UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MUGESERA

UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MUGESERA [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU – RP0001/12/CCI (Muhima, J. P., Mukamurenzi na Ndagijimana, J.) 15 Mata 2016] Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo – Ubuhamya – Agaciro k’ubuhamya butanzwe n’abatangabuhamya – N’ubwo hari ibyo abatangabuhamya batavuga kimwe cyangwa bakwibeshyaho bishobora guterwa n’igihe cyari gishize, ntibigira ingaruka ku kwizerwa kwabo no ku ireme ry’ubuhamya bwabo. Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo – Ubuhamya – Agaciro k’ubuhamya butanzwe n’abatangabuhamya bafitanye amasano – Kuba abatangabuhamya bafitanye amasano ntibituma ubuhamya bwabo butizerwa cyangwa ngo buteshwe agaciro. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cya jenoside – Icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside – Ni igikorwa gishishikariza abandi gukora icyaha cya jenoside hifashishijwe amagambo, amashusho, inyandiko zikwirakwijwe, ibikangisho cyangwa ubundi buryo bw’itumanaho bikorewe mu ruhame cyangwa mu nama. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cya jenoside – Icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside – Ibikorwa bigize icyaha – Ibikorwa bishishikariza abandi gukora jenoside bigomba kuba bikozwe mu ruhame kandi ku buryo butaziguye, ubikora akaba afite ubushake bwihariye bwo gukora jenoside, n’ubwo uko kugambirira gukora jenoside kutagerwaho. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Gukora jenoside – Icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside – Icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside kibaho, mu gihe uwagikoze agomba kuba afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Gukora jenoside – Ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside – Icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije jenoside ni ubwumvikane buba nibura hagati y’abantu babiri (2) bagamije gukora jenoside. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Gukora icyaha – Icyitso cy’uwakoze icyaha – Gutanga amabwiriza – Kuba icyitso cy’uwakoze icyaha kubera gutanga amabwiriza biba iyo ubikoze akoresheje ibiguzi, amasezerano y’ibihembo, iterabwoba, agakabyo k’ubutegetsi cyangwa k’ububasha, utunama cyangwa andi mayeri by’ubugiranabi cyangwa amabwiriza agamije gukoresha icyaha. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha kibasira inyokomuntu – Icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu – Ni igikorwa cyangwa kutagira icyo ukora bituma haba ivangura, kandi icyo gikorwa kikabangamira uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwemewe n’amategeko mpuzamahanga, gikozwe ku bushake kinashingiye ku ivangura ry’amoko, idini cyangwa politiki, kigomba gukorwa mu gihe cy’ibitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga, kikaba kidasaba buri gihe ko habaho igikorwa gifatika.

Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cyo kubiba urwango – Ni icyaha gikorwa binyuze mu gusebanya cyangwa gutukana mu ruhame hagaragazwa urwango ukora icyo cyaha afitiye abantu kubera inkomoko n’ubwoko bwabo. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha –Icyaha cyo kubiba urwango – Ibikorwa bigize icyaha – Ibikorwa bigize icyaha cyo kubiba urwango bigaragarira mu magambo, mu nyandiko, mu myifatire, mu bimenyetso n’ubundi buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, kandi ubikora akaba afite ubushake bwo gukora ivangura. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Ikurikiranacyaha – Guhamwa n’ibyaha byinshi hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe – Umuntu ashobora guhamwa n’ibyaha byinshi hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe, iyo ibigize ibyo byaha (éléments constitutifs) bitandukanye, iyo amategeko ateganya ibyo byaha arengera inyungu zitandukanye no kugira ngo uwakoze icyaha ahanwe uko bikwiye. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Ibihano – Itangwa ry’ibihano – Iyo igikorwa kimwe ubwacyo gishobora kubyara ibyaha byinshi uwagikoze ahanishwa igihano kiremereye giteganyirizwa kimwe muri ibyo byaha. Incamake y’ikibazo: Mugesera yagejejwe mu Rwanda, avuye mu gihugu cya Canada nyuma yo kwimwa uburenganzira bwo kuhatura kubera ibyaha bya jenoside yakurikiranwagaho, Ubushinjacyaha bwamureze muri uru Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko Rwihariye Ruburanisha Ibyaha byo ku Rwego Mpuzamahanga n’Ibyaha Byambuka Imbibi, bumukurikiranyeho icyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside. Bwamureze kuba mu nama z’ishyaka rya MRND (meeting) yakoresheje ku Kabaya n’ahandi yazivugiyemo amagambo ashishikariza mu ruhame kandi mu buryo butaziguye gutsemba abatutsi, kubiba urwango rushingiye ku bwoko avuga ko abatutsi ari ibyitso by’abateye igihugu, kwibasira abanyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND avuga ko nabo ari ibyitso by’abateye igihugu, ko ayo magambo yatumye abatutsi bicwa bazira ubwoko bwabo, ndetse no kuba bamwe mubanyapolitiki batotejwe kubera ibitekerezo byabo bya politiki. Mugesera yaburanye ahakana uruhare urwo arirwo rwose rwaba ruziguye cyangwa rutaziguye yaba yaragize mu byaha aregwa, avuga ko ijambo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yavugiye ku Kabaya nta kigaragaza ko ariwe warivuze cyangwa se ko ari ryo ryahavugiwe. Ahakana kandi avuga ko ibyaha birebana na jenoside aregwa asanga ari icyaha kimwe Ubushinjacyaha bukuramo ibyaha byinshi, bukanabimurega kandi jenoside yarakozwe atakiri mu Rwanda. Mbere y’uko ibibazo biri mu rubanza bigibwaho impaka n’ababuranyi, habanje gusuzumwa inzitizi zitandukanye zabyukijwe mu rubanza zirimo irebana no kugenera Uregwa igihe, ibikoresho n’ibyangombwa kugira ngo abashe gutegura urubanza, ndetse no ku burenganzira bwe bwo kunganirwa. Hasuzumwe inzitizi ijyanye no kureba ibyaha Uregwa agomba gukurikiranwaho, Urukiko rwemeza ko ari ibyaha byakozwe mbere ya 1994 kubera ko atoherejwe na TPIR. Inzitizi y’indi yasuzumwe n’ijyanye no guhagarika urubanza kubera imishyikirano Uregwa yarimo agirana na Minisiteri y’Ubutabera, ariko ntiyahawe ishingiro. Harimo kandi inzitizi ijyanye no guhagarika iburanisha kubera ubujurire bw’imanza zibanziriza izindi n’inzitizi ijyanye no kwimura urubanza ku mpamvu z’uburwayi, zombi Urukiko ntirwazihaye ishingiro kuko ubwo bujurire budahagarika iburanisha ndetse hakaba hagomba kugaragazwa icyemezo cy’ikiruhuko cy’uburwayi gitanzwe n’umuganga. Hasuzumwe kandi inzitizi zijyanye n’abatangabuhamya batanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, ijyanye n’ibitabo Uregwa yifashisha mu

rubanza, ijyanye no kuba umwe mu bacamanza batangiye urubanza yarashinzwe indi mirimo, inteko igahinduka, ijyanye n’abatangabuhamya b’Uregwa, maze zose Urukiko ruzifataho ibyemezo bitandukanye. Nyuma y’izo nzitizi, hasuzumwe niba ijambo ryashyikirijwe Urukiko ariryo Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya no kuba ryaba ikimenyetso muri uru rubanza, aho Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iryo jambo ryafashwe kuri kasete n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Itangazamakuru (ORINFOR) rishyikirizwa Igihugu cya Canada igihe Mugesera yahaburaniraga ibirebana no koherezwa mu Rwanda no ku burenganzira bwo gutura muri icyo gihugu. Buvuga ko ibikubiye muri iryo jambo bihura n’ibyemezwa n’abatangabuhamya babajijwe mu gihe cy’iperereza barimo abari ku Kabaya icyo gihe arivuga; ndetse n’ibinyamakuru byinshi byarivuzeho, bamwe mu banditsi batandukanye baryamaganye. Kuri iyi ngingo, Mugesera avuga ko yemera ko hari ijambo yavugiye muri meeting ya MRND yabereye ku Kabaya ku wa 22/11/1992 ariko ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza ko ijambo bwashyikirije Urukiko ariryo yahavugiye. Avuga kandi ko iryo jambo ritaba ikimenyetso mu rubanza kuko uburyo ryabonetsemo bunyuranyije n’amategeko kuko hatagaragazwa uburyo iryo jambo ryagiye rihererekanywa kuva kuwarifashe kugeza rigeze mu maboko y’Ubushinjacyaha. Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza ko bukurikiranyeho Uregwa icyaha cyo gushishikariza ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside, bushingiye kuri iryo jambo yavugiye ku Kabaya ibirimo bikaba biri mu murongo umwe n’ibyo yavugiye mu zindi nama z’ishyaka rya MRND yagiye ajyamo. Ayo magambo Uregwa yagiye avuga ashishikariza gukora jenoside asa n’ayandikwaga mu bitangazamakuru bitandukanye byariho icyo gihe, higishwa ko abatutsi ari ibyitso by’abateye igihugu. Mu ijambo rye Uregwa yavuze ko hari inyenzi ziri mu gihugu zafashe abana bazo zibohereza ku rugamba kujya gufatanya n’inkotanyi, akanibaza impamvu badafata abo babyeyi bohereza abana ku rugamba n’ababajyana ngo babatsembe. Anavuga ko bagomba kwitabara badategereje gukatwa amajosi n’inyenzi cyangwa ibyitso by’abateye igihugu. Ibi bikaba bigaragaza ko abo yavugaga ari abatutsi kuko mu bihe yavuzemo ijambo, amagambo «inyenzi» cyangwa «icyitso» ari imvugo iteruye yavugaga abatutsi, nk’uko byasobanuwe n’abahanga bifashishijwe mu manza zitandukanye zaburanishijwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR). Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko Uregwa yashishikarije gukora jenoside ari imvugo z’batangabuhamya banyuranye bavuga ko bari ku Kabaya muri meeting ya MRND ubwo Uregwa yavugaga ijambo rikangurira gukora jenoside, abandi bakavuga ko baryumvise kuri radio Rwanda n’abaryumvanye abandi bari bagiye muri iyo meeting. Buvuga ko nyuma y’iryo jambo hongeye kwicwa abatutsi muri Kibilira, Satinsyi n’ahandi nk’uko bivugwa n’abatangabuhamya, ndetse n’ibinyamakuru byandikwaga icyo gihe na raporo zinyuranye zirimo iya Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga yakoze iperereza ku ihungabanywa ry‟uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda. Uregwa yisobanuye avuga ko atigeze akora icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi umugambi wa jenoside, ko nta n’aho yigeze awubona wanditse, ko n’ijambo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ritari iryo gushishikariza umugambi wa jenoside ahubwo atanumva ukuntu uwarivugaga yahamagarira abantu urukundo, amatora na demokarasi, bigahindurwamo guhamagarira abantu umugambi wa jenoside, ko ibyo ari nko kurega umuntu jenoside kandi uzi neza ko atayikoze. Avuga kandi ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza abo yashishikarije uwo mugambi n’igihe yabikoreye kubera ko bumurega buvuga muri rusange ko icyaha cyakozwe hagati ya 01/10/1990 na 31/12/1994 bigatuma

atabasha kwiregura yerekana ko icyo gihe atari aho icyaha cyakorewe, ndetse ko hari ikibazo gikomeye kijyanye n’amategeko, kuko ayo muri 2004 na 2008 ashingirwaho mukumukurikirana anyuranya n’ihame ryo kudasubira inyuma kw’amategeko riteganywa n’Itegeko Nshinga. Asoza avuga ko ibisobanuro Ubushinjacyaha buha amwe mu magambo agaragara mu ijambo bwashyikirije Urukiko atari byo hakurikijwe ihame ry’uko amagambo atagira ibisobanuro ahubwo agira uko akoreshwa kubera ko ijambo rigira icyo rivuga bitewe n’aho ririmo gukoreshwa. Bityo, uko kudakurikiza ayo mahame yo gusesengura ijambo bituma Ubushinjacyaha bumugerekaho ubwicanyi bwabaye mu gihugu hose haba mbere y’ijambo Ubushinjacyaha bumwitirira na nyuma yaryo atakiri mu gihugu, kandi ko ubwo iryo jambo ryavugwaga mu 1992 nta wari uzi ko ibyabaye mu 1994 bizaba. Muri uru rubanza hasuzumwe ikibazo cyo kumenya niba Uregwa yarakoze icyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside, aho Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza ko enoside ari icyaha gicurwa, kikanategurwa hashakishwa ibikoresho, hatozwa abazagikora, hashyirwaho politike y’urwango n’ibindi. Buvuga ko Uregwa yakoze icyo cyaha ubwo yakoreshaga inama ziztandukanye, akaba yari mu mugambi wo gukora icyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside, watangiye ubwo yakoreshaga inama yabereye ku Kabaya, ukaba ukubiye mu ijambo rye yahavugiye. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko Uregwa yari mu bacuze bakanategura umugambi wa jenoside, bikaba bigaragazwa n’ibikubiye mu nyandiko yo ku wa 11/10/1990 yise “Apport stratégique: service militaire d’urgence” yandikiye umusirikari ufite ipeti rya koloneli amusaba gushakisha abasore bajya mu gisirikari kurwanya abari bateye u Rwanda, avuga ko bagamije gusubiza abantu mu bucakara, ubuja n’ikiboko. Bugaragaza ko ubushake bwo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside, ikirebwa ari ubushake bwihariye bwo gutsemba ubwoko nk’uko bimeze kugira ngo icyaha cya jenoside kibe cyatsotsobwe, ko busanga nanone ijambo Uregwa yavugiye ku Kabaya akita abatutsi ibyitso by’inyenzi yari azi ko ingaruka zizakurikiraho ari ukubarimbura. Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko Uregwa nk’umwe mu bayobozi b’ishyaka rya MRND yakoresheje nabi agakabyo k’ubutegetsi n’ububasha yari afite ubwo yavugiraga ahantu hanyuranye amagambo atanga amabwiriza ko abatutsi bagomba gutsembwa. Bunavuga ko yatanze imbunda abwira abo yazihaga ko ari imfashanyo bahawe badakwiye gupfusha ubusa. Bityo, ko Uregwa agomba gufatwa nk’icyitso mu byaha byose byakozwe kubera ijambo rye hatitawe ku kuba byarakozwe ahari cyangwa adahari, hatanitawe ku gihe cyashize ijambo rivuzwe. Uregwa yireguye kuri icyo cyaha agihakana avuga ko nta bimenyetso Ubushinjacyaha bugitangira, kuko inama buvuga yagiye akoresha abayoboke ba MRND ategura umugambi wa jenoside nta kuri kurimo kubera ko butagaragaza aho zabereye, abari bazirimo, inyandiko mvugo yazo n’icyaba cyarazivugiwemo. Asobanura ko icyo cyaha atagikurikiranwaho, kuko n’abagiye bakiregwa mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rukorera Arusha muri Tanzaniya (ICTR) nta n’umwe wagihamijwe, baba abasirikare cyangwa abasivile kubera ko urwo Rukiko rwasanze uwo mugambi utarabayeho. Avuga ko uburyo aregwamo icyo cyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside bihura n’icyaha cy’ubugambanyi kandi bwo bukorerwa mu ibanga hakurikijwe igisobanuro cy’iryo jambo, bityo rero asanga ijambo rivugiwe mu ruhame ritabonekamo ibikorwa bigize icyo cyaha cy’ubugambanyi. Uregwa yisobanura avuga ko ibikubiye mu nyandiko aregwa yavuzwe haruguru, ko umwanzi uyivugwamo ari umututsi unavugwa mu ijambo bumwitirira, atari byo kuko ibiyikubiyemo nta ngengabitekerezo yo gutsemba abatutsi iyigaragaramo kubera ko igihe yakorwaga, amoko yose yari mu ishyaka rya MRND ryari riri ku butegetsi. Avuga kandi ko ivuka rya “hutu power”

Ubushinjacyaha bumushyiraho buvuga ko byari muri uwo murongo w’ingengabitekerezo yo gutsemba abatutsi ntaho ahuriye nabyo, kubera ko ibyo bya hutu power byazanye umwuka mubi mu gihugu byadukanywe n’amwe mu mashyaka we atakiri mu Rwanda. Avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bufata ibyabaye muri 1994 bukabishyira muri 1992, kuko iyo atabaho cyangwa ngo ijambo yitirirwa ko yavuze ntirivugwe, bitari kubuza ibyaye mu Rwanda kubaho. Uregwa akomeza avuga ko ijambo Ubushinjacyaha bumwitirira ritakwitwa amabwiriza yo gukora jenoside kuko nta kibi kiririmo, ndetse na kasete ryafatiweho yahinduwe, dore ko hatagaragazwa uwahamagajwe izo nama aregwa n’inyandikomvugo y’ibyazivugiwemo. Ikindi ni uko ntabo yahaye imbunda zo gukoresha jenoside, kuko atabaye umusirikari, naho abatangabuhamya babyemeza bakaba ari abateguwe kumubeshyera. Ikindi ni uko nta bwicanyi bwabayeho nyuma y’ijambo bamwitirira ko yavuze, kuko meeting yo ku Kabaya ikirangira abaturage batashye mu mahoro, we n’abo bari bazanye batinda ku Kabaya mu gikorwa cyo kwiyakira, ko rero nta kuntu hari kuba ubwo bwicanyi ngo abiyoberwe. Uregwa asoza avuga ko nta bufatanyacyaha yigeze akorana n’abakoze jenoside kubera ko ikorwa muri 1994 yari amaze imyaka ibiri ataba mu Rwanda, ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza abo baba barafatanyije gukora icyo cyaha, igihe n’aho cyakorewe, ko n’ibyo bumurega bya mbere ya 1994 nta ruhare yabigizemo, ndetse ko n’amategeko Ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho bumushinja icyo cyaha yashyizweho atakiri mu gihugu, akaba yarashyizweho nyuma y’icyo cyaha aregwa. Bityo, ko imiburanire ye mu rwego rw’amategeko ku cyaha cyo gushishikariza umugambi wa jenoside ari kimwe n’iyo ku cyaha cy’ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora jenoside. Muri uru rubanza kandi Ubushinjacyaha bwareze Mugesera icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha kibasiye inyoko muntu, aho buvuga ko mu ijambo yavugiye ku Kabaya ku wa 22/11/1992 yibasiye anatoteza abo yitaga ibyitso n’abanyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND, bamwe muribo bibaviramo kwicwa cyangwa guhohoterwa. Busobanura ko uko kubatoteza kugaragarira mu magambo yabitaga avuga ko ari ibisambo, ibyitso, inyenzi, kukanagaragarira mu rwango yari afitiye andi mashyaka, aho yavugaga ko nta na rimwe rizakorera politiki muri perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ko nta n’ibendera ryayo mashyaka rigomba kuhahagaragara. Buvuga ko gutoteza nk’icyaha kibasiye inyoko muntu ari icyaha gikorwa hagamijwe kwibasira igice kimwe cy’abantu, hakurikijwe ubwoko, idini cyangwa imyumvire ya politiki. Bwareze kandi Mugesera icyaha cyo kubiba urwango mu baturage ashingiye ku bwoko, inkomoko cyangwa idini ryabo bigaragarira mu ijambo yavugiye ku Kabaya n’ahandi, akaba yarabibye mu baturage urwango rushingiye ku bwoko n’inkomoko agamije kubangisha abatutsi n’abandi banyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe, abikora abizi ko ababwiwe ayo magambo bazabagirira urwango, kandi ko yari afite umugambi wo gutegura jenoside. Mugesera avuga ko nta cyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha kibasiye inyoko muntu yakoze kuko nta muntu yigeze atoteza, ahubwo ko icyo yakoze ari ugutabara abakuwe mu byabo n’intambara yashojwe n’abateye u Rwanda, abashyira ibibatunga. Avuga kandi ko ataryozwa ibyabaye byose mu Rwanda kuko byabaye adahari, ko ibyo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko uwavuze ijambo yibasiye anatoteza bamwe mu banyapolitiki atari byo, kuko ibyo uwavuze ijambo ryo ku Kabaya yakoze ari uguhangana kw’amashyaka mu rwego rwa politiki, bikaba ntaho bihuriye no gutoteza. Mugesera akomeza avuga ko mu rwego rw’amategeko atakagombye kuregwa icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu kuko gisa n’ibyaha bya jenoside aregwa kandi ko nk’uko yabivuze ku bindi byaha, atagomba kuregwa hashingiwe ku mategeko yagiyeho nyuma y’uko ibyo aregwa bikorwa, kuko ubusanzwe amategeko atareba ibyahise.

Mugesera yireguye ku cyaha cyo kubiba urwango mu baturage ashingiye ku bwoko, inkomoko cyangwa idini ryabo, avuga ko nta cyaha yigeze akora, kuko nta muntu n’umwe yagiriye nabi kubera inkomoko ye cyangwa idini rye, kandi ko mu mibereho ye haba aho yakoze ari n’aho yabaye atigeze agirira urwango abatutsi ndetse ko yari abafitemo inshuti z’inkoramutima. Akomeza avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bwagiye busubira mu birego bumurega, haba mu miterere no mu myandikire ku buryo iki cyaha n’ibindi aregwa bigenda bias, ko icyo Ubushinjacyaha bwakoze ari ukwandika ku bundi buryo ibirego byateshejwe agaciro n’inkiko yagiye aburaniramo mu gihugu cya Canada. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. N’ubwo hari ibyo abatangabuhamya batavuga kimwe cyangwa bakwibeshyaho bishobora guterwa n’igihe cyari gishize, ntibigira ingaruka ku kwizerwa kwabo no ku ireme ry’ubuhamya bwabo. 2. Kuba abatangabuhamya bafitanye amasano ntibituma ubuhamya bwabo butizerwa cyangwa ngo buteshwe agaciro. 3. Icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside ni igikorwa gishishikariza abandi gukora icyaha cya jenoside hifashishijwe amagambo, amashusho, inyandiko zikwirakwijwe, ibikangisho cyangwa ubundi buryo bw’itumanaho bikorewe mu ruhame cyangwa mu nama. 4. Ibikorwa bishishikariza abandi gukora jenoside bigomba kuba bikozwe mu ruhame kandi ku buryo butaziguye, ubikora akaba afite ubushake bwihariye bwo gukora jenoside, n’ubwo uko kugambirira gukora jenoside kutagerwaho. 5. Icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside kibaho, mu gihe uwagikoze agomba kuba afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini. 6. Icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije jenoside ni ubwumvikane buba nibura hagati y’abantu babiri (2) bagamije gukora jenoside. 7. Kuba icyitso cy’uwakoze icyaha kubera gutanga amabwiriza biba iyo ubikoze akoresheje ibiguzi, amasezerano y’ibihembo, iterabwoba, agakabyo k’ubutegetsi cyangwa k’ububasha, utunama cyangwa andi mayeri by’ubugiranabi cyangwa amabwiriza agamije gukoresha icyaha. 8. Icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu ni igikorwa cyangwa kutagira icyo ukora bituma haba ivangura, kandi icyo gikorwa kikabangamira uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwemewe n’amategeko mpuzamahanga, gikozwe ku bushake kinashingiye ku ivangura ry’amoko, idini cyangwa politiki, kigomba gukorwa mu gihe cy’ibitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga, kikaba kidasaba buri gihe ko habaho igikorwa gifatika. 9. Icyaha cyo kubiba urwango ni icyaha gikorwa binyuze mu gusebanya cyangwa gutukana mu ruhame hagaragazwa urwango ukora icyo cyaha afitiye abantu kubera inkomoko n’ubwoko bwabo. 10. Ibikorwa bigize icyaha ni ibikorwa bigize icyaha cyo kubiba urwango bigaragarira mu magambo, mu nyandiko, mu myifatire, mu bimenyetso n’ubundi buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, kandi ubikora akaba afite ubushake bwo gukora ivangura.

11. Umuntu ashobora guhamwa n’ibyaha byinshi hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe, iyo ibigize ibyo byaha (éléments constitutifs) bitandukanye, iyo amategeko ateganya ibyo byaha arengera inyungu zitandukanye no kugira ngo uwakoze icyaha ahanwe uko bikwiye. 12. Igikorwa kimwe ubwacyo gishobora kubyara ibyaha byinshi, uwagikoze agahanishwa igihano kiremereye giteganyirizwa kimwe muri ibyo byaha. Uregwa ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside, icyaha cyo gutoteza n’icyaha cyo kubiba urwango rushingiye ku bwoko. Uregwa ahanishijwe igifungo cya burundu. Amagarama aherera ku isanduku ya Leta. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 20. Itegeko Ngenga No 08/2013/OL ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Ngenga No 31/2007 ryo ku wa 25/04/2007 rikuraho igihano cyo kwicwa nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 5. Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 2, 25, 115, 132 n’iya 765. Itegeko Ngenga No 13/2008 ryo kuwa 19/05/2008 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Ngenga No 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha n’imikorere by’Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n’iya 31 Ukuboza 1994, ingingo ya 9 n’iya 17. Itegeko Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Inkiko Gacaca nk‟uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe, ingingo ya 51. Itegeko Ngenga N° 08/96 ryo ku wa 30 Kanama 1996 ryerekeye imitunganyirize y'ikurikirana ry'ibyaha bigize icyaha cy’itsembabwoko n'itsembatsemba cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe kuva ku itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990, ingingo ya 51. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 yerekeranye no gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono ku wa 12/02/1975, ingingo ya 1 n’iya 3. Sitati y’i Roma ishyiraho Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga yatangiye gukurikizwa kuwa 01/07/2002, ingingo ya 7. Itegeko No 47/2013 ryo kuwa 16/6/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda, ingingo ya 8. Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 165. Itegeko -Teka No 21/77 ryo kuwa 18/08/1977 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 91, 337, 338 n’iya 393. Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 65. Imanza zifashishijwe: Case no ICTR-99-50-A, of 4 February 2013, The Prosecutor vs. Justin Mugenzi & Prosper Mugiraneza.

Case no ICTR-2001-70-A of 20th october 2011, The Prosecutor vs Rukundo Emmanuel. Case no ICTR-98-42-T, of 24th June 2011, The Prosecutor vs. Nyiramasuhuko and al. Case no ICTR - 00-55A-T of 11 February 2010, The Prosecutor vs. Tharcisse Muvunyi. Case no ICTR-2001 - 72-T of 2nd December 2008, The Prosecutor v. Bikindi Simon. Case no ICTR-98-44 A-T of 1 December 2008, The Prosecutor vs. Juvénal Kajelijeli. Case no ICTR-99-52-A, of 28 November 2007, The Prosecutor vs. Ferdinand Nahimana et al. Case no ICTR-96-14-T, of 16 May 2003, The Prosecutor vs. Eliezer Niyitegeka. Case no ICTR-97-20-T, of 15 May 2003, The Prosecutor vs. Laurent Semanza. Case no ICTR-96-4-A of the 1st June 2001 The Prosecutor vs. Akayezu Jean Paul. Case no ICTR -96-13-T, of 27 January 2000, The Prosecutor vs. Alfred Musema, (Trial Chamber). Case no ICTR-97-32-I, The Prosecutor vs Georges Ruggiu. Jugement du 28/06/2005 de la Cour Suprême du Canada. Jugement de la Cour d’Appel Fédéral du 08/09/2003 dans l’affaire Léon Mugesera et crts c/ Ministère de la citoyenneté et de l’immigration. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: Susan Benesch: Vile crime or inalienable right: Defining incitement to commit genocide, in Virginia Journal International Law. Alison Des Forges: Leave None to Tell the Story; Genocide in Rwanda, International Federation of Human Rights, Paris 1999. Marc Angenot, Antisémitisme et discours social, Montréal, 1984. Mayrand Albert, Juge à la Cour d’Appel, 1985, Dictionnaire de Maximes et locutions latines utilisées en Droit, Cowansville: Les Editions Yvon Blais Inc. Filip Reyntjens, L’Afrique des Grands Lacs en crise, Paris Karthara, 1994. Nyabirungu mwene Songa, Droit Pénal Général Zairois, Editions Droit et Société “DES”, Kinshasa, 1989. Desportes F. et Le Gunehec F., Droit Pénal Général, 14ème Edition, Economica, 2007. M. Cherif Bassiouni, Introduction au droit international, Bruylant Bruxelles, 2001. Gerard Prunier, Rwanda 1959-1996, L’histoire d‟un génocide, Edition Dagorno. Rapport de la Commission de Commission Internationale d’Enquête sur les violations des droits de l‟homme au Rwanda depuis le 1er Octobre 1990 (7-21 Janvier 1993). Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Mugesera Léon yavugiye ijambo muri meeting y’ishyaka rya MRND1 yabereye mu cyahoze ari perefegitura ya Gisenyi, superefegitura ya Kabaya ku wa 22/11/1992. Nyuma y’iryo jambo kuwa 25/11/1992, Minisitiri w’ubutabera yatanze amabwiriza yo kumukurikirana, maze kuwa 28/11/1992, Ubushinjacyaha busohora inyandiko yo kumuzana ku gahato kubera ibyaha byo guhungabanya umudendezo w’igihugu no kubiba urwango ariko ntiyashobora gufatwa kuko yari yahunze igihugu. Kuwa 13/01/1995, ubushinjacyaha bwongeye gusohora urundi rwandiko rwo kuzana ku gahato Mugesera Léon kubera ibyaha birimo gutegura jenoside ashishikariza 1 Muvoma Revolisiyoneri Iharanira Demokarasi n’Amajyambere y’ u Rwanda (Mouvement Républicain National pour le Développement et la Démocratie).

abayoboke ba MRND n’abahutu kwica abatutsi ariko ntiyafatwa kuko yari yarahungiye mu gihugu cya Canada. Muri iki guhugu Mugesera yaburanye imanza zirebana n‟uburenganzira bwo gutura muri Canada kubera ibyaha birimo gukanguriraga kwica, gukora genoside, kubiba urwango n’ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu yacyekwagaho. Muri 2012 yimwe uburenganzira bwo gutura muri icyo gihugu, yoherezwa kuburanira mu Rwanda. [2] Mugesera Léon agejejwe mu Rwanda, yakurikiranwe n’Ubushinjacyaha bumurega gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside, kuba mu nama z’ishyaka rya MRND (meeting) yakoresheje ku Kabaya n’ahandi yarazivugiyemo amagambo ashishikariza mu ruhame kandi mu buryo butaziguye gutsemba abatutsi, anabiba urwango rushingiye ku bwoko avuga ko abatutsi ari ibyitso by‟abateye igihugu, ko yanibasiye abanyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND avuga ko nabo ari ibyitso by’abateye igihugu, ko ayo magambo yatumye abatutsi bicwa bazira ubwoko bwabo, ndetse anatuma bamwe mubanyapolitiki batotezwa kubera ibitekerezo byabo bya politiki. [3] Ijambo rikurikira niryo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Mugesera Léon yavugiye muri meeting y’ishyaka rya MRND yabereye ku Kabaya kuwa 22/11/1992: Muvoma yacu, ramba... Perezida Habyalimana, narambe... Abarwanashyaka ba Muvoma turi hano twese, turambe... Barwanashyaka ba Muvoma yacu, twese uko duteraniye hano, ngirango ijambo ndi buvuge muranyumva, ndababwira ibintu bine gusa: mu minsi ishize nababwiye ko twanze agasuzuguro, n‟ubu turacyakangaǃ Ibyo ntabwo mbigarukaho! Uko nitegereje imbaga nyamwinshi twese duteraniye hano, biragaragara ko icya mbere nari kuvuga nari nkwiye kukireka: kuko nari ngiye kubabwira ngo mwirinde umugeri wa MDR irimo gusambaǃ Icyo ni icya mbere. Icya kabiri, ngirango tujyeho inama: twivogerwa! Haba hano turi, haba no mu gihugu; icyo ni icya kabiri. Icya gatatu, ngira ngo mbabwire, nacyo ni ikintu gikomeye, ni ukuntu tugomba kwifata kugira ngo twirinde abagambanyi n’abashaka kutumerera nabi. Hanyuma rero icyo ndi busozerezeho nyine, ni uburyo tugomba kwifata. Icya mbere rero ngira ngo mbagezeho, icyo kintu gikomeye ndagira ngo mukimenye. Kuko imigeri MDR na PL, na FPR, hamwe na rya shyaka ryitwa PSD na PDC ndetse bitera muri iki gihe, mumenye impamvu ritera imigeri. Rikayitera rero rishaka ko urwara rwagera kuri perezida wa repubulika bikanga, ari we perezida wa Muvoma yacu. Rikayitera ku barwanashyaka bacu... Mumenye impamvu iyo migeni irimo guterwa: Burya ujya gupfa aba afite indwaraǃǃǃ Igisambo Twagiramungu yagiye kuri Radiyo kuko ari perezida w‟ishyaka, ariwe wayihamagariye ngo agiye kuhicira CDR, irahamutsindaǃ Imaze kuhamutsinda, mu matagisi hose i Kigali, abarwanashyaka ba MDR, PSD n’ibyo byitso by‟inyenzi, barakonje peǃ benda guhwera na we ubwe ararigita, ntiyasubira no mu biro yakoreragamo, ndababwira ko uwo muntu, ishyaka rye ryataye isaro, bose bagira ubwoba bahita bapfaǃ

