20can%20encash%20o n%20a%20future%20date.&text=In%20such%20cases%2C%20you%20can%20issue%20post%2Ddated,in%20acc ordance%20with%20the%20agreed%2Dupon%20payment%20schedule. Accessed on 25th June 2025. 6 Investigation Case: 00305/DN/CID HQ/KIGA/GASA/2017, DOC/IOD 0015: Ibazwa ry’urega urupapuro rwa 2, igisubizo cy’ikibazo cya 4.

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[41] Kubyo KINYOGOTE Cyrille n’abamwunganira bavuga ko izo sheki yazihaye SEKAMANA Gaspard nk’ingwate (Guarantee cheque) mu buryo bwo kumwizeza kumwishyura amafaranga miliyoni cumi n’imwe (11,000,000 Frw) yari amubereyemo n’inyungu zayo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta kimenyetso na kimwe barugaragariza cy’iyo nguzanyo, ndetse n’uburyo inyungu avuga ko bari bumvikanye zari kubarwa; icyo Urukiko rukwiye kwitaho gusa kikaba ko hari miliyoni mirongo itanu na zirindwi (57,000,000Frw) KINYOGOTE Cyrille yagombaga kwishyura SEKAMANA Gaspard ariko akamuha sheki zitazigamiwe, kandi akaba adahakana ko ariwe wazimuhaye, nk’uko bisobanuye ko itariki yanditswe kuri sheki ariyo SEKAMANA Gaspard yagombaga kwishyurwaho (Post-Dated Cheque) nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru7. Rurasanga kandi impamvu sheki nk’iyo itangwa mbere y’itariki iba yanditseho ari ukugira ngo uwishyuwe ashobore gukura amafaranga kuri konti ya nyiri sheki gusa ku itariki cyangwa nyuma y’itariki yanditswe kuri sheki yahawe8. Ibyo bivuze ko utanze asheke aba yizeza uwo ayihaye kuzishyurwa igihe kiri kuri sheki kigeze, kuba cyagera agasaba kwishyurwa akabura ubwishyu kuri konti sheki ibikuzwaho, bigaragaza ko aba yahawe sheki itazigamiwe. [42] Ibyo ninako Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubuhinde rwabyemeje mu rubanza nk’uru, rwaciye ku wa 19 Nzeri 2016, haburana Sampelly Satyanarayana Rao v. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. Muri urwo rubanza hatanzwe sheki zagombaga kwishyurwa mu gihe kizaza, icyo gihe kigeze uwishyurwa asanga zitazigamiwe, arega uwazimuhaye. Urwo Rukiko rwasuzumye niba ibyo bigize icyaha (Question for consideration is whether in the facts of the present case, the dishonour of a post-dated cheque given for repayment of loan installment which is also described as “security” in the loan agreement is covered by Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act). Rusanga sheki yatanzwe muri ubwo buryo iba ari ubwishyu9, rwemeza ko kutazigamira izo sheki bigize icyaha kiryozwa uwatanze sheki,10 nk’uko giteganywa n’amategeko yaho (section 138 of the Act.11); aho iyo sheki yatanzwe igaruwe na banki itishyuwe kuko itazigamiwe uwayitanze, aba akoze icyaha, agahanishwa igifungo kigera ku myaka ibiri (2)

7 “A Post-Dated Cheque is simply a cheque that a payee can encash on a future date. When you write such a cheque, you typically put a future date on it, instead of the date on which you are writing the cheque. The idea behind issuing a post-dated cheque is that the payee can deposit it into their account or withdraw money only on or after the future date mentioned on the cheque.” https://www.hdfcbank.com/personal/resources/learning-centre/save/what-is-post- dated- cheque#:~:text=A%20Post%2DDated%20Cheque%20is%20simply%20a%20cheque,payee%20can%20encash%20o n%20a%20future%20date.&text=In%20such%20cases%2C%20you%20can%20issue%20post%2Ddated,in%20acc ordance%20with%20the%20agreed%2Dupon%20payment%20schedule. Accessed on 25th June 2025. 8 Ibid. 9 post-dated cheque is a well recognized mode of payment.” Supreme Court of India, Sampelly Satyanarayana Rao v. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd, Judgement delivered on 19th September 2016, par.18, p.11. 10 Thus, the question has to be answered in favour of the respondent and against the appellant. Dishonour of cheque in the present case being for discharge of existing liability is covered by Section 138 of the Act, as rightly held by the High Court.” Idem. Par.19. 11 138. Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency of funds in the account. - Where any cheque drawn by a person on an account maintained by him with a banker for payment of any amount of money to another person from out of that account for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability, is returned by the bank unpaid, either because of the amount of money standing to the credit of that account is insufficient to honour the cheque or that it exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from that account by an agreement made with that bank, such person shall be deemed to have committed an offence and shall, without prejudice to any other provisions of this Act, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may be extended to two years, or with fine which may extend to twice the amount of the cheque, or with both:” Idem, par.7.

