UWIMANA vs. NGIRUWONSANGA NABANDI

# UWIMANA vs. NGIRUWONSANGA NABANDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2023-11-01 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RAD 00001/2022/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UWIMANA vs. NGIRUWONSANGA N’ABANDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RS/INJUST/RAD 00001/2022/CA – (Rukundakuvuga, P.J., Kanyange na Kamere, J.) 29 Ugushyingo 2023] Amategeko agenga imanza mbonezamubano – Umuryango w’abashyingiranywe – Imicungire y’urugo – Urugo rutwarwa kandi ruyoborwa n’umugabo iyo akiriho kandi ashoboye, mu buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’abashyingiranywe bari mu barugize, ku bijyanye n’ibikorwa ndetse n’ifatwa ry’ibyemezo bigamije kuruteza imbere no kubumbatira umuco mwiza – Umwe mu bashyingiranwe yiharira izo nshingano iyo mugenzi we bashyingiranywe afite impamvu zumvikana z’igihe gito cyangwa se kirekire zatuma atabasha kugira uruhare rwe muri ubwo bwuzuzanye n’uburinganire. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uwimana wari warashakanye na Ruhashya mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko ariko bakaza gutandukanywa n’urupfu rw’umugabo we, yaje gutungurwa no kubona abantu batwaye ubutaka bwabo bakabwiyandikishaho, bituma atanga ikirego mu rukiko kugirango agaruze ubwo butaka dore ko igice cyabwo yari agifitiye ibyangombwa. Mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge Uwimana arega Ngiruwonsanga, Habiyaremye, Mukadisi, Mushumba, Mpongerabanzi na Nkurunziza ko aribo bamutwariye ubutaka hamwe n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe imicungire n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka mu Rwanda, akaba asaba urukiko gutesha agaciro ibyangombwa by’ubwo butaka bukamwandikwaho, bagasenya inyubako bashyizeho ndetse no guhabwa indishyi zitandukanye. Avuga kandi ko niyo baba barabuguze na Nyakwigendera nta burenganzira yarafite bwo kubugurisha umuryango utabimwemereye. Nyuma yo gusuzuma ikibazo cyo kumenya niba abaregwa barabohoje ubwo butaka buburanwa, Urukiko rwemeje ko nta mpamvu igaragara yatuma ibyangombwa by’ubutaka byahawe Abaregwa n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe imicungire n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka mu Rwanda biteshwa agaciro cyangwa ngo rutegeke ko inyubako ziburiho zisenywa. Bityo, ikirego cy’Urega nta shingiro gufite. Urega yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru anenga icyo cyemezo ariko rwemeje ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, ko Abaregwa bagumana ubutaka bwabo ndetse n’inyubako ziburiho zikaba zitagomba gusenywa. Ibi byatumye asaba ko uru rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane maze ruburanishwa n’uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire. Avuga ko mu rubanza rusubirishwamo yarenganyijwe no kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwaremeje ko Abaregwa baguze ubwo butaka n’umugabo we nyamara akaba ataramenye ubwo bugure kandi bari barasezeranye ivangamutungo rusange, akaba ariyo mpamvu asaba ko ibyo byangombwa biteshwa agaciro ndetse n’ibikorwa biri kuri ubwo butaka buburanwa bigakurwaho. Akomeza avuga ko nta bugure bwabayeho, dore ko n’Abaregwa batagaragaza ibimenyetso ndetse n’abatangabuhamya bakaba bavuguruzanya ku bijyanye n’ukubaho k’ubwo bugure, bityo ubuhamya bwabo bukaba butagomba guhabwa agaciro. Mu kwiregura, Abaregwa bavuga ko nyuma y’uko Komini itanze ibibanza ku ruhande ruri hakurya y’umuhanda, Ruhashya umugabo w’Urega nawe yahise akatamo isambu ye, yari hino y’umuhanda,

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ibibanza abigurisha abantu batandukanye nabo bagenda babigurisha abandi. Bityo, abo bantu bagiye bagura mbere, ntibagomba kubazwa amasezerano yabo bagiranye na Nyakwigendera kuko bo bafite amasezerano baguriyeho ubutaka batunze ubu, dore ko babuhererekanyije ku buryo bw’ubugure ku nshuro ya gatatu. Bakomeza bavuga ko ibyo Urega avuga ko babohoje ubutaka bwe ataribyo kuko batari kubitinyuka ubuyobozi buhari ndetse na we niko abibona dore ko yatangiye kurega ariko avuga ariko ubu akaba yarabihinduye avuga ko ubugure bwakoze ataraburimo. Incamake y’icyemezo: Urugo rutwarwa kandi ruyoborwa n’umugabo iyo akiriho kandi ashoboye, mu buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’abashyingiranywe bari mu barugize, ku bijyanye n’ibikorwa ndetse n’ifatwa ry’ibyemezo bigamije kuruteza imbere no kubumbatira umuco mwiza. Umwe mu bashyingiranwe yiharira izo nshingano iyo mugenzi we bashyingiranywe afite impamvu zumvikana z’igihe gito cyangwa se kirekire zatuma atabasha kugira uruhare rwe muri ubwo bwuzuzanye n’uburinganire. Ikirego cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nta shingiro gifite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 4 Kamena 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo ya 15, 16, 34 n’iya 49. Itegeko (Décret) ryo ku wa 30/07/1888 rishyiraho Urwunge rw’Amategeko Mbonezamubano, Igitabo cya gatatu: Ibyerekeye Imirimo Nshinganwa cyangwa Amasezerano, ingingo ya 527. Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 111. Itegeko Nº 32/2016 ryo ku wa 28/08/2016 rigenga abantu n’umuryago, ingingo ya 206. Itegeko Nº15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 64. Itegeko No 42/1988 ryo ku wa 27 Ukwakira 1988 ryerekeye interuro y’ibanze n’igitabo cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano, ingingo ya 206, 207 n’iya 208. Imanza zifashishijwe: RCOMAA 0056/15/SC-RCOMAA 00025/2017/SC-RCOM 0003/17/CS-RCOM 00004/2017/SC, Rwagasana na Bank ya Kigali, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 26/1/2018. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA

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[1] Uwimana Marie Antoinette ni umupfakazi wa Ruhashya Epimaque bidashidikanywaho ko bari barashakanye kandi babana mu buryo bukurikije amategeko bagatandukanywa n’urupfu ku wa 05/02/2010. Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Ruhashya Epimaque, Uwimana Marie Antoinette ngo yatunguwe no kubona ko hari ubutaka yari asangiye na nyakwigendera ariko, mu buryo atagizemo uruhare, bukaba busigaye butunzwe n’abandi bantu. Abo babutuyemo ubu ni aba bakurikira: a. Ngiruwonsanga Jean Marie Vianney (ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI 4/01/15/01/4079), b. Habiyaremye Dominique (ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI 4/01/15/01/4078), c. Mukadisi Joselyne (ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI 4/01/15/01/4077), d. Mushumba Anastase (ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI 4/01/15/01/4076), e. Mpongerabanzi François (ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI 4/01/15/01/4075) na f. Nkurunziza Jean Baptiste (ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI 4/01/15/01/4081). Aba bakaba banatunze ibyangombwa by’umutungo biranga ubwo butaka bahawe n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe imicungire n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka mu Rwanda (Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority), ndetse bamwe bakaba barabwubatseho amazu batuyemo cyangwa se bacururizamo. Ubu butaka kandi bwakaswe ku bundi butaka Uwimana Marie Antoinette yasigaranye kandi atungiye icyangombwa nacyo cyatanzwe n’icyo kigo. [2] Mu rubanza rw’ubutegetsi RAD 00049/2018/TGI/NYGE, Uwimana Marie Antoinette yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, arega Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe imicungire n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka mu Rwanda (Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority) hamwe n’abahawe ibyangombwa by’umutungo bavuzwe haruguru, asaba Urukiko gutesha agaciro ibyangombwa by’ubutaka byose bahawe n’icyo kigo ku butaka bw’urega, gutegeka abaregwa babwubatseho kuvanaho inyubako zabo bashyize ku butaka bwe, kumwishyura indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 1.000.000 Frw kuri buri wese, no gufatanya kumwishyura amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’ay’igihembo cya Avoka angana na 3.000.000 Frw. [3] Muri urwo rubanza hahamagajwemo nk’ababuranyi abitwa Mukankwiye Spéciose Turikunkiko, Munyabuhoro Noël, Mudacumura na Koperative Akarorero, ariko mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 02/05/2019 bakurwa mu rubanza kuko habuze umuburanyi wemera ko ari we wabahamagaje kandi nabo ntibagaragaza ko bagobotse mu rubanza ku bushake. Uburanira Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe imicungire n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka mu Rwanda (Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority) nta kindi yaburanye avuga uretse gusa kuvuga ko iki kigo cyatanze ibyangombwa by’ubutaka gikurikije amakuru cyahawe n’ababwibarujeho, kandi ko Urukiko ruramutse rusanze barabwibarujeho mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, cyiteguye kuba cyahindura ibyo byangombwa abaregwa bahawe. [4] Ku wa 25/06/2019, rumaze gusuzuma ikibazo cyo kumenya niba koko abaregwa barabohoje ubutaka Uwimana Marie Antoinette aregera ku buryo ibyangombwa by’ubutaka bahawe n’ikigo cy’Igihugu kibishinzwe byateshwa agaciro ndetse n’inyubako zashyizwe kuri ubwo butaka zigasenywa, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwaciye urubanza RAD

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00049/2018/TGI/NYGE, rwemeza ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Uwimana Marie Antoinette kidafite ishingiro, ko nta mpamvu n’imwe rwabonye yatuma rutesha agaciro ibyangombwa by’ubutaka byahawe abaregwa muri urwo rubanza cyangwa ngo rutegeke ko inyubako zabo zasenywa nk’uko Uwimana Marie Antoinette yabisabaga. Urukiko kandi rwategetse ko Uwimana Marie Antoinette aha Ngiruwonsanga Jean Marie, Habiyaremye Dominique, Nkurunziza Jean Baptiste, Mushumba Anastase, Mpongerabanzi François na Mukadisi Joselyne buri wese 700.000 Frw agizwe na 200.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza na 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. [5] Uwimana Marie Antoinette yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru, anenga ko ku rwego rubanza Urukiko ntacyo rwavuze ku kuba n’ubwo umugabo we Ruhashya Epimaque yaba yaragurishije abaregwa ubutaka buburanwa nk’uko babivuga, nta burenganzira yari afite bwo kugurisha umutungo w’umuryango atabyemeranyijweho n’abo bawusangiye, kandi ko na Ndagijimana Emmanuel bavuga ko Ruhashya Epimaque yatumye kumugurishiriza nta bubasha yagaragaje yari yahawe n’umuryango we. [6] Abaregwa bireguye bavuga ko ubutaka baregwa ari ubwabo kuko bamwe babuguze na Ruhashya Epimaque abandi babugura n’abari barabuguze na we, kandi ko bitari gushoboka ko babohoza ubwo butaka nyirabwo abutuyemo akanabugiramo ibikorwa, anafite ibikorwa mu isambu yabahayeho kandi bicungwa umunsi ku wundi, ndetse bunaherereye ku muhanda hafi y’aho ubuyobozi bukorera. Banavuze ko iyo baza kuba barabohoje iyo sambu umuryango wa Ruhashya Epimaque utari kuba warabaruje isambu yawo