Kubera rero ko iryo shyaka hamwe n‟andi bafatanyije kuko ari ibyitso by’inyenzi, umugabo uririmo witwa Murego ageze i Kibungo afata ijambo aravuga ati: Twe dukomoka ku Bahutu kandi turi abahutu. Bati: urakavuna umuhetoǃ Shahu ibyo by‟Abahutu urabivuga ubibwiwe na nde? Bararakara ubwo barahweraǃ Noneho Minisitiri w’intebe witwa ngo niba ari Nsengashitani cyangwa iyaremye simbizi, afata inzira n’i Cyangugu ngo agiye kubuza Abahutu kwirwanaho, Abatutsi babatega za mines, mwabyumvise kuri radiyo, maze bamuha urw’amenyo, namwe mwarabyiyumviye ata umutwe n‟abarwanashyaka be bose n‟amashyaka bafatanyije. Ubwo rero murumva abo bantu bimaze kugenda gutyo...Mwiyumviye Perezida w’ishyaka ryacu, Nyakubahwa Jenerali-Majoro Habyalimana Juvénal, ageze mu Ruhengeni, avuze, Ikinani kiragaragara, babandi bahita bajya mu mva, murumva rero umugeri w’abo bantu ko bahwereye, bateye umugeri bumvise u Rwanda rwose n’abo mu yandi mashyaka barimo kuyavamo bagaruka mu ishyaka ryacu, kubera ijambo ry’umukuru wacu. Umugeri wabo rero urindwa mubi, icyakora uko tungana dutya ndabona turi benshi, nta n‟aho bawunyuza barata igihe. Ibyo rero ni icya mbere, MDR n’amashyaka bifatanyije birimo gusamba, umugeri wabyo, muwirinde, ariko uko nabibonye n‟urwara ntiruzabagerahoǃ Icya kabiri nagennye kubabwira: ni ukutavogerwa. Muve aha rwose mujyanye iryo jambo rivuga kutavogerwa. Mbe wa mugabo we, nawe wa mubyeyi we muri hano, harya umuntu azaza yicare mu rugo rwawe, ahannye, wongere wemere ko ahagaruka koko? Uwo ni umuziro rwose! Mumenye ko ikintu gikomeye cya mbere, ... hano mwabonye abavandimwe bacu b’i Gitarama; amabendera ni jye wayatanze nkora mu biro by’ishyaka ryacu, yose i Gitarama barayashinga ariko iyo uturutse i Kigali ukaza ugatambuka, ukinjira muri Kibirira nta bendera rya MRND rikihatamba barayamanuyeǃ Ibyo aribyo byose namwe murabyumva, abapadiri batwigishije byiza na Muvoma yacu ni Muvoma y’amahoro, ariko bamenye ko natwe amahoro yacu nta kuntu umuntu ashobora kuyagira nawe atirwanyeho. Hari abaciye umugani ngo: “ushaka amahoro ahora yiteguye intambara”. Maze rero, muri perefegitura yose yacu ya Gisenyi, ni ubwa kane cyangwa ubwa gatanu mbivuga, ni bo babanje. Mu Ivanjiri biranditse ngo: “nibagukubita urushyi ku itama rimwe uzatege irindi bakubiteho”. Njye mbabwiye ko iyo vanjili yahindutse muri Muvoma yacu: nibagukubita urushyi ku itama rimwe, uzabatere ebyiri ku rindi hanyuma biture hasi ubutazazanzamuka! Aha rero, nta kantu kitwa ibendera ryabo, nta cyitwa ingofero yabo, nta cyitwa n‟umurwanashyaka wabo ugomba kongera kuza ku butaka bwacu kuhavugira: ndavuga Gisenyi yose uko yakabayeǃ Ngo: “kirya abandi bajya kukirya kikishaririza” ǃ Bamenye ko umugabo ari nk’undi, natwe urugo rwacu ntiruvogerwa. Kuvogerwa rero mumenye ko ari umuziroǃ Ikindi kintu ngira ngo mbabwire ku byerekeranye no kuvogerwa, mugomba kwanga, ni ibintu biteye ubwoba; mukuru wacu, Munyandamutsa, amaze kubabwira uko byifashe. Ati:

“ba ensipegiteri bacu, ubu mu gihugu hose ni 59 birukanye”. Muri perefegitura yacu ya Gisenyi ni 8ǃ Maze se mwa babyeyi mwe muteraniye hano, mwari mwabona niba akiri umutegarugori simbizi ariko mwari mwabona uwo mugore uyobora Minisiteri y’uburezi ari we uza kumenya ko abana banyu bavuye mu ngo, bakajya kwiga cyangwa bagasubira mu ishuri? ǃ? Ntimwumvise ko yavuze ndetse ngo ntihakagire uwongera no kwiga? None rero yahutse no mu bareziǃ Ndagira ngo mbamenyeshe ko yabahamagaye i Kigali, akababwira ngo: “ntihakagire umuntu n’umwe yumva ko ngo ensipegiteri, umurezi, wagiye mu ishyaka” ǃ Baramushubije bati: “banza urivemo nawe kuko uri minisitri kandi uri mu ishyaka, natwe tuzagukurikira” ǃ Aracyaririmo, kandi mwumvise no kuri radiyo ukuntu asigaye atuka na perezida wacu. Hari umubyeyi wagiye gukoronga ku gasozi? ǃ? Maze rero icyo ngira ngo mbabwireho, ni amanyakuri ntabwo ari ugukeka ngo byaba ari ibi, ngo hari ababa barakubaganye muri bo. Icyo bazira ni uko bari muri MRND none bazaza kutuvogera muri MRND, badukuremo abantu twemere? Mbasabye ibikorwa bibiri bikomeye cyane: icya mbere ni uko mwakwandikira uwo mushizi w’isoni utukana riva no kuri radiyo yacu twese y’Abanyarwanda, mwamwandikira mukamumenyesha ko abo barezi bacu ari indakemwa mu mico no mu myifatire kandi badufatiye abana neza, ko abo barezi bakomeza kurera abana, ko yisubiraho. Icyo ni icya mbere mbasabye. Maze mwese mugasinya peǃ Impapuro ntabwo zizabura rwoseǃ Maze rero nimumara iminsi mikeya adashubije, nk’irindwi gusa, kuko ibaruwa muzayohereza ijyane umuntu ayigezeyo, abimenye ko yayibonye, maze nihashira iminsi irindwi adashubije …. maze rero nihashira iminsi irindwi adashubije... Kandi akiha kugira ngo hagire undi muntu uza gusimbura ba ensipegiteri bari mu myanya, icyo mugifate, akibwira ko hari uza kumusimbura, uwonguwo uzaza rero aho minisitiri akomoka ni ahantu bita i Nyaruhengeri ku nkengero z’u Burundi i Butare, muzabwire uwo muntu afate inzira yikorere impamba ye ajye kuba ensipegiteri i Nyaruhengeriǃ Bazakoranireyo bose abo azashyiraho bose bajye i Nyaruhengeri kurera abana be naho abacu bazakomeza barerwe n‟abacu. Icyo ni ikintu na none gikomeye tugomba gufatira ibyemezo ni ukutavogerwa peǃ Ni umuziroǃ Ikindi cyitwa kutavogerwa mu gihugu murabizi: abantu bitwa inyenzi ntimukongere kuvuga Inkotanyi: ni inyenzi peǃAbantu bitwa inyenzi bafashe inzira baradutera. Jenerali-Majoro Habyarimana Yuvenali afatanyije dore Serubuga, mwamubonye Koloneli ari hano yari umwungiriza we mu ngabo icyo gihe duterwa barahaguruka barahagarara, inyenzi bazijugunya hanze y’umupaka zisubira iyo zaturutse. Maze rero reka mbasetse: reka hazaze babandi bifuje ubutegetsi, nibamara kubushyikira, bafate inzira bajye i Buruseli. Bamaze kugera i Buruseli, icyo ni ikiri MDR, PL na PSD, barasezerana ngo mpaka batanze perefegitura ya Byumbaǃ Icyo ni icya mbere. Barasezerana mpaka ngo abasirikare bacu bagomba kubaca integeǃ Mwumvise ibyo minisitri w’intebe yivugiye ngo: “bagiye gushoka ibishanga” kandi urugamba rushyushyeǃ Icyo gihe abari bafite umutima woroshye muri bo bavuye mu birindiro inyenzi zirinjira mu by‟ukuri zijya hariya i Byumba nabo bajya gusahura amaduka, bacuza abacuruzi bacu b’i Byumba, Ruhengeri na Gisenyi, ubungubu ni na Leta

igomba kwishyura ibyo bintu kuko niyo yateye ibyo. Ntabwo ari umucuruzi wacu, nta n’umwenda ashaka: umwenda w’iki se? Maze rero abo bantu batuma tuvogerwa. Igihanishwa abo bantu nta kindi rero: “azahanishwa urupfu umuntu wese uzaca intege ingabo z’igihugu ku rugamba” biranditse mu mategeko. Kuki uwo batamwica? Nsengiyaremye agomba gushyikirizwa ubucamanza agacirwa urubanza, amategeko arahari aranditse, bakamucira urubanza rwo gupfa nk’uko byanditse. Ibyo ntibibakange ngo ni uko ari minisitri w’intebe, mumaze iminsi mwumva ku maradiyo ko n‟abaminisitri b’u Bufaransa basigaye bahamagarwa mu bucamanzaǃ “Azahanishwa urupfu mu gihe cy‟intambara, umuntu uzatanga ubutaka bw’igihugu, n’agatanyu”. Twagiramungu yabivugiye kuri radiyo, na CDR imutsinda kuri Radiyo. Abarwanashyaka be bata umutwe, namwe mwiyumvire rero. Ndagira ngo mbamenyeshe ko uwo muntu watanze Byumba kuri radiyo twese twumva, n’Abanyarwanda n’amahanga bumva, yacirwa urubanza; azahanishwa urupfu biranditse mubaze abacamanza babereke aho biri ntabwo mbabeshya, azahanishwa urupfu umuntu uzatanga n’agatanyu k’u Rwanda. None uwo muntu aracyakora iki? Kutavogerwa rero murabizi mwa babyeyi mwe, murabizi, muzi y’uko hari inyenzi ziri mu gihugu, zafashe abana bazo zibohereza ku rugamba kujya gufatanya n’inkotanyi. Ibyo n’ibintu mwiyumvira, muzi. Ejo navuye muri Nshili ku Gikongoro ku mupaka w‟u Burundi, nyura n’i Butare hose bagiye bambwira umubare w’abana bagiye, bakambwira bati: “Aho banyura, n‟ubajyana kuki badafatwa, n’iyo miryango”? None rero mbabwire: biranditse mu mategeko ngo mu gitabo cy’amategeko ahana ngo: “Azahanishwa urupfu umuntu wese uzafata abasirikare ashatse mu giturage hose ashaka abana abaha ingabo z’amahanga zitera Repubulika”. Biranditse. Kuki abo babyeyi bohereje abana batabafata ngo babatsembe? Kuki badafata abo babajyana nabo bose ngo babatsembe? Ubu mutegereje ko bazaza kudutsemba koko? Maze rero ndagira ngo mbabwire iki: ni uko ubu dusabye ko abo bantu bose babashyira kuri lisiti bakabashyira imbere y‟ubucamanza, bakabacira urubanza tukabumva; nibaramuka biyangiye rero mu itegeko-nshinga biranditsemo ngo “ubutabera bubera abaturage” mu gifaransa biravuga ngo: “La justice est rendue au nom du peuple”. Igihe rero ubucamanza butagikorera rubanda nk’uko byanditse mu itegeko-nshinga ryacu twishyiriyeho, icyo gihe ni ukuvuga ko twebwe abaturage bwagombye gukorera tugomba kwikorera, izo ngegera tukazitsemba. Ibi mbibabwiye mu manyakuri nk’uko byanditse mu ivanjiri: igihe muzemera ko inzoka iza kubarya mukayireka ikabagumamo, ni mwebwe muzashira. Ndabamenyesha ko hashize umunsi umwe n’ijoro rimwe, sinzi ko rigezeho, i Kigali, agatsiko k’abantu bafite imbunda bagiye mu kabari, baravuga ngo: “amakarita muyerekane”. Aba MDR babashyira hariya, aba PL murabizi, babashyira hariya n’aba PDC, ba bandi biyise abakiristu, bajya hariya. Uwa MRND agaragaje ikarita bahita bamurasa urufaya, simbabeshya bazabibabwire no kuri radiyo, barashe uwo muntu barigitira mu bishanga by’i Kigali baratoroka, bamaze kuvuga ngo ni Inkotanyi. None mumbwire rero abo bana baragenda bafite ikarita y’indangamuntu yacu, bakagaruka bafite imbunda ari inyenzi n’ibyitso byazo, bakaza kuturasa.

Ntabwo rero nemera ko tuzemera kuraswa. Umuntu uhagarariye MDR hano uhavugira ntakongere kuba muri iyi komini no muri iyi perefegitura, kuko ni icyitso. Abahagarariye ariya mashyaka afatanya n’inyenzi, abahagarariye... ndabibabwiye simbabeshya, ni ukugirango... bashaka kudutsemba! Bashaka kudutsembaǃ Nta kindi bagamije kandi tugomba kubabwiza ukuri; ntabwo njye mbahisha rwoseǃ Icyo bagamije ni icyo. Ndagira ngo mbabwire rero ko abahagarariye ya mashyaka afatanya n’inyenzi ari iyo MDR, ari iyo PSD, ari yo PL, ari iyo PDC n’utundi tw’intarutsi tugenda tuyegera, ayo mashyaka n’abayahagarariye bagomba kujya gutura i Kayenzi kwa Nsengiyaremye tukamenya abo turasana aho bariǃ Bavandimwe, barwanashyaka ba muvoma yacu, ibi mbabwira ntabwo ari ibikino, ni ukubabwiza ukuri kugira ngo hatazagira uwumva bamurashe mukazatubwira ngo twe duhagarariye ishyaka ngo ntitwababwiye. Ubwo rero ndababwiye mubimenye, n’ufite umwana yohereje mu nyenzi azisange n’umuryango we n‟umugore we hakiri kare, kuko igihe kirageze ko natwe twirwanaho, kugirango... Ntabwo tuzemera gupfa amategeko yanze gukora! Ndabamenyesha ko umunsi bakoze imyigaragambyo, kuwa kane, bakubise abantu bacu, bagahungira no mu kiriziya iri munsi ya Rond Point, abo bantu ngo bitwa abakiristu ba PDC nabo bakabirukaho bakajya kubakubitira mu kiriziya. Abandi bahungiye muri Centre culturel y’Abafaransa rwoseǃ None ndagira ngo mbabwire ko batangiye kwica, nta kindi ni uko bimeze, batera mu ngo bakica ubu uwumviswe ko ari MRND bakica, bagakubita, ni uko bimeze. None rero ni uko, abo bahagarariye amashyaka muri prefegitura yacu nibafate inzira bajye gutura hamwe n’inyenziǃ Ntabwo dushaka abantu batubamo ngo bazaturase baturi impande. Ikindi kintu gikomeye nagira ngo mbabwire kugira ngo tudakomeza kuvogerwa: mwumva bavuga ngo imishyikirano ya Arushaǃ Simbivugaho kuko... umwanya munini kuko ngira ngo uhagarariye umunyamabanga mukuru wa Muvoma araza kubivuga ku buryo burambuye. Ariko icyo nababwira ni uko intumwa mwumva ngo ziri Arusha, ntabwo zihagarariye u Rwanda... Ibyo bajya kuvuga Arusha mbabwije amanyakuriǃ Intumva z’u Rwanda zitwa iz’u Rwanda ziyobowe n’inyenziǃ Ikagenda ikajya kuvugana n’inyenziǃNk’uko babivuga mu ndirimbo mujya mwumva ngo “ni Imana yavuye ku Mana”, nabo ni inyenzi yavuye ku nyenzi ivugira inyenzi ǃ Ibyo bajya kuvuga Arusha ni ibyo ibyo byitso by’inyenzi birimo byagiye i Buruseli, bajya gukorera Arusha ngo byitirirwe u Rwanda, nta na kimwe kitari icy’i Buruseli gikorerwa aho; n’ikivuye mu Rwanda, ntabwo ari ikiba kivuye muri guverinoma yacu: ni icy’i Buruseli bagenda bikoreye bakajyana Arusha! Ni inyenzi rero ivugana n’indi, ibyo bita imishyikirano ntitwanga gushyikirana ndagira ngo mbabwire ko atari iy’u Rwanda: ni inyenzi zivugana n’inyenziǃ Mubimenye rwoseǃ Kandi ntabwo tuzemera ibyo bintu bizava ahongaho. Ikindi nababwiye rero ni uko tugomba kwirwanaho. Bimwe nabinyuzemo, ariko ndababwiye ngo: duhagurukeǃ Banyongoreye mu kanya ngo ni ababyeyi bagomba guhaguruka hamwe n’abarimu kuri cya kibazo cy’aba ensipegiteri bacu. Ariko n’udafite umwana mu ishuli, nawe yabashyigikira, kuko nawe ejo azamugira, cyangwa ejo bundi yaramwigeze. Maze twese duhagurukire icyarimwe dusinye peǃ

Icya kabiri nababwira ni ikingiki: ni uko dufite abaminisitiri 9 muri iyi guverinoma. Uko bahagurutse ngo birukane ba ensipegiteri bacu bagendeye kuri minisiteri yabo, bagahaguruka ngo birukane abarimu bigisha mu mashuri yisumbuye mumaze iminsi mwumva wa mugore azunguruka mu mashuri, nta kiba kimujyanye ni ukwirukana ba diregiteri n’abarimu bayarimo batari mu ishyaka rye. Mwumvise ibikorwa muri MINITRAPE: si ubujura gusa, n’abakozi bacu barabahagurukiye. Mwumvise ibikorerwa kuri radiyo, n‟ikiganiro banyonze cy’i Byumba; mwumvise uko byifashe. Ndagira ngo mbabwire rero dusabe abaminisitiri bacu nabo, hari abakora mu mashyaka yabo bari muri minisiteri zacu. Mwumvise nk‟umurwanashyaka minisitiri Ngirabatware utari hano kubera ko igihugu cyamutumye ahakomeye. Minisiteri ye rero nayigezemo kuwa kane harimo utuntu duke si uko nisuzugura ngo ndi muri MRND twa MRND, abarimo ni inyenzi nsa, bari muli PL na MDR ni bo bari muri minisiteri rwose y’imigambi ya Leta! Murumva uwo mu minisitiri avuze ati: “nimukora ku ba ensipegiteri bacu namwe abanyu ndabakunkumura” byagenda gute? Abaminisitiri bacu nabo nibakunkumure isaho ingegera ziri iwabo zigende zijye muri minisiteri za bene wabo! Ikintu mbasabye gikomeye na none abantu bari ku mirimo bose bari muri MRND ni ubufatanye. Uri ku kigega cy‟amafaranga, nk’uko bayakoresha nawe nayazane tuyakoreshe. Uyafite ku giti cye ni uko MRND yayamuhaye imufasha imushyigikira, nawe akirwanaho kuko ari umugabo; kuko na we bateze kumukata ijosi, nayazane tubakate amajosi. Mwibuke Muvoma yacu ko ishingiye muri serire, Muvoma yacu igashingira muri segiteri no muri komine, Perezida yababwiye ko igiti gifite amashami kikagira amababi ntikigire imizi, gipfa! Imizi yacu ni aho ishingiye. Nimusubire hamwe n’ubwo nta mafaranga bakibahemba abaserire bacu nimujye hamwe: uwinjiye muri selire mumubone, mumukande, niba ari icyitso, ye kuyisohokamo. Ye kuyisohokamo! Mperutse kubwira umuntu wari unyiraseho ngo ni za PL. Ndamubwina nti “ikosa twakoze muri 59 n’ubwo nari umwana ni uko twabaretse mugasohoka”. Mubaza niba atarumvishe inkuru y’aba Falasha, basubiye iwabo muri Isiraheri bavuye muri Ethiopiya ambwira ko atayizi, nti: Ntabwo uzi kumva no gusoma? Jye ndakumenyesha ko iwanyu ari muri Ethiopia, ko tuzabanyuza muri Nyabarongo mukagerayo bwangu”! Maze rero icyo mbabwiye cyo kugira ngo duhaguruke, tugomba guhaguruka koko. Icyo ngiye gusozerezaho rero... Icyo ngiye gusozerezaho ni ikintu gikomeye: ejo nari muri Nshiri. Mwumvise ko Abarundi batubeshyeye, nari nagiye kureba uko kuri. Mu kujyayo abantu barankanga ngo simvayo, ngo ndapfirayo. Ndavuga nti: “nimpfa sinzaba mbaye igitambo cya mbere”. Maze rero muri Nshiri bavanyeho burugumesitiri wahozeho, ngo kuko ngo ashaje da! Ngo yatangiye muri za 60, n’ejo naramubonye aracyari umusore! Ngo kuko ari MRND, avaho! Bajya gushyiraho igisambo, nabyo biranga! Hagiyeho umunyamurava, baramwanga! Ubu iyo komini yitwa Nshiri iyoborwa n’umukonseye nawe byayobeye uko abigenza. Aho hantu rero muri Nshiri dufiteyo ingabo z’igihugu zirinda umupaka. Hari abantu bitwa aba JDR... Kubera ko ingabo zacu zitonda zitarasana, cyane cyane ntizirasa Umunyarwanda kereka ari inyenzi, abasirikare ntibakamenye ko n’abantu bo muri MDR bose babaye inyenzi, ntibabimenye, barabagota badufatira abajandarume ku buryo umuturage utari no mu ishyaka ryacu yanyibwiriye ati: “icyo twifuza, uwazana amatora, tugatora

burugumesitiri; biti ihi se, igihe ataraza, bakaba bashubijeho uwahozeho, kuko aho ibintu bigeze, n’uzaza ntazashobora kugarura abaturage mu nzira”. Maze rero babyeyi, bavandimwe, nagira ngo mbabwire ikintu gikomeye: amatora agomba kuza tugomba gutora pe! Ubu uko duteraniye aha mbese, hari uwariye undi urwara ra? Ngo umutekano!... Ngo ntitwatora! ... Ntimujya mu misa ku cyumweru ra? Ntimwaje hano muri mitingi ra? Muri MRND ntimwatoye abayobozi b’inzego zose ra? Abo babivuga se bo si ko babigenza ntibatoye? Icyo kintu bitwaza barabeshya nta mpamvu yatuma tudatora ngo kubera umutekano, kuko na bo ubwabo bagenda mu gihugu, n’imvururu ziriho ni bo bazikurura; icyo ni icya mbere nagira ngo mbabwire: banatubeshya: twese nk’aha turi dushobora no gutora. Icya kabiri: bitwaza abavanywe mu byabo n’iyi ntambara bari i Byumba. Ndagira ngo mbamenyeshe ko nta wagiye kubaza abo bantu ko badashaka gutora, njye banyibwiriye ko bahoranye abakonseye bamwe baba abanebwe, ndetse ngo bamwe mu ba burugumesitiri babo babaye abanebwe. Kubera ko ya minisiteri ibajyanira ibiryo icungwa n’Inkotanyi... nako inyenzi Lando, yafashe abantu bitwa inyenzi n’ibyitso ziri mu gihugu aba ari bo aha kujyanira ibiryo abo bantu; aho kubijyanayo rero bakabicuruza bikajya kugura amasasu bashyira za nyenzi ziturasa! Ndagira ngo mbabwire rero y‟uko baravuze bati: “namwe muratwo... turaraswa inyuma, mukaturasa n’imbere mutwoherereza izo ngegera kutuzanita ibiryo”? Nabuze icyo mbabwira. Baravuga rero bati: ‘icyo twifuza ni uko muri twe twakwitoreramo abayobozi, abakonseye, abaselire, burugumestiri, tukamenya ko turi hamwe hano muri camp, akaturwanaho, akadushakira ibiryo”. Murumva ko icyo abo bagabo bambwiye n’abo bagore bahungiye mu bintu hirya iriya ibyo mujya mwumva, barifuza nabo amatora; igihugu cyose kirifuza amatora, kugira ngo kiyoborwe n’intwari nk’uko gisanzwe kiri. Umva rero natwe twese icyo twakora ni icyo: ni ugusaba ayo matora. Maze rero kugira ngo nsoze, ndagira ngo mbibutse ibintu maze kubabwira bikomeye: icy’imena, ni ukutavogerwa, kugira ngo n’abasamba batagira uwo bahitana muri mwe. Ntimugatinye: mumenye ko uwo mutazakata ijosi ari we uzaribakata! Nkababwira rero ko abo batangira kugenda hakiri kare, bakajya gutura muri bene wabo, bakajya no mu nyenzi, aho kuduturamo ngo babike imbunda, nidusinzira baturase! Maze rero mubahambirize, bafate inzira bagende, ntihakagire n‟ugaruka kuvugira aha, uzana n’ibyahi ngo n‟amabendera! Ikindi gikomeye n’uko tugomba guhaguruka, tugahaguruka icyarimwe, ukoze ku wacu tukaba umwe, akabura aho anyura! Ba ensipegiteri bacu ntaho bazajya, abo bazashyiraho bazafata inzira bajye i Nyaruhengeri, iwabo wa minisitiri Agatha kurera abana be! Icyo mugifate! Icyo nshojerejeho ni ikintu gikomeye: ni amatora. Maze ndabashimira kuba munteze amatwi, kandi nkaba mbashimiye ubutwari mufite mu maboko yanyu no mu mutima wanyu, nzi ko muri abagabo, mukaba n‟inkumi n’ababyeyi batavogerwa, banga agasuzuguro. Murakaramba I Perezida Habyalimana, ramba I. MURAKARAMA!” [4] Mugesera Léon ahakana uruhare urwo arirwo rwose rwaba ruziguye cyangwa rutaziguye yaba yaragize mu byaha aregwa, ko n’ijambo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yavugiye ku Kabaya, nta

kigaragaza ko ariwe warivuze cyangwa se ko ari ryo ryahavugiwe. Anavuga ko n’iryo jambo ryashyikirijwe urukiko nta kibi kiririmo kuko ryavuzwe mu rwego rwo kwitabara kubera ko igihugu cyari cyatewe, rinavugwa mu rwego rw’ihangana muri politiki, ndetse ko n’ibyaha birebana na jenoside aregwa asanga ari icyaha kimwe ubushinjacyaha bukuramo ibyaha byinshi, bukanabimurega kandi jenoside yarakozwe atakiri mu Rwanda. [5] Ibibazo bisuzumwa muri uru rubanza ni ibijyanye no kumenya niba ijambo ryashyikirijwe urukiko ariryo Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya, kumenya niba iryo jambo n’andi yaba yaravugiye mu zindi nama yarashishikarizaga gukora jenoside. Harasuzumwa kandi ibijyanye no kumenya niba Mugesera Léon yaragiranye ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside n’abo yabwiraga no kumenya niba mu ijambo yavuze yaratanze amabwiriza, anatanga n’imbunda agamije gukoresha abandi icyaha cya jenoside. Harasuzumwa nanone niba ijambo Mugesera Léon yavuze ahamagarira kwica abatutsi, anibasira abanyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND bigize icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu n‟icyaha cyo kubiba urwango rushingiye ku bwoko n’inkomoko.  Inzitizi zasuzumwe mu rubanza [6] Urukiko rwasuzumye inzitizi zitandukanye zabyukijwe mu rubanza, hafatwa ibyemezo ku birebana no kugenera Mugesera Léon igihe, ibikoresho n’ibyangombwa kugira ngo abashe gutegura urubanza, ndetse no ku burenganzira bwo kunganirwa. Urukiko rwasuzumye kandi inzitizi irebana n’ibyaha Mugesera Léon, nk’uwoherejwe n‟ikindi gihugu agomba gukurikiranwaho, hemezwa ko akurikiranwaho n’ibyaha byakozwe mbere ya 1994 kuberako atoherejwe na TPIR2. Rwanasuzumye kandi inzitizi yo guhagarika iburanisha kubera imishyikirano Mugesera Léon yavugaga ko arimo kugirana na Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ku birebana n’ubufasha buhabwa abunganira abaregwa batishoboye, urukiko rwemeza ko rutahagarika iburanisha kuko nta cyagaragazaga ko iyo mishyikirano ihari. [7] Mu byemezo byafashwe ku nzitizi muri uru rubanza harimo kandi ibijyanye no guhagarika iburanisha kubera ubujurire bw’imanza zibanziriza izindi, urukiko rwemeje ko ubwo bujurire budahagarika iburanisha, kuko izo manza zijuririrwa hamwe n’urubanza mu mizi; ibyerekeranye no kwimura urubanza ku mpamvu z’uburwayi, hemejwe ko hagomba kugaragazwa icyemezo cy’ikiruhuko cy’uburwayi gitanzwe n’umuganga. Urukiko rwafashe kandi icyemezo ku nzitizi yerekeranye no kwanga cyangwa kwemera bimwe mu bimenyetso bitangwa mu rubanza nshinjabyaha, aho ubushinjacyaha bwasabaga kubanza kwemeza niba ijambo ubushinjacyaha bwashyikirije urukiko ari ryo Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya kuwa 22/11/1992 no kuba hari ibitabo Mugesera atakomeza kwifashisha mu rubanza, urukiko rwemeje ko gusuzuma no guha agaciro ibimenyetso bikorwa mu gihe cyo guca urubanza, ko kandi mu manza nshinjabyaha ibimenyetso byose bitabujijwe n‟amategeko byemewe. [8] Muri uru rubanza hanasuzumwe inzitizi ku byerekeranye n’uburenganzira bwo kuburanishwa n’umucamanza itegeko rigenera umuburanyi, hemezwa ko kuba umwe mu bacamanza batangiye urubanza yarashinzwe indi mirimo, inteko igahinduka, bitanyuranyije n’amategeko, ko no guhindura umucamanza watangiye urubanza bitavutsa Mugesera Léon 2 Ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 11/2007 ryo kuwa 16/03/2007 nk’uko ryavuguruwe n’Itegeko Ngenga N° 03/2009 ryo kuwa 26/05/2009 iteganya ko hatitawe ku biteganywa n’andi mategeko asanzwe akurikizwa mu Rwanda, abaregwa mu manza zimuriwe mu Rwanda zivuye muri TPIR bakurikiranwaho gusa ibyaha TPIR ifitiye ububasha.