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cyangwa ihazabu ikubye inshuro ebyiri amafaranga yatanze kuri sheki cyangwa ibyo bihano byombi.12 [43] Ku bijyanye n’uru rubanza, ingingo ya 373 (10) y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko ‘‘Umuntu wese utanga, abizi, sheki itazigamiwe; ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku myaka ibiri (2) kugeza ku myaka itanu (5) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda yikubye inshuro kuva kuri eshanu (5) kugeza ku icumi (10) z‘agaciro k’amafaranga ari kuri iyo sheki.” Ibi ni nabyo bihano biteganywa mu ngingo ya 126 y’Itegeko No 060/2021 ryo ku wa 14/10/2021 rigenga inyandiko zishobora gucuruzwa. [44] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye kuri iyo ngingo ya 373 imaze kuvugwa, ari nayo yateganyaga ibihano byo gutanga sheki itazigamiwe igihe sheki zavuzwe haruguru zatangwaga, rurasanga KINYOGOTE Cyrille ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga, abizi sheki itazigamiwe, akaziha SEKAMANA Gaspard, bityo akaba akwiye guhanishwa ibihano byavuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki. [45] Rurasanga ariko hari mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha zashingirwaho KINYOGOT Cyrille agabanyirizwa ibihano, zirimo kuba yemera ko ariwe watanze sheki zavuzwe haruguru, azishyiraho umukono we, aziha SEKAMANA Gaspard, bitagombeye ko hafatwa umwanya wo kuzipimisha ku bahanga no gusuzuma umukono we uri kuri izo sheki, kuba yaragize ubushake bwo gutangira kwishyura SEKAMANA Gaspard amafaranga yari yaramuhaye kuri sheki zitazigamiye, aho bemeranya ko hari miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi Magana atanu (2,500,000Frw) yari yamaze kumwishyura no kuba ari bwo bwa mbere akurikiranyweho icyaha. [46] Itegeko nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ingingo ya 2, igika cya 1, agace ka (b) iteganya ko iyo umucamanza yemeje impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, ashobora kugabanya igihano ku buryo bukurikira: “igifungo kimara igihe kizwi kiva ku mezi 6 kuzamura gishobora kugabanywa, ariko ntikijye munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy’igihano gito giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe”; mu gace ka (d) igateganya ko “igihano cy’ihazabu gishobora kugabanywa kugeza kuri kimwe cya kane cy’igihano cy’ihazabu gito giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe.” [47] Rushingiye kuri iyo ngingo no ku impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zavuzwe haruguru, uru Rukiko rurasanga KINYOGOTE Cyrille akwiye guhanishwa igifungo cy’umwaka umwe (1) (aricyo kimwe cya kabiri cy’igihano gito ku cyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye, giteganywa n’ingingo ya 373 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryavuzwe haruguru n’ihazabu y’amafaranga miliyoni mirongo irindwi n’imwe n’ibihumbi magana abiri na mirongo itanu (71,250,000Frw) ahwanye na ¼ cy’ inshuro ehanu z’amafaranga yari kuri sheki yatanze zitazigamiwe. [48] Ku bijyanye kandi n’imihanire, ingingo ya 1, igika cya 2, agace ka (a), y’Itegeko nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ko “Igihano cy’imirimo y’inyungu rusange gishobora gutangwa gisimbura ikindi gihano cy’iremezo. Muri icyo gihe, gitangwa ku buryo bukurikira: iyo icyaha gihanishwa igifungo kirenze amezi atandatu (6) ariko kitarenze imyaka myaka (5), urukiko

12 Ibid.

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rushobora gutegeka uwagikatiwe kurangiza igice cy’igihano akora igihano cy’imirimo y’inyungu rusange mu gihe kitarenze imyaka ibiri (2)”. [49] Urukiko rushingiye ku ngingo ya 1 n’iya 2, z’Itegeko nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 ryavuzwe haruguru, rurasanga KINYOGOTE Cyrille akwiye guhanishwa igifungo cy’umwaka umwe (1), n’ihazabu y’amafaranga miliyoni mirongo irindwi n’imwe n’ibihumbi magana abiri na mirongo itanu (71,250,000Frw), igice cy’icyo gihano cy’igifungo (ni ukuvuga amezi atandatu) akakirangiriza muri gereza, agakora n’imirimo y’inyungu rusange mu gihe cy’amezi atandatu (6) azaba asigaje ngo arangize igihano cye, kugira ngo anashake ubushobozi bwo kwishyura amafaranga yatanze kuri sheki zitazigamiwe ndetse n’ubwo kwishyura ihazabu yaciwe. 2. Kumenya niba KINYOGOTE Cyrille akwiye guha SEKAMANA Gaspard indishyi [50] SEKAMANA Gaspard n’Avoka umwunganira bavuga ko bisunze ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha busubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, urubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG, nabo baregera indishyi basaba gutegeka KINYOGOTE Cyrille kumwishyura amafaranga angana na miliyoni mirongo inani n’ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana atatu (82.300.000 Frw). [51] KINYOGOTE Cyrille n’abamwunganira bavuga ko ntawakuririra ku kirego cy’undi gisubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ngo nawe agire ibyo asaba; ko SEKAMANA Gaspard atigeze asaba ko urubanza rwavuzwe haruguru rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, kandi ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille amaze kumuha imodoka, yazikoresheje ku buryo imodoka imwe ayibonamo amafaranga ibihumbi magana abiri (200,000Frw) ku munsi, bityo ko nta gihombo KINYOGOTE Cyrille yamuteje. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [52] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba SEKAMANA Gaspard waregeye indishyi yisunze Ubushinjacyaha ashobora kuzisaba muri uru rubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane bisabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha yuririye ku kirego cyabwo. [53] Icyo kibazo cyatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi nº RS/INJUST/RP 00001/2020/SC rwaciwe ku wa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 23/12/2020 haburana Ubushinjacyaha, MAGARA Gahakwa John na bagenzi be. Muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rwasuzumye niba abatarasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu y’akarengane bashobora kuririra ku busabe bw’abandi bakagira ibyo basaba urukiko ku bibareba, mu gika cya 35 cyarwo, rwemeza ko ababuranyi bataciye muri iyo nzira yo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, badashobora guhabwa uburenganzira bwo kuririra ku isubirwamo ryasabwe n’abandi rikemerwa, ngo bagire ibyo basaba ko bihinduka ku rubanza batasabye ko rusubirwamo kuko ubwo burenganzira baba barabwibujije. Rwemeje ariko kandi ko icyemezo cyafatiwe abatarasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, bakuririra ku busabe bw’abandi, gishobora guhinduka gusa iyo urukiko rusanze hari ubusobekerane ku byerekeye imikorere y’icyaha bahuriyeho n’abasabye gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ku buryo icyemezo cyafatirwa abareze cyabagiraho ingaruka mu buryo bubafitiye inyungu.”