yindi bahana imbibi ngo unanirwe gushyira amakimbirane kuri ubwo butaka buburanwa ubu. [7] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe abandi baburanyi bose bahari uretse gusa Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe imicungire n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka. Urukiko Rukuru rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya niba harabayeho ubugure no kumenya niba ubwo bugure bwahabwa agaciro mu gihe Uwimana Marie Antoinette avuga ko atabuzi, ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ubuso bw’ubutaka abaregwa bavuga ko baguze burenze kure ubwo bafite, ikibazo cyo kumenya niba abaregwa bagomba gusubiza ubutaka baregwa no gukuraho inyubako zabo, n’ikibazo cyo kumenya niba hari indishyi zigomba gutangwa ku rwego rw’ubujurire. [8] Ku wa 07/05/2020, Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza RADA 00103/2019/HC/KIG, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Uwimana Marie Antoinette nta shingiro bufite, ko Ngiruwonsanga JMV agumana ubutaka bwanditse kuri UPI :4/01/15/01/4079, Habiyaremye Dominique akagumana ubwanditse kuri UPI: 4/01/15/01/4078, Mukadisi Joselyne akagumana ubwanditse kuri UPI: 4/01/15/01/4077, Mpongerabanzi akagumana ubwanditse kuri UPI: 4/01/15/01/4076 n’ubwanditse kuri UPI: 4/01/15/01/4075, naho Nkurunziza Jean Baptiste akagumana ubwanditse kuri: UPI: 4/01/15/01/4081. Urukiko kandi rwategetse ko buri wese ufite inyubako kuri ubu butaka itagomba gusenywa, runategeka Uwimana Marie Antoinette guha buri wese mu baregwa bitabiriye iburanisha indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka zingana na 350.000 Frw, indishyi zose mu bujurire zikaba 2.100.000 Frw, ziyongera kuri 4.200.000 Frw yari yaraciwe ku rwego rwa mbere, zose hamwe zikanagana na 6.300.000 Frw, aho agomba guha buri wese 1.050.000 Frw. [9] Uwimana Marie Antoinette yiyambaje inzira yo gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza RADA 00103/2019/HC/KIG, urubanza rwandikwa kuri RS/INJUST/RAD 00001/2022/CA, iburanisha riba ku wa 06/09/2023 Uwimana Marie Antoinette ahagarariwe na Me

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Umugwaneza Diane na Me Rwimo Clotilde, Mushumba Anastase na Mukadisi Joselyne bahagarariwe na Me Karake Canisius akanunganira Ngiruwonsanga Jean Marie Vianney, Habiyaremye Dominique, Nkurunziza Jean Baptiste na Mpongerabanzi François. Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority ntiyitabye Urukiko kandi nta n’impamvu yatanze, bituma Urukiko rufata icyemezo cyo kuburanisha urubanza icyo kigo kidahari. [10] Urubanza rwaraburanishijwe, rurapfundikirwa, Urukiko ruvuga ko ruzasomwa ku wa 22/09/2023, ariko kuri uwo munsi rufata icyemezo cyo gupfundura iburanisha no gukora iperereza ku wa 19/10/2023, saa tanu (11 h) aho ikiburanwa kiri mu Mudugudu wa Kabunigu, Akagari ka Gako, Umurenge wa Rusiga, Akarere ka Rulindo, Intara y’Amajyaruguru, hari ababuranyi bose kimwe n’abandi ababuranyi bakwifuza ko bafasha Urukiko kubona amakuru y’ukuri ku kiburanwa. Uwo munsi kandi ababuranyi bose baritabye bamwe bahagarariwe, abandi bunganiwe na ba Avoka babo nka mbere. [11] Ku wa 13/11/2023, ababuranyi bose bongeye kwitaba Urukiko, urega ahagarariwe na Me Umugwaneza Diane, naho abaregwa bahagarariwe na Me Karake Canisius, naho Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority idahari, buri ruhande rugira icyo ruvuga ku byavuye mu iperereza ryo ku wa 19/10/2023. [12] Muri make, Uwimana Marie Antoinette avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko abaregwa baguze na Ruhashya Epimaque ubutaka buburanwa bubaruye kuri UPI 4/01/15/01/4075, UPI 4/01/15/01/4076, UPI 4/01/15/01/4077, UPI 4/01/15/01/4078, UPI 4/01/15/01/4079 na UPI: 4/01/15/01/4081, nta bimenyetso barugaragarije by’uko baguze iyi mitungo kandi rwirengagije ko Uwimana Marie Antoinette yashyingiranywe na we mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, bityo ko bombi bari bafite uburenganzira bungana kuri iyi mitungo ku buryo umwe atabugurisha wenyine ngo uwo bugure bugire agaciro. Asaba ko abaregwa bategekwa gukuraho inyubako zabo bashyize kuri ubwo butaka, bugasubizwa Uwimana Marie Antoinette, kandi Urukiko rugakuraho indishyi uyu yaciwe mu rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. [13] Abaregwa bose muri rusange bavuga ko nta karengane Uwimana Marie Antoinette yagiriwe mu rubanza RADA 00103/2019/HC/KIG kubera ko ibijyanye n’uburenganzira bw’umugore ku mitungo y’urugo ashingiraho agaragaza akarengane yagiriwe bitigeze bivugwaho mu rubanza asubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Kuri Ngiruwonsanga Jean Marie Vianney by’umwihariko avuga ko yaguze na Ruhashya Epimaque ibibanza bibiri, buri kimwe ku mafaranga 10.000 Frw kandi ko kuba batarakoze amasezerano yanditse bitavanaho kuba ubwo bugure bwarabayeho, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko inyandiko atari kamara ku mutungo utarengeje amafaranga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000 Frw). Naho ku bandi bose baregwa bavuga ko atari bo bakwiye kubazwa ibirebana n’amasezerano y’ubugure yaba yarabaye hagati ya Colonel Ruhashya Epimaque n’abo yagurishije ubutaka, kuko bo bagiye babugura n’umutima mwiza n’abandi bari barabuguze mbere na Colonel Ruhashya Epimaque. [14] Ku birebana n’ikurwaho ry’indishyi zinyuranye Uwimana Marie Antoinette yaciwe mu rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, abaregwa bavuga ko nta karengane kabayeho mu kuzimuca kuko yishoye mu manza zitari ngombwa.