uburenganzira bwo kuburanishwa n’umucamanza itegeko rimugenera kandi bidatuma urubanza rwongera gutangira bundi bushya kuko amategeko ateganya ko igihe umucamanza asimbuwe n‟undi iburanisha rikomereza aho ryari rigeze. [9] Hanemejwe kandi ko bamwe mu batangabuhamya barindirwa umutekano, hanakurwa ku rutonde rwemejwe n’urukiko abatangabuhamya b‟ubushinjacyaha ku mpamvu zinyuranye zirimo uburwayi, kutaboneka aho bari bavuze ko babarizwa, hanateshwa agaciro zimwe mu nyandiko mvugo zakozwe mu gihe cy’iperereza zitariho imikono ya ngombwa. Urukiko rwemeje kandi ko kuba Mugesera adatanga ibisabwa kugira ngo abatangabuhamya bamushinjura bahamagazwe birimo imyirondoro yabo yuzuye, aho babarizwa n’icyo yifuza ko babazwaho, bitahagarika urubanza. I. ISENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA Kumenya niba ijambo ryashyikirijwe urukiko ariryo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya no kumenya niba ryaba ikimenyetso muri uru rubanza [10] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kuwa 22/11/1992 muri meeting y’ishyaka rya MRND yabereye mu cyahoze ari superefegitura ya Kabaya, Mugesera Léon yahavugiye ijambo rifatwa kuri kasete n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Itangazamakuru (ORINFOR), ko iryo jambo ryafatiwe kuri kasete ari naryo ryashyikirijwe igihugu cya Canada igihe Mugesera Léon yahaburaniraga ibirebana no koherezwa mu Rwanda no ku burenganzira bwo gutura muri icyo gihugu. Bukanavuga ko ijambo ryashyikirijwe urukiko ari kopi y’ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya bwahawe n’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’itangazamakuru. [11] Ubushinjacyaha bunavuga ko ibiri muri iryo jambo bihura n’ibyemezwa n’abatangabuhamya babajijwe mu iperereza barimo abari ku Kabaya Mugesera Léon arivuga. Bunavuga kandi ko bimwe mubirikubiyemo byatangajwe na radiyo Rwanda na RTLM (Radio Télévision Libre des Mille collines) binandikwaho n’ibinyamakuru bitandukanye ndetse binamaganwa n‟abanditsi banyuranye. Bukomeza buvuga ko avuga iryo jambo, mu gihugu havugwaga andi magambo, hasohorwa amatangazo, hakanandikwa n’ibinyamakuru nka Kangura ya Ngeze Hassani mu rwego rwo kubiba urwango no gutoteza abatutsi, higishwa ko ari ibyitso by‟inyenzi-inkotanyi zateye u Rwanda zishaka kugarura ingoma ya gihake. [12] Mugesera Léon yemera ko hari ijambo yavugiye muri meeting ya MRND yabereye ku Kabaya kuwa 22/11/1992 ariko ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza ko ijambo bwashyikirije urukiko ariryo yahavugiye, naho ku bijyanye n’ijambo we yahavugiye akaba nta cyo yarivugaho kuko kubikora byaba ari ukwishija. Akomeza avuga ko ijambo ryashyikirijwe urukiko atari ryo kuko kasete ryafatiweho yahinduwe, ndetse n‟abatangabuhamya bemeza ko ari ryo yavuze bakaba ari abateguwe kumubeshyera, ibinyamakuru byo bikaba bitaba ikimenyetso ubwabyo kuko bigenda bisubira mu byo ibindi byanditse (psytasisme médiatique). Anavuga ko iryo jambo ritaba ikimenyetso mu rubanza kuko uburyo ryabonetsemo bunyuranyije n’amategeko kuko hatagaragazwa uburyo iryo jambo ryagiye rihererekanywa kuva kuwarifashe kugeza rigeze mu maboko y’ubushinjacyaha. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[13] Urukiko rusanga ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye muri meeting y’ishyaka rya MRND yabereye ku Kabaya kuwa 22/11/1992 ryarafatiwe kuri kasete, Ubushinjacyaha buyohereza mu gihugu cya Canada iburanwaho mu manza Mugesera Léon yaburanaga zirebana n’uburenganzira bwe bwo gutura muri icyo gihugu. Muri izo manza, iyo kasete iriho ijambo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ryavugiwe ku Kabaya na Mugesera yaburanyweho kubera ko yahakanaga ijambo ririho avuga atari ryo yavuze, ko asanga ryarahinduwe. [14] Urukiko rusanga iyo kasete yafatiweho ijambo yarasuzumwe n’umuhanga Peter Fraiser wari wiyambajwe n‟umukemurampaka (arbitre) wasuzumaga ikibazo cya Mugesera Léon cyo gutura muri Canada, agaragaza ko ijambo riri kuri iyo kasete ariryo Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya, ko nta cyarihinduweho. Mugesera akaba yaraje kwemerera mu nama ntegura rubanza (conférence préparatoire)3 kuwa 30/01/1997 ko iryo jambo riri kuri kasete n’inyandukuro yaryo yakozwe n‟umuhanga Thomas Kamanzi warisobanuye mu rurimi rw’igifaransa rihura mu ngingo zaryo zose n’iryo yavuze4. [15] Kuba Mugesera Léon yemera ko hari ijambo yavugiye ku Kabaya, akaba yaranemereye inkiko zo mu gihugu cya Canada ko ijambo riri kuri kasete yazishyikirijwe ariwe warivuze no kuba urukiko rugereranyije iryo jambo ryoherejwe muri Canada n’ijambo riri kuri “compact disk” (CD) n’inyandikuro yaryo ubushinjacyaha bwashyikirije uru Rukiko, rusanga ayo magambo (discours) ari amwe. Bityo, urukiko rusanga ijambo ubushinjacyaha bwarushyikirije ariryo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya muri meeting ya MRND yo kuwa 22/11/1992. Ibyo avuga rero ko ijambo riri kuri CD yashyikirijwe urukiko ryahinduwe bikaba nta shingiro bifite, kimwe n‟ibyo avuga ko yemera iryo jambo hari ibyo yifasheho kuko adasobanura ibyo aribyo, ahubwo akivugira gusa ko hari amagambo bakuyemo cyangwa se ko hari ayo bongeyemo atagaragaza ayo ariyo. [16] Urukiko runasanga ibyo kuba Mugesera Léon yaravugiye ijambo ku Kabaya muri “meeting” y’ishyaka rya MRND kuwa 22/11/1992, nk’uko biza kugarukwaho mu gice kirebana no gushishikariza ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside, binemezwa n’abatangabuhamya babajijwe n’urukiko, bikanagarukwaho n’ibindi bimenyetso binyuranye. [17] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo Mugesera Léon avuga ko CD yashyikirijwe urukiko itaba ikimenyetso mu rubanza kuko hatagaragazwa uwayifashe n‟uburyo yagiye ihererekanywa kugeza igeze mu maboko y‟ubushinjacyaha, nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko uretse no kuba Mugesera ubwe yemera ko ariwe warivuze, Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Itangazamakuru [Rwanda Broadcasting Agency (RBA)], mu mabaruwa yacyo yandikiwe Ubushinjacyaha5 ndetse n’Urukiko6, cyemeje ko iryo jambo ryafashwe na Radio Rwanda mu rwego rwo gutara no gutangaza inkuru aho yabereye hose, 3 Jugement de la Section d’appel de I’immigration (SAI) para. 135. Voir aussi procès verbal du 17,18/01/1996 & 13/11/1997 (Vol. 28). 4 “Le discours de M. Mugesera a été enregistré puis transcrit. Lors de l’audience devant l’arbitre, il a été démontré que la transcription de la cassette (“composite no 4”) versée au dossier correspondait en tous points au discours prononcé. M. Mugesera l‟a reconnu officiellement au cours d‟une conférence préparatoire tenue le 30 janvier 1997 (jugement de la SAI, par. 135). (…) L‟arbitre a retenu la version de M. Kamanzi. La question du choix de la traduction a été longuement débattue, mais lors des plaidoiries finales, les intimés ont convenu que celle de M. Kamanzi reflétait fidèlement le texte en Kinyarwanda”, jugement du 28/06/2005 de la Cour Suprême du Canada, para. 46. 5 Ibaruwa no 0615/12.01 yo kuwa 17/05/2012 n’ibaruwa no 18/02/2013 yo kuwa 18/02/2013. 6 Ibaruwa no 0844/12.01 yo kuwa 24/06/2014 n’ibaruwa no0853/12.01 yo kuwa 27/06/2014.

kikanavuga ko iyo kasete iri mu bubiko bwacyo, ko kopi yayo ariyo yahawe Ubushinjacyaha, bunahabwa uburenganzira bwo kuyikoresha mu kazi kabwo. [18] Urukiko rusanga n’ijambo rikimara kuvugwa, Ubushinjacyaha bwarandikiye Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Itangazamakuru (ORINFOR) kuwa 26/11/1992 bugisaba kasete ryafatiweho n’ibyatangajwe kuri radiyo birebana n’iryo jambo. Kuwa 27/11/1992, ORINFOR ibyoherereza Ubushinjacyaha7. Byongeye kandi kuwa 22/05/1995, uwari umunyamakuru wa Radio Rwanda Murutampunzi Boniface, uvuga ko uwo murimo ariwo yakoraga mu Gushyingo 1992, yemeje ko abisabwe n’umuyobozi we hari n’uhagarariye Ambasade ya Canada i Kigali yakuye mu bubiko kasete y’umwimerere ryafatiweho, ndetse n’umutekinisiye kuri radiyo Nyirantabashwa Ange yemeje ko Murutampunzi yamuhaye iyo kasete ayikorera kopi8. Bityo n’ibyo Mugesera avuga ko CD yashyikirijwe urukiko itaba ikimenyetso kuko atari yo yafatiweho ijambo, nabyo bikaba nta gaciro byahabwa kuko rusanga iryo jambo ari rimwe n’iryafatiwe kuri kasete yoherejwe mu gihugu cya Canada rigasobanurwa mu rurimi rw’igifaransa, kandi ari kasete ari na CD bikaba ari ibikoresho byifashishwa mu gufata amajwi. [19] Urukiko rusanga rero nta cyabuza ko ijambo ryafatiwe kuri kasete nyuma rigashyirwa kuri CD riba ikimenyetso muri uru rubanza kuko uburyo ryabonetse butanyuranyije n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 127 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko umuburanyi utanze ikimenyetso gishingiye ku biganiro byafashwe agomba gutanga umutangabuhamya wari uhibereye bafata amajwi cyangwa ushobora kumenya nyiraryo kubera ko Mugesera, n‟ubwo muri uru rukiko avuga ko atari we warivuze, nyamara yemereye inkiko za Canada ko ariwe warivuze na RBA ibisabwe n’urukiko ikaba yaragaragaje uko ryafashwe n’uburyo ryageze mu maboko y’ubushinjacyaha ndetse n’abanyamakuru barikoreye kopi bakaba barabyemeje mu nyandiko nk’uko byasobanuwe. Ku bijyanye n’ibyaha Mugesera Léon aregwa A. Icyaha cyo gushishikariza ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside [20] Kuri iki cyaha, urukiko rurasuzuma niba hari amagambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ahantu hatandukanye mu nama z’ishyaka rya MRND ashishikariza ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside. 1. Ku byerekeranye n’ ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya [21] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya kuwa 22/11/1992 ryashishikarizaga gukora jenoside, ko ibyo yavuze muri iryo jambo biri mu murongo umwe n’ibyo yavugiye mu zindi nama z’ishyaka rya MRND yagiye ajyamo, ko icyo gihe mu gihugu havugwaga andi magambo asa nayo Mugesera yavugaga, hasohorwa amatangazo, hakanandikwa n’ibinyamakuru nka Kangura mu rwego rwo gushishikariza jenoside, higishwa ko abatutsi ari ibyitso by’abateye igihugu. Bukomeza buvuga ko binahura n’ibyanditswe n’ikinyamakuru “Umurwanashyaka” No0 cy’ishyaka rya MRND cyo muri Werurwe 1991 aho mu nkuru cyasohoye iri ku rupapuro rwa 17 havugwagamo ko Inkotanyi ziramutse zibeshye ngo zirarota ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda, zakoga imivu y’amaraso, bagasanga igihugu ari umuyonga kuko 7 Ibaruwa no 0013/12.03.1.7 yo kuwa 27/11/1992. 8 Affidavit yasinywe na Murutampunzi Boniface n’iya Ntabashwa Ange zo kuwa 22/05/1995 zakorewe imbere ya Claude Latulippe, Conseiller et Consul de l’Ambassade du Canada à Kigali.

ibyabaye muri 1959 byakongera kuba, ibintu bikadogera hagatangira icyiciro cya kabiri cy’impunzi kandi n’iza mbere zitaragera mu nzira yo gutaha. [22] Buvuga ko Mugesera Léon mu ijambo rye avuga ko hari inyenzi ziri mu gihugu zafashe abana bazo zibohereza ku rugamba kujya gufatanya n’inkotanyi, akanibaza impamvu badafata abo babyeyi bohereza abana ku rugamba n’ababajyana ngo babatsembe. Anavuga ko bagomba kwitabara badategereje gukatwa amajosi n’inyenzi cyangwa ibyitso by’abateye igihugu, ko ufite amafaranga ari MRND yayamuhaye, ayazana bakayakoresha kugira ngo babakate amajosi, buvuga ko ibyo bigaragaza ko abo yavugaga ari abatutsi kuko mu bihe yavuzemo ijambo, amagambo “inyenzi” cyangwa “icyitso” ari imvugo iteruye yavugaga abatutsi, ko ari nabyo byasobanuwe n‟abahanga bifashishijwe mu manza zitandukanye zirimo urwo Mugesera yaburaniye mu gihugu cya Canada barimo Susan Benesch9 , Général Romeo Dallaire10 na Alison Des Forges11, ndetse bikaba bihura n’ibyasobanuwe mu manza zaburanishijwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) zirimo urubanza rwa Padiri Rukundo Emmanuel12, urwa Nahimana Ferdinand13 n’urwa Akayesu Jean Paul14, bikanahura n’ibikubiye mu nyandiko y’ubuyobozi bukuru bwa gisirikare yo kuwa 21/09/1992 igaragaza ko umututsi ari umwanzi. Bukavuga ko kwita abatutsi inyenzi cyangwa inzoka ari uburyo bwo kubambura ubumuntu, no kugira ngo abo yabwiraga bumve ko kubica ari nko kwica udusimba. [23] Buvuga kandi ko muri iryo jambo Mugesera avuga ko yabwiye umuntu wari umwiraseho ngo ni PL ko ikosa bakoze muri 1959 ari uko babaretse bagasohoka, akanamubwira ko iwabo ari muri Etiyopiya, ko bazabanyuza muri Nyabarongo bakagerayo bwangu, akanavuga ko ivanjili 9 “The term “inyenzi” was coined in the 1960s to refer to Tutsi rebel fighters who conducted nighttime attacks in Rwanda and then disappeared before daylight into neighboring countries. In the early 1990s the term referred to the Tutsi rebels of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), but it also came to mean perceived enemies of the Hutu government, and later any Tutsi person. “Inyenzi” was a leitmotif of Mugesera’s speech. Since the meaning of the word changed dramatically over time, it cannot be understood without asking: what did it mean to a particular audience at a particular moment?” (Susan Benesch:” Vile crime or inalienable right: Defining incitement to commit genocide” in Virginia Journal International Law, p.486.). 10 “…for example, hutu leaders, editors and broadcasters famously described tutsi people as inyenzi or cockroaches”, Romeo Dallaire: Shake the hands with the devil, 2005, p.142. 11 Alison Des Forges, yifashishije ibyanditswe mu kinyamakuru Kangura cyo mu Kuboza 1993, yasobanuye neza uko abatutsi bafatwaga nka RPF aha abivuga muri aya magambo: “like the soldiers who wrote the September 21, 1992 memorandum propagandists often used the terms Tutsis and RPF together or interchangeably. One example of the association of Tutsi and RPF is the cover of the December 1993 issue of Kangura. Below the ironic title, “Tutsi, Race of God” are shown a machete and the question, “what weapons can we use to defeat the Inyenzi once and for all?” And to complete the association, the final question asks: “What if someone brought back the Hutu revolution of 1959 to finish off these Tutsis cockroaches:” During the genocide, officials would occasionally declare that not all tutsis were “accomplices” of the RPF, but such statements were too few and too late to destroy the widespread and carefully constructed identification between them”.( Alison Des Forges: Leave None to Tell the Story; Genocide in Rwanda, International Federation of Human Rights, Paris 1999, p.74). 12 The Appeals Chamber also finds that “it was reasonable for the Trial Chamber to consider that Rukundo’s reference to the Rudahunga family as Inyenzi referred to the fact that they were Tutsi”, case no ICTR-2001-70-A of 20th october 2011 The Prosecutor vs Rukundo Emmanuel. 13 “[…] even though the terms Inyenzi and Inkotanyi may have various meanings in various contexts (as with many words in every language), the Appeals Chamber is of the opinion that it was reasonable for the Trial Chamber to conclude that these expressions could in certain cases be taken to refer to the Tutsi population as a whole”, case no ICTR-99-52-A, The Prosecutor vs Nahimana Ferdinand & al. 14 “The Appeals Chamber agrees with the Trial Chamber that the term “accomplice” refers to the Tutsi in general….”., case no ICTR-96-4-A of the 1st June 2001 The Prosecutor vs Akayezu Jean Paul.

yahindutse, ko ukubiswe urushyi rumwe agomba gutera umukubise ebyiri ku buryo atazongera kuzanzamuka, akanahimbira ibyaha abo yitaga inyenzi avuga ko bashaka kubatsemba, ko batega ibisasu, avuga ko ababuriye nihagira ikibabaho hatazagira uwitwaza ko atababwiye nk’uhagarariye ishyaka, ntagushidikanya ko nabwo abo yavugaga ari abatutsi kuko mu 1959 hakorwa ikiswe revolisiyo, abatutsi bamwe bishwe bajugunywa muri Nyabarongo, abandi batwikirwa amazu, ndetse n’abandi bahunga igihugu. Bukavuga ko Mugesera Léon ibyo yavuze byashishikarizaga gukora jenoside, kandi abikora afite ubushake bw‟umwihariko bwo gukora icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi gukora jenoside kuko avuga ijambo yari azi neza ko abamwumva bazashyira mu bikorwa ibyo ababwira cyane cyane ko nk’umuntu uzi ubwenge atari ayobewe ko abatutsi bari bamaze iminsi bicwa hirya no hino mu gihugu nko mu Bugesera na Kibirira. [24] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko Mugesera Léon yashishikarije gukora jenoside ari imvugo z’abatangabuhamya banyuranye barimo Hategekimana Iddi, abahawe amazina ya PMK, PMC, PMH, PMF, PMG kubera kurindirwa umutekano, Ntawuruhunga Hassan, Uzabakiriho Afisa, Ngerageze Muhamudu, Kadogo Hachim, Mukunzi Jean Marie Vianney, Gashikazi Radjabu, Nzitabakuze Jean Claude, Habarurema Saidi, Muvunyi Byakweri, Munyazesa Alexis na Havugimana Songa Samuel, bamwe bavuga ko bari ku Kabaya muri meeting ya MRND ubwo Mugesera Léon yavugaga ijambo rikangurira gukora jenoside, abandi bakavuga ko baryumvise kuri radio Rwanda n’abaryumvanye abandi bari bagiye muri iyo “meeting”. [25] Bukanavuga ko ibindi bimenyetso ari ibaruwa ifunguye yo kuwa 2/12/1992 y’umwarimu wo muri Kaminuza Jean Rumiya yanditse nyuma y’iminsi 11 iryo jambo rivuzwe, agaragaza ko rihamagarira abahutu kwica abatutsi n’abo mu yandi mashyaka atari MRND na CDR (Coalition for defense of the Republic) n’ibinyamakuru binyuranye birimo “Le messager no 27” yo kuwa 10/02/1993, Umurangi no 014 yo kuwa 10/12/1992, Rwanda rushya no 34 cyo mu Ukuboza 1992, Isibo no 81 yo kuwa 24-31/12/1991 byaryanditseho bigaragaza ko ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya rikangurira kwica abatutsi. [26] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko MUGESERA Léon yafatwaga n’abo yabwiraga muri iyo nama nk’umunyapolitiki uzwi, wavugaga rikijyana kubera ko mu mwaka wa 1992 yari Visi Perezida w’Ishyaka rya MRND muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, kuba yaravugaga rikijyana bikaba byaranemejwe no mu manza zabereye mu gihugu cya Canada15. Bukanavuga ko mu gusesengura iryo jambo hagomba kwitabwa ku isano yari hagati y‟uwarivuze n’abo yabwiraga, uko abaturage baryakiriye n‟uko amagambo yakoreshejwe yari afite imbaraga zo guhindura imyumvire yabo byatumye bumva ko bafite impamvu zumvikana zo gukora jenoside nta gukurikiranwa. [27] Bunakomeza buvuga ko nyuma y’iryo jambo hongeye kwicwa abatutsi muri Kibilira, Satinsyi n’ahandi nk’uko bivugwa n‟abatangabuhamya, ndetse n’ibinyamakuru byandikwaga icyo gihe na raporo zinyuranye zirimo iya Komisiyo Mpuzamahanga yakoze iperereza ku ihungabanywa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda “Commission Internationale d’Enquete 15 “En résumé, on peut tirer les conclusions suivantes: Monsieur Mugesera n‟était peut-être pas un intime du Président, mais il était un homme influent; il faisait partie de l‟élite du Rwanda: instruit à l‟étranger, il avait occupé des fonctions importantes au gouvernement et un poste politique convoité. De plus il a représenté le gouvernement à l‟étranger et a écrit des textes représentant la position officielle du gouvernement”, voir les conclusions de la Section d’appel de la commision de l’immigration et du statut des réfugies (SAI) retenue par la Cour Suprême du Canada dans son jugement du 28/06/2005, para 56.

(CIE)” bigaragaza uko ubwicanyi bwakorewe abatutsi muri Kibilira bwagiye bukurikirana guhera mu kwezi k’Ukwakira 1990 kugeza mu kwezi k’Ukuboza 199216, ko ubwo bwicanyi bunavugwa mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Canada17. Buvuga ko nyuma y’iryo jambo hishwe abatutsi benshi barimo abitwa Karasanyi n’abahungu be batatu aribo Tosho, Gishongore na Bikobwa; Kanigiri n’umuryango we w’abantu umunani (8) bishwe n’urubyiruko rwa MRND rw’interahamwe bazira gusa ko ari abatutsi. [28] Mugesera Léon avuga ko atigeze akora icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi umugambi wa jenoside, ko nta n’aho yigeze awubona wanditse kuko ubundi umugambi wo gukora jenoside uba ari gahunda (plan ) ikorerwa aho abantu bicaye, ugakorerwa inyandiko mvugo ziwutegura kugira ngo ushobore kuba icyaha (Actus non facit reum nisi sit mens rea ), ko n’ijambo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ritari iryo gushishikariza umugambi wa jenoside ahubwo atanumva ukuntu uwarivugaga yahamagarira abantu urukundo, amatora na demokarasi, bigahindurwamo guhamagarira abantu umugambi wa jenoside, ko ibyo ari nko kurega umuntu jenoside kandi uzi neza ko atayikoze, kandi nabyo ari icyaha (infraction de genocidarisme). [29] Avuga kandi ko ubushinjacyaha butanagaragaza abo yashishikarije uwo mugambi n’igihe yabikoreye kubera ko bumurega buvuga muri rusange ko icyaha cyakozwe hagati ya 01/10/1990 na 31/12/1994 bigatuma atabasha kwiregura yerekana ko icyo gihe atari aho icyaha cyakorewe, ndetse ko hari ikibazo gikomeye kijyanye n‟amategeko kuko ayo muri 2004 na 2008 ashingirwaho mukumukurikirana anyuranya n’ihame riteganywa n’ingingo ya 20 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu rijyanye n’ukudasubira inyuma kw’amategeko kuko ubundi areba ibiri imbere (Principe de la non rétroactivité des lois et celui de la justice fondamentale selon lequel le temps régit l’acte ) kuko ayo mategeko ahana jenoside yabaye hashize imyaka ibiri avuye mu Rwanda. [30] Mugesera Léon akomeza avuga ko mugusobanura ikirego, Ubushinjacyaha bufata amagambo n’interuro zitandukanye mu ijambo buvuga ko ryavugiwe ku Kabaya, bukabiteranya bukabiremamo irindi jambo rinyuranye n’iryo bwashyikirije urukiko, bwarangiza bukarivugisha icyo bitavuga. Asobanura kandi ko mu misesengurire y’amagambo, ijambo rigomba gufatwa uko ryakabaye, ko ibyo kuricagaguramo ibice bitemewe nk’uko bisobanurwa n’umuhanga Marc Angenot uvuga ko disikuru ari urukurikirane rw‟amagambo, uyisesengura yirinda kuyicagaguramo ibice cyangwa se gukuramo interuro zihariye, ko igitekerezo cye cy’ibanze ari uko za disikuru atari ibintu bigerekeranyije ahubwo ari ikintu kimwe kigizwe n’ibintu byinshi, kandi ko imivugire ariyo igomba gusesengurwa18. [31] Yongeraho ko ubushinjacyaha bwirengagiza amahame muzi y’ubutabera19 (principe de Justice fondamentale) agenderwaho mu gusesengura ijambo agaragaza ko ijambo risobanurwa 16 Rapport de la Commission Internationale d’Enquête sur les violations des droits de l‟homme au Rwanda depuis le 1er Octobre 1990 (7-21 Janvier 1993), p.18-26. 17 Supreme Court of Canada, file No 30025, Mugesera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), para.55. 18 “(…) un discours est un flux continu … Un analyste du discours évite au départ à charcuter un texte ou d‟extraire des phrases particulières, son idée de base est que les dicours ne sont pas des objets juxtaposés mais un seul objet composé et que c‟ est son ton qu‟ il faut analyser…”, Marc Angenot, Antisémitisme et discours social, Montréal, 1984, p.10377. 19 Mayrand Albert Juge à la Cour d‟Appel, 1985, Dictionnaire de Maximes et locutions latines utilisées en Droit, Cowansville: Les Editions Yvon Blais Inc, p 43& p 173.

hakurikijwe igihe ryavugiwemo, risomwe ryose uko ryakabaye urisesengura adakuyemo amagambo amwe20, hanakurikijwe uburyo ubwirwa ushyira mu gaciro aryumvamo21, usesengura akaba agomba kugendera ku bintu yamenye yirinda kuba yavuga cyangwa yajyana mu bundi busobanuro bw’ibyo yumvise yirengagije ibyo yamenye. Akanavuga ko akenshi ibyo uvuga ijambo asorejeho ari byo ubwirwa asigara yibuka, ko kuba uwavuze ijambo Ubushinjacyaha bwashyikirije urukiko yarasoreje ku matora ari byo ababwirwaga bagombaga gutahana aho kugendera ku gace aka n‟aka k’iryo ijambo. [32] Akomeza asobanura kandi ko iyo ubushinjacyaha busesengura neza bwari gusanga iryo jambo ridakangurira ubwicanyi kubera ko uwarivuze yakoresheje imvugo y’inziganyo (conditionnel) nk’aho yavuze ko mu gihe ubutabera butagize icyo bukora aribwo bari gutsemba abateye igihugu n’ibyitso byabo. Agasobanura ko gutsemba bidasobanura kumaraho abatutsi nk‟uko ubushinjacyaha bubivuga, ko ahubwo uwavuze ijambo yavugaga ko abateye igihugu bakorerwa lisiti bagashyirwa imbere y‟ubutabera bakaburanishwa kuko ntawe ubutabera bureka bumusanze mu cyaha, ko iyo butagira icyo bukora ari bwo abaturage bari gukora icyo bwagombye kuba bwarakoze, ariko ko ibyo bitigeze bigera aho ababwirwaga batsemba abateye igihugu n’ibyitso byabo kuko ubutabera bwakoraga. [33] Avuga kandi ko ibisobanuro ubushinjacyaha buha ijambo “inyenzi” atari byo kuko kubwe iryo jambo ridasobanura abatutsi, kubera ko hari n‟abandi barisobanuye barimo uwitwa Thomas Kamanzi wavugiye mu Rukiko muri Canada ko ijambo “inyenzi” rivuga inyeshyamba (maquisard) cyangwa uwateye igihugu (agresseur), ko n‟ijambo “ibyitso” ritavuga abatutsi ahubwo rivuga abantu bemeye gufatanya n’umwanzi wari wateye u Rwanda, ko ndetse ijambo “inzoka” naryo rigira ubusobanuro bwinshi kuko hari aho rikoreshwa n’ushaka kuvuga umuntu uwo ari we wese w’indyarya cyangwa w’umugome22, ko kwitirira abantu izina ry’inyamaswa cyangwa igikorwa iki n’iki ubwabyo atari igitutsi kuko no mu bateraga u Rwanda harimo amoko menshi. Anavuga ko ntaho ahuriye n‟inyandiko yo kuwa 21/09/1992 yashyizweho umukono na Colonel Nsabimana Deogratias isobanura umwanzi uwo ari we kuko yari ibanga rya gisirikare, ndetse n‟ubushinjacyaha bukaba butagaragaza uko yagiye ihererekanywa. [34] Mugesera Léon avuga nanone ko ijambo “Interahamwe” ukurikije inkoranyamagambo (dictionnaire) yandikiwe muri Institut de Recherce Scientifique et Techinologique (IRST) risobanura urungano, abantu bumvikana cyane, cyangwa ibintu bagereranya bihwanyije ingano cyangwa agaciro, ko rero kuvuga ko interahamwe ari abarwanira hamwe cyangwa abatera bari hamwe atari byo, ikindi akaba ari uko interahamwe rwari urubyiruko rw’ishyaka rya MRND rwayoborwaga n’uwitwa Robert Kajuga wari umututsi, ko we ntaho ahuriye n’interahamwe, kandi ko ava mu Rwanda nta bikorwa bibi uwo mutwe azi wakoze, ko haramutse hari ibyo waje gukora nyuma atabibazwa kuko icyaha ari gatozi, bityo ko ibisobanuro Ubushinjacyaha buha amwe mu magambo agaragara mu ijambo bwashyikirije Urukiko atari byo hakurikijwe ihame ry’uko 20 “Personne en effet ne peut comprendre correctement quelques parties (d’un texte d‟un discours) avant que tout le texte ait été complètement lu de nouveau et encore de nouveau. Il faut tenir compte de l‟ensemble de tous ses éléments et non-pas le considérer isolement”, Mayrand A. op.cit., p.173. 21 “…. La règle établie par la jurisprudence selon la quelle le sens d’un discours et, partant l’intention de l’orateur s‟apprécie généralement en fonction de la totalité du discours, en fonction du contexte dans le quel le discours est prononcé et en fonction de l‟auditeur raisonnable (..)”, Jugement de la Cour d’Appel Fédéral du 08/09/2003 dans l‟affaire Léon Mugesera et crts c/ Ministère de la citoyenneté et de l‟immigration, para. 194. 22 Iréné Jacob, Dictionnaire Kinyarwanda, INRS.