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[54] Urubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019, rwasubirishijwemo n’Ubushinjacyaha ku mpamvu y’akarengane gashingiye kuba harirengijwe ingingo ya 373 y’Itegeko ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, rukagira umwere KINYOGOTE Cyrille ku cyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye. [55] Hashingiwe ku murongo wavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga icyemezo cyafashwe ku kirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha gisubirishamo urubanza rwavuzwe haruguru ku mpamvu z’akarengane, gifite ingaruka mu buryo bufitiye inyungu SEKAMANA Gaspard waregeye indishyi yisunze Ubushinjacyaha, kuko indishyi yari yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere, Urukiko Rukuru rwari rwazikuyeho ku mpamvu y’uko KINYOGOTE Cyrille yari yagizwe umwere.Kuba rero byagaragajwe ko icyaha cyo gutanga sheki zitazigamiwe kimuhama, ni ukuvuga ko ikirego cy’indishyi nacyo gikwiye kwakirwa kigasuzumwa muri uru rubanza kuko gisobekeranye n’icy’Ubushinjacyaha. [56] Ku bijyanye n’indishyi SEKAMANA Gaspard yaka zingana na 82.300.000Frw, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge mu rubanza No RP 00199/2018/TGI/NGYE rwaciwe ku wa 18/05/2018 (igika cya 68) rwavuze ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille agomba kwishyura SEKAMANA Gaspard 82.300.000Frw rutayatangiye ibisobanuro, uyu akaba nta bimenyetso atanga byashingirwaho hemezwa ko ayo yari yagenewe ariyo akwiye guhabwa. [57] Rurasanga ahubwo kuba SEKAMANA Gaspard yarakorewe icyaha cyo guhabwa sheki zitazigamiwe, indishyi asaba zikomoka kuri icyo cyaha ni zo zifite ishingiro, akaba akwiye kwishyurwa indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni mirongo itandatu (60,00,000Frw) zikubiyemo miliyoni mirongo itanu na zirindwi n’ibihumbi magana atanu (57,500,000Frw) yagombaga kwishyurwa kuri sheki n’amafaranga miliyoni imwe n’ibihumbi magana atanu (1,500,000Frw) y’ibyo yakoresheje ku rubanza yashowemo. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [58] Rwemeje ko ikirego Nº RS/INJUST/RP 00005/2021/CA cy’Ubushinjacyaha gisubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019 gifite ishingiro. [59] Rwemeje ko ikirego cy’indishyi cya SEKAMANA Gaspard cyuririye ku kirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha gifite ishingiro. [60] Rwemeje ko urubanza No RPA 00694/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/02/2019 ruhindutse. [61] Rwemeje ko KINYOGOTE Cyrille ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki zitazigamiye. [62] Ruhanishije KINYOGOTE Cyrille igifungo cy’amezi atandatu (6) muri gereza no gukora imirimo y’inyungu rusange mu gihe cy’andi mezi atandatu (6). [63] Ruhanishije kandi KINYOGOTE Cyrille kwishyura ihazabu y’amafaranga miliyoni mirongo irindwi n’imwe n’ibihumbi magana abiri na mirongo itanu (71,250,000Frw).

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[64] Rutegetse KINYOGOTE Cyrille kwishyura SEKAMANA Gaspard amafaranga miliyoni mirongo itandatu (60,00,000Frw) akubiyemo ay’indishyi zikomoka ku cyaha n’iy’ibyagiye ku rubanza. [65] Rutegetse ko amagarama y'uru rubanza aherera ku Isanduku ya Leta.