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[15] Ikigo cy’imicungire n’imikoreshejereze y’ubutaka mu Rwanda (Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority) gisobanura ko, uretse kuba urubanza rugitangira mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye cyaraburanye kivuga ko cyo mu gutanga ibyangombwa cyashingiye ku makuru cyahawe, Urukiko ruramutse rugaragaje ko abaregwa babwiyandikishijeho mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, cyiteguye kuba cyahindura ibyangombwa abaregwa bahawe, nta kindi gishya cyongeye kuburanisha, kandi no mu myanzuro kuri uru rwego cyavuze ko ntacyo gisaba ababuranyi bose. [16] Hashingiwe ku mpaka hagati y’ababuranyi zimaze kugaragazwa muri make, ibibazo Urukiko rugomba gusuzuma ni ibi bikurikira: a) Gusuzuma niba harabayeho ubugure ku mitungo ifite UPI: 4/01/15/01/4075, UPI: 4/01/15/01/4076, UPI: 4/01/15/01/4077, UPI: 4/01/15/01/4078, UPI: 4/01/15/01/4079, UPI: 4/01/15/01/4081; b) Gusuzuma niba abaregwa bategekwa gukuraho ibikorwa bashyize ku butaka buburanwa (mu gihe Urukiko rwaba rusanze bugomba guhabwa Uwimana Marie Antoinette). c) Gusuzuma ishingiro ry’indishyi Uwimana Marie Antoinette yaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru mu rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane; d) Gusuzuma ishingiro ry’indishyi, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka bisabwa n’ababuranyi kuri uru rwego II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA 1. Gusuzuma niba harabayeho ubugure ku mitungo ifite UPI: 4/01/15/01/4075, UPI: 4/01/15/01/4076, UPI: 4/01/15/01/4077, UPI: 4/01/15/01/4078, UPI: 4/01/15/01/4079, UPI: 4/01/15/01/4081 [17] Me Umugwaneza Diane na Me Rwimo Clotilde bahagarariye Uwimana Marie Antoinette bavuga ko nta bugure bwabayeho kuko abaregwa batabasha kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo bavuga ko baguze ibibanza n’umugabo we Ruhashya Epimaque, nk’amasezerano y’ubugure bagiranye na we, n’abatangabuhamya batanze bakaba bavuguruzanya ku bijyanye n’ukubaho k’ubwo bugure. Basobanura ko imvugo z’abatangabuhamya babajijwe zidakwiye guhabwa agaciro kuko zivuguruzanya mu buryo bukurikira: a. Umutangabuhamya Ndagijimana Emmanuel avuga ko yahawe procuration yo kugurisha nyamara ntayo yagaragaje. Uyu Ndagijimana Emmanuel yabanje kuvuga ko ibyo bibanza biburanwa byatanzwe muri 1998 kandi ko hishyurwaga amafaranga 10.000 Frw kuri buri kibanza, ndetse ko nta nyandiko zakorwaga, hanyuma akongera akavuga ko byatanzwe mu mwaka wa 2002; b. Uwitwa Bucyana Théoneste wari umuyobozi wa Segiteri muri icyo gihe asobanura ko uwagurishaga ari Ndagijimana Emmanuel wari warahawe uburenganzira (procuration) na Ruhashya Epimaque akaba yaranayimweretse, kandi ko ari we wakiraga amafaranga y’ubugure, aho kuri buri kibanza agurishije yahabwaga 15.000 Frw, ndetse ko hakorwaga

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inyandiko bagasinya hari n’abagabo na bo bakabasinyira, nyamara yaba iyo procuration, yaba n’ayo masezerano y’ubugure hakaba nta na kimwe abaregwa bashoboye kugaragariza Urukiko kibihamya; c. Hari undi mutangabuhamya witwa Nsanzabera Léonard wavuze ko na we yaguze kuri ubwo butaka akishyura 10.000 Frw ndetse ko afite inyandiko y’ubugure ariko iyo nyandiko ntayo yigeze agaragaza; d. Uwitwa Nzajyibwami Bernard avuga ko nawe ari mu baguze ikibanza amafaranga akayihera Ruhashya Epimaque ubwe, nyamara ahandi akavuga ko yayahaye Ndagijimana Emmanuel wari umuhagarariye; e. Uwitwa Félicité avuga ko ibibanza byose byagurishijwe umunsi umwe, ibyo akaba abihurizaho na Nzajyibwami Bernard, mu gihe Ndagijimana Emmanuel avuga ko byagurishijwe mu bihe bitandukanye. [18] Ababuranira urega bavuga ko kuba Uwimana Antoinette yarabanaga na Ruhashya Epimaque bidasobanuye ko yamenye iby’ubwo bugure, kuko mu gihe bivugwa ko habaye ubugure Uwimana Antoinette yari arwaye yaragiye kwivuriza mu Bubiligi, akaba yaragarutse Colonel Ruhashya Epimaque yaramaze gupfa mu mwaka wa 2010, agasanga ubutaka bwaribarujeho abandi bantu, akabarega mu Bunzi mu mwaka wa 2013 nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ikimenyetso kiri ku mugereka wa 2 mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru. [19] Abahagarariye Uwimana Marie Antoinette basaba Urukiko kwemeza ko nta bugure bwabayeho kuko nta masezerano yabwo ahari, n’ubuhamya bwabutanzweho bukaba buvuguruzanya. Basaba kandi ko hashingirwa ku mwiherero w’abacamanza wabereye i Rubavu kuva ku wa 30/11/2016 kugeza ku wa 03/12/2016, wemeje ko mbere y’Itegeko ryo muri 1999 umugore yari afite uburenganzira ku mutungo, bityo ubwo bugure n’iyo bwaba bwarabayeho bugateshwa agaciro. [20] Nyuma y’iperereza ryakozwe n’uru Rukiko ahaherereye umutungo uburanwa, Me Umugwaneza Diane uburanira urega avuga ko ku bibazo byibanzwweho byo kumenya niba ubugure bwarabayeho, niba Uwimana Marie Antoinette yari afite amakuru kuri ubwo bugure, no kumenya icyo uwabaruje ubutaka bwa Ruhashya Epimaque yagendeyeho abaruza igice cyabwo kimwe ikindi akagisiga, imvugo z’abatangabuhamya bumviswe icyo gihe ziteye urujijo, ko bamwe bavuga ko habayeho inyandiko z’ubugure, abandi bakavuga ko ntazabayeho, ntibanahurize ku gihe ibyo byabereye aho bamwe bavuga mu mwaka wa 1997, abandi bakavuga mu 1998. Ku kibazo cy’ubuhamya bwa Ndagijimana Emmanuel, avuga ko uyu ari we wakagombye gusobanura neza uko byagenze kuko ngo yafatanyije na Ruhashya kugurisha aho hantu, ariko ko ibyo yavuze mu iperereza bitandukanye n’ibyo yari yaravugiye imbere y’Urukiko. Avuga kandi ko ikindi kibazo gihari ari ikijyanye n’ingano y’ubutaka abaregwa batunze buruta ubwo bavuga ko baguze ubungana na 15 m kuri 10 m. Naho ku birebana na présomption irréfragable yo kuba Uwimana Marie Antoinette yari aziranye n’umugabo we Ruhashya ku bugure buvugwa kuko babanaga neza nk’abashyingiranywe, Me Umugwaneza Diane avuga ko n’ubwo bashyingiranywe, mu gihe umwe akoze ibyo undi atazi, uyu afite uburenganzira bwo kubibaza no kubikurikirana, hagendewe ku byemejwe mu mwiherero w’abacamanza wabereye i Rubavu wavuzwe haruguru.