amagambo atagira ibisobanuro ahubwo agira uko akoreshwa (les mots n’ont pas de sens, ils ont des emplois ) kubera ko ijambo rigira icyo rivuga bitewe n’aho ririmo gukoreshwa. [35] Avuga ko uko kudakurikiza ayo mahame yo gusesengura ijambo bituma Ubushinjacyaha bumugerekaho ubwicanyi bwabaye mu gihugu hose haba mbere y’ijambo ubushinjacyaha bumwitirira na nyuma yaryo atakiri mu gihugu, kandi ko ubwo iryo jambo ryavugwaga mu 1992 nta wari uzi ko ibyabaye mu 1994 bizaba, ndetse ko n’uwarisesengura yasanga nta kibi kiririmo ahubwo yasanga ryaravuzwe mu nyungu rusange nta n’umutima mubi uwarivuze yarivuganye, kuko ikigaragaramo cy’ingenzi ari amatora no kwitabara kuko igihugu cyari cyatewe. Anavuga ko atabazwa ibyo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iryo jambo ryanyujijwe kuri radiyo RTLM kuko iyo radiyo yashinzwe atari mu Rwanda. Anavuga ko atabazwa andi magambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yavuzwe n’abandi bantu mbere y’ijambo ryo ku Kabaya n’ubwicanyi buvuga bwabereye mu Bugesera, Kibirira na Satinsyi kuko butayagaragaza, ntibunagaragaze ibimenyetso by’ubwicanyi bwayakurikiye, kandi ko n’iyo ayo magambo yaba yaravuzwe koko byabazwa abayavuze kuko icyaha ari gatozi. Yongeraho ko nyuma y’ijambo ryavugiwe ku Kabaya itsinda mpuzamahanga (CIE) ryakoze iperereza rigaragaza ko nta bwicanyi bwabaye ahubwo habaye ubujura. [36] Mugesera Léon avuga ko n’ibyo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yari akomeye, avuga rikijyana nta shingiro bifite kuko umwanya yari afite nka Visi Perezida w’ishyaka rya MRND muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi utari uhambaye ku buryo ibyo bumwitirira ko yavuze nta wari kubikurikiza kubera ko nta wari amuzi, ko uko gukomera kuvugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ari uburyo bwo kugira ngo bureme undi Mugesera utari we bitume Mugesera nyawe yangwa, hagamijwe kumwangisha abatutsi by’umwihariko. Anavuga ko ikindi kigaragaza ko ababwirwaga batashoboraga gushyira mu bikorwa byanze bikunze ibyavuzwe ari uko n’ababajijwe mu rubanza rwe mu gihugu cya Canada bari muri Komisiyo mpuzamahanga (CIE) yakoze iperereza ku burenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda muri za 1992 barimo Madame Alison Des Forges bemeje ko batigeze bumva izina Mugesera Léon, hakaba hatanakwirengagizwa ko ababwirwaga bari bafite ubwenge n’ubushishozi bwo kumenya igikwiye, ko hanagaragazwa ibyashyizwe mu bikorwa bitewe n’iryo jambo. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [37] Urukiko rurasanga mu ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya muri meeting y’ishyaka rya MRND yaravuze kubyo kwirinda imigeri y’amashyaka, kutavogerwa haba aho bari bari, haba no mu gihugu hose, uko bagomba kwifata kugira ngo birinde abagambanyi n’abashaka kubamerera nabi n’ibijyanye n’amatora. Asobanura izo ngingo, Mugesera yavuze ku mashyaka ataravugaga rumwe na MRND, avuga ko n’ubwo ashaka kwigarurira abarwanashyaka babo atazabishobora kuko arimo gusamba, anavuga ku iyirukanwa rya ba ensipegiteri b’abayoboke ba MRND, ku iterwa ry’igihugu n’abantu bitwa inyenzi. Yanavuze ku bihano bigomba gufatirwa abantu bohereza abana babo ku rugamba birimo kubakata amajosi, kubatsemba no kubasubiza iyo bavuye. Yavuze kandi ku bijyanye n‟amasezerano y‟amahoro y‟Arusha no kwitorera abayobozi. [38] Urukiko rusanga muri izo ngingo yagarutseho mu ijambo rye hari aho yakoresheje amagambo agaragaramo gukangurira abamwumvaga gutsemba abo yitaga inyenzi n’ibyitso byazo. Ibi bigaragarira mu bice bimwe by‟ijambo nk’aho avuga ko inyenzi zimwe zateye u Rwanda,

izindi ziri mu gihugu zafashe abana bazo zibohereza ku rugamba gufatanya n’inkotanyi, akibaza impamvu ababyeyi bohereje abana n‟ababajyana badafatwa ngo babatsembe, mu magambo akurikira: kutavogerwa rero murabizi mwa babyeyi mwe, murabizi, muzi y’uko hari inyenzi ziri mu gihugu, zafashe abana bazo zibohereza ku rugamba kujya gufatanya n’inkotanyi (….). Azahanishwa urupfu umuntu wese uzafata abasirikare ashatse mu giturage hose ashaka abana abaha ingabo z’amahanga zitera Repubulika. Biranditse. Kuki abo babyeyi bohereje abana batabafata ngo babatsembe? Kuki badafata abo babajyana nabo bose ngo babatsembe? Ubu mutegereje ko bazaza kudutsemba koko? [39] Urukiko rusanga hari n’aho asaba ko abo yitaga inyenzi ziri mu gihugu zafashe abana bazo zibohereza ku rugamba kujya gufatanya n’inkotanyi bakorerwa lisiti bagashyikirizwa ubucamanza, butakora akazi kabwo abaturage bakabatsemba avuga ngo: (…. ) maze rero ndagira ngo mbabwire iki: ni uko ubu dusabye ko abo bantu bose babashyira kuri lisiti bakabashyira imbere y’ubucamanza, bakabacira urubanza tukabumva, nibaramuka biyangiye rero mu itegeko nshinga biranditse ngo ubutabera bubera abaturage (…). Igihe rero ubucamanza butagikorera rubanda nk’uko byanditse mu itegeko-nshinga ryacu twishyiriyeho, icyo gihe ni ukuvuga ko twebwe abaturage bwagombye gukorera tugomba kwikorera, izo ngegera tukazitsemba. [40] Runasanga hari n’aho muri iryo jambo abwira abarwanashyaka ba MRND kwishyira hamwe bagatanga amafaranga, bakanabuza icyitso cyinjiye muri selire kuyisohokamo, abivuga muri aya magambo: ikintu mbasabye gikomeye na none abantu bari ku mirimo bose bari muri MRND: ni ubufatanye. Uri ku kigega cy’amafaranga, nk’uko bayakoresha nawe nayazane tuyakoreshe. Uyafite ku giti cye ni uko MRND yayamuhaye imufasha imushyigikira, nawe akirwanaho kuko ari umugabo; kuko na we bateze kumukata ijosi, nayazane tubakate amajosi. Mwibuke Muvoma yacu ko ishingiye muri serire, Muvoma yacu igashingira muri segiteri no muri komine, Perezida yababwiye ko igiti gifite amashami kikagira amababi ntikigire imizi, gipfa! Imizi yacu ni aho ishingiye. Nimusubire hamwe n’ubwo nta mafaranga bakibahemba abaselire bacu nimujye hamwe: uwinjiye muri selire mumubone, mumukande, niba ari icyitso, ye kuyisohokamo. Ye kuyisohokamo! [41] Urukiko runasanga hari n’aho avuga ko yabwiye umuntu wari umwiraseho wo muri PL ko iwabo ari muri Etiyopiya, ko bazabanyuza muri Nyabarongo avuga ngo: mperutse kubwira umuntu wari unyiraseho ngo ni za PL. Ndamubwira nti ikosa twakoze muri 59 n’ubwo nari umwana ni uko twabaretse mugasohoka. Mubaza niba atarumvise inkuru y’aba Falasha, basubiye iwabo muri Isiraheli bavuye muri Ethiopia ambwira ko atayizi, nti: Ntabwo uzi kumva no gusoma? Jye ndakumenyesha ko iwanyu ari muri Etiyopiya, ko tuzabanyuza muri Nyabarongo mukagerayo bwangu! [42] Urukiko rusanga mu ijambo rye Mugesera Léon avuga ko bagomba gutsemba inyenzi, ibyitso byazo, abateye igihugu, abohereje abana babo ku rugamba gufasha inkotanyi n’ibyitso byabo, anavuga ko ikosa ryakozwe mu 1959 ari uko babaretse bagasohoka no kuzabasubiza iwabo muri Etiyopiya banyuze mu mugezi wa Nyabarongo, rusanga abo yavugaga ari abatutsi kuko igihe yavugaga iryo jambo iyo havugwaga inyenzi, inkotanyi cyangwa ibyitso by‟abateye igihugu ari abatutsi babaga bavugwa. [43] Ibyo akaba ari byo byanasobanuwe n‟umutangabuhamya w’impuguke Dr. Mathias Ruzindana wiyambajwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, mu

rubanza rwa Akayesu Jean Paul23 wavuze ko amagambo inkotanyi, inyenzi cyangwa ibyitso yakoreshwaga bashaka kuvuga abatutsi, naho indi mpuguke yitwa Evariste Ntakirutimana wiyambajwe n’urwo rukiko mu rubanza rwa Nyiramasuhuko na bagenzi be24, asobanura ko mu gihe cy‟intambara yo mu Rwanda, abafataga ijambo birindaga kwerura ngo bavuge ko bari bahanganye n’abatutsi kugira ngo hatagira ababyivangamo cyangwa ngo bitume amahanga ahurura. Byongeye kandi inyandiko yakorewe mu buyobozi bukuru bwa Gisirikari (état major) kuwa 21/09/1992 nayo ikaba isobanura ko umwanzi wavugwaga, icyo gihe, ari umututsi uri mu gihugu, hanze yacyo cyangwa umushyigikiye25. [44] Urukiko rusanga rero ibisobanuro Mugesera aha ijambo inyenzi avuga ko ritavuga abatutsi, ko rivuga inyeshyamba cyangwa uwateye igihugu, ko ijambo ibyitso ritavuga abatutsi ahubwo rivuga abantu bemeye gufatanya n’umwanzi wari wateye u Rwanda, nta shingiro bifite kuko, nk’uko byasobanuwe, mu bihe igihugu cyarimo avugira ijambo ku Kabaya ayo magambo yakoreshwaga havugwa abatutsi. [45] Urukiko rusanga n’abatangabuhamya babajijwe n’urukiko kubirebana n’ibyavugiwe ku Kabaya bamwe bemeza ko bari muri meeting yo ku Kabaya Mugesera Léon ahavugira ijambo n’abandi bavuga ko babwiwe n’abari bahari ibyahavugiwe nabo bemeza ko ari abatutsi yavuga kandi ko amagambo yavuze yashishikarije kwica abatutsi. Muri abo batangabuhamya bose hari ababajijwe barindiwe umutekano bahabwa andi mazina (Pseudonyme) n’abatanze ubuhamya batarindiwe umutekano. Abatangabuhamya bavuga ko bari muri meeting yo ku Kabaya [46] Umutangabuhamya Hategekimana Iddi avuga ko yari muri meeting yo ku Kabaya yumva Mugesera avuga ko abatutsi atari abanyarwanda ahubwo baturutse muri Etiyopiya kandi ko bagomba gusubizwa iwabo banyujijwe muri Nyabarongo, ko yanamwumvise avuga ko agatutsi karimuri selire na segiteri katagomba kubacika, ko bagomba kukanyuza muri Nyabarongo mu nzira ya bugufi, anavuga ko mu 1959 batwikiye abatutsi ntibabica none abana babo akaba aribo barimo gutera igihugu, bakamena amaraso y’abanyarwanda. Anamwumva avuga ko mu ishyaka ryabo ivanjili yahindutse, ikaba itandukanye n’iyo Yezu yavuze ko nibakubita umusaya umwe ugomba gutega undi. Umutangabuhamya anavuga ko zimwe mu ngaruka mbi zabaye nyuma y’iryo jambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye muri meeting yo ku Kabaya ari uko hari abagogwe batanu (5) bishwe barimo Ngizerubanda, Karasanyi n‟abana be batatu (3) Dogara, Gishongore na Tosho, abo bose akavuga ko bishwe n’abantu bari bavuye muri meeting yo ku Kabaya. [47] Ntawuruhunga Hassan nawe avuga ko yari ku Kabaya yumva Mugesera avuga ko kuva muri segiteri kugeza muri komini bagomba kwikiza abatutsi bari muri ako gace bagasubira iwabo muri Bisiniya banyujijwe mu mugezi wa Nyabarongo. Anavuga ko yabwiwe n’uwitwa Fayiza wari waraye izamu ku ruganda rw’icyayi rwa Rubaya, ko nyuma y’iminsi iri hagati y’icumi (10) na cumi n’itanu (15), interahamwe n’abari bafatanyije nazo bahise birara mu batutsi barabica, ko mubo babanje kwica hakaba harimo abitwa Karasanyi n’abahungu be batatu (3) aribo Kanaburenge, Gishongore na Tosho biciwe ku Rubaya hafi y’uruganda rw’icyayi, nyuma bica 23 Case no ICTR-96-4-T, The Prosecutor vs Akayesu Jean Paul, 2nd September 1998, para.147-150. 24 Case no ICTR-98-42-T, The Prosecutor vs Nyiramasuhuko and al., 24th June 2011, para. 3769. 25 Rapport de la Commission Internationale d’enquête sur les violations des droits de l’homme au Rwanda depuis le 1er Octobre 1990, p. 63.

uwitwa Kanigiri n’umuryango we ugizwe n’abantu icyenda (9) bo bakaba bariciwe mu rugo iwabo muri segiteri ya Rurambo muri komini ya Gaseke. Avuga kandi ko mbere y’uko Mugesera Léon avuga iryo jambo nta mututsi n’umwe wari wigeze yicwa n’interahamwe. Anasobanura ko iwe no kwa Karasanyi hari nk’ibirometero umunani (8), ko n’ubwo uwo muryango wagendaga uhohoterwa na mbere hose ariko wishwe ari uko iryo jambo rya Mugesera Léon rivuzwe. [48] Gashikazi Radjabu avuga ko ku Kabaya yumvise Mugesera avuga ko abatutsi baturutse muri Etiyopiya, ko bagomba gusubizwayo, anumva avuga ko abantu bitwa inyenzi bafashe inzira barabatera, ko bamaze kubatera babasubije inyuma y’umupaka aho baturutse. Anavuga ko atigeze yumva Mugesera Léon avuga ko amatora ari ikintu gikomeye, ko ariyo yatuma amahoro agaruka mu Rwanda. Umutangabuhamya yanavuze ko ingaruka z’iryo jambo ari uko mu 1994 hishwe abantu bane (4) aribo Mukakabera Anathalie, Ngarambe, François, na Pierre, ariko ko atabonye bicwa, ko yamenye ko bishwe ari uko ahurujwe kujya kubashyingura, ko yanabwiwe n’umugabo wa Mukakabera Nathalie ko abishe umugore we ari Bizimungu, Bahejeje, Biduguru Simon na Mpozayabo, akanahamya ko Ngarambe yishwe na Bizimungu afatanyije na Bahejeje, ariko ko atashoboye kumenya abishe François na Pierre, ko akeka ko Ngarambe yaba yarishwe n’interahamwe zo mu Gasiza, yongeraho ko umuryango wa Karasanyi wishwe mubo bitaga ibyitso mu 1992 kubera ko yari afite umugore w‟umututsikazi na telefone ivugana n’inkotanyi. [49] Nyirabagirishya Raheri avuga ko yumviye muri meeting yo ku Kabaya Mugesera avuga ko abatutsi ari inyenzi, ko bakwiye gukatwa amajosi bakabaterera muri Nyabarongo ikabajyana bagasubira iwabo iyo baturutse. Akomeza avuga ko nyuma y’ijambo Mugesera Léon yahavugiye hishwe abitwa Ndegeya, Matirisi, Gasaraba na Munyakayanza. Anavuga ko mbere y’iryo jambo havugwaga ko hazajya hicwa abahungu bafite imyaka cumi n’itandatu (16) n’abagabo, bakareka abagore n’abana, ariko nyuma yaryo bahereye ruhande, ibintu bihindura isura bica abantu urubozo. Akomeza avuga ko ku munsi ukurikira meeting, hatwawe inka nyinshi z’uwitwa Ndegeya wari uherutse gufungurwa, banajyana n’iza mwene se witwa Matirisi zijyanywe i Magaba n’interahamwe, ko hari n’abapolisi batandatu(6) ba komini boherejwe na Munyandamutsa wari ukuriye interahamwe muri Gaseke babwira Ndegeya na Matirisi ko bagomba kujya kugaruza inka zabo bajyanywe na Burugumesitiri wa Gaseke , ariko bageze yo barabica, hicwa kandi n’uwitwa Gahaya n’undi mwana atazi, ko iyicwa ryabo yaribwiwe n‟abari babaherekeje kuzana inka zabo barimo Obed Musabyimana na Ndagije. [50] Ngerageze Muhamudu avuga ko muri meeting yo ku Kabaya yumvise Mugesera Léon ashishikariza abo yabwiraga gufata abatutsi bakabanyuza iy’ubusamo muri Nyabarongo bagasubira iwabo iyo bavuye muri Etiyopiya, anavuga ko amakosa bakoze ari uko muri 1959 baretse abatutsi bakava mu gihugu. Ngerageze Muhamudu anavuga ko yiboneye muganga Théodore n’uwari ushinzwe ubucuruzi bitaga “Ducommerce” batotezwa, ndetse anabona batwarwa n’interahamwe zirimo uwari uzikuriye mu karere ka Gaseke witwaga Munyandamutsa, agenda ababaza niba batarumvise ibyo Mugesera Léon yavuze ko nta mututsi ugomba kuba aho hafi, ko abo batwawe batongeye kugaruka. [51] Uwimana Salama avuga ko yari ku Kabaya yumva Mugesera abwira abanyakabaya kunyuza abatutsi iy‟ubusamo ariyo Nyabarongo bagahinguka muri Etiyopiya aho bavuye. Uyu mutangabuhamya anavuga kandi ko Mugesera Léon yanababwiye ko ikintu kimubabaza ari uko muri 1959, abatutsi bagiye ntawe ubakozeho none akaba ari bo bohereza abana babo gutera u Rwanda, ko yanavuze ko nta mututsi ugomba kubacika avuye muri serire, segiteri cyangwa

komini, ko bagomba kubahezamo bakabakata amajosi. Anavuga ko inama irangiye nka saa kumi yiboneye umututsi bari baturanye witwa Ngirarubanda atwikirwa n‟interahamwe, anabona umuganga witwa Théodore wari utuye hakurya y’iwe atwawe n‟interahamwe zivuga ko ari icyitso cy’inkotanyi. [52] Umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya PMH avuga ko ku Kabaya Mugesera yababwiye ko bazanywe n’agahinda kuko bibabaje kuba umwanzi yarateye akaba abihishemo none abahutu bakaba barimo kwicamo ibice, ko ababyeyi babo bari baragerageje kubakiza ingoma ya gihake, iyagikoronize n’iya cyami, ariko umwanzi yaraje bamuha icyuho; ko iyo impinduramatwara yo mu 1959 idapfuba abatutsi batari kubicira ngo nyuma bajye kwihisha mu bihugu by’abaturanyi, anavuga ko yumvise Mugesera asaba abari muri meeting yo ku Kabaya gufatanya n’abaserire, abakonseye na ba burugumesitiri gushaka abasore b’imbaraga kuko abatutsi batababarusha bakabohereza mu gisirikare bakajya guhashya izo nyangarwanda, anavuga ko abatutsi bavuye muri Etiyopiya bagomba kubanyuza iy’ubusamo ikabasubiza iyo baturutse, ndetse ko n’abahutu bashatse abatutsikazi ari ibyitso by’inyenzi inkotanyi nabo bagomba kwitegura kujyana na ba sebukwe na baramu babo niba batisubiyeho. [53] Umutangabuhamya PMH anavuga ko zimwe mu ngaruka zatewe n’iryo jambo ari uko bakiva muri meeting yo ku Kabaya bari mu modoka ya bisi baciye za Ngororero bahasanze ibendera ritari irya MRND bararirandura, banakubita abantu bambaye furari z’andi mashyaka baranazishwanyaguza, ko bageze ku Kamonyi babonye umusaza wambaye ingofero ya PL bamukurura kuri bisi baramukubita bamujugunya munsi y‟umuhanda, bageze ahitwa ku Giticyinyoni basenyera Kabageni Vénantie na Gasamagera babaziza ko umwe ari muri PL undi muri MDR, ko banamenaguraga ibirahure by‟imodoka bahuraga ziriho amabendera y’andi mashyaka, bagakubita na banyirazo , ko bukeye bwaho yumvise ko abanyuze ku Gisenyi bishe abagogwe muri Mutura, abagiye i Kayove bishe umusaza Sefura n‟umugore we babatwikishije ibishugushugu, barya n’inka z’abatutsi, abarokotse bahungira kuri komini no kuri paruwasi. [54] Umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya PMC avuga ko icyo yibuka ari aho Mugesera Léon yababwiye ko igihugu cyatewe n’abatutsi bavuye i Bugande kandi ko bafite ibyitso mu gihugu, ko abatutsi aribo byitso byabateye igihugu, ko icyoroshye ari ukubanyuza iy’ubusamo muri Nyabarongo ikabajyana muri Etiyopiya muri Bisiniya. Anavuga ko zimwe mu ngaruka z’iryo jambo ari iyicwa ry‟abagogwe biciwe mu Bigogwe imirambo yabo igapakirwa imodoka yagera kuri bariyeri interahamwe zari ziyiriho zigahwanya umwe wari utarapfa, ko hari n’abatotejwe barimo uwitwa Kayitare David wakuwe iwe bisabwe na konseye Bizimana Faziri, baramukubita baramuvunagura bamutera n’icumu ariko ntiyapfa, nyuma aza guhungira muri Kongo, ko hari n’abandi bakubiswe baranavunagurwa barimo uwitwa Mbungo, Musoni Anicet na Kasiyani, ko hari n’umudamu witwa Fatuma wiciwe kuri bariyeri yari muri segiteri Hindiro, komini Satinsyi avanywe mu modoka. Anavuga ko abaturage ba segiteri Kinunu na Rugamba bateye abatutsi bari baturanye barabica abandi barabamenesha bahungira mu rusengero rw’aba Methodiste Libre rwa Rwimbogo. [55] Umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya PMD avuga ko amwe mu magambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya ari uko banyuza abatutsi muri Nyabarongo bagasubira iwabo muri Abisiniya, anavuga ko banze intati no gusuzugurwa n’abatutsi. Umutangabuhamya anavuga ko ku munsi ukurikira ijambo rya Mugesera Léon, hakurya y’iwabo hishwe abitwa Kagisha, Ntabeho, Bushayija na Ruterana, ko kandi yanyuze ku mirambo yabo, ko nanone ubwo yari kuri Shyira ku

bitaro arwaje umubyeyi we yahabonye abatutsi bahahungiye batemaguwe, nanone ubwo yari kuri bariyeri ku Gisenyi haje imodoka yarimo imirambo y’abagogwe bishwe arayurira umuntu warimo utari wapfa amufata akaguru, nawe ahita amutera icyuma aramwica. [56] Umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya PME avuga ko muri meeting yo ku Kabaya Mugesera Léon yahavugiye ijambo ryabibye urwango hagati y’abanyarwanda avuga ko abatutsi bagomba kwicwa, abandi bakanyuzwa iy’ubusamo bakasubizwa iyo bavuye muri Abisiniya, ko yakomeje avuga atunga urutoki muri Nyabarongo avuga ko babanyuzamo bagasanga bene wabo muri Etiyopiya. Anavuga ko ku wa 21/01/1993 abatutsi batanu(5) biciwe muri segiteri Gitwa muri Satinsyi, bishwe na Kuradusenge Thomas wari perezida w’interahamwe za Giciye, bukeye bwaho ku wa 22/01/1993 abatutsi makumyabiri n’umunani bicirwa muri segiteri ya Matyazo na Gashonyi, ku wa 25/01/1993, hicwa Mukandutiye Fatuma wari utuye Hindiro avanywe mu modoka ya bisi yavaga i Gisenyi, hanicwa n’uwitwa Mukamana, ndetse na nyuma yaho abantu bakomeza kwicwa no guhunga, ko mubo yibuka bari barahunze harimo n’umwarimu witwa Rusizana François wahungiye i Nyakabanda amaze kumva ko abatutsi bagomba kunyuzwa iy’ubusamo bagasanga bene wabo, ko izo ngaruka zose zatewe n’ijambo rya Mugesera Léon kubera ko mbere ritari ryavugwa abahutu n’abatutsi bari babanye neza. [57] Uzabakiriho Afisa avuga ko yumvise Mugesera avuga ko badashaka abatutsi, ko babanyuza iy’ubusamo byihuse bakabajugunya muri Nyabarongo bagasubira muri Etiyopiya aho baturutse, ko kandi Mugesera Léon yavuze ko ikintu kimubabaza ari uko mu mwaka wa 1959 baretse abatutsi bakagenda ntacyo babakozeho, abana babyaye bakaba ari bo baza kubatera, ko rero agatutsi kari muri segiteri, akari muri serire n’akari muri komini bagahezemo, bagakate ijosi ntihagire akabacika. Umutangabuhamya Uzabakiriho Afisa anavuga ko Mugesera Léon amaze kuvugira ijambo ku Kabaya ryahise rishyirwa mu bikorwa, abatutsi baricwa, hicwa uwitwa Ngirarubanda wari waraye atwikiwe, akanavuga ko yabyiboneye, ko yanabwiwe na Nsabimana Amos wari umuhishe ko hashize nk’iminsi ine (4) iryo jambo rivuzwe hishwe Kanigiri n‟umuryango we, hanicwa n’abandi batutsi bari batuye mu Kabere barimo uwitwa Munyawera, ko kandi yabwiwe n’interahamwe yitwa Dadari ko hashize nk’iminsi ibiri (2) iryo jambo rivuzwe na Mugesera Léon hishwe Karasanyi n’umuryango we, ko uretse ubwo bwicanyi hanabaye ibikorwa bibi nko kubatwikira no kubasahura. [58] Umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya PMF watwaraga abajya muri za meeting avuga ko yumvise Mugesera avugira mu nama yabereye ku Kabaya ku wa 22/11/1992 ko inama ari iyo kwerekana ububi bw’abatutsi, abwira abari mu nama ko babyina kandi abana babo barimo gushirira ku rugamba, ko ari agahinda. Anavuga ko Mugesera yavuze ko abatutsi n’ibyitso byabo basubizwa iyo bavuye banyujijwe iy’ubusamo muri Nyabarongo bagasanga bene wabo b’inyenzi muri Bisiniya, anababwira ko abatutsi barimo kugurisha inka zabo bakoherereza bene wabo amafaranga yo kugura imbunda zo kubarasa, avuga ko banze agasuzuguro n’intati. Umutangabuhamya PMF anavuga ko ubwo bari bavuye muri meeting yo ku Kabaya atwaye abaturage mu modoka bavanze n’interahamwe zifite inkoni n’imbunda, bageze mu Bigogwe izo nterahamwe zikubita, zinakomeretsa abaturage b‟abagogwe bari aho, ko no kuri santeri ya Mahoko naho abaturage bahakubitiwe cyane, ndetse hakaba hari n’uwo azi byaje kuviramo urupfu nyuma y’iminsi 2 ari mu bitaro, akanemeza ko ku wa 24/01/1993 hapfuye umugabo witwa Sefaranga n’umugore we ndetse n’umuhungu wabo bari batuye muri segiteri Basa, muri Rubavu bicwa n’interahamwe zirimo abitwa Maganane na Sinyora zivuga ko ari intati.

[59] Umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya PMG asobanura ko yari mu ishyaka rya MRND akaba n’interahamwe, azitwara zigiye muri meeting n’ahandi, akavuga ko yumvise Mugesera Léon avugira mu nama yo ku Kabaya ko ari agahinda kubona babyina kandi abana babo bashirira ku rugamba, ko banze agasuzuguro n’intati. Anavuga ko yumvise Mugesera abwira abatutsi ko bari kugurisha inka zabo, bakoherereza bene wabo amafaranga yo kugura imbunda zo kubarasa, zo kubamara, none ko bo n’ibyitso byabo bamenya ko bazasanga bene wabo banyuze iy‟ubusamo, ko bagomba kubafata bagaca iy’ubusamo, muri Nyabarongo bakazahingukira muri Bisiniya. Ku bijyanye n’ingaruka z’ijambo ryo ku Kabaya, umutangabuhamya avuga ko meeting ikirangira umuhutu n‟umututsi batongeye kuvuga rumwe, imvururu ziza gutangira nyuma y’amezi abiri (2) ijambo rivuzwe, hicwa abatutsi n’abagogwe hirya no hino muri Gisenyi, ko impamvu ahuza ubwo bwicanyi n’ijambo rya Mugesera ari uko indirimbo bagendaga babyina bajyaga kwica ari ukubanyuza iy’ubusamo. [60] Umutangabuhamya Kadogo Hakim wari mu ishyaka rya MRND avuga ko yamenyeye Mugesera muri meeting ya MRND yabereye kuri Migongo ku Kabaya mu 1992, ko Mugesera yaje muri iyo nama nk‟umuntu wo mu rwego rw‟igihugu avugiramo amagambo akangurira abahutu kwica abatutsi, ko amaze guhabwa ikaze, yabwiye abari mu nama ko muri 1959 batwikiye abatutsi gusa, barabareka baragenda, none barebe ibyo abana bagiye bahetse bagiye kubakorera. Anababwira ko guhera muri serire no muri segiteri hatagomba kugira ubacika, ko bagomba kubakata amajosi bakajya iwabo muri Etiyopiya. Anavuga ko Mugesera amaze kuvuga ayo magambo we yahise agenda kuko yahungabanye. Anavuga ko ageze hafi y’iwe muri Gisebeya abantu bamutegeye mu nzira baramukubita bamuziza atunze umugore w’umututsikazi, bamubaza niba atumvise ibyavuzwe na Mugesera, yarangiza agakomeza kubika icyitso no kubatahamo, ko abantu baje kureba ko yakubiswe aribo bamubwiye ko Karasanyi w‟umugogwe n’abana be barimo Tosho, Gishongore na Kanaburenge baraye bishwe ariko ko we atamenye ababishe, anavuga ko uretse icyo gitero nta kindi azi cyagiye kwa Karasanyi mbere. Yongeraho ko hari n’abandi benshi bagiye bicwa atazi kuko batari batuye muri segiteri imwe. [61] Umutangabuhamya Kabuhembe Amiel avuga ko yamenyeye Mugesera muri meeting yo ku Kabaya, ko icyatumye amumenya ari uko yatangiye disikuru yibwira abari mu nama, aza gusoza avuga ko abatutsi bacishwa mu nzira y’ubusamo bagaca muri Nyabarongo bakagera iwabo muri Etiyopiya. Anavuga ko akimara kumva ko abatutsi babaroha muri Nyabarongo yahise ataha bitewe n’uko yumvise ko abatutsi bagiye gupfa. Avuga ko Mugesera amaze kuvuga ijambo mu gitondo ku munsi ukurikiyeho abantu bishwe barashira, baratwikirwa, imitungo yabo irasahurwa, akavuga ko hatangiye gupfa umudamu we Nyirankima n‟abana be babiri, hapfa Bikobwa, Matirisi, umukecuru witwa Gahaga, Rubayita, Nyiragore n‟umwana witwa Kampara, ko abo bantu bishwe mu muri 1992 ariko akaba atibuka amatariki, bicirwa muri komini Mutura bahunze, abandi muri segiteri Rwiri, abandi bicirwa muri segiteri Magaba muri Gaseke. Asobanura ko abapfiriye muri Magaba bari kumwe muri Kesho, abo muri Mutura na Rwiri bari bahunze babirukaho bajya ku Kibuye, bageze Rwiri barabica. Avuga ko impamvu ahuza ubwo bwicanyi n’ijambo rya Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya ari uko yamaze kuvuga iryo jambo mu mwaka wa 1992 abantu bagahita bicwa. Akomeza avuga ko Kesho ariho bari barahungiyeho kuva mbere 1991, ko disikuru imaze kuvugwa uwo munsi mu gitondo babateye barahunga, mu nzira bamwe barabica, nyuma haza abajandarume barabahumuriza basubira Kesho. [62] Umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya PMK avuga ko meeting yo ku Kabaya yo kuwa 22/11/1992 yari ayirimo kandi ko yavugiwemo byinshi, na Mugesera avuga byinshi ariko

ibyitaweho cyane akaba ari aho yageze abantu bagacurira avuze ko abatutsi bagomba kunyuzwa muri Nyabarongo mu nzira y’ubusamo izabageza iyo baturutse Abisiniya. Umutangabuhamya avuga ko nyuma y’iryo jambo, abagogwe bishwe ahitwa mu Kesho, hagabwa n’igitero muri segiteri ya Matyazo muri komini Satinsyi no muri segiteri ya Gitega, ko nyuma y’amezi atatu, hatewe urugo rwa Muragwabugabo Sylvestre aricwa n’umugore we Kankindi n’umuhungu we Rutiganda, bikomereza muri segiteri ya Gitega kuri bariyeri yari ihari, abagenzi bakurwa mu modoka bakahicirwa bakajugunywa mu buvumo bwari hafi aho bwarimo amazi, ko ayo makuru y‟ubwicanyi bwakorewe abagogwe mu Kesho yayumviye mu isoko rya Kabaya abantu bari kuvuga ko ibintu bikomeye ko abagogwe bishwe, iby’i Matyazo abyumvira mu nama y‟umutekano yakoreshejwe na burugumestre Nsanzimihigo Cyrille wa komini Santinsyi muri 1992 nyuma y’ijambo rya Mugesera yamagana ubwo bwicanyi bwari bwabereye i Matyazo. Avuga ko kuri bariyeri yo mu Gitega hiciwe abantu 6 mu bihe bitandukanye, kandi nawe akaba yarabigizemo uruhare kuko yayikoragaho, ko ibyo yabikurikiranweho agakatirwa igifungo kingana n’imyaka 8 agabanyirijwe igihano. Asobanura ko amazina y’abiciwe mu Kesho na Matyazo atayamenye kuko hari kure ye, ariko abishe abantu bo mu Kesho bakaba barimo Rurinda Védaste wayoboraga ibyo bitero, ko amazina yabo yayamenye imanza za gacaca zitangiye kuburanishwa. Abatangabuhamya bavuga ko batari muri meeting yo ku Kabaya [63] Havugimana Samuel Songa avuga ko ibyo yibuka yabwiwe na Kabuhembe Amiel n‟abandi bari bagiye mu nama ari uko Mugesera Léon yavuze ko abatutsi ari nyenzi bagomba kwicwa bakajugunywa muri Nyabarongo ikabageza iwabo iyo bakomotse muri Abisiniya. Anavuga ko zimwe mu ngaruka z’iryo jambo ari igitero cyagabwe ku gasozi ka Kesho hakicwa abantu barenga bane(4), hakicwa n’abandi i Kibilira na Giciye , ariko ko abo azi amazina yabo ari abo muri komini Gaseke kuko ari bo yiboneye n’amaso ye bapfa abo akaba ari abitwa Ndegeya alias Bikobwa akaba mwene Karasanyi , Matirisi, Gahaga na Gakware, anavuga kandi ko uwitwa Matirisi na Bikobwa bishwe baragiye, inka ziranyagwa, hanapfa na Kinyogote na Pari, akemeza ko ubwo bwicanyi ari ingaruka z’ijambo rya Mugesera Léon kubera ko ibitero byatangiye kugabwa ku munsi ukurikira uwavuzweho iryo jambo, ko ibyo bitero byari biyobowe n‟interahamwe ku rwego rwa komini ndetse n‟ubuyobozi bwa Leta. [64] Ngabikeye Ananias avuga ko mu 1992 ubwo yari ku kazi ke k’ubupolisi kuri komini ya Satinskyi haje umwarimu witwa Muratwa Aloys avuye mu nama ku Kabaya yiruka ahunga avuga ko uwitwa Mugesera avugiye muri iyo nama ko abatutsi babica bakabamara bakabaroha muri Nyabarongo bagasubira iwabo muri Etiyopiya. Umutangabuhamya Ngabikeye anavuga ko inama yo ku Kabaya irangiye, hari abatutsi benshi baje gupfa nyuma yayo, bamwe bakaba barapfuye muri iryo joro, abandi ku manywa, ko abo yibuka bishwe ari uwitwa Agnès Nziyonsenga na nyina Ancilla, Musabwa n’umukobwa we Nyirabakarani n’umukazana we Mukansanga n’umuhungu we Ibambasi, Nyirankima na Namuhoranye n‟umugore wa Butera Gervais, Nataliya; umugore wa Buseruka n’abana be, Bunyuguru n’umugore we n’abana be; Mukansonera n‟abana be babiri, Karasanyi, Gishongore, Bikobwa, Kayitsinga, Nyakarundi; Defuro; Nzabandora; umwana wa Muratwa w’umuhungu, akanemeza ko abo yibuka bagize uruhare mu bwicanyi ari Ruzakirande, Majoro, Rukaranshuro, Kanimba, Selemani Nsengiyumva, Ndabita, Butiyori, Rubyagira na Nsekanumungogo.

[65] Umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya PMJ avuga ko azi Mugesera kuva akiri mutoya, ko amuzi mu cyari komini Kibilira, anavuga ko ahagana mu 1992 habaye mitingi ikomeye yabere mu cyari komini Gaseke ku Kabaya atari arimo ariko ko mu ijambo yumvise kuri radiyo Rwanda, Mugesera yavugaga ko abatutsi bazanyuzwa iy‟ubusamo, muri Nyabarongo bagasubira iwabo muri Abisiniya, akavuga ko impamvu yatumye amenya ko ari Mugesera uvuga ari uko yari asanzwe azi uko avuga kubera ko bari baturanye, banataha amakwe y’iwabo. [66] Ngirabatware Thaddée w‟umuvandimwe wa Mugesera Léon yavuze ko ntacyo azi kuri meeting yo ku Kabaya kuko atayigiyemo kandi nta n’ingaruka zayo azi. [67] Urukiko rusanga, muri rusange, Mugesera Léon anenga ibivugwa n‟abatangabuhamya avuga ko ubuhamya bwabo butakwizerwa kuko ibyo bavuga nta kuri kurimo kubera kubogama, kuvuga ibyo batahagazeho, kwivuguruza no kuvuguruzanya mu buhamya bwabo, ko hari n‟abafite inyungu mu rubanza kubera ko babuze ababo, abandi bafunze cyangwa bireze bakemera icyaha bigatuma batanga ubuhamya bigura. Avuga ko abatangabuhamya bafata ibintu byabaye muri 1991 n‟ibyabaye mu 1993 na 1994 bakabihuza n’ijambo ryavugiwe ku Kabaya kuwa 22/11/1992, ndetse ko hari amagambo bavuga atari mu ijambo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ryavugiwe ku Kabaya nko gutsemba abatutsi, kubasubiza muri abisiniya, cyangwa se bagafata agace kamwe mu ijambo bakakavugisha ibyo katavuga, ntibanavuge bimwe by‟ingenzi biri muri iryo jambo nk’amatora no kwandikira Minisitiri w’uburezi kubera ikibazo cy’iyirukanwa ry’aba ensipegiteri. Anavuga ko asanga ibimenyetso byatanzwe n’ubushinjacyaha bivuguruzanya kuko ubuhamya butangwa budahura n’ijambo ryashyikirijwe urukiko. [68] By’umwihariko, Mugesera Léon avuga ko ubuhamya butangwa na Hategekimana Iddi, mushiki we Uwimana Salama na muramu we Kadogo Hachim butakwizerwa kimwe n’ubwa Kabuhembe Amiel, Havugimana Samuel Songa na Nyirabagirishya Rahel kuko nta kuntu batari kuvugana ku byo bamushinja kubera ko bafitanye amasano, banaturanye, ndetse hakaba hari n‟abahuje idini, banasengera mu musigiti umwe barimo Gashikazi Radjabu na Ntawuruhunga Hassan, abenshi kandi bakaba barabajijwe umunsi umwe, babazwa n‟umushinjacyaha umwe, hakaba hari n‟abahungiye hamwe ku gasozi ka Kesho. [69] Mugesera avuga nanone ko kuba bamwe mu batangabuhamya barimo Ngerageze Muhamudu, PMF na PME bavuga ko batari bamuzi mbere ya meeting yo ku Kabaya, bigaragaza ko atari umuntu uzwi, uvuga rikijyana nk’uko bivugwa n’ubushinjacyaha. Avuga kandi ko kuba abatangabuhamya bemeza ko igihe habaga meeting ku Kabaya igihugu cyari mu ntambara yaturutse i Bugande, bigaragaza ko ijambo ryahavugiwe ryavuzwe mu rwego rwo kwitabara, n‟ingaruka bamushyiraho akaba ariyo ntambara zaturutseho. [70] Urukiko rusanga mu batangabuhamywa babajijwe n’urukiko, ubuhamya bwa PMF n’ubwa PMH butashingirwaho kuko ibyo bavuga bitandukanye ku buryo bugaragara n’ibikubiye mu ijambo ryo ku Kabaya nk’aho PMF avuga ko muri meeting yo ku Kabaya yumvise Mugesera Léon avuga ko babyina kandi abana babo barimo gushirira ku rugamba, ko ari agahinda, anababwira ko banze agasuzuguro n’intati n’aho PMH avuga ko Mugesera yababwiye ko bazanywe n’agahinda kuko bibabaje kuba umwanzi yarateye akaba abihishemo none abahutu bakaba barimo kwicamo ibice, ko ababyeyi babo bari baragerageje kubakiza ingoma ya gihake, iyagikoronize n’iya cyami, ariko umwanzi akaba yaraje bamuha icyuho; ko iyo impinduramatwara yo mu 1959 idapfuba abatutsi batari kubicira ngo nyuma bajye kwihisha mu bihugu by’abaturanyi, ko yanumvise asaba

abari muri meeting yo ku Kabaya gufatanya n’abaserire, abakonseye n’ababurugumesitiri gushaka abasore b’imbaraga kuko abatutsi batababarusha bakabohereza mu gisirikare bakajya guhashya izo nyangarwanda, ko n’abahutu bashatse abatutsikazi ari iby’ibyitso by’inyenzi inkotanyi nabo bakaba bagomba kwitegura kujyana na basebukwe na baramu babo niba batisubiyeho (…). [71] Urukiko rusanga n’ubwo Mugesera Léon anenga ibivugwa n’abandi batangabuhamya, ariko urukiko rusesenguye ubuhamya bwabo rusanga bufite ireme, buhuje n’ikiburanwa kuko n’ubwo babivuga mu magambo yabo, ibyo bavuga bihura n’ibikubiye mu ijambo Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya ryaba iryumvikana mu ijwi rye ryafatiwe kuri CD, ryaba n’iriri ku nyandukuro yarikorewe. Rusanga nanone urebye uburyo babivugamo n’uko bahuza imvugo, bigaragara ko ibyo bavuga babizi babihagazeho n’abavuga ibyo babwiwe bihura n’ibivugwa n’abo babihagazeho, kandi bose bakaba bagaruka ku magambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside ari muri iryo ijambo arimo kwita abatutsi inyenzi, ibyitso by’abateye igihugu,kuba yaravuze ko bagomba kubakata amajosi, kubanyuza iy’ubusamo muri Nyabarongo bagasubira iwabo muri Etiyopiya aho baturutse no kuba ikosa ryakozwe muri 1959 ari uko babaretse bakagenda none abana babo bakaba aribo barimo kubatera. Banahuriza ku kuba nyuma ry’iryo jambo ryo ku Kabaya interahamwe zaragabye ibitero ahantu hatandukanye muri Gisenyi hakicwa abatutsi benshi, abandi barasahurwa, baranatwikirwa. [72] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Mugesera avuga ko ubuhamya bugomba guteshwa agaciro kubera ko hari amagambo atari mu ijambo ryo ku Kabaya avugwa n’abatangabuhamya barimo Ntawuruhunga Hassan, PMG, Havugimana Samuel Songa, PME na PMJ no kubera ko hari ibiri mu ijambo abatangabuhamya babajijwe batavuga, nta shingiro bifite kuko harebwe igihe kirenga imyaka myakumyabiri (20) gishize iryo jambo rivuzwe, kuba umutangabuhamya yakoresha amagambo ye asobanura ibyo yumvise, cyangwa hari ibyo atavuga biri mu ijambo, ubwabyo bitatesha ubuhamya ireme kuko usesenguye ibyo bavuga usanga bihura n’ibiri mu ijambo bijyanye no gushishikariza gukora jenoside. Ibi bisobanuro bikaba bihura n’uburyo Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwabibonye mu rubanza rwa Bikindi Simon26 n’urwa Muvunyi Tharcisse aho rwasanze n’ubwo hari ibyo abatangabuhamya batavuga kimwe cyangwa bakwibeshyaho bishobora guterwa n‟igihe cyari gishize ariko ko bitagira ingaruka ku kwizerwa kwabo no ku ireme ry‟ubuhamya bwabo27. [73] Urukiko rusanga n’ibyo Mugesera avuga ko hari abatangabuhamya batavugisha ukuri kubera ko bafite inyungu mu rubanza kuko babuze ababo cyangwa inshuti zabo barimo Nyirabagirishya Rahel, Havugimana Samuel Songa na Ngabicyeye Ananias, abandi bafunze cyangwa bireze bakemera icyaha bigatuma batanga ubuhamya bigura barimo PMC, PMD na 26 “The Chamber recognises that a significant period of time has elapsed between the events alleged in the Indictment and the testimonies given in court. Therefore, lack of precision or minor discrepancies between the evidence of different witnesses, or between the testimony of a particular witness and a prior statement, was not regarded in general as necessarily discrediting their evidence. When deciding not to rely on certain aspects of a witness’s testimony, the Chamber nevertheless sometimes relied on other parts of the testimony deemed to be reliable and credible”, Cfr. The Prosecutor v. Bikindi Simon, Case no. ICTR-2001 - 72-T of 2nd December 2008, para.32. 27 “Nonetheless, the Chamber notes that fifteen years have passed since the date of the meeting in Gikore in mid to late May 1994 and recalls that discrepancies attributable to the passage of time do not necessarily affect the credibility or reliability of witnesses.The Chamber considers it reasonable that, fifteen years later, the Prosecution witnesses may have mistakenly recalled that Nteziryayo attended the meeting as préfet of Butare given that he was appointed to this position only a few weeks later”, Cfr The Prosecutor v. Tharcisse Muvunyi, Case No. ICTR - 00 - 55A-T of 11 February 2010, para.56, 58,91-94.

Gashikazi Radjabu, nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko urukiko rusanga ubuhamya bwabo bukiranuye, buhuje n‟ibikubiye mu ijambo ryavugiwe ku Kabaya, ikindi kandi kuba barabuze ababo cyangwa barafunzwe, bakemera icyaha, ubwabyo ntibyatuma ubuhamya bwabo buteshwa agaciro. [74] Urukiko rusanga n’ibyo Mugesera avuga ko hari abatangabuhamya batavugisha ukuri kuko bavuganye ku buhamya bamutangaho barimo Hategekimana Iddi, Uwimana Salama, Ntawuruhunga Hassan, Gashikazi Radjabu, Nyirabagirishya Rahel na Havugimana Samuel Songa, nta shingiro bifite kuko nta kigaragaza ko babuvuganyeho, kandi n‟iyo baba barabuvuganyeho nta kigaragaza ko babikoze bagamije kumubeshyera. Byongeye kandi kuba haba hari abatangabuhamya bafitanye amasano nka Hategekimana Iddi, Uwimana Salama na Kadogo Hachim n’abandi baturanye cyangwa basengera mu idini rimwe, nabyo bikaba bitatuma batizerwa cyangwa ngo ubuhamya bwabo buteshwe agaciro. Uwo murongo akaba ari nawo wafashwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda aho rwemeje ko kuba abatangabuhamya bafitanye amasano bitabuza ko ubuhamya bwizerwa28. Bityo, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, rusanga ibyo abo batangabuhamya bavuga bikiranuye kandi bihuye n‟ibikubiye mu ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya n’ingaruka zarikurikiye. [75] Urukiko rusanga ibyo kuba ijambo Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya ryarashishikarizaga gutsemba abatutsi binavugwa mu binyamakuru binyuranye byasohotse mu mpera z’umwaka wa 1992 no mu ntangiro z’umwaka wa 1993 birimo Umurangi no14 cyo kuwa 10/12/1992, urupapuro rwa 2 n’urwa 3 kivuga ko Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya ko bagomba gukata abatutsi amajosi, bakabaroha muri Nyabarongo; Rwanda Rushya no 34 cyo mu Kuboza 1992 cyandika ko Mugesera yavugiye muri meeting yo ku Kabaya ko hari abanyarwanda b’abanyetiyopiya bagomba kunyuza muri Nyabarongo kugira ngo bagereyo bwangu; Isibo cyo kuwa 24 - 31 Ukuboza 1992 kivuga ko ibyo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya kuwa 22/11/1992 byashyizwe mu bikorwa n’interahamwe n’impuzamugambi muri Kibirira kuwa 28/12/1992 na Kinyamateka no 1387 Gashyantare, 1993, urupapuro rwa 12, cyanditse kuri disikuru Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya asaba abanyagisenyi mu magambo ataziguye, kwica abo batavuga rumwe. [76] Urukiko runasanga na raporo ya komisiyo y’iperereza mpuzamahanga ku ihungabanywa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda yo kuva kuwa 7 kugeza kuwa 21/01/1993 yaragarutse kuri iryo jambo aho yafashe Mugesera nk’uwashishikarije ku buryo bukomeye ubugizi bwa nabi29, na Rumiya Jean wari umwarimu muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda nawe akaba yarandikiye Mugesera Léon ibaruwa ifunguye yo kuwa 02/12/1992 yamagana ibikubiye muri iryo jambo avuga ko rihamagarira kwica abatutsi n’abayoboke b‟andi mashyaka atari MRND, ndetse n’Umwanditsi Philip Reyntjens nawe avuga ko mu 1992 Mugesera yavuze ijambo rutwitsi rikangurira kwica abatutsi n’abanyapolitiki batavuga rumwe30. [77] Harebwe rero amagambo Mugesera Léon yakoresheje mu ijambo ryumvikana mu ijwi rye ryafatiwe kuri CD yashyikirijwe urukiko no ku nyandukuro yarikorewe, yanemeye ubwe ko ari 28 “(…). The Chamber finds no basis to conclude that these witnesses lacked credibility or were conspiring to falsely implicate Muvunyi simply because they were collectively mistaken on this point, or because of their familial relationship”, The Prosecutor v. Tharcisse Muvunyi, Case no ICTR - 00 - 55A-T of 11 February 2010, para. 58. 29 Commission internationale d’enquête, rapport du 07 au 21/01/1993, page 21. 30 Filip Reyntjens, L’Afrique des Grands Lacs en crise, Paris Karthara, 1994, p.119.

ryo yavugiye ku Kabaya, akarivuga mu gihe mu gihugu abatutsi bicwaga31, hakanarebwa ibivugwa n’abatangabuhamya, ndetse n’ibyanditswe mu binyamakuru cyangwa n‟abashakashatsi nyuma y‟uko rivugwa, urukiko rusanga Mugesera Léon avuga iryo jambo yarashishikarije kwica abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo. [78] Urukiko rusanga rero ibyo Mugesera Léon avuga ko atashishikarije gukora jenoside, nta shingiro bifite kuko nk’uko byagaragajwe, mu ijambo rye yikomye abatutsi yitaga inyenzi, abateye igihugu n’ibyitso byabo, ndetse binemezwa n‟abatangabuhamya bavuga ko iryo jambo barifashe nko gushishikariza kwica abatutsi, ndetse hakaba hari na bamwe muri abo batangabuhamya barimo Kadogo Hachim, Nyirabagirishya Rahel, PME, Ngerageze Muhamudu, Ntawuruhunga Hassan na Hategekimana Iddi bemeza ko nyuma ya meeting yo ku Kabaya hatangiye ubugizi bwa nabi bica, basahura, banasenyera abatutsi biturutse kuri iryo jambo, Ngerageze Muhamudu we akanavuga ko yiboneye abatutsi batotezwa n’Interahamwe zibabaza niba batarumvise ibyo Mugesera Léon yavuze ko nta mututsi ugomba kuba aho hafi, kandi ko abo batwawe batongeye kugaruka. PMG we akavugako ko impamvu ahuza ubwicanyi bwabaye n’ijambo rya Mugesera ari uko indirimbo bagendaga babyina bajya kwica ari ukubanyuza iy’ubusamo. [79] Urukiko rusanga n’ibyo avuga ko gutsemba abateye igihugu n’ibyitso byabo bidasobanura kumaraho abatutsi ahubwo bivuga kubakorera lisiti bagashyirwa imbere y’ubucamanza, nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko harebwe andi magambo yavuze arimo gukata amajosi abateye igihugu n’ibyitso byabo, kubasubiza muri Etiyopiya banyujijwe muri Nyabarongo, kudategereza ko abateye u Rwanda n‟ibyitso byabo bazaza bakatsemba, akagereranywa n’ibyo yavuze byo gutsemba abateye igihugu n’ibyitso byabo, hakanarebwa ibivugwa n’abatangabuhamya ko ubutumwa bakuye muri iryo jambo ari uko Mugesera Léon yabashishikarije kwica abatutsi, bigaragaza ko Mugesera Léon avuga gutsemba abateye igihugu n‟ibyitso byabo ari ukubica yavugaga, bityo kubatsemba bikaba bitakwitiranwa n‟ibyo avuga byo kubashyira kuri lisiti bagashyikirizwa ubucamanza. [80] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Mugesera Léon avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha butakurikije amahame muzi n’uburyo bwemewe mu gusesengura ijambo (discours) kuko ijambo bwashyikirije urukiko buricagaguramo ibice bukarema irindi jambo buvugisha ibitandukanye n’ibyo uwavuze ijambo yavuze, nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko rusanga ijambo rishingirwaho mu kumurega gushishikariza gukora jenoside ryarasesenguwe ryose uko ryakabaye, ariko mu gusobanura ikirego, ubushinjacyaha bugenda bwibanda ku nteruro n’amagambo yumvikanamo gushishikariza gukora jenoside, kandi kuba mu ijambo hafatwamo ibice bimwe bigaragaza ubutumwa uvuga ijambo ashaka gutanga bikaba mu rwego rw‟amategeko bitabujijwe. [81] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo avuga ko nta kindi abari muri meeting bari gutahana uretse ibyo uvuga ijambo yasorejeho, na byo nta shingiro bifite kuko byanze bikunze uwabwiwe ijambo adatahana gusa ibyasorejweho, kubera ko ashobora no gutahana ibyamukoze ku mutima, ibyamuteye ubwoba, ibyamushimishije, ibyamubabaje n‟ibindi nk’uko abatangabuhamya babigaragaza mu buhamya bwabo binyuranye n’ibyo Mugesera avuga ko umuntu ushyira mugaciro yagombaga gutahana ubutumwa burebana n„amatora na demokarasi yasorejeho avuga ijambo. 31 Commission internationale d’enquête, rapport du 07 au 21/01/1993, page 21 et ss.

[82] Urukiko rusanga n’ibyo Mugesera Léon avuga ko ijambo ryavuzwe mu nyungu rusange no mu rwego rwo kwitabara kuko igihugu cyari cyatewe, nta shingiro bifite kuko iryo jambo atarivuze nk’uhagarariye igihugu kubera ko, uretse kuba yaravuze ijambo mu rwego rw’ishyaka rya MRND, nta wundi mwanya mu buyobozi bw’igihugu yari afite umuha ububasha bwo kuvuga nk’ugihagarariye. Byongeye kandi mu rwego rw‟amategeko nshinjabyaha iryo jambo rikaba ritafwa nko kwitabara kuko nta gikorwa cyo gusagarirwa Mugesera Léon yari yakorewe gituma yitabara32. Kumenya niba hari izindi nama Mugesera Léon yavugiyemo amagambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside [83] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko mbere y’ijambo Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya kuwa 22/11/1992, hari n’andi magambo akangurira gukora jenoside yavugiye muri za meetings yakoresheje hirya no hino mu gihugu nk’iyo kuri Shyira, Kibirira, Mukamira, sitade Umuganda, ku Cyasemakambo, mu cyahoze ari komine Nyamyumba mu kigo cy’amashuli cya Trinité. Bukavuga ko mu ibazwa rya Sinayobye André na Rwasubutare Callixte bavuze ko bari bari mu nama Mugesera Léon yaremesheje i Nyamyumba ku wa 06/07/1992 aho yakanguriye abahutu kwica abatutsi avuga ko ari abagome, inzoka, ko basigiye ubumuga abasekuruza babo, ko banavuga ko nyuma y’iryo jambo yahavugiye, abatutsi bari aho bakubiswe abandi baricwa ushoboye gucika arahunga, ko mu bishwe harimo uwitwa Nyiramafaranga umukobwa wa Manegu, umukozi wo mu rugo wo kwa Pasiteri Ruvuduka n’undi witwa Tegera. [84] Bukanavuga ko mu mvugo ya PMG agaragaza ko yagiye i Kibungo ku Cyasemakamba ku itariki atibuka ajyanyeyo na Mugesera Léon, Bikindi Simoni, Kajuga Robert, Sinyora na Katumba; Mugesera Léon akahavugira ijambo avuga ko ntawe ushobora kubwira umugore ngo ajye gukura ibijumba kandi azi neza ko munsi harimo ifuku, ko bagomba kwireba bakamenya abateye u Rwanda abo aribo, uko basa ndetse n’ibyitso byabo bakabimenya, ko na nyuma y’ayo magambo hari imodoka ya Hilux y’umweru yahise iza ipakiye abagabo batanu b’abatutsi bahita babicira aho n‟impiri, Mugesera Léon ababwira ko abandi bazi umwanzi uwo ariwe. Bunavuga ko mu mvugo za Habarurema Saidi mu gihe cy’iperereza nawe avuga ko yajyanye na Mugesera Léon muri meeting ku Gikongoro muri 1992 ariko akaba atibuka ukwezi n’amataliki, ko mu ijambo yahavugiye yavuze ko abatutsi ari babi, ko kubana nabo ari nko kubana n’uruziramire, ko ujya kwica imbeba atababarira ihaka, bagomba kwirinda umutego ba sekuru babo baguyemo, bakirinda no guhingira ku ifuku, kandi ko uhinga umurima adasigamo urwiri. [85] Mugesera Léon avuga ko urukiko rutagomba guha agaciro ibyo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kuko butagaragaza ayo magambo yavuze ashishikariza abantu umugambi wa jenoside, ko ahubwo asanga harebwa ibikubiye mu ijambo yashyikirije urukiko yemera ko yavuze yise amahembe ane ya shitani, kuko ubutumwa burikubiyemo aribwo yagendaga atanga kandi bukaba nta gikorwa kigize icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside kiburimo. Asobanura ko muri iryo jambo, amahembe ane ya shitani arivugwamo arebana no kwirinda agasuzuguro, ubugambanyi, ubushizi bw'isoni n'ubwirasi (le mépris, l’insolence, la vanité, la traîtrise). Akomeza avuga ko iryo jambo rinagaragaza intwaro umurwanashyaka wa MRND yagombaga kugendana buri munsi zirimo amatora, ubutwari n’urukundo, ko rero iryo jambo ntaho rihuriye no kwanga no kwica abatutsi. Anavuga ko ibivugwa n’abatangabuhamya Rwasubutare Callixte na Sinayobye André bitashingirwaho kuko bigaragara ko ubuhamya bwabo babuteguriye hamwe bigaragazwa 32 Ingingo ya 337 -338 z’Itegeko Teka No 21/77 ryo kuwa 18/08/1977 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana.

n’amabaruwa bandikiye ubushinjacyaha bamutangaho ubuhamya yanditswe n’umuntu umwe, ndetse n’ibyo banditse bikaba binyuranye n’ibyo bavugiye mu rukiko. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA a) Ku byerekeye inama y’i Nyamyumba [86] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya Rwasubutare Callixte, uvuga ko yari interahamwe, abazwa mu rukiko yavuze ko yari mu nama yabereye i Nyamyumba ku ishuli rya Trinité kuwa 06/07/1992, aho Mugesera yavugiye ijambo abashishikariza kwica abatutsi ababwira ko abatutsi nta cyiza babashakira uretse kwica no kurimbura umuhutu uwo ariwe wese, ko rero badashobora kwemera ko bongera kugaruka ngo babakorere nk’ibyo bakoreye ba sekuru na ba sekuruza, ko ababatera ari abana babo babyariye hanze hamwe n’ibyitso byabo bakaba bashaka gutura mu gihugu bonyine kandi igihugu cyabo barasize bakigurishije, ko n’amahanga atabemera kubera ubugome bwabo bumeze nk’ubw’inzoka. Akomeza avuga ko Mugesera yababwiye ko uwo ujya gusiga umurinda, ko ariyo mpamvu bagomba guhaguruka bakabarwanya, bakabashakira mu bihuru aho bakwihisha hose ndetse no mu mazu kimwe n’uwo basanga abahishe nawe agomba kujyana nabo kuko nawe aba ari icyitso nka bo, anababwira ko bagomba kubafata, bakabanyuza iy’ubusamo kugira ngo bazahinguke iyo baturutse muri Abisiniya, anabasobanurira ko kubanyuza iy’ubusamo ari ukubatsemba. Ku bijyanye n’ingaruka zakurikiye iryo jambo avuga ko bamwe mu bitabiriye iyo nama bahise bahaguruka batangira guhiga abatutsi, bica uwitwaga Nyiramafaranga na Bahimba, banasahura kwa Njarajazi no ku mukobwa we, kwa Ruvuduka, kwa Ngirente, kwa Tegera no kwa Kanyurwa barabasahura baranabatwikira. Umutangabuhamya avuga kandi ko nawe ubwe yari muri ibyo bitero. [87] Urukiko rusanga nanone umutangabuhamya Sinayobye André mu buhamya bwe avuga ko nawe yari mu nama yabereye ku kigo cy’amashuli cya Trinité kuwa 06/07/1992 yumva Mugesera avuga ko nta byinshi aje kubabwira kuko ibyo ababwira ibyinshi babizi, ko MRND ya mbere atariyo barimo kuko yavuguruwe, asaba umuhutu wese kumva ibyo avuga, ko agira ngo abibutse intambara barimo n’inkomoko yayo. Asobanura ko guhera mu 1959 abatutsi batoteje abahutu babakubita, babashahura babakoresha shiku ndetse n’abandi bakicwa, ko iyo ngoma ya cyami bayirwanyije barayitsinda ariko n’ubwo yavuyeho ba nyirayo batahwemye gushaka kugaruka no kuyigarura, ko bagiye batera mu bihe bitandukanye nko mu 1963, 1973 no mu 1990 biyita inyenzi -inkotanyi, bakaba nta kindi bashaka uretse gutsemba abahutu. [88] Umutangabuhamya anavuga ko Mugesera yababwiye ko ntawe uyobewe kuvangura icyatsi n’ururo, ko abo ababwiye n’aho haberaga inama bahari, ko ariyo mpamvu adashaka kongera kuhabona iyo sura, ahita ahamagara uhagarariye interahamwe amubwira ko inshingano bafite ari ukubahiriza amabwiriza ya Leta, kandi Leta akaba aribo, ko rero ibyo avuze adashaka kubisubiramo kandi adashaka kongera kubona icyitwa umututsi ahongaho. Ku byerekeranye n’ingaruka, umutangabuhamya Sinayobye avuga ko ako kanya inama ikirimo abatutsi bari aho bakubiswe abandi baricwa ushoboye gucika arahunga, ko interahamwe zahise zitera ku witwa Manegu zica umukobwa we, zijya ku witwa Ruvuduka zica umukozi we, zinica Nyiramakawa, Bahimba, Rurihose na Tegera, ko mu bashoboye gucika hari Mukayera, Pasiteri Njarajazi, Nyagasaza, ko ibikorwa by’ubugizi bwa nabi byahise bikwira no mu yandi masegiteri. Anavuga ko ibitero byagiye kwa Pasiteri Ruvuduka no kwa Pasiteri Njarajazi yari abirimo.