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[21] Mu kwiregura, abaregwa na Avoka ubunganira bavuga ko nk’uko ubuyobozi bwa Komini bwari bwatanze ibibanza hakurya y’umuhanda, ku rundi ruhande RUHASHYA Epimaque nawe yaciye mu isambu ye ibibanza icyenda (9) bya metero 10 kuri 15 kuri buri kibanza, bigurwa na Munyabuhoro Noheri, Mushumba Anastase, Turikunkiko Anastase, Uwitonze, Ngiruwonsanga (waguzemo ibibanza bibiri), Karake Canisius, Nsanzabera, muri ubwo bugure Ruhashya Epimaque akaba yarabaga ahagarariwe na Ndagijimana Emmanuel wamwakiriraga amafaranga akayamugezaho. [22] Abaregwa na Avoka wabo bavuga kandi ko Habiyaremye Dominique, Nkurunziza Jean Baptiste, Mpongerabanzi François na Mukadisi Joselyne badakwiye kubazwa ibirebana n’amasezerano y’ubugure yaba yarabayeho hagati ya Colonel Ruhashya Epimaque n’abo yagurishije bwa mbere ubutaka, kuko bo baguze n’abari baraguze na we, bityo bo bafite amasezerano baguriyeho ubutaka batunze ubu ariko ko batagomba kubazwa ayo Ruhashya Epimaque yagiranye n’abo baguze bwa mbere. [23] By’umwihariko Nkurunziza Jean Baptiste ufite ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI: 4/01/15/01/4081, asobanura ko Nzajyibwami Bernard ari we wabuguze na Ruhashya, we akaba abutunze ari uwa gatatu, ko Ruhashya Epimaque agurisha nta nyandiko azi yakozwe, kandi ko Colonel Ruhashya aha Ndagijimana Emmanuel uburenganzira bwo kumuhagararira muri icyo gikorwa hari abantu babyumvise, harimo abayobozi n’abandi baturage babyemereje mu nama y’abaturage. Agashingira ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko ryerekeye ibimenyetso n’itangwa ryabyo mu manza asaba uru Rukiko guha agaciro imvugo z’abatanze ubuhamya. [24] Habiyaremye Dominique ufite ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI: 4/01/15/01/4078, asobanura ko we aho atunze yahaguze ku wa 2/11/2005, ahagura na Mudacumura Emmanuel kuri 20.000 Frw, yubakamo inzu, kandi ko icyo gihe Ruhashya yari ahari ari n’umujyanama w’Akarere, atungiye inka aho akanahagira abashumba bamuragiriraga, bityo ko ibyo urega avuga ko yabohoje bitari gushoboka. Avuga kandi ko isambu ya Ruhashya iba ifite abayicunga, ko hagize uyikoraho yafatwa, ko nta kuntu isambu icungwa gutyo yari kubohozwa abayibohoje ntibakurwemo. [25] Mukadisi Joselyne ufite ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI: 4/01/15/01/4077, asobanura ko ubutaka atunze yabuguze ku wa 09/11/2005, abugura na Turikunkiko Anastase kandi hakaba hari n’inyandiko y’ubwo bugure bwe; bityo ko atabohoje nk’uko Uwimana Marie Antoinette abivuga. [26] Mpongerabanzi François ufite ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI: 4/01/15/01/4076, asobanura ko afitemo ibibanza bibiri yaguze avuye ahandi, ko kimwe yakiguze na Munyabuhoro Noël ku wa 26/06/2009 kikaba kiri ku mpera uturutse ku Kirenge, ikindi akaba ari iki aregwa yaguze na Mushumba Anastase agahita acyubakamo. Avuga ko akimara gutunga ubwo butaka yahise agura ibiti n’umuhungu wa Ruhashya. Akanongeraho ko ubuyobozi butari kwemera ko abaregwa baba aho hantu atari ahabo, bagahabwa ibyangombwa kandi ko nta makimbirane yigeze yandikishwa ku cyangombwa cy’ubutaka cye. Yongeraho ko ibindi bimenyetso Urukiko rwabikura muri dosiye ku kiburanwa kandi ko mu gihe cy’ibarura ry’ubutaka ubwa Ruhashya Epimaque bwabarujwe n’umuhungu we Egide Ruhashya. [27] Mushumba Anastase, ukigaragara ku rutonde rw’ababuranyi baregwa hano, Me Karake Canisius avuga ko uyu yaguze na Ruhashya Epimaque ariko ko ubwo butaka yabwikuyeho

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akabuha abandi, bityo akaba nta rubanza agifite hano mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kuko Urukiko Rukuru rwamukuye mu rubanza. [28] Ku birebana na Ngiruwonsanga Jean Marie Vianney, avuga ko amaso ku maso yiguriye na Ruhashya Epimaque ibibanza bibiri, kimwe gifite intambwe icumi (10) kuri cumi n’eshanu (15) ku mafaranga 10.000 Frw kuri buri kibanza (ni ukuvuga 20.000 Frw kuri byombi), akayaha Ndagijimana Emmanuel ngo azayamuhere rimwe n’andi, ko nk’umusirikare wari ufite ipeti rya kaporali muri uko kugura yatinyaga kubaza inyandiko y’ubugure Ruhashya Epimaque nka coloneli wari umukuriye mu gisirikare. Anavuga kandi ko ashingira ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko Nº15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko inyandiko atari kamara ku mutungo utarengeje amafaranga 50.000 Frw, ko izo ari zo mpamvu hatakozwe amasezerano y’ubugure yanditse. Anongeraho ko aho hantu haburanwa ari mu marembo y’ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Rusiga, ko ahandi hose Ruhashya Epimaque atabagurishije ari umuryango wa Col Ruhashya