[89] Hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, urukiko rusanga ubuhamya bwa Rwasubutare Callixte na Sinayobye André bugomba gushingirwaho hemezwa ko Mugesera Léon yashishikarije gukora jenoside mu ijambo yavugiye i Nyamyumba kuwa 06/07/1992 kuko, n’ubwo buri mutangabuhamya akoresha amagambo ye, ariko bahuriza ku kuba Mugesera yarashishikarije abahutu kwica abatutsi nk’aho yababwira ko bagomba kubarwanya, ko bakandamije ababyeyi babo, bashaka kubatwara igihugu cyabo no ku batsemba, bakasobanura n’ingaruka zakurikiye ijambo rye zirimo kwica, gukubita no gusahura abatutsi, bakabivuga ku buryo burambuye bigaragaza ko bavuga ibintu bazi, bahagazeho, dore ko baniyemerera ko babigizemo uruhare. [90] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Mugesera avuga ko ubuhamya bwa Rwasubutare Callixte na Sinayobye André butashingirwaho kuko amabaruwa bandikiye umushinjacyaha mu kwezi kwa mbere 2012 bamushinja agaragaza ko bayateguriye hamwe, ko ari amwe mu miterere, yananditswe n‟umuntu umwe, nta shingiro bifite kuko uretse ayo mabaruwa banditse, ibiyakubiyemo babisubiyemo mu gihe cy’iperereza, ndetse banabitangamo ubuhamya mu rukiko. Rusanga kandi kuba abo batangabuhamya bakwandikira hamwe ayo mabaruwa, babuvuganaho cyangwa hari ibyo buhurizaho, ubwabyo bitatesha agaciro ubuhamya bwabo cyangwa se ngo bitume abatangabuhamya batizerwa mu gihe nta kigaragaza ko babikoze bagamije kumubeshyera. Ibi bihura n‟ibyemejwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga mu rubanza rwa Tharcisse Muvunyi33 nk’uko byasobanuwe. b) Ku byerekeye inama yo kuri sitade Cyasemakamba [91] Urukiko rusanga nta bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho bigaragaza ko muri meeting yabereye ku Cyasemakamba Mugesera yashishikarije gukora jenoside kuko umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya PMG abazwa n’urukiko atigeze asobanura ibijyanye n’iyo meeting kubera ko yavuze ko inama yagiyemo na Mugesera ahari ari izabereye i Butare n’i Gisenyi kandi ko atanamenyaga ibizivugirwamo. Ikindi kandi ibyo yavugiye mu iperereza by’uko hari amagambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside Mugesera yavugiye ku Cyasemakamba bikaba byarateshejwe agaciro n’urukiko kubera ko imikono igomba kuba ku nyandiko mvugo y‟ibazwa itari iriho. [92] Byongeye kandi n’ibyo Ngendahimana Shabani yavugiye mu iperereza ko azi Mugesera ku ijwi gusa yumviye kuri radiyo ahamagarira abahutu guhagurukira abatutsi, bakabasubiza iwabo Abisiniya muri Etiyopiya, ko amaze kuvuga iryo jambo interahamwe zigaragambije zica abantu, zikomeretsa n’abandi nawe arimo babaziza ko ari ibyitso by’inkotanyi ko ibyo yabivugiye muri meeting ya MRND ku Cyasemakamba hagati ya 1991 na 1993, urukiko rusanga imvugo ze zitashingirwaho kuko nta bundi buhamya bwatangiwe mu rukiko buzishyigikira kugira ngo zibe zafatwa nk’ikimenyetso nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 8 y’Itegeko No 47/2013 ryo kuwa 16/6/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda. c) Ku byerekeye inama yo kuri sitade umuganda [93] Urukiko rusanga ku birebana n’inama ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yabereye kuri sitade Umuganda ku Gisenyi, umutangabuhamya PMG avuga ko mu gitondo cyo kuwa 22/11/1992 mbere yo kujya mu nama yo ku Kabaya, abarwanashyaka ba MRND bahuriye muri sitade Umuganda mbere yo guhaguruka bajya ku Kabaya ariko ko nta magambo yahavugiwe. Uyu 33 The Prosecutor vs. Tharcisse Muvunyi, Case no ICTR - 00 - 55A-T of 11 February 2010, para.58.

mutangabuyamya anavuga ko hari indi meeting yabereye kuri sitade Umuganda, Mugesera ahavugira ko banze intati, ko uwigize agatebo ayora ivu. [94] Urukiko rusanga kandi umutangabuhamya PME avuga ko kuri sitade Umuganda mu ntangiriro za 1992, Mugesera yavuze ko banze intati, ko abo yavugaga ari abahutu batatiye igihango bajya mu yandi mashyaka gutiza umurindi abatutsi bateye u Rwanda, anavuga ko uwigize agatebo ayora ivu, ko bakomeje kwihanganira abatutsi ariko ko igihe kigeze bakava mu bukandamize babashyizeho, anabasaba kureba abatutsi babihishemo bohereza abana babo mu Nkotanyi, banagurisha imirima n’inka, amafaranga bavanyemo bakayoherereza inkotanyi, ko abongabo bagomba kwicwa, kimwe n’abahutu batatiye igihango. [95] Rusanga nanone umutangabuhamya PMF avuga ko mu kwezi kwa Kamena 1992 kuri sitade umuganda habereye inama iyobowe na Banzi Wellars wari perezida wa MRND muri perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ko na Mugesera yari ahari ariko ko nta magambo yumvise ahavugira. Uyu mutangabuhamya anavuga ko inama iri hafi gusozwa, Mugesera yahagurutse amenyesha abari aho ko hazaba indi nama ku Kabaya, aba aribwo avuga ko uwigize agatebo ayora ivu, ko umutangabuhamya amaze kumva ibyo yahise agenda. [96] Urukiko rurasanga ku birebana na meeting ivugwa ko yabereye kuri sitade Umuganda kuwa 22/11/1992 mbere yo kujya muri meeting yo ku Kabaya, uwo munsi nta nama yabereye kuri iyo sitade, nta n’amagambo yahavugiwe ashishikariza umugambi wa jenoside nk’uko bivugwa n’umutangabuhamya PMG wavuze kuri iyo nama agaragaza ko abarwanashyaka ba MRND bahahuriye gusa kugira ngo bahagurukire rimwe bajya ku Kabaya. [97] Ku birebana n’indi meeting abatangabuhamya bavuga ko yabereye kuri sitade Umuganda mbere y’iyo ku Kabaya, urukiko rurasanga n’ubwo abatangabuhamya batibuka ukwezi yabayemo ariko bigaragara ko hari meeting ya MRND yabereye kuri sitade Umuganda na Mugesera akayifatamo ijambo. Urukiko rurasanga ariko amagambo abatangabuhamya bavuga ko Mugesera yahavugiye ataba ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kubera ko umutangabuhamya PMG avuga ko amagambo yumvise Mugesera ahavugira ari uko banze intati, ko uwigize agatebo ayora ivu; ayo magambo ubwayo akaba atafatwa nk‟ashishikariza gukora jenoside. [98] Urukiko rurasanga kandi ubuhamya bwa PMF kuri meeting yo kuri sitade umuganda nabwo butashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kuko amagambo avuga ko yumvise Mugesera ahavugira ko uwigize agatebo ayora ivu, ubwayo nta gushishikariza gukora jenoside kuyagaragaramo, akaba ananyuranye n’ibyo yavugiye mu iperereza ko yumvise ahavugira ko nta munyarwanda n’umwe wakagombye kugendera mu kwaha kw’amashyaka y’inzaduka nk’irya FPR-Inkotanyi, ko bibuka aho babagejeje muri 1959, ko inkumbi zagombye kuva mu masaka. [99] Urukiko rusanga kuba iyo disikuru umutangabuhamya PME avuga ko Mugesera yahavugiye itarashyikirijwe urukiko, ntaho rwahera rwemeza ko amagambo avuga ariyo Mugesera yahavugiye kuko atandukanye n’avugwa na PMG na PMF kandi bose bavuga ko bari mu nama yo kuri sitade umuganda ariko ntibahurize ku magambo bumvise Mugesera ahavugira. Ubuhamya bwe rero ku nama yo kuri sitade Umuganda nabwo bukaba butaba ikimenyetso kuko butera gushidikanya. d) Ku byerekeye meeting yo ku Gikongoro yo mu 1992

[100] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Habarurema Saidi yavugiye mu iperereza ko mu 1992 ku matariki atibuka Mugesera Léon yavugiye muri meeting yo ku Gikongoro ko abatutsi ari babi, ko kubana nabo ari nko kubana n‟uruziramire, ko ujya kwica imbeba atababarira ihaka, ko bagomba kwirinda umutego ba sekuru babo baguyemo, bakanirinda no guhingira ku ifuku, kandi ko uhinga umurima adasigamo urwiri, bitashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko muri iyo meeting Mugesera Léon yashishikarije abamwumvaga gukora jenoside kuko nta bundi buhamya bwatangiwe mu rukiko bubyunganira n’iryo jambo avuga rikaba ritarashyikirijwe urukiko kugirango rubashe kumenya niba ariryo ryahavugiwe. e) Ku byerekeye inama zabereye mu cyahoze ari komini Kibirira  Inama yo ku Muhororo yo gukangurira impunzi gutaha [101] Urukiko rusanga ku byerekeranye n’inama yabereye ku Muhororo muri Kibilira, umutangabuhamya PMJ avuga ko azi Mugesera kuva akiri muto, mu cyahoze ari komini Kibilira, ko yamubonye mu nama yabereye ku Muhororo hagati y’itariki ya 17 na 19/10/1990 aho abatutsi bari bahungiye ubwicanyi, iyo nama ikaba yari igamije kubasaba gutaha nyamara bari baratwikiwe amazu. Anavuga ko iyo nama yari iyobowe n’uwari perefe wa peregitura ya Gisenyi Nshungiyinka François, na Mugesera akaba yari mubasubije ibibazo by’impunzi zashidikanyaga gutaha. PMJ anavuga ko abatutsi bo muri komini Kibilira batangiye kwicwa guhera ku itariki ya 10/10/1990. [102] Urukiko rusanga mu buhamya bwa PMJ ntaho bigaragara ko Mugesera Léon yaba hari amagambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside yavugiye mu nama yabereye i Kibilira ku Muhororo kuko umutangabuhamya avuga gusa ko yasubije ibibazo by‟impunzi zari zahungiye kuri paruwasi ya Muhororo.  Inama z’amashyaka i Rongi [103] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya PMJ anavuga ko nyuma y’inama yo ku Muhororo hagiye haba izindi nama nyinshi z’amashyaka muri segiteri ya Rongi, Mugesera avukamo, harimo n’izo Mugesera ubwe yahakoreshereje zirimo interahamwe azibwira ko abatutsi badashobora kuzafata ubutegetsi, ahubwo bazasubizwa iyo baturutse banyujijwe muri Nyabarongo, ko iryo jambo ari naryo yavugiye ku Kabaya, ko kuva icyo gihe, nk’uko ubwicanyi bwo kwica abatutsi bwari bwatangiye ku itariki 10/10/1990, hirya no hino hose aho bari batuye interahamwe zahagurukiye kwica abatutsi no kubamenesha. [104] Urukiko rusanga ubuhamya bwa PMJ butashingirwaho hemezwa ko hari inama yabereye i Rongi Mugesera akayivugiramo amagambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside kuko umutangabuhamya adasobanura neza igihe iyo nama yabereye, uretse kuvuga gusa ko yabaye nyuma y’inama yo ku Muhororo yabaye hagati y’itariki ya 17 na 19/10/1990 na mbere y’inama yo ku Kabaya yo kuwa 22/11/1992. Byongeye kandi ijambo umutangabuhamya avuga ko Mugesera yavugiye i Rongi rikaba ritarashyikirijwe urukiko kugira ngo rube rwarigereranya n’ijambo Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya ngo harebwe niba koko hombi yarahavugiye ijambo rimwe nk’uko umutangabuhamya abyemeza.  Indi nama ivugwa ko yabereye i Kibilira/Muhororo [105] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya Gasasira Joseph avuga ko hari inama yabereye muri Kibilira akumva Mugesera Léon avuga ko inyenzi zahageze, anavuga ko muri izo nyenzi harimo

umuvandimwe we Mfizi Christophe, izindi ari abatutsi, ko naramuka aje Kibilira adakwiye kuzahava amahoro. Umutangabuhamya anavuga ko Mugesera Léon yabwiye uwari Burugumesitiri Nteziryayo n’umugenzacyaha wa komini ko abatutsi bahigwa mu gihe kitarenze iminsi ibiri (2), ko baturutse muri Etiyopiya bagomba gusubizwayo banyuze iy’ubusamo muri Nyabarongo. Umutangabuhamya Gasasira avuga ko inama yaraye ibaye, burugumesitiri Nteziryayo, OPJ Prosper na Burigadiye Birenge n’abandi ba polisi baje gufata abarimu b’iwabo barimo Kalisiti na Rwagasore, hanicwa Kalipofori Munyambonwa n’abandi bantu barindwi (7) bo mu muryango we, Rukomanya, Mukera na Spéciose Mukandera n’umwana we, ko we n’abandi bantu buririye ku ijambo rya Dr Mugesera Léon bica abantu mu 1994. [106] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya PMK avuga ko mbere yari yarigeze kubona Mugesera muri meeting yo ku Muhororo yabaye ikurikiranye n’iyo ku Kabaya mu 1992, ko mu gihe yari aho iyo meeting yaberaga yasanze Mugesera asaba abari bayirimo kuzaburizamo meeting ya MDR izakoreshwa n’uwitwa Mfizi Christophe w’icyitso cy’inkotanyi. Umutangabuhamya akaba yarabwiye urukiko ko yagiye inama itararangira kubera izindi gahunda yari agiyemo. [107] Urukiko rusanga ntaho rwahera rwemeza ko inama ivugwa na Gasasira Joseph yabereye i Kibilira yabayeho, kandi ko ari imwe n’ivugwa na PMK ko yabereye ku Muhororo. Byongeye kandi icyo abo batangabuhamya bahurizaho gusa akaba ari uko Mugesera yasabaga abari bazirimo kuburizamo inama y’ishyaka rya MDR yari kuzakoreshwa na Mfizi Christophe. Bityo, kuba abo batangabuhamya batagaragaza igihe izo nama zabereye, batanahuza ku byazivugiwemo no kuba nta n’ijambo ryashyikirijwe urukiko ryaba ryaravugiwe muri izo nama, urukiko rukaba ntaho rwahera rwemeza ko zabayeho, ndetse na Mugesera akazivugiramo amagambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside. [108] Urukiko runasanga izindi nama z’ishyaka rya MRND zivugwa ko zabereye ahantu hatandukanye harimo Shyira, Budaha, Mukamira, Butare n’ahandi zivugwa n’ubushinjacya Mugesera akazivugiramo amagambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside, nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ko zabayeho n’icyaba cyarazivugiwemo. [109] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Mugesera avuga ko disikuru yavugaga zitari zikubiyemo ubutumwa bubi atanga urugero rwa disikuru yavuze yise amahembe ane ya shitani (discours de quatre cornes de satan), avuga ko yari ikubiyemo ubutumwa bwo kwirinda agasuzuguro, ubugambanyi, ubushizi bw’isoni n’ubwirasi, yahaga abayoboke b’ishyaka rya MRND aho yajyaga hose mu nama, nta shingiro bifite kuko nta kigaragaza ko aribyo yavugaga aho yajyaga hose kubera ko, nk’uko byagaragajwe, mu ijambo yavugiye ku Kabaya n’iryo yavugiye i Nyamyumba arimo ubutumwa bukangurira gukora jenoside. Amategeko akurikizwa ku cyaha cyo gushishikariza mu ruhame kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside [110] Hakurikijwe ibimenyetso byagaragajwe birimo ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye muri meeting y’ishyaka rya MRND ku Kabaya riri kuri CD n’inyandukuro yarikorewe, ubuhamya n’ibindi bimenyetso byagaragajwe ndetse n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe ku birebana n’ijambo yavugiye i Nyamyumba ku ishuli rya Trinité, urukiko rusanga Mugesera Léon ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gushishikariza ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside giteganywa n’ingingo ya 3 y’amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 yerekeranye no gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono kuwa 12/02/1975.

[111] Urukiko rusanga mu rwego rwo guhana ibyaha biteganywa n’ayo masezerano mpuzamahanga birimo icyaha cyo gushishikariza ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside, u Rwanda rwarashyizeho Itegeko Ngenga N° 08/96 ryo ku wa 30 Kanama 1996 ryerekeye imitunganyirize y’ikurikirana ry’ibyaha bigize icyaha cy’itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe kuva ku itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990. Iri tegeko rikaba ryarahanaga abakoze ibyaha biteganywa kandi bigahanwa n’igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, bikaba kandi bigize ibyaha by’itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu biteganywa n’Amasezerango Mpuzamahanga yerekeranye no gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside, byakozwe kuva tariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990. Ryaje kuzuzwa n’Itegeko No 40/2000 ryo ku wa 26/01/2001 rishyiraho inkiko Gacaca. [112] Urukiko rusanga iryo Tegeko No 08/96 ryo kuwa 30/08/1996 ryavuzwe ryaravuyeho risimburwa n’Itegeko Ngenga N°16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by’Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 na 31 Ukuboza 1994 nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryuzuzwa n’Itegeko No 13/2008 ryo ku wa 19/05/2008. Ingingo ya 51 3o y’iryo Tegeko Ngenga nk’uko yahinduwe kandi yujujwe ikaba yarateganyaga ko urwego rwa mbere rw’abakoze jenoside rurimo abantu bakoze ibyaha cyangwa ibikorwa by’ubufatanyacyaha bibashyira mu bashishikarije abandi umugambi wa jenoside, abagenzuye n’abayoboye jenoside cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, hamwe n’ibyitso byabo. [113] Urukiko rusanga icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside gisobanurwa nk’igikorwa gishishikariza abandi gukora icyaha cya jenoside hifashishijwe amagambo, amashusho, inyandiko zikwirakwijwe, ibikangisho cyangwa ubundi buryo bw’itumanaho bikorewe mu ruhame cyangwa mu nama nk’uko bisobanurwa no mu manza zinyuranye zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda nk’urwa Kajelijeli Juvénal34, urwa Jean Paul Akayesu35 n’urwa Kalimanzira Callixte36. Ibyo bisobanuro kandi bihura n’ibitangwa mu ngingo ya 4 y’Itegeko No 84/2013 ryo kuwa 11/09/2013 ryerekeye icyaha cy’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n’ibindi byaha bifitanye isano nayo iteganya ko gushishikariza undi gukora jenoside ari igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose gikozwe mu ruhame kigamije guhamagarira, koshya, gukangurira cyangwa guhatira undi muntu gukora jenoside. [114] Hakurikijwe ibyo bisobanuro, urukiko rusanga ibikorwa bishishikariza abandi gukora jenoside bigomba kuba bikozwe mu ruhame kandi ku buryo butaziguye kandi ubikora akaba afite ubushake bwihariye bwo gukora jenoside; icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye kikaba gihanwa n’iyo gukora jenoside byari bigambiriwe bitagerwaho37. Urukiko rusanga rero n’ubwo muri meeting yo ku Kabaya n’iy’i Nyamyumba 34 ICTR-98-44A-T, The Prosecutor vs Juvenal Kajelijeli, 1 December 2008, para. 850 – 853. 35 ICTR-96-4-T, The Prosecutor vs Jean Paul Akayesu, 2 September 19988, para. 559. 36 ICTR -05-88-T, The Prosecutor vs Callixte Kalimanzira, 22nd June 2009, para. 515. 37 “…, le crime d’incitation est une infraction formelle en common law, la simple communication étant punissable, que le but de cette communication ait été atteint ou non. Dans le jugement Akayesu, la Chambre de première instance a été d’avis que le génocide relève évidemment de cette catégorie de crimes dont la gravité est telle que l’incitation directe et publique à le commettre doit être pénalisée en tant que telle, même dans le cas où l’incitation n’aurait pas

Mugesera ateruraga ngo avuge ko batsemba abatutsi, ariko urebye amagambo yakoresheje nko gutsemba inyenzi n’ibyitso by’abateye igihugu, hakanarebwa uko ayo magambo yumvikanaga igihe yayavugaga, nk’uko byasobanuwe, bigaragaza ko yashishikarije ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye kwica abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo. [115] Urukiko rurasanga, n’ubwo icyo cyaha giteganywa nk’igikorwa cyihariye hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga arebana no gukumira icyaha cya jenoside ndetse n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 132 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ariko igihe ibikorwa bigize icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi gukora jenoside Mugesera Léon akurikiranyweho byakorwaga, uwabikoze yafatwaga nk’icyitso hakurikijwe ibyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 91 y’Itegeko Teka No 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/08/1977 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ryakurikizwaga aho mu gace kayo ka kane (4o) yavugaga ko bitwa abafashije abandi gukora icyaha abazaba babereye nyiri icyaha cyangwa bene icyaha igishuko cyo kugikora babikoresheje amadisikuru, urusaku cyangwa iterabwoba bibereye ahantu h'igiterane cyangwa mu nama, inyandiko, ibitabo cyangwa ibindi byanditswe na impirimeri biguzwe cyangwa byatangiwe ubuntu, byagurishijwe cyangwa byatangarijwe mu biterane cyangwa mu nama, amatangazo amanitse cyangwa atamanitswe yeretswe rubanda, ariko ntibibuze ibihano byateganirijwe ubusembure bw'icyaha naho icyifuzwaga kitagezweho. [116] Hakurijwe rero iyo ngingo ya 91 y’Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ndetse n’iya 51 igika cya 3 y’Itegeko Ngenga rishyiraho inkiko Gacaca nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe, urukiko rusanga kuba Mugesera Léon yarashishikarije abandi ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye umugambi wa jenoside; bituma aba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside. Kuba uwashishikarije abandi ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye afatwa nk’icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside bihura n’ibyemejwe mu rubanza n° ICTR-96-4-T rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Jean Paul Akayesu rwaciwe kuwa 02/09/1998 n‟Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda aho rwasobanuye ko mu mategeko y‟u Rwanda ibikorwa byo gushishikariza gukora jenoside bigira uwabikoze icyitso cy‟abakoze jenoside38. [117] Urukiko rusanga kugira ngo icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside kibeho, uwagikoze agomba no kuba afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini39. Harebwe rero amagambo Mugesera Léon yakoresheje mu ijambo yavugiye ku Kabaya n’i Nyamyumba ashishikariza abamwumvaga gutsemba abatutsi ababwira ko ari ibyitso by’abateye igihugu, akabivuga mu gihe abatutsi bicwaga hirya no hino mu gihugu bigaragaza ko yari afite ubushake bwo kurimbura abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo. atteint le résultat escompté par son auteur”, ICTR-98-44 A-T, Le Procureur c. Juvénal Kajelijeli, 1 December 2008, para. 855. 38 “Le code pénal rwandais prévoit bien que l’incitation directe et publique, ou la provocation, est une forme de complicité. (...)”, ICTR-96-4-T, The Prosecutor vs Jean Paul Akayesu, para. 553. 39 “…The Trial Chamber stated that the inciter must possess the desire to create by his actions a particular state of mind necessary to commit such a crime in the minds of the person (s) he is so engaging, that is to say that the person who is inciting to commit genocide must himself have the specific genocidal intent”, ICTR-98-44A-T, The Prosecutor vs Juvenal Kajelijeli, 1 December 2008, para. 854.

[118] Urukiko rusanga ubwo bushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura abatutsi bugaragarira mu magambo nk’aho nanone yavuze ko hari inyenzi ziri mu gihugu zafashe abana bazo zibohereza ku rugamba kujya gufasha inkotanyi, akabaza impamvu badatsemba abo babyeyi bohereje abana babo n‟ababajyana badategereje ko aribo bazagaruka kubatsemba, n’aho avuga ko yibukije umuntu wo muri PL ko iwabo ari muri Etiyopiya, bazabanyuza muri Nyabarongo bakagerayo bwangu n’uko ikosa bakoze 1959 ari uko babaretse bagasohoka. Ibyo kandi akaba yarabivugiye aho yavukaga muri perefegitura ya Gisenyi aho yari Visi Prerezida w’ishyaka rya MRND, akaba yari umwarimu muri Kaminiza n’umujyanama muri minisiteri bigaragaza ko abo yabwiraga bashoboraga kumwumva nk’umuntu ujijutse w’umunyabwenge, bitandukanye n’ibyo avuga ko abo yabwiraga batari gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo yavugaga kuko atari umuntu usanzwe uzwi muri politiki. [119] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Mugesera Léon avuga ko atakurikiranwaho icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside kubera ko jenoside yabaye amaze imyaka igera kuri ibiri atakiri mu Rwanda, nta gaciro byahabwa kuko amategeko ahana ibyaha bifitanye isano na jenoside byakozwe guhera ku itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990, kandi ibyo byaha bikaba byari bisanzwe biteganyijwe n’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 arebana no gukumira icyaha cya jenoside u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono kuwa 12/02/1975, ibikorwa bibigize bikaba byari bisanzwe bihanwa n’igitabo cy’amategeko ahana cy’u Rwanda. Bityo rero kuba Mugesera Léon yakurikiranwa hashingiwe kuri ayo mategeko bikaba bitanyuranyije n’ihame ry’uko amategeko nshinjabyaha ahana ibikorwa bikozwe nyuma y‟uko agiyeho. B. Ku bijyanye n’icyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside [120] Kuri iki cyaha harasuzumwa niba igihe Mugesera Léon yavuga ijambo abo yabwiraga bagakoma mu mashyi bamwogeza n„inyandiko yanditse atanga inama ku cyakorwa ngo hakumirwe intambara bigaragaza ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside. [121] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko jenoside ari icyaha gicurwa, kikanategurwa hashakishwa ibikoresho, hatozwa abazagikora, hashyirwaho politike y’urwango n’ibindi. Bukavuga ko ari muri urwo rwego rwo gutegura jenoside, hagati y’umwaka wa 1990 na 1994, Mugesera Léon yagiye akoresha inama zinyuranye abayoboke ba MRND by’umwihariko muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ko akoresha izo nama yari mu mugambi wo gukora icyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside, bagasobanura ko uwo mugambi watangiye igihe yavugiraga ijambo ku Kabaya, ukaba unakubiye muri iryo jambo. Bunavuga ko Mugesera Léon avugira ijambo mu ruhame, abo yaribwiye bakagaragaza ko barishyigikiye bamwogeza, banakoma mu mashyi byerekana ko bari bagiranye ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside kandi ko hakurikijwe urubanza rwa Nahimana Ferdinand na bagenzi be rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda nta buryo runaka ubwumvikane bugomba kuba bugaragaramo. [122] Bunavuga ko ikindi kigaragaza ko yari mu bacuze bakanategura umugambi wa jenoside ari ibikubiye mu nyandiko yo ku wa 11/10/1990 yise “Apport stratégique: service militaire d’urgence” yandikiye umusirikari ufite ipeti rya koloneli amusaba gushakisha abasore bajya mu gisirikari kurwanya abari bateye u Rwanda, avuga ko bagamije gusubiza abantu mu bucakara, ubuja n’ikiboko, ko n’iyo Mugesera Léon ubwe ataba yaragiye mu bwicanyi akora jenoside, bitabuza ko akurikiranwaho icyo cyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside. [123] Bukomeza buvuga ko kubirebana n‟ubushake bwo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside (élément moral /mens rea) ikirebwa ari ubushake bwihariye bwo gutsemba ubwoko