wahabaruje kandi ko hagizwe n’ubutaka burenga hegitari icumi (10), akaba yibaza impamvu ubutaka buburanwa Uwimana Marie Antoinette atabubaruje cyangwa se ngo yandikishe amakimbirane mu iyandikishwa ryabwo kandi bwegeranye bukaba bunadikanyije n’ubwe yabaruje mu bihe bimwe. [29] Me Karake Canisius wunganira abaregwa avuga muri rusange ko nta karengane Uwimana Marie Antoinette yagiriwe mu rubanza RADA 00103/2019/HC/KIG asubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Avuga ko mu byashingiweho n’Urukiko harimo ubuhamya bw’umuyobozi wayoboraga umurenge uherereyemo ubutaka buburanwa n’ubw’umukozi wakoreraga Ruhashya Epimaque bagaragaje uko Centre ya Gako yatuwe. Avuga kandi ko abatunze bwa mbere ubutaka buburanwa babukomoye kuri Ruhashya Epimaque baje mu Rukiko ku rwego rubanza, hanyuma Uwimana Marie Antoinette akavuga ko ntacyo ababaza nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 1 cy’urubanza RAD 00049/2018/TGI/NYGE, bityo ko nta n’icyo akwiye kubaza abahererekanyije ubwo butaka ku buryo bw’ubugure ku nshuro ya gatatu (3). [30] Ku birebana n’ibyo ababuranira urega bifuje ko Urukiko rwazashingiraho ruca urubanza, Me Karake Canisius avuga ko ibyavuzwe mu mwiherero wa Rubavu wo muri 2016 bitakoreshwa ku bintu byabaye mu mwaka wa 1998, kandi ko n’Itegeko ry’ubutaka ryo muri 2005 n’Itegeko ryerekeye umutungo w’abashyingiranwe ryo mu mwaka wa 1999 yagiyeho ubugure bwaramaze kubaho. [31] Nyuma y’iperereza ryakozwe n’uru Rukiko ahaherereye umutungo uburanwa, Me Karake Canisius uburanira abaregwa avuga ko ku kibazo gihari cy’ubugure, abumviswe n’Urukiko bahurije ku kintu cy’uko Ruhashya yiganye Akarere ka Rulindo ku gikorwa kari katangiye cyo kuzamura agace ubutaka buburanwa buherereyemo, nyuma y’uko Jenoside yari yaratumye abantu bahashira, bityo nk’uwashakaga kugira uruhare mu iterambere ryaho akaba yaratanze ibibanza icyenda (9), abahaguze batema ishyamba ryari aho baguze, ahari ibiti by’ishyamba hahinduka ibibanza, kandi ibarura ry’ubutaka ritangiye mu Rwanda buri wese muri bo abaruza ubwo butaka bwe ntawubushyizeho amakimbirane. Avuga kandi ko ababajijwe mu iperereza bahurije ku bugure bwabaye ntihagira ugaruka ku by’ibohoza ry’ubutaka Uwimana Marie Antoinette yaregeraga mbere. Naho ngo kuba hari ibyo ababajiwe banyuranyaho, uburanira abaregwa avuga ko ari ikibazo gifitanye isano n’igihe gishize ibyo babazwaga bibaye, kandi bemeje ko nyuma y’icyo gihe

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hari ubwo Uwimana Marie Antoinette yahageraga rimwe na rimwe ari kumwe n’abashyitsi, ko yanahageze nk’igihe yari aje mu kibazo cyo konesherezwa n’uwo bise Maitre, ndetse no mu gushyingira umukobwa wabo. [32] Ikindi kandi Me Karake Canisius avuga ko abaregwa nk’abaturage baciye bugufi ugereranyije na Colonel Ruhashya Epimaque batashoboraga kwihandagaza ngo batinyuke kwinjira mu mutungo we atabigizemo uruhare, kandi ubuyobozi buhari, ibi ngo na Uwimana Marie Antoinette akaba asa n’uwabyemeye kuko yatangiye aregera kuba abaregwa barabohoje ubutaka bwe ariko nyuma akabihindura ubu akaba asigaye aburana ibirebana n’uko ubugure bwakozwe ataburimo. Naho ku kibazo cy’inyandiko urega avuga ko ngo bamwe bavugiye imbere y’Urukiko ko bazifite ariko zikaba zitaragaragaye, Me Karake avuga ko urega yakagombye nibura kuba yerekana ko izo nyandiko zagize icyo zivugishwa mu Rukiko, naho ko kuba zavugwa ariko zitagaragazwa byerekana ko zitigeze zibaho. [33] Ku kibazo cy’uko Uwimana Marie Antoinette yaba ataramenye ubugure, Me Karake Canisius yongera kuvuga ko Uwimana Marie Antoinette yari umugore w’isesezerano wa Ruhashya Epimaque babanaga neza umunsi ku wundi, ko iyo habaho icyo batumvikanaho yari kukimubaza (présomption irréfragable), kandi nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwabisesenguye neza, kuba mu Itegeko ryagiyeho nyuma mu mwaka wa 1999 mu rwego rwo kurengera umutungo w’abashyingiranwe, ryateganyijwemo ko iyo hashize umwaka, umwe mu bashyingiranwe utaragize uruhare mu gutanga umutungo uhuriweho n‘umuryango ntacyo abivuzeho (abinenzeho), ubugure bugumana agaciro kabwo. Yongeraho ko bidakwiye ko umugore abona umugabo we apfuye ngo atangire adurumbanye ibyo yasize akoze, ko amasezerano yasize akoze aba agomba kugira agaciro hagendewe ku ngingo ya 33 y’Itegeko rigenga amasezerano ryariho icyo gihe. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [34] Ku byerekeranye n’ikibazo cy’ibanze cyo kumenya niba harabaye ubugure ku mitungo iburanwa kugira ngo ive mu mutungo w’umuryango wa Ruhashya Epimaque, ibe yarageze ku bayitunze uyu munsi baregwa kuyisubiza, Urukiko rurasanga ipfundo ry’impaka rugomba gukemura hagati y’ababuranyi rishingiye ku kumenya ukuri kw’ibivugwa na buri ruhande hashingiwe ku mahame agenga itangwa ry’ibimenyetso n’uburemere bwabyo ndetse n’ugushyira mu gaciro hagati y’ibivugwa bishoboka n’ibivugwa bidashoboka (balance of probabilities). Kubona ikibazo muri ubu buryo bishingiye ku kuba mu baregwa bose uretse Ngiruwonsanga Jean Marie Vianney uvuga ko yaguze na Ruhashya Epimaque mu mwaka wa 1998 kandi ko nta kimenyetso cy’amasezerano yanditse yabigaragarisha kuko nta masezerano yakozwe icyo gihe, abandi baregwa bose bavuga ko ubutaka buburanwa batunze bwabaye ubwabo binyuze mu ruhererekane basobanura ko rutangirira ku babuguze na Ruhashya Epimaque mu gihe kimwe na Nguruwonsanga Jean Marie Vianney. Ikibazo ubu kikaba ari uko Ruhashya Epimaque uvugwa ko yagurishije yapfuye mu mwaka wa 2010 naho abo bavugwa ko baguze nawe muri 1998 bakaba batarabaye ababuranyi muri uru rubanza kandi abaregwa mu myiregurire yabo bakaba bavuga ko nta bimenyetso by’inyandiko z’ubugure bazi Ruhashya Epimaque yaba yarakoreye ubwo bugure, ko kimwe no kuri Ngiruwonsanga Jean Marie Vianney icyo nabo bashingiraho gusa ari ubuhamya mu magambo bugaragaza uko ubutaka bwavuye kuri Ruhashya Epimaque mu buryo bw’ubugure aho kuba ukwigabizwa cyangwa se ukubohozwa byavuzwe na Uwimana Marie Antoinette atangiza

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ikirego cye ku rwego rubanza. Aba baregwa banavuga kandi ko bakwiye kubazwa ikimenyetso cy’amasezerano bagiranye n’ababagurishije ubutaka batunze ariko ko badakwiye kubazwa ikimenyetso cy’amasezerano y’ubugure yanditse hagati ya Ruhashya Epimaque n’abo yagurishije bwa mbere ubwo butaka. [35] Urukiko rusanga impaka hagati y’impande zombi zishingiye ku kibazo cy’ubugure bw’umutungo urega avuga ko butabayeho kuko nta masezerano yanditse yatanzweho ikimenyetso kandi imvugo z’abavuga ko bwabayeho zikaba zivuguruzanya, naho abaregwa bakavuga ko yabayeho mu magambo nta nyandiko (n’ubwo bamwe muri bo atari bo baguze icyo gihe). Mu gusuzuma iki kibazo, hararebwa niba hari ikigaragaza ko Ruhashya Epimaque yikuyeho ku bushake bwe umutungo uburanwa (A), mbere yo gusuzuma niba uwo mutungo yari asangiye n’umugore we Uwimana Marie Antoinette warasohotse mu mutungo w’umuryango ku bwumvikane bw’abashakanye bombi (B). A. Ku birebana no kumenya niba Ruhashya Epimaque yaragurishije umutungo uburanwa [36] Rushingiye ku kuba Uwimana Marie Antoinette atagaragaza mu kirego cye no mu miburanire ye igihe yatangiriye kuvutswa umutungo uburanwa avuga ko wigabijwe n’abaregwa, mu kwiregura abaregwa bose bakaba barahurije ku kuba ubwo butaka buburanwa bwarakaswe ku bundi bwasigaranywe na Ruhashya Epimaque mu myaka ya za 1997 na 1998, no ku kuba ibi byarahurijweho n’abatangabuhamya bose bumviswe ku rwego rubanza n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge ari bo Bucyana Théoneste muri icyo gihe wari umuyobozi wa Segiteri ubutaka buburanwa buherereyemo, Ndagijimana Emmanuel wakoreraga Ruhashya Epimaque uniyemerera ko ari we abaregwa bose bacishagaho ubwishyu bw’ibibanza bakatiwe bwari bugenewe Ruhashya Epimaque, na Nsanzabera Léonard wavuze ko na we yaguze kuri ubwo butaka ariko akaba atari mu baregwa muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rurasanga rukwiye kwemeza ko ubu butaka bwavuye mu mutungo wa Ruhashya Epimaque muri ibyo bihe by’imyaka ya 1997 na 1998 nk’ifatizo ryashingirwaho hasuzumwa ibindi bibazo Urukiko rwibazaho muri uru rubanza hashingiwe ku mategeko, amahame rusange ndetse n’umuco byagenderwagaho muri ibyo bihe. [37] Ku kibazo cyo kumenya ukuntu byaba byarashobotse ko isambu ya Ruhashya Epimaque n’umugore we Uwimana Marie Antoinette yigabizwa n’abantu mu myaka yavuzwe haruguru nta ruhare cyangwa se ubushake Ruhashya Epimaque nk’umugabo wari uhagarariye urugo rwe abigizemo, Urukiko rusanga rwagisuzuma rushingiye ku byavuzwe na none ku rwego rubanza n’abatangabuhamya bavuzwe haruguru ndetse n’ababuranyi baregwa muri uru rubanza. [38] Urukiko rurasanga abaregwa n’abatangabuhamya bahuriza ku kuba muri icyo gihe Ruhashya Epimaque, nk’uwari colonel mu ngabo z’u Rwanda, akaba umujyanama mu biro bya Minisitiri w’intebe, umujyanama mu nama njyanama y’icyahoze ari Komini Shyorongi ubutaka buburanwa buhererereyemo, yari umuntu Ngiruwonsanga Jean Marie Vianney nk’uwari umusirikare muto wo ku rwego rwa kaporali ndetse n’abandi baturage muri rusange bubahaga ku buryo muri bo ntawari gutinyuka kwigabiza isambu ye abireba atarabigizemo uruhare cyangwa se ubushake, maze ngo bizamenyekane ari uko amaze gupfa mu mwaka wa 2010, bizamuwe na Uwimana Marie Antoinette aho agarukiye mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 2013.