nk‟uko bimeze kugira ngo icyaha cya jenoside kibe cyatsotsobwe, ko busanga nanone Mugesera Léon avugira ijambo ku Kabaya akita abatutsi ibyitso by’inyenzi yari azi ko ingaruka zizakurikiraho ari ukubarimbura nk’uko byagenze mu Bugesera muri 1992 nyuma y’uko abatutsi bishwe babanje guhimbirwa ibyaha bakabita ibyitso by‟inyenzi, nk‟aho muri Werurwe 1992, Nahimana Ferdinand yahaye abanyamakuru ba Radiyo Rwanda itangazo ry’ibinyoma ryanyujijwe kuri radiyo inshuro nyinshi ribwira abaturage ko abatutsi bo mu Bugesera bashaka kwica abahutu. [124] Mugesera Léon ahakana icyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside, avuga ko nta bimenyetso ubushinjacyaha bugitangira, kuko inama buvuga yagiye akoresha abayoboke ba MRND ategura umugambi wa jenoside nta kuri kurimo kubera ko butagaragaza aho zabereye, abari bazirimo, inyandiko mvugo yazo n’icyaba cyarazivugiwemo. Anavuga ko icyo cyaha bamurega atagombye kugikurikiranwaho kubera ko n’abagiye bakiregwa mu Rukiko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rukorera Arusha muri Tanzaniya (ICTR) nta n’umwe wagihamijwe baba abasirikare cyangwa abasivile kubera ko urwo rukiko rwasanze uwo mugambi utarabayeho, ko n’umushakashatsi Alison Des Forges yavugiye muri urwo rukiko mu iburanisha ryo kuwa 18/09/2009, ko gucura umugambi wa jenoside bitari gushoboka kuko haba muri guverinoma yari iriho icyo gihe, haba no mu mashyaka menshi arimo na MRND hose harimo abatutsi, ko ndetse n’uwari Minisitiri w’intebe Kambanda Jean yavuze ko hatabayeho umugambi wo gutegura jenoside ahubwo habayeho ikwirakwira ry‟umutekano muke, igihugu kigwa mu icuraburindi, Mugesera akavuga ko Kambanda yanahakanye ibyo yari yaremeye mu rubanza mu nyandiko yanditse avuga ko ibyo yemeye byatewe n‟uko yabeshywe anahatirwa kuburana yemera icyaha. [125] Mugesera Léon avuga kandi ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza ubushake bwihariye bwo gukora icyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside kuko uwavuze ijambo ryo ku Kabaya muri 1992 atari kumenya ko indege yari itwaye uwari Perezida w’u Rwanda mu 1994 yari guhanurwa ngo hakurikireho jenoside, ikindi kandi n’uwo mugambi ukaba utarashobokaga kubera ko muri Leta y’icyo gihe harimo abaminisitiri b’abatutsi ndetse ari no mu gihe cy’amashyaka menshi atarashoboraga guhurira n’ishyaka rya MRND ku mugambi wa jenoside, ko uburyo aregwamo icyo cyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside bihura n’icyaha cy’ubugambanyi kandi bwo bukorerwa mu ibanga hakurikijwe igisobanuro cy’iryo jambo, bityo rero agasanga ijambo rivugiwe mu ruhame ritabonekamo ibikorwa bigize icyo cyaha cy‟ubugambanyi. [126] Mugesera Léon avuga nanone ko ibivugwa n’ubushinjacyaha ko mu nyandiko ye yo kuwa 11/10/1990 yiswe “Apport stratégique: service militaire d’urgence” umwanzi uyivugwamo ari umututsi unavugwa mu ijambo bumwitirira, atari byo kuko ibiyikubiyemo nta ngengabitekerezo yo gutsemba abatutsi iyigaragaramo kubera ko igihe yakorwaga, amoko yose yari mu ishyaka rya MRND ryari riri ku butegetsi, ko ahubwo abavugwa muri iyo nyandiko ari abateye igihugu mu 1990 atari abatutsi. Anavuga ko ivuka rya hutu power Ubushinjacyaha bumushyiraho buvuga ko byari muri uwo murongo w’ingengabitekerezo yo gutsemba abatutsi ntaho ahuriye nabyo kubera ko ibyo bya hutu power byazanye umwuka mubi mu gihugu byadukanywe n’amwe mu mashyaka we atakiri mu Rwanda, ko asanga ubushinjacyaha bwitiranya ibihe n’ibikorwa byabaye kuko bufata ibintu byabaye mu 1994 bukabishyira mu 1992, akaba asanga n’iyo ataza kubaho ndetse n’ijambo yitirirwa ntirivugwe bitari kubuza ko ibyabaye mu Rwanda bibaho.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [127] Urukiko rurasanga Ubushinjacyaha burega Mugesera icyaha cyo gucura no gutegura umugambi wa jenoside bushingiye ku byateganywaga n‟ingingo ya 9, 1o y’Itegeko No 13/2008 ryo kuwa 19/05/2008 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 na 31 Ukuboza 1994. Iyo ngingo ikaba yarateganyaga ko urwego rwa mbere rw’abakoze jenoside rurimo umuntu wakoze ibyaha cyangwa ibikorwa by‟ubufatanyacyaha bimushyira mu bacuze cyangwa abateguye umugambi wa jenoside cyangwa ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, hamwe n’ibyitso bye, bukanashingira ku ngingo ya 3 b y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 ku gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside, u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono kuwa 12/02/1975 iteganya icyo cyaha nk‟ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside40. [128] Urukiko rusanga ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside bwarasobanuwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu manza zinyuranye zirimo urwitiriwe abanyamakuru41, urwa Alfred Musema n’urwa Eliezer Niyitegeka42 rwasobanuye ko icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije jenoside ari ubwumvikane buba nibura hagati y’abantu babiri (2) bagamije gukora jenoside, ibyo bisobanuro bikaba bihura n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 25 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ivuga ko gucura umugambi wo gukora icyaha ari ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu babiri cyangwa benshi bugamije gukora icyaha bikozwe n’umwe cyangwa benshi muri bo. [129] Urukiko rusanga ibyo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Mugesera Léon yagiranye ubwumvikane n‟abari mu nama yo ku Kabaya bumvise ibyo avuga bakagaragaza ko babishyigikiye bakoma mu mashyi, banamwogeza, ubwabyo bitafatwa nk’ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside bagiranye muri iyo nama, kuko uretse kumvira ijambo mu nama y’ishyaka rya MRND, nta kigaragaza ko bari bumvikanye ku byo avuga cyangwa bazi ibyo avuga. Ibyo kuba ntawakwemeza ko uvuga ijambo aba agiranye n’abamwumva ubwumvikane bihura n’ibyo Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwemeje ko nta bwumvikane buba buhari iyo nta kigaragaza ko ababwirwa ijambo bari bazi ibirikubiyemo43. Rusanga kandi ijambo ubwaryo ritagaragaza ko hari uwagiranye ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside na Mugesera. [130] Urukiko rusanga kandi n„inyandiko yo kuwa 11/10/1990 yanditswe na Mugesera Léon akayita “Apport stratégique: service militaire d’urgence” ishingirwaho n’Ubushinjacyaha nayo 40 Article 3 de la convention pour la prévention et la repression du crime de genocide: “Seront punis les actes suivants: a) le génocide; b) l’entente en vue de commettre le génocide; c) l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide; d) la tentative de génocide; e) la complicité de genocide”. 41 “The Appeals Chamber recalls that the actus reus of the crime of conspiracy to commit genocide is a concerted agreement to act for the purpose of committing genocide. While such actus reus can be proved by evidence of meetings to plan genocide, it can also be inferred from other evidence. In particular, a concerted agreement to commit genocide may be inferred from the conduct of the conspirators”, ICTR-99-52-A, The Prosecutor vs Ferdinand Nahimana et al., 28 November 2007, para. 896. 42 “Conspiracy to commit genocide is to be defined as an agreement between two or more persons to commit the crime of genocide”, cfr ICTR -96-13-T, The Prosecutor vs Alfred Musema, (Trial Chamber), January 27, 2000, para. 191 et ICTR-96-14-T, The Prosecutor vs Eliezer Niyitegeka, May 16, 2003, para. 423. 43 ICTR-99-50-A, Justin Mugenzi & Prosper Mugiraneza vs The Prosecutor, 4 February 2013, para. 92.

itafatwa nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside kuko ari inyandiko yanditse ubwe aha inama umusirikare ufite ipeti rya Koloneli ku cyakorwa kugira ngo babashe gutsinda intambara igihugu cyarimo. [131] Urukiko rusanga rero n’ubwo nta buryo runaka ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside bugomba kugaragaramo, ndetse n‟uko ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside bushobora kugaragazwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso ibyo ari byo byose byemewe n’amategeko, ariko ni nangombwa ko hagaragazwa ko habayeho kunogereza hamwe uwo mugambi. Ibi bikaba ari nabyo byasobanuwe mu rubanza rwa Kajelijeli Juvénal rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda44. Bityo hashingiwe kuri ibyo bisobanuro no ku ngingo ya 165 y’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko gushidikanya birengera ushinjwa, urukiko rusanga nta bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho bigaragaza ko Mugesera Léon yagiranye ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside n’abari muri meeting yo ku Kabaya n’uwo yandikiye inyandiko yise “apport stratégique”. C. Ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora icyaha cya jenoside [132] Kuri iki cyaha, urukiko rurasuzuma niba mu ijambo Mugesera Léon yavuze yaratanzemo amabwiriza yo gukora jenoside no kumenya niba hari imbunda zo gukora jenoside yatanze. [133] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Mugesera Léon nk’umwe mu bayobozi b’ishyaka rya MRND yarakoresheje nabi agakabyo k’ubutegetsi n„ububasha yari afite ubwo yavugiraga ahantu hanyuranye amagambo atanga amabwiriza ko abatutsi bagomba gutsembwa. Bunavuga ko yatanze imbunda abwira abo yazihaga ko ari imfashanyo bahawe badakwiye gupfusha ubusa. Bukomeza buvuga ko Mugesera Léon yabereye abakoze jenoside igishuko abikoresheje disikuru yagiye avugira mu nama z’ishyaka rya MRND, ku buryo agomba gufatwa nk’icyitso mu byaha byose byakozwe kubera ijambo rye hatitawe ku kuba byarakozwe ahari cyagwa adahari, hatanitawe ku gihe cyashize ijambo rivuzwe. Bugasobanura ko atanga ayo mabwiriza n’izo ntwaro yari afite ubushake bwo gukora icyaha cy’ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora jenoside kuko yari azi ingaruka zabyo. [134] Mugesera Léon ahakana icyaha avuga ko nta bantu yahaye amabwiriza yo gukora jenoside, nta n’abo yahaye imbunda zo gukoresha jenoside. Asobanura ko ayo mabwirizwa atagaragazwa, ntihagaragazwe igihe yatangiwe n’abo yahawe. Anavuga ko n’ijambo Ubushinjacyaha bumwitirira ritakwitwa amabwiriza yo gukora jenoside kuko nta kibi kiririmo, ndetse na kasete ryafatiweho yahiduwe. Akomeza asobanura ko kuba uwavuze iryo jambo yarasabye abarimu kwandikira Minisitiri w’amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye cyangwa akaba yaravuze ibirebana n’amatora agaragaza ko amatora ari yo yari gukemura ibibazo byose byari mu gihugu, ntaho bihuriye no gutanga amabwiriza yo gukora jenoside ahubwo ko ari igikorwa cyo guharanira demokarasi. [135] Avuga ko inama z’ishyaka rya MRND zivugwa n’ubushinjacyaha ko yazitangiyemo amabwiriza yo gukora jenoside, hatagaragazwa uwazihamagaje n’inyandikomvugo y’ibyazivugiwemo kugira ngo bigaragare ko ayo mabwiriza yatanzwe koko. Anavuga ko 44 “Si la preuve de la résolution d‟agir constitutive de l’entente peut être rapportée par tous moyens, il doit néanmoins, être demontré qu’il y a bel et bien eu résolution d’agir concertée”, Affaire No ICTR 98-44A-T Kajelijeli du 1er Decembre 2003, para. 787.

n’imbunda ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yatanze ntazo azi kuko atabaye umusirikari, naho abatangabuhamya babyemeza bakaba ari abateguwe kumubeshyera, ko kuba ubuhamya bwabo bwaratanzwe mu buriganya ibibukomokaho byose bitagira agaciro. [136] Mugesera Léon anavuga ko nta bwicanyi bwakurikiye ijambo Ubushinjacyaha bumwitirira kuko meeting yo ku Kabaya ikirangira abaturage batashye mu mahoro, we n’abo bari bazanye batinda ku Kabaya mu gikorwa cyo kwiyakira, ko rero nta kuntu hari kuba ubwo bwicanyi ngo abiyoberwe, nk‟uko byanashimangiwe na Me Mbonampeka Stanislas wari Minisitiri w’ubutabera mu 1992 wemeje ko nyuma y’ijambo rya Léon Mugesera nta bwicanyi, nta hohoterwa, nta no kwica abantu ikivunge byigeze bibaho45, ko nta n‟ukuntu meeting yari kurangira abantu bagatangira kwicwa ngo abashinzwe gukurikirana ibyaha babure guhita babakurikirana. [137] Akomeza avuga ko iby’uko nta bwicanyi bwakurikiye iryo jambo byanemejwe n’uwitwa Eric Gillet na Madame Alison Des Forges mu rubanza yabunaga muri Canada, ndetse n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwa Canada rwasobanuye ko Mugesera Léon ntaho ahuriye n’ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda mbere yo ku wa 22/11/1992 avuga ijambo ku Kabaya ndetse na nyuma yaryo46, ko binashimangirwa na Professeur Filip Reytjens uvuga ko yabajije Nsanzuwera wari Porokireri wa Repubulika i Kigali niba hari icyo bari gukurikiranaho Mugesera Léon amubwira ko mu rwego rw’amategeko atari kumenya aho yahera amurega, ko n’iyo amurega atari azi niba icyaha cyari kumuhama47. [138] Mugesera Léon asoza avuga ko nta bufatanyacyaha yigeze akorana n’abakoze jenoside kubera ko ikorwa muri 1994 yari amaze imyaka ibiri ataba mu Rwanda, ko ubushinjacyaha butanagaragaza abo baba barafatanyije gukora icyo cyaha, igihe n’aho cyakorewe, ko ndetse n’ibyo bumurega bya mbere ya 1994 nta ruhare yabigizemo. Anavuga ko n’amategeko ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho bumurega icyaha cy’ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora jenoside ari ayo mu 2004 na 2008 yashyizweho atakiri mu gihugu, akaba yaranashyizweho nyuma y’igihe ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko icyo cyaha cyakorewe, ko imiburanire ye mu rwego rw’amategeko ku cyaha cyo gushishikariza umugambi wa jenoside ari kimwe n’iyo ku cyaha cy’ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora jenoside. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA 1. Ku byerekeranye no kuba Mugesera yaratanze amabwiriza yo gukora jenoside [139] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 91 y’Itegeko Teka No 21/77 ryo kuwa 18/08/1977 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ryakurikizwaga igihe ibikorwa bigize ibyaha Mugesera Léon aregwa byakorwaga mu gace kayo ka mbere (1o) n‟aka kabiri (2o) yarateganyaga ko bitwa abafashije abandi gukora icyaha abazaba bateye gukora icyaha, babikoresheje ibiguzi, amasezerano y'ibihembo, iterabwoba, agakabyo k’ubutegetsi cyangwa k’ububasha, utunama cyangwa andi mayeri by’ubugiranabi cyangwa amabwiriza agamije gukoresha icyaha, abazaba batanze intwaro, 45 “J’affirme que le discours de Léon Mugesera n’a donné lieu à aucun meurtre, ni à aucune violence, ni à aucun massacre. A la fin du meeting, les gens sont rentrés pacifiquement chez eux”, Affidavit de Stanislas Mbonampeka, Bruxelles, 25/02/2011. 46 Voir le jugement de la Cour d’Appel Fédérale du Canada du 08/09/2003, para.108 &133. 47 “…. donc il ne savait pas sur quel pied juridique danser”, Section d’Arbitrage de la Commission d’Immigration et du Statut des refugiés, Procès-Verbal du 05 et du 6/10/1995, p.2,3,4, 66-67.

ibikoresho cyangwa ubundi buryo bwose buzaba bwakoreshejwe icyaha, bazi ko bizakoreshwa icyo cyaha. [140] Hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’iyo ngingo, urukiko rusanga kuba icyitso cy’uwakoze icyaha kubera gutanga amabwiriza biba iyo ubikoze akoresheje ibiguzi, amasezerano y’ibihembo, iterabwoba, agakabyo k’ubutegetsi cyangwa k’ububasha, utunama cyangwa andi mayeri by’ubugiranabi cyangwa amabwiriza agamije gukoresha icyaha. Abahanga mu mategeko barimo Nyabirungu mwene Songa48, Frédéric Deportes na Francis Le Gunehec49 bavuga ko umuntu aba icyitso kubera gutanga amabwiriza igihe atanze amakuru agaragaza neza uburyo icyaha cyakorwamo cyangwa akoze gahunda y’uko icyaha kizakorwa. [141] Urukiko rusanga rero hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, amagambo ari muri disikuru Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya n’i Nyamyumba atari amabwiriza kuko yayabwiye abantu muri rusange bari bateraniye muri meeting z‟ishyaka rya MRND, ayo magambo ahubwo akaba ashishikariza ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside nk‟uko byasobanuwe. 2. Ku byerekeranye no kuba Mugesera Léon yaratanze imbunda [142] Urukiko rusanga ku bijyanye n’imbunda, umutangabuhamya Sinayobye André avuga ko muri Kanama 1992 ku ngoro ya MRND ku Gisenyi hatanzwe imbunda cumi n’ebyiri (12), buri segiteri ihabwa imbunda imwe. Uyu mutangabuhamye yemeza ko mu nama yabereye i Budaha kuwa 11/07/1992 babemerera ibikoresho Mugesera yari ahari, ariko ko ibyo bikoresho birimo imbunda bitangwa muri Kanama 1992 atari ahari. Akomeje kubazwa n‟urukiko, umutangabuhamya yavuze ko icyo gihe bitangwa Mugesera yari ahari. [143] Urukiko rusanga kandi umutangabuhamya Rwasubutare Callixte avuga ko kuwa 11/7/1992 i Budaha habereye inama Mugesera yavugiyemo ko ashaka ahongaho abayoboke ba MRND na CDR gusa, nyuma asaba uwari burugumesitiri wa Nyamyumba Egide Karemera urutonde rw‟abakuriye abandi bazajya gufata ibikoresho birimo imbunda, imyenda, ingofero, amafirimbi n‟imodoka za bisi ku cyahoze ari ingoro ya MRND. Anavuga ko muri Kanama 1992 aribwo bahawe ibyo bikoresho Mugesera ari hamwe n‟abandi benshi barimo Habimana Bonaventure, Ngirumpatse Matayo, Gahimano Fabien, Banzi Wellars, Uwiringiyimana Juvénal. Anasobanura ko icyo gihe ku ngoro ya Muvoma hatangiwe imbunda cumi n’ebyiri (12), zibikwa kuri perefegitura, ko zakiriwe na Bagango Faustin wari warasimbuye Egide Karemera, waje kuzitanga mu cyahoze ari amasegiteri ya komine Nyamyumba, buri mukonseye ahabwa imbunda. [144] Urukiko rusesenguye ubuhamya bw’abo batangabuhamya ku birebana n’imbunda bavuga ko zatangiwe ku ngoro ya MRND ku Gisenyi mu kwezi kwa munani 1992, rusanga imvugo zabo zitagaragaza ku buryo budashidikanywaho uruhare rwa Mugesera mu itangwa ryazo kuko badahuriza ku kuba Mugesera yari ahari igihe izo mbunda zatangwaga muri Kanama 1992, kubera 48“On retiendra les instructions comme actes de complicité: Le fait de fournir des renseignements et des indications de nature à faciliter l’accomplissement d‟une infraction; le fait de dresser un plan d’exécution d’une infraction et d’en déterminer les obstacles …”, Nyabirungu mwene Songa, Droit Pénal Général Zairois, Editions Droit et Société “Des”, Kinshasa, 1989, p. 232-233. 49 “… Toutefois, les instructions doivent avoir un caractère de précision suffisant et ne pas consister en des renseignements tellement vagues qu‟ils seraiemt sans aucun intérêt pour l‟auteur matériel de l‟infraction (…)”, Desportes F. et Le Gunehec F., Droit Pénal Général, 14ème Edition, Economica, 2007, p. 501-502.

ko Sinayobye yivuguruza hamwe avuga ko Mugesera atari ahari, ahandi akavuga ko yari ahari naho Rwasubutare akavuga ko yari ahari ariko atagaragaza icyo Mugesera yakoze cyangwa yavuze. Byongeye kandi hakaba nta kigaragaza ko mu nama yo kuwa 11/07/1992 ari Mugesera wavuze ko hazatangwa ibikoresho birimo imbunda. [145] Urukiko rusanga nanone umutangabuhamya PMG avuga ko hari imbunda bajyanye ku Gisenyi muri Nzeli 1992 zikuwe kwa Kabuga ku cyicaro cy’ishyaka rya MRND bazihawe n’abitwa Katumba na Sinyora bari interahamwe, bageze ku Gisenyi bazishyikiriza Banzi na Munyagishari, akanavuga ko yagiye muri meeting ku Kabaya apakiye interahamwe n’imbunda 60, naho mugenzi we Habarurema Saidi apakiye imbunda 70 n’abandi bashoferi bapakiye izindi, akemeza ko imbunda zose batwaraga iyo bajyaga muri za meetings bazikuraga ku kicaro cy’ishyaka rya MRND kwa Kabuga ku Muhima, kandi bakaba barazitwaraga bazita imfashanyo z’abarwanashyaka, ko atazi niba imbunda zose zarajyanywe ku Kabaya kuko zimwe zasigaye ku Gisenyi bazisigira Banzi Wellars, ko zitangwa Mugesera Léon yavuze ko ari imfashanyo babazaniye batagomba gupfusha ubusa, ahandi akavuga ko imbunda bazihawe na Munyagishari ariko nawe yarazihawe na Banzi Wellars. [146] Urukiko rusanga nanone Habarurema Saidi abazwa mu bugenzacyaha yaravuze ko yagiye muri meeting yo ku Kabaya apakiye imbunda 11, ko inama irangiye zatanzwe na Mugesera Léon, Bikindi, Kajuga n‟abandi bagera ku 8 baziha ukuriye interahamwe ku Kabaya, anavuga ko hari n‟izindi mbunda 70 uwari burugumesitiri wa Rubavu witwa Simbizi Marc yari yaratwaye muri 1991 azikuye ku cyicaro cy’ishyaka rya MRND kwa Kabuga na Mugesera ahari. [147] Urukiko rusanga ubuhamya bwa PMG butashingirwaho hemezwa ko Mugesera yatanze imbunda kubera ko atagaraza aho yavugiye ko izo mbunda ari imfashanyo babazaniye, kandi yemeza ko zipakirwa, zinapakururwa Mugesera atari ahari, ndetse akanemeza ko imbunda bazihabwaga na Munyagishari. Ikindi kandi uwo mutangabuhamya akaba anavuga ko imbunda zajyanywe ku Kabaya zari izo kurinda umutekano w„abari muri meeting. Byongeye kandi PMG ku bijyanye n’umubare w‟imbunda 70 Habarurema yagiye ku Gisenyi apakiye ukaba utandukanye n‟umubare w’imbunda 11 we avuga ko yagiyeyo apakiye, akanavuga ko imbunda 70 zajyanywe n‟uwari burugemesitiri wa Rubavu Simbizi mu 1991 azikuye ku cyicaro cy‟ishyaka rya MRND kwa Kabuga. D. Gutoteza nk’icyaha kibasiye inyoko muntu [148] Kuri iki cyaha, urukiko rurasuzuma niba ijambo Mugesera Léon yavuze ahamagarira kwica abatutsi, anibasira abanyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND ryagira icyaha cyo gutoteza nk‟icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. [149] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko mu ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya ku wa 22/11/1992 yibasiye anatoteza abo yitaga ibyitso n’abanyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND avuga ko batagomba gukorera politiki ku Gisenyi mu gihe amashyaka yabo yari yemewe n’amategeko, afite n’uburenganzira bwo gukorera politiki ku butaka bw’u Rwanda, ko uko kubatoteza kwaviriyemo bamwe muribo kwicwa cyangwa guhohoterwa. Bukavuga ko abanyapolitiki yibasiye barimo uwari Minisitiri w’uburezi Uwilingiyimana Agathe yateranyije n‟abanyarwanda amwita umushizi w’isoni bikaza kumugiraho ingaruka, uwari Minisitiri w’Intebe Nsengiyaremye Dismas n’uwari Perezida w’ishyaka rya MDR Twagiramungu Faustin, ndetse na FPR n’abo yitaga ibyitso byayo. Busobanura ko uko kubatoteza kugaragarira mu magambo

Mugesera Léon yabitaga avuga ko ari ibisambo, ibyitso, inyenzi, kukanagaragarira mu rwango yari afitiye andi mashyaka aho yavugaga ko nta na rimwe rizakorera politiki muri perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ko nta n‟ibendera ryayo mashyaka rigomba kuhagaragara. [150] Bukomeza buvuga ko ibigize icyaha cyo gutoteza byuzuye kubera ko mu ijambo Mugesera Léon yagejeje ku mbaga y’abanyarwanda bari bamuteze amatwi ku Kabaya, yari azi neza ko abo baturage yabwiraga bagombaga gutoteza andi mashyaka atavuga rumwe na MRND kuko yabumvishaga ko ari ryo shyaka ryonyine bagomba gushyigikira, ko andi mashyaka nta gaciro afite kuko akorana na FPR nabo yitaga ibyitso, ko ibyo yabibwiraga abaturage bari bamaze imyaka isaga mirongo itatu nta rindi shyaka bazi, ko kandi kubwira abaturage ko ntawundi munyapolitiki wemerewe kuza gukora politike ku Gisenyi, bigaragaza umugambi muremure wo gutoteza abataravugaga rumwe na Leta abaziza ibitekerezo byabo bya politiki. [151] Bunavuga ko gutoteza nk’icyaha kibasiye inyoko muntu ari icyaha gikorwa hagamijwe kwibasira igice kimwe cy‟abantu, hakurikijwe ubwoko, idini cyangwa imyumvire ya politiki, giteganywa n’Itegeko rishyiraho Inkiko Gacaca, kikanasobanurwa n’ingingo ya 7 y’amategeko agenga Urukiko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga (CPI), ivuga ko icyo cyaha gishobora gukorwa mu buryo butandukanye, burimo imvugo zuzuye ubugome, urwango rushingiye ku gitsina, idini n‟amoko, ko ndetse n’ibyemezo by’inkiko byasobanuye ko ijambo (discours) rishobora kuvamo gutoteza nk’icyaha kibasiye inyoko muntu aho hemejwemo ko imvugo irimo urwango, hashingiwe ku bitekerezo bya politiki, igitsina n’ibindi, n’iyo nta guhamagarira ibikorwa runaka kwaba kwabayeho, ubwayo iba igize icyo cyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu50. [152] Mugesera Léon avuga ko nta cyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha kibasiye inyoko muntu yakoze kuko nta muntu yigeze atoteza, ahubwo ko icyo yakoze ari ugutabara abakuwe mu byabo n’intambara yashojwe n’abateye u Rwanda, abashyira ibibatunga, nk’aho yashyiriye bagenzi be b’abarimu muri kaminuza mu Ruhengeri ibibatunga ndetse anakira iwe umuryango w’umwarimu w’umututsi, kandi ko ataryozwa ibyabaye byose mu Rwanda kuko byabaye adahari, bikaba byaranatewe n’iterwa ry’umujyi wa Ruhengeri n’isinywa ry’amasezerano y’amahoro y’Arusha. Anavuga ko ibyo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko uwavuze ijambo yibasiye anatoteza bamwe mu banyapolitiki atari byo kuko ibyo uwavuze ijambo ryo ku Kabaya yakoze ari uguhangana kw’amashyaka mu rwego rwa politiki, bikaba ntaho bihuriye no gutoteza. [153] Akomeza avuga ko urupfu rw’uwari Minisitiri w’intebe Agathe Uwiringiyimana, rwabazwa abari bakuriye ingabo za MINUAR zari zishinzwe kumurinda kuko nta n’iperereza ryakozwe ngo rigaragaze ko urupfu rwe rufitanye isano n’iryo jambo, ko kuba kandi uwavuze ijambo yitirirwa yarasabye aba insipegiteri kumwandikira igihe yari Minisitiri w’amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye nta kosa yakoze kuko kwari ukugaragaza akarengane bakorerwaga birukanwa mu kazi kubera kutaba mu ishyaka rimwe n’irye kandi icyo gihe akaba yari ataraba Minisiteri w’intebe. [154] Anavuga ko n’ibivugwa ko mu ijambo yitirirwa yatoteje Nsengiyaremye Dismas wari Minitisitiri w’Intebe na Twagiramungu Faustin wari ukuriye ishyaka rya MDR, nabyo nta kuri kurimo kuko icyo uwavuze ijambo yitirirwa yavuze kuri Nsengiyaremye Dismas ari ugusubira mu 50 Urubanza rwa Julius Streicher rwaciwe n’urukiko rwa Nuremberg rwagarutsweho mu rubanza ICTR /99-52- 03/12/2003 rwa Nahimana Ferdinand, igika cya 114-115.

byo yivugiye ubwe aca intege ingabo z’igihugu aho yavugaga ko zizashoka ibishanga kandi igihugu kiri mu ntambara, ko kandi n„ibyo yavuze kuri Twagiramungu Faustin ntaho bihuriye no gutoteza no kwibasira abanyapolitiki kuko yabivuze anenga ibyo yari yaravuze ko abateye igihugu baramutse bagize agace k’igihugu bafata ntacyo byari gutwara, kandi byari nk’ubugambanyi. [155] Anavuga ko icyo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko uwavuze ijambo yitirirwa yavuze ko abatutsi atari abantu nabyo atari byo, kuko nta batutsi bavugwa muri iryo jambo kuko na Ndasingwa Landouard wavuzwe yari umunyapolitiki, kuvugwa bikaba byaratewe n’uko yari yashyizwe mu majwi n’abavanywe mu byabo n’intambara. Akanavuga ko iby’Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko mu ijambo yitirirwa yavuze ko kwica umututsi byagereranywa no kwica inyenzi, nabyo nta kuri kurimo kuko bitagaragara muri iryo jambo ryavuzwe mu rwego rwa politiki. [156] Avuga ko mu rwego rw’amategeko atakagombye kuregwa icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu kuko gisa n’ibyaha bya jenoside aregwa, ndetse ko hagendewe ku buryo Urukiko rwa Nuremberg rwasobanuyemo icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu asanga ibyo ubushinjayaha busobanura bumurega bitagize icyo cyaha. Asoza avuga ko, nk’uko yabivuze ku bindi byaha, atagomba kuregwa hashingiwe ku mategeko yagiyeho nyuma y’uko ibyo aregwa bikorwa kuko ubusanzwe amategeko atareba ibyahise. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [157] Urukiko rusanga ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu Mugesera Léon aregwa bikurikiranwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n„ingingo ya 51 3o y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’Inkiko Gacaca nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe, yateganyaga ko urwego rwa mbere rurimo abantu bakoze ibyaha cyangwa ibikorwa by’ubufatanyacyaha bibashyira mu bashishikarije abandi umugambi wa jenoside, abagenzuye n’abayoboye jenoside cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, hamwe n’ibyitso byabo. Ibyo byaha byibasira inyoko muntu biri mu rwego rw’ibyaha mpuzamahanga bihungabanya ku buryo bukomeye uburenganzira bwa muntu bigomba guhanwa n’ibihugu byose byaba biteganywa n‟amategeko y’ibyo bihugu cyangwa atabiteganya nk’uko bimeze ku cyaha cya jenoside51. [158] Urukiko rusanga mu rwego mpuzamahanga, icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu giteganywa kandi kigasobanurwa n’ingingo ya 7 ya Sitati y’i Roma ishyiraho Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga yatangiye gukurikizwa kuwa 01/07/2002 nk’ibikorwa bikabije bibangamira ku bushake uburenganzira bw’ibanze kubera impamvu z’ivangura rishingiye ku biranga itsinda umuntu arimo hirengagijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga52. Icyo cyaha 51 “Comme c’est le cas pour le génocide, les crimes contre l’humanité relèvent du jus cogens”, M. Cherif Bassiouni, Introduction au droit international, Bruylant Bruxelles, 2001, p. 121. “Le jus cogens implique non seulement son application universelle mais signifie aussi qu‟il s’agit d’une norme obligatoire. A ce titre le jus cogens occupe la position hiérarchique la plus élevée parmis les autres normes. La conséquence de ce statut est que les normes de jus cogens sont considérées comme impératives et insusceptibles d’aucune derogation”., ibidem, P.75-76. “… Enfin, la qualification d’un crime comme relevant du jus cogens impose aux Etats une obligation erga omnes de ne pas accorder l’impunité aux contrevenants de ces crimes”, ibidem, p. 74. 52 Art 7 2. (g) of Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: “Persecution means the international and severe deprivation of fundamental rights contrary to international law by reason of the identity of the group or collectivity”.

cyateganywaga na sitati ya Nuremberg mu ngingo yayo ya 653, ndetse n‟ingingo ya 3 (h) ya Sitati y’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda54 nka kimwe mu bikorwa byibasira inyokomuntu bikorwa mu bitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga byibasiye abaturage batari abasirikare bazira ubwenegihugu bwabo, ibitekerezo bya politiki, ubwoko cyangwa idini. Ibyo ayo mategeko mpuzamahanga ateganya bikaba bihura n‟ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 120 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana. [159] Urukiko runasanga icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu cyarasobanuwe no mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda nko mu rubanza rwa Nahimana Ferdinand na bagenzi be n’urwa Bikindi Simon, nk’igikorwa cyangwa kutagira icyo ukora bituma haba ivangura, kandi icyo gikorwa kikabangamira uburenganzira bw‟ibanze bwemewe n’amategeko mpuzamahanga, gikozwe ku bushake kinashingiye ku ivangura ry’amoko, idini cyangwa politiki55 no mu rubanza rwa Georges Ruggiu, aho urukiko ruvuga ko uretse kuba icyo cyaha gikorwa mu gihe cy’ibitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga, kigomba no kuba kigaragazwa no guhakana cyangwa kwangira mu buryo bukomeye kandi bugaragarira buri wese uburenganzira bw’ibanze ku buryo bugera ku kigero kimwe n’ibindi bikorwa bigize ibyaha byibasira inyokomuntu no kuba gishingiye ku mpamvu z’ivangura56. Urwo rukiko kandi ruvuga ko gutoteza bishobora no kugaragarira mu buryo bunyuranye kandi ko bidasaba buri gihe ko habaho igikorwa gifatika (Physical act)57. [160] Urukiko rurasanga, harebwe ibisobanura bitangwa ku cyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, amagambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye muri meeting yo ku Kabaya n’iy’i Nyamyumba yasobanuwe ku cyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside, anagize icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu kuko atesha agaciro abatutsi kubera ubwoko kandi agahamagarira kubahohotera ku buryo bukomeye bamburwa uburenganzira bwabo bw’ibanze. Ibyo Mugesera yakoze bikaba biri ku rwego rumwe n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu cyangwa bibangamira uburenganzira bwabo, bikanahura n’ibyasobanuwe mu rubanza rwa Laurent 53 Article 6 (c) du Statut du Tribunal de Nuremberg: “Les Crimes contre l'Humanité: c’est-à-dire l’assassinat, l’extermination, la réduction en esclavage, la déportation, et tout autre acte inhumain commis contre toutes populations civiles, avant ou pendant la guerre, ou bien les persécutions pour des motifs politiques, raciaux ou religieux, lorsque ces actes ou persécutions, qu'ils aient constitué ou non une violation du droit interne du pays où ils ont été perpétrés, ont été commis à la suite de tout crime rentrant dans la compétence du Tribunal, ou en liaison avec ce crime”. 54 Article 3 of Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda: “International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for the following crimes when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against any civilian population national, political, racial and religious, grounds: (…) Persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds, …”. 55 “The crime of persecution consists of an act or omission which discriminates in fact and which: denies or infringes upon a fundamental right laid down in international customary or treaty law (the actus reus); and was carried out deliberately with the intention to discriminate on one of the listed grounds, specifically race, religion or politics (the mens rea)”. ICTR -99-52-A of 28th November 2007, para .985; ICTR-2001-72-T of 2nd December 2008, para.391. 56 ICTR-97-32-I affaire Georges Ruggiu, para.21: “Le TPIY a résumé comme suit les éléments constitutifs du crime de persécution: a) les éléments requis pour tous les crimes contre l‟humanité aux termes du Statut; b) le déni manifeste ou flagrant d’un droit fondamental, atteignant le même degré de gravité que les autres actes prohibés à l‟article 5; c) des motifs discriminatoires”. 57 “Persecution may take diverse forms and does not necessarily require a physical act”, ICTR-97-20-T, The Prosecutor vs Laurent Semanza, 15 May 2003, para. 348.

Semanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda58. Uko guhamagarira guhohotera abatutsi kukaba kwaraje gushyirwa mu bikorwa bicwa, basahurwa, batwikirwa nk’uko byemezwa na bamwe mu batangabuhamya babajijwe mu rubanza, kimwe n’ibindi bimenyetso birimo ibinyamakuru n’izindi nyandiko z’abahanga zagaragajwe bivuga ku ngaruka zakurikiye ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya. [161] Urukiko rusanga kandi mu ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya yaribasiye abanyapolitiki bo mu yandi mashyaka nka MDR, PSD, PL na FPR ataravugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND, abita ibyitso by’inyenzi cyangwa abateye igihugu ahamagarira kubakatira urwo gupfa no ku bica, ubundi agakoresha amagambo yo kubatesha agaciro nko kwita umuntu igisambo, umushizi w’isoni, nsengashitani, akanakoresha n’amagambo abambura uburenganzira bwo gukora politiki mu bwisanzure nko kuvuga ko batagomba gukorera politiki ku Gisenyi, ko bagomba kujya kuyikorerwa iwabo bakamenya abo barasana abo aribo. [162] Urukiko rusanga uko kubibasira nabyo bigize icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu kubera impamvu za politiki biri ku kigero kimwe n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu, kuko imvugo ze zibatesha agaciro, zikanahamagarira kubambura uburenganzira bwabo bw’ibanze bwo kubaho no kubahwa nk’ikiremwamuntu gifite uburenganzira bwo gukora politiki mu bwisanzure. [163] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo Mugesera Léon yakoze byo kwibasira abaturage b’abasivile bo mu bwoko bw’abatutsi n’abanyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND byari mu rwego rw’ibitero rusange cyangwa simusiga kuko yavuze ayo magambo mu gihe hirya no hino mu gihugu kwica abatutsi no kubafunga no gutoteza abanyapolitiki byari byaratangiye guhera mu Kwakira 199059. Kuba ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya ryaravuzwe mu rwego rw’ibitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga biri mu murongo umwe n’ibyasobanuwe mu rubanza rwaciwe kuwa 28/06/2005 n’urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Canada60. [164] Urukiko rusanga kuba ijambo ribiba urwango, rikanahamagarira guhohotera abantu kubera ivangura rishingiye ku bwoko cyangwa ibitekerezo bya politiki rigize icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cy’ibasiye inyoko muntu bisobanurwa mu manza zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda zirimo urubanza rwa Nahimana Ferdinand na bagenzi be aho rwavuze ko amagambo abiba urwango, akanahamagarira kwibasira abatutsi yavuzwe 58 “… In accordance with customary international law, persecution may include acts enumerated under other sub- headings of crimes against humanity, such as murder or deportation, when they are committed on discriminatory grounds. Persecution may also involve a variety of other discriminatory acts, not enumerated elsewhere in the Statute, involving serious deprivations of human rights”, ICTR-97-20-T, The Prosecutor vs Laurent Semanza, 15 May 2003, para. 349. 59 Rapport de la Commission de Commission internationale d’enquete sur les violations des droits de l’homme au Rwanda depuis le 1er Octobre 1990 du 7 au 21 janvier 1993. 60 “(…) Les massacres se sont produits dans diverses parties du pays, et les victimes se sont comptées par milliers. On retrouve là toutes les apparences d’un acte d’envergure dirigé contre une multiplicité de victimes. (...). Nous avons vu précédemment que l’existence d’un type de comportement attentatoire, surtout lorsqu’il est cautionné ou adopté par le gouvernement ou les militaires, suffira souvent à établir que l’attaque a eu lieu conformément à une politique ou à un plan et qu’elle était de ce fait systématique. Il est indubitable qu‟une politique d’attaque, de persécution et de violence était menée contre les Tutsi et les Hutu modérés au Rwanda lorsque M. Mugesera a prononcé son discours. L’acte de persécution s‟inscrivait donc dans le cadre d‟une attaque systématique”, Mugesera c. Canada (Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l‟Immigration, du 28 Juin 2005, Dossier no 30025, para. 159-160.

nyuma y’itariki ya 6/04/1994 ubwayo agize icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu61, no mu rubanza rwa Georges Ruggiu aho rwemeje ko ibiganiro Ruggiu yatambutsaga kuri radio bishishikariza ubwicanyi no guhohotera abatutsi, bigize n’icyaha cyo guhohotera abatutsi, bamwe mu bahutu n’ababiligi62. Rusanga no mu rubanza rwa Mugesera Léon rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Canada ku byerekeranye no kumwohereza mu Rwanda urukiko rwaravuze ko ijambo ribiba urwango, rikanahamagarira kugirira nabi abantu ku buryo bukabije rigira icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu, nk’uko bimeze ku ijambo Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya63. [165] Urukiko rusanga harebwe amagambo ari mu ijambo Mugesera yavugiye ku Kabaya n’i Nyamyumba yibasira abaturage b’abasivile abaziza ko ari abatutsi cyangwa abanyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND mu gihe igihugu cyari mu ntambara, hirya no hino mu gihugu abantu bicwa, abandi bagafungwa cyangwa se bagirirwa ubundi bugizi bwa nabi nko gutwikirwa amazu, gusahurwa, gukubitwa, ababikora babita ibyitso by’abateye igihugu nk’uko byasobanuwe, bigaragaza ko avuga ayo magambo yari afite ubushake bwo kubatoteza kubera impamvu zishingiye ku bwoko no kuri politiki. [166] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Mugesera avuga ko ibyo abatangabuhamya bavuga ari amabwire kuko nta muntu wahohotewe kubera ijambo ryavugiwe ku Kabaya, ko hari n’ababyemeje barimo Eric Gillet na Alison Des Forges mu rubanza yaburanaga muri Canada, ndetse na Nsanzuwera wari porokireri wa Repubulika wabwiye Professeur Filip Reytjens ko ntaho bari guhera bakurikirana Mugesera, nta shingiro bifite kuko hari abatangabuhamya barimo Ngerageze Muhamudu, Uwimana Salama bavuga ko babonye uwitwa Theodore n’uwari ushinzwe ubucuruzi bitaga “Ducomerce” batwarwa n‟interahamwe zivuga ko ari ibyitso by’Inkotanyi ntibagaruka. Uwimana Salama anavuga ko yabonye uwitwa Ngirarubanda atwikirwa n’interahamwe zivuga ko nawe ari icyitso cy’inkotanyi, umutangabuhamya Uzabakiriho Afsa we akavuga ko ku munsi ukurikiye uwo Mugesera yavuzeho ijambo yiboneye Ngirarubanda wari waraye atwikiwe yicwa. Umutangabuhamya PMD avuga ko ku munsi ukurikiye ijambo rya Mugesera yaciye ku mirambo y’abantu bari bishwe hakurya y’iwabo, naho PME avuga ko muri Mutarama 1993 hari abatutsi bishwe n’interahamwe mu duce dutandukanye twa komini Satinsyi bitewe n’ijambo rya Mugesera. Kadogo Hachim nawe avuga ko avuye muri meeting, ageze hafi y’iwe muri Gisebeya abantu bamutegeye mu nzira baramukubita bamuziza ko atunze umugore w‟umututsikazi, bamubaza niba atumvise ibyavuzwe na Mugesera, yarangiza agakomeza kubika icyitso. [167] Urukiko rusanga, harebwe igihe gishize, kuba abatangabuhamya batahuriza ku gihe ingaruka zakurikiye ijambo ryo ku Kabaya zabereye, ubwabyo bitatesha ubuhamya ireme kuko ikirebwa ari uko abatangabuhamya bavuga ibintu bafitiye ubumenyi, bazi kandi bahagazeho, naho ibyo Mugesera avuga ko ntaho ahuriye n’iyicwa ry’abantu bavugwa n’abatangabuhamya ngo kuko bishwe biturutse ku isinywa ry’Amasezerano y’Amahoro y’Arusha n’iterwa ry’umugi wa Ruhengeri, nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko abatangabuhamya bavuzwe bemeza ko abantu bishwe ku Kabaya no mu nkengero zaho bitewe n’ijambo Mugesera yahavugiye kuwa 22/11/1992, abatangabuhamya Rwasubutare Callixte na Sinayobye André nabo bavuga ko bagiye mu bwicanyi 61 ICTR -99-52-A, The Prosecutor vs Ferdinand Nahimana and al., 28/11/2007, para. 983-988. 62 ICTR-97-32-I The Prosecutor vs Georges Ruggiu, para. 81 (ii), p.19. 63 Dossier no 30025 Dr. Mugesera Léon c/. Canada (Ministère de la citoyenneté et de l‟Immigration), 2005, para. 145- 150.

babitewe n’ijambo Mugesera yavugiye ku ishuli rya Trinité i Nyamyumba, bakanavuga ko nyuma yaryo abatutsi bari aho bakubiswe abandi baricwa, barasenyerwa, baranasahurwa. [168] Urukiko rusanga kandi na raporo ya “Commission Internationale d’enquête” yo muri Mutarama 1993 ku ihungabanywa ry‟uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda ivuga ku ngaruka zatewe n’ijambo Mugesera Léon yavuze, nk’aho ivuga ko iryo jambo ryashishikarizaga ubwicanyi kuko Mugesera yasabaga interahamwe kwica abatutsi n’abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, ikanavuga ko umunsi wakurikiye uwo Mugesera yavugiyeho ijambo mu makomine yo mu nkengero za Kabaya ariyo Giciye, Kayove, Kibirira n’izindi hongeye gutangira ubwicanyi64, ahandi iyo raporo ikavuga ko abajyaga mu bwicanyi Kibirira n’abagiye kwica abagogwe muri Mutura mu mpera z’ukuboza 1992 basubiragamo amwe mu magambo yo mu ijambo rya Mugesera nk’impamvu yo kwica no gutwika amazu65. [169] Urukiko rusanga nanone Raporo ya “Commission politico-administrative” yo ku wa 03/04/1993 yashyizweho kugira ngo ikore iperereza ku mvururu zabaye muri perefegitura ya Gisenyi, Ruhengeri na Kibuye yasanze Mugesera ari umwe mu baziteye kubera ijambo yavuze ahamagarira guhiga abatutsi n’abayoboke b‟andi mashyaka atari MRND na CDR muri perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ko ndetse n’umunsi wakurikiye iryo jambo kwica abatutsi byahise bitangira ahitwa i Shyira muri muri komine ya Giciye. [170] Urukiko rusanga abanditsi banyuranye nabo baranditse ku isano iri hagati y’ubwicanyi bwabaye mu karere ka superefegitura ya Kabaya n’ijambo Mugesera yahavugiye barimo Gérard Prunier wavuze ko mu karere Mugesera yavugiyemo ijambo kahise kitabira ubutumwa bwe maze ubugizi bwa nabi buratangira66, umwanditsi Philip Reyntjens mu gitabo cye l’Afrique des Grands Lacs en crise avuga ko mu 1992 mugesera yavuze ijambo rutwitsi rikangurira kwica abatutsi n’abanyapolitiki batavuga rumwe67 n‟ibinyamakuru binyuranye byasohotse mu Rwanda nyuma ya meeting yo ku Kabaya byagarutse ku magambo akangurira ubwicanyi yavuzwe na Mugesera Léon, binavuga ku bwicanyi bwayakurikiye. Bityo hakurikijwe ibimaze gusobanurwa, urukiko rusanga ubugizi bwa nabi n’ubwicanyi byasobanuwe bifitanye isano n’ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya n’i Nyamyumba. E. Kubiba urwango mu baturage ashingiye ku bwoko, inkomoko cyangwa idini ryabo [171] Kuri iki cyaha, urukiko rurasuzuma niba ijambo Mugesera Léon yavuze ahamagarira kwica abatutsi, anibasira abanyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND bigize icyaha cyo kubiba urwango rushingiye ku bwoko n’inkomoko. 64 “…., il s’agissait d’un discours d‟incitation à la violence, où il demandait aux Interahamwe de tuer les tutsi et opposants politiques. Le lendemain, les communes environnantes de Giciye, Kayove, Kibirira et d’autres, s’embraser à nouveau”, Rapport de la Commission Internationale d‟enquête, p. 77 et ss. 65 “… les attaquants à Kibirira à la fin de décembre 1992 en citaient les expressions comme raison de tuer et brûler les maisons des adhérants d‟autres partis, de même ceux de Mutura qui ont agressé de Bagogwe”, p. 25. 66 “La région où Mugesera a si ernergiquement prêché en faveur d’une action radical répond bientôt à son appel et la violence débute (…). La violence sporadique continue fin décembre 1992 et début janvier 1993 faisant une douzaine de mort et forçant des centaines de personnes à s’enfuir”. Gerard Prunier, Rwanda 1959-1996, L’histoire d’un génocide, Edition Dagorno, p.210. 67 Filip Reyntjens, L’Afrique des Grands Lacs en crise, Paris Karthara, 1994, p.119.

[172] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko bushingiye ku byateganywaga n’ingingo ya 393 y’Itegeko- Teka No 21/77 ryo kuwa 18 Kanama 1977 ryerekeye igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, busanga mu ijambo Mugesera Léon yavugiye ku Kabaya n’ahandi yarabibye mu baturage urwango rushingiye ku bwoko n’inkomoko agamije kubangisha abatutsi n’abandi banyapolitiki batavugaga rumwe. Bukavuga ko yabikoze azi neza ko ababwiwe ayo magambo bazagirira urwango abatutsi n’abandi bashyizwe mu majwi, ko ayo magambo yanayavuze mu mugambi yari afite wo gutegura jenoside, azi nanone ko hari andi magambo nk’ayo yari yaravuzwe mbere agakurikirwa n’urwango rukomeye rwaviriyemo bamwe mu batutsi kwicwa. Buvuga ko ikindi cyerekana ko Mugesera Léon yari afite umugambi cyangwa ubushake bwo gukora iki cyaha ari uko yari yateguye ijambo yavugiye ku Kabaya bikagaragazwa n’uko akiritangira yabwiye abari aho ingingo z’ingenzi yari buvugeho, yajya no gusoza akibutsa ingingo z’ingenzi z’ijambo amaze kubagezaho. [173] Bukomeza buvuga ko iki cyaha gitandukanye n’icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu umugambi wa jenoside kuko icyaha cyo kubiba urwango kidasaba ko habaho umugambi wihariye wo gutsemba abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo hashingiwe ku bwoko bwabo, inkomoko cyangwa idini nk‟usabwa kugirango habeho icyaha cyo gushishikariza umugambi wa jenoside. Buvuga ko iki cyaha cyakorewe abatutsi naho icyo kubiba urwango kikaba kireba abantu b’amoko yose bibasiwe na Mugesera Léon kuko mu ijambo rye hari aho yavugaga abantu abahuza n‟inkomoko yabo nk’aho yahuzaga abatutsi na Etiyopiya, Nsengiyaremye Dismas agahuzwa n’iwabo i Kayenzi, Agathe Uwiringiyimana agahuzwa na Nyaruhengeri. [174] Mugesera Léon avuga ko nta cyaha cyo kubiba urwango yigeze akora kuko nta muntu n‟umwe yagiriye nabi kubera inkomoko ye cyangwa idini rye. Asobanura ko ibyo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kuri iki cyaha bushingiye ku ijambo bumwitirira, nta shingiro bifite kubera ko iryo jambo ryahinduwe, ndetse ko, nk’uko yagiye abigarukaho, uwarivuze nta kintu kibi yari agamije arivuga ahubwo yarivuze mu nyungu rusange, anarivuga mu rwego rwo kwitabara kuko igihugu cyari cyatewe. Avuga kandi ko Ubushinjacyaha butanagaragaza ishingiro ry‟urwo rwango kuko mu mibereho ye haba aho yakoze ari n’aho yabaye atigeze agirira urwango abatutsi ndetse ko yari abafitemo inshuti z’inkoramutima. Anavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza umuntu yishe amuziza ubwoko, ntibunagaragaze ibimenyetso by’uko yagiriye urwango abatutsi agamije gutegura umugambi wa jenoside, ndetse bukaba butanasobanura uburyo yabibye urwango rushingiye ku idini. [175] Akomeza avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bwagiye busubira mu birego bumurega, haba mu miterere no mu myandikire ku buryo iki cyaha n’ibindi aregwa bigenda bisa cyane cyane nk’icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi umugambi wa jenoside, ko icyo ubushinjacyaha bwakoze ari ukwandika ku bundi buryo ibirego byateshejwe agaciro n’inkiko yagiye aburaniramo mu gihugu cya Canada, kandi izo nkiko zaragendeye ku bimenyetso biri hasi cyane ugereranyije n’ibikoreshwa mu manza z’inshinjabyaha aho ibimenyetso bigomba gukuraho ugushidikanya kose gushoboka. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [176] Urukiko rusanga igihe icyaha cyo kubiba urwango Mugesera akurikiranweho cyakorwaga, cyarakurikiranwaga hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 393 y’Itegeko-Teka No 21/77 ryo kuwa 18 Kanama 1977 ryerekeye igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko: umuntu wese uzagaragarisha ubusebanyi cyangwa igitutsi mu ruhame, iseseme cyangwa urwango, afitiye inteko y’abantu kubera inkomoko

yabo, bahuriye ku bwoko cyangwa ku idini iyi n’iyi, cyangwa uwagize icyo akora atera abandi iyo seseme cyangwa urwo rwango, azahanishwa igifungo kuva ku kwezi kumwe kugera ku mwaka umwe n’ihazabu y‟amafaranga atarenga ibihumbi bitanu, cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano…. [177] Hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’iyi ngingo, urukiko rurasanga icyo cyaha gikorwa binyuze mu gusebanya cyangwa gutukana mu ruhame hagaragazwa urwango ukora icyo cyaha afitiye abantu kubera inkomoko n’ubwoko bwabo. Icyo cyaha kandi kibaho ari uko hakozwe ibikorwa bituma abantu bagirira abandi urwango. Ibyo bikorwa bigaragarira mu magambo, mu nyandiko, mu myifatire, mu bimenyetso n’ubundi buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, kandi ubikora akaba afite ubushake bwo gukora ivangura. [178] Urukiko rusanga amagambo Mugesera yakoresheje muri disikuru yavuze muri meeting za MRND ku Kabaya n’i Nyamyumba, nk‟uko yasobanuwe ku cyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside agaragaza urwango yari afitiye abatutsi, anashishikariza abandi kurubagirira. Bityo hashingiwe ku kuba abatangabuhamya babajijwe bemeza ko Mugesera avuga ayo magambo arimo gusebanya n’ibitutsi yagaragazaga urwango yari afitiye abatutsi abita inyenzi, ibyitso by’abateye igihugu n’ibindi, bigaragaza ko yari afite ubushake bwo kwanga abatutsi no gutuma bangwa. Urukiko rugasanga rero harebwe ibyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 393 y’Itegeko-Teka No 21/77 ryo kuwa 18 Kanama 1977 ryavuzwe haruguru, Mugesera Léon yarakoze icyaha cyo kubiba urwango mu baturage rushingiye ku bwoko. [179] Urukiko rurasanga ariko ibyo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Mugesera Léon yakoze icyaha cyo kubiba urwango rushingiye ku nkomoko kubera ko mu ijambo rye yavuze ko aba ensipegiteri Uwiringiyimana Agathe wari Minisitiri w’uburezi azashyiraho bazajya iwabo i Nyaruhengeri kurera abana be, akanavuga ko ayo mashyaka n’abayahagarariye bagomba kujya gutura i Kayenzi kwa Nsengiyaremye bakamenya abo barasana aho bari n’andi, hakurikijwe ibyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 393 y’Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana yavuzwe atari ivangura rishingiye aho bakomokaga kuko ibyo avuga bigaragara ko yabavugaga nk’abanyapolitiki batavuga rumwe bagomba gukorera politiki aho bakomoka bitavugwa muri iyi ngingo, urukiko rwasanze bigize icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu.  Ibyerekeranye n‘ibihano [180] Muri iki gice cyerekeranye n’ibihano, urukiko rurasuzuma niba Mugesera Léon yahamwa n’ibyaha byinshi hashingiwe ku ijambo yavuze no kumenya uko igihano yahanishwa cyagenwa. [181] Ubushinjacyaha busaba ko Mugesera Léon yahanishwa igihano cya burundu kuko igihano cya burundu y‟umwihariko kidatangwa ku bantu boherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda bavuye mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda no mu bindi bihugu. Bugasobanura ko impamvu busaba icyo gihano cyo hejuru ari uko ibyaha akurikiranyweho muri uru rubanza ari ibyaha biremereye hashingiwe ku buryo byakozwemo ndetse n’ingaruka byagize ku muryango nyarwanda kuko hari abatutsi benshi bishwe biturutse ku ijambo yavuze, akabikora akoresheje umwanya n‟ububasha yari afite, ndetse no kuba kuva yafatwa kugeza aburana nta narimwe yigeze agira imyitwarire igaragaza ko akwiye guhabwa ibihano bigabanyije cyangwa se ngo agaragaze ko yicuza ibyaha yakoze.

[182] Urukiko rurasanga ntacyo Mugesera Léon yavuze ku birebana ni gihano cyo gufungwa burundu yasabiwe n‟ubushinjacyaha. [183] Urukiko rusanga, nk’uko byasobanuwe, Mugesera Léon ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside kubera gushishikariza kumugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside byahanwaga hakurikijwe ingingo ya 17 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 13/2008 ryo kuwa 19/05/2008 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Ngenga No 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by’Inkiko Gacaca ryavuzwe yteganyaga ko umuntu wo mu rwego rwa mbere wanze kwirega, kwemera icyaha, kwicuza no gusaba imbabazi cyangwa wireze, akemera icyaha akicuza, agasaba imbabazi ariko ntibyemerwe ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu y‟umwihariko. [184] Urukiko rusanga kandi ubu ibyo bikorwa bihanwa hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 132 3o y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana iteganya ko bitabangamiye ibiteganywa n’izindi ngingo z’iri Tegeko Ngenga ku byerekeye ubwinjiracyaha n’ubufatanyacyaha, gushishikariza gukora icyaha cya jenoside n’ubwo bitashyirwa mu bikorwa, yifashishije amagambo, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko biri mu bikorwa bihanwa nk’icya cya jenoside; gihanishwa igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko harebwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 115 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe. [185] Urukiko rusanga anahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu kubera amagambo abiba urwango, akanahamagarira guhohotera abantu kubera ubwoko bwabo n’ibitekerezo bya politiki, byahanwaga hakurikijwe ingingo ya 17 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 13/2008 ryo ku wa 19/05/2008 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Ngenga No 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by’Inkiko Gacaca ryavuzwe yateganyaga ko umuntu wo mu rwego rwa mbere wanze kwirega, kwemera icyaha, kwicuza no gusaba imbabazi cyangwa wireze, akemera icyaha akicuza, agasaba imbabazi ariko ntibyemerwe ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko. Rusanga ubu icyo cyaha giteganywa kandi kigahanwa hakurikije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 120 8o n’iya 121 igika cyayo cya 2 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe, zisesenguriwe hamwe, ziteganya ko umuntu wese ukora icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku myaka icumi (10) kugeza ku myaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25). [186] Urukiko rusanga Mugesera Léon ahamwa nanone n’icyaha cyo kubiba urwango rushingiye ku bwoko cyateganywaga kandi kikanahanwa n’ingingo ya 393 y’Itegeko-Teka No 21/77 ryo kuwa 18/08/1977 ryerekeye igitabo cy’amategeko ahana yateganyaga ko umuntu wese uzagaragarisha ubusebanyi cyangwa igitutsi mu ruhame, iseseme cyangwa urwango, afitiye inteko y’abantu kubera inkomoko yabo, bahuriye ku bwoko cyangwa ku idini iyi n’iyi, cyangwa uwagize icyo akora gutera abandi iyo sesemi cyangwa urwo rwango, azahanishwa igifungo kuva ku kwezi kumwe kugera ku mwaka umwe, n’ihazabu y’amafaranga atarenga ibihumbi bitanu, cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano. Iki cyaha giteganywa n’Itegeko No 47/2001 ryo kuwa 18/12/2001 rihana icyaha cy’ivangura n’icyo gukurura amacakubiri, kigahanwa hakurikijwe ingingo ya 136 y‟Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe iteganya ko umuntu wese ukoze icyaha cy’ivangura n’icyo gukurura amacakubiri ahanishwa igifungo kirenze imyaka itanu (5) kugeza ku myaka irindwi (7) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda kuva ku bihumbi ijana (100.000) kugeza kuri miliyoni imwe (1.000.000).

[187] Urukiko rusanga ibyo kuba uregwa yahamwa n’ibyaha byinshi hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe bihura n’ibyemejwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda aho rwemeje ko umuntu ashobora guhamwa n’ibyaha byinshi hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe, iyo ibigize ibyo byaha (éléments constitutifs) bitandukanye, iyo amategeko ateganya ibyo byaha arengera inyungu zitandukanye no kugira ngo uwakoze icyaha ahanwe uko bikwiye68. [188] Urukiko rusanga muri uru rubanza rero Mugesera agomba guhamwa n’ibyo byaha byose kuko ibigize ibyo byaha bitandukanye nk’uko byasobanuwe, bikaba binarengera inyungu zitandukanye kuko ku birebana no guhana jenoside birengera ibyiciro by’abantu bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, ku birebana n’ihanwa ry’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu birengera abaturage batari abasirikare bazira ubwenegihugu bwabo, ibitekerezo bya politiki, ubwoko cyangwa idini naho guhana icyaha cyo kubiba urwango bikaba birengera ukudahungabanywa ku muntu uwari we wese kubera inkomoko ye, ubwoko cyangwa idini. [189] Urukiko rusanga ibyo byaha bigize impurirane y’imbonezamugambi kuko byakozwe mu mugambi umwe wo gukora jenoside no kugirira nabi abo yitaga ibyitso by’abateye igihugu. Hashingiwe rero ku byatateganywaga n’ingingo ya 93 y’Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana cyakurikizwagwa igihe ibikorwa Mugesera aregwa byakorwaga iteganya ko iyo igikorwa kimwe ubwacyo gishobora kubyara ibyaha byinshi uwagikoze ahanishwa igihano kiremereye giteganyirizwa kimwe muri ibyo byaha. Bityo Mugesera akaba agomba guhanishwa igihano giteganyirijwe icyaha kiremereye kurusha ibindi cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside kubera gushishikariza ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside. [190] Ku birebana n’itegeko rigomba gukurikizwa, urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 765 igika cya 2 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe ivuga ko icyaha cyakozwe mbere y’iri tegeko gihanwa hakurikijwe itegeko ryakigengaga, keretse mu gihe iri tegeko riteganya ibihano byoroheje. [191] Urukiko rurasanga ibihano biteganywa n’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana n’ibyateganywaga n’Itegeko ngenga rishyiraho inkiko Gacaca ku cyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside ari igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko. Bityo kuba ayo mategeko yombi ateganya igihano kimwe, hagomba gukurikizwa itegeko rishyiraho inkiko Gacaca ryahanaga ibyo bikorwa kuko Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe ridateganya ibihano byoroheje. 68 “On the basis of national and international law and jurisprudence, the Chamber concludes that iti is acceptable to comvict the accused of two offences in relation to the same set of facts in the following circumstances : (1) where the offences have different elements ; or (2) where the provisions creating the offences protect different interests; or (3) where it is necessary to record a conviction for both ofences in order fully to describe what the accused did”, ICTR- 96-4-T, The Prosecutor vs Jean Paul Akayezu, para. 468. Furthermore, the Chamber holds that offences covered under the Statute -genocide, crimes aganst humanity and violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II- have disparate ingredients and, especially, that their punishment is aimed at protecting discrete interests. As a result, multiple offences may be charged on the basis of the same acts, in order to capture the full extent of the crimes committed by an accused", ICTR-96-13-A, The Prosecutor vs Alfred Musema, 27 January 2000, para. 297.

[192] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 5 bis y’Itegeko Ngenga No 08/2013/OL ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rihindura kandi ryuzuza itegeko Ngenga No 31/2007 ryo kuwa 25/04/2007 rikuraho igihano cyo kwicwa nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu iteganya ko uwahamwe n’icyaha mu rubanza rw’umuntu woherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda avuye mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda cyangwa mu kindi gihugu, adashobora guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko. Hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’iyo ngingo Mugesera Léon akaba atahanishwa igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko kuko yoherejwe n’igihugu cya Canada. [193] Harebwe ko Mugesera Léon yari umuntu ujijutse utari kuyoberwa ingaruka z’amagambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside yavugiye muri meeting yo ku Kabanya n’i Nyamyumba, hakanarebwa ko yayavuze mu gihe abatutsi bicwagwa hirya no hino mu gihugu, hanatotezwa bamwe mu banyapolitiki, ndetse n’ingaruka zayakurikiye n‟uburemere bw’ibyaha ubwabyo bimuhama, urukiko rusanga yahanishwa igifungo cya burundu. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [194] Rwemeje ko Mugesera Léon ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside kubera gushishikariza ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside, icyaha cyo gutoteza nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu n’icyaha cyo kubiba urwango rushingiye ku bwoko. [195] Rwemeje ko Mugesera Léon adahamwa n’icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside kubera gutanga amabwiriza n’imbunda. [196] Ruhanishije Mugesera Léon igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu. [197] Rutegetse ko asonerwa amagarama y‟urubanza kubera ko aburana afunze. [198] Rwibukije ko kujurira bikorwa mu gihe cy’ukwezi kumwe kubarwa uhereye igihe urubanza ruciriweho.