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[39] Urukiko rurasanga kandi bahuriza ku kuba nta kuntu muri icyo gihe cyose Ruhashya Epimaque yari kuyoberwa ko hari abigabije isambu ye kuko nk’uko ababajijwe bose babihamya yajyaga ahaza kenshi, anahafite imishinga y’ubworozi kandi ko ahaburanwa haherereye ahagaragarira buri wese, ku muhanda nyabagendwa wa kaburimbo n’imbere y’ibiro by’ubuyobozi bw’umurenge ku buryo ntacyashoboraga kuhakorerwa rwihishwa mu buryo butemewe nyir’iyo sambu atabizi. [40] Urukiko rukaba rusanga ntaho rwashingira rwanga gufata nk’ukuri ibi bisobanuro by’inkomoko y’umutungo byatanzwe n’abaregwa ndetse n’abatangabuhamya n’ubwo nta nyandiko z’ubugure zagaragajwe. [41] Ku birebana no kuba nta butumwa bwanditse bwagaragajwe Ndagijimana Emmanuel yaba yarashingiragaho aha abantu ubutaka buburanwa akanakira amafaranga mu mwanya wa Ruhashya Epimaque nk’uko bishingirwaho na Uwimana Marie Antoinette ahakana kuba harabayeho ubugure bukozwe n’umugabo we, kimwe no kuba nta masezerano y’ubwo bugure yanditse yagaragajwe, Urukiko rurasanga mu myaka ya 1997 na 1998 nta cyangombwa cyanditse kiranga ubutaka buburanwa buherereye mu cyaro cyabagaho, hakaba nta n’itegeko ryabagaho riteganya ko ubugure cyangwa se impano (alienation) bya bene ubwo butaka byagombaga gukorwa mu buryo bw’inyandiko, naho ku birebana n’amasezerano y’ubutumwa itegeko ryariho rikaba ryaremeraga ko yashobora no gukorwa mu magambo gusa hatiriwe habaho inyandiko1. [42] Rushingiye ku bisobanuro bimaze kugaragazwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga nta karengane Uwimana Marie Antoinette yagiriwe mu kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwarashimangiye ibyari byemejwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge ko ubutaka buburanwa bwavuye mu mutungo wa Ruhashya Epimaque ku bushake bwe mu buryo bw’ubugure, aho kuba bwarigabijwe n’abaregwa. B. Ku birebana no kumenya niba nta bwumvikane Uwimana Marie Antoinette yagiranye na Ruhashya Epimaque mu kuba umutungo uburanwa warasohotse mu mutungo w’abashakanye [43] Uwimana Marie Antoinette muri make avuga ko ibyakozwe n’Urukiko binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15, 16, 34 n’iya 49 z’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 4 Kamena 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015 n’iya 206 y’Itegeko Nº 32/2016 ryo ku wa 28/08/2016 rigenga abantu n’umuryago, ziteganya muri rusange ko umugabo n’umugore bareshya imbere y’amategeko, bakaba bafite uburenganzira n’inshingano zingana ku mutungo bashakanye, ndetse na raporo y’umwiherero w’Abacamanza wabereye i Rubavu, aho byemejwe ko mbere ya 1999 abagore bari bafite uburenganzira ku mutungo bungana n’ubw’abagabo babo, ko kuba umutungo wari uw’abantu babiri (Uwimana Marie Antoinette na Ruhashya Epimaque), n’ubwo Uwimana Marie Antoinette ahakana ubugure, n’iyo koko Ruhashya Epimaque yaba yarawugurishije, ubwo bugure butahabwa agaciro kuko yaba yaragurishije wenyine ibitari ibye. 1 Reba ingingo ya 527 y’Itegeko (Décret) ryo ku wa 30/07/1888 rishyiraho Urwunge rw’Amategeko Mbonezamubano, Igitabo cya gatatu: Ibyerekeye Imirimo Nshinganwa cyangwa Amasezerano.

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[44] N’ubwo abaregwa badahakana ko mu myaka ya 1997 na 1998 abashyingiranywe bari bafite uburenganzira bungana ku mutungo, biregura ku ishingiro mu mategeko ry’ubwo burenganzira ritangwa n’urega bavuga ko amategeko yose urega ashingiraho yagiyeho ibyo baregwa byaramaze kubaho muri 1997 na 1998, bityo ko atasubira inyuma ngo akoreshwe. [45] Kuri iki kibazo, Urukiko rurasanga mu by’ukuri impaka zidashingiye ku kuba Ruhashya Epimaque n’umugore we Uwimana Marie Antoinette batari bafite uburenganzira bungana mu kugena amerekezo y’umutungo bari basangiye. Nta n’ubwo zishingiye ku mategeko yagenderwaho mu gusobanura ishingiro ry’uko kureshya kw’abashakanye, kuko mu baburanyi bose ntawe uhakana uko kureshya. Impaka ahubwo Urukiko rusanga zishingiye ku kumenya niba Ruhashya Epimaque yaragurishije umutungo uburanwa abyumvikanyeho (abiziranyeho) n’umugore we mu buryo bweruye cyangwa se niba hari izindi mpamvu zihagije zagaragaza ko mu buryo ubu n’ubu buteruye umugore we yari abizi cyangwa se yabyemeranwagaho n’umugabo we mu gihe yari akiriho. [46] Ingingo ya 206 y’Itegeko No 42/1988 ryo ku wa 27 Ukwakira 1988 ryerekeye interuro y’ibanze n’igitabo cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano ryariho mu myaka ya 1997 na 1998 yateganyaga ibi bikurikira: umugabo ni we mutware w’urugo rugizwe na we n’umugore n’abana babo. Iya 207 yaryo igateganya ko umugore afatanya n’umugabo kwita ku rugo rwabo ngo rugwize umuco mwiza n’ibirutunga no kurwubaka rugakomera. Naho ingingo ya 208 y’iryo Tegeko igateganya ko umwe mu bashyingiranywe yiharira iyo mirimo iyo undi adashobora kugaragaza igitekerezo cye kubera ko yarwaye, ko yazimiye, ko ari kure y’iwe cyangwa bitewe n’indi mpamvu. [47] Izi ngingo z’Itegeko uko ari eshatu zisobanuriwe hamwe zumvikanisha ko urugo rugira uko ruyoborwa, ko ihame ari uko rutwarwa kandi rukayoborwa n’umugabo, iyo akiriho kandi abishoboye, mu buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’abashyingiranywe bari mu barugize, ku bijyanye n’ibikorwa ndetse n’ifatwa ry’ibyemezo bigamije kuruteza imbere no kubumbatira umuco mwiza. Izi ngingo ariko zinateganya irengayobora aho umwe mu bashyingiranywe ashobora kuba ari we wiharira izi nshingano iyo mugenzi we bashyingiranywe afite impamvu zumvikana z’igihe gito cyangwa se kirekire zatuma atabasha kugira uruhare rwe muri ubwo bwuzuzanye n’uburinganire, aho ingero zitangwa ari nko kuba yaba arwaye, yarazimiye cyangwa se atari hafi y’urugo. Ibyo bivuze ko iyo umugabo adafite izo mbogamizi aba ari we uhagarariye urugo, akanavuga kandi agakora mu izina ryarwo (représentation legale). [48] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, ubutaka buburanwa bwavuye mu mutungo w’urugo (umuryango) rwa Ruhashya Epimaque na Uwimana Marie Antoinette guhera mu myaka ya 1997 na 1998, icyo gihe aba bombi bakaba barabanaga nk’abashyingiranwe kugeza mu mwaka wa 2010 batandukanyijwe n’urupfu rwa Ruhashya Epimaque. [49] N’ubwo nta kigaragaza ko mu buryo bweruye Ruhashya Epimaque yaba yarumvikanye n’umugore we ku kugurisha/gutanga (aliénation) umutungo uburanwa bari basangiye, Urukiko rurasanga hashingiwe ku byateganywaga n’ingingo ya 206 y’Itegeko No 42/1988 ryo ku wa 27 Ukwakira 1988 nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru mu gika cya 47, Ruhashya Epimaque nk’umugabo mu rugo ari we wari ufite ububasha bwo kuruhagararira ku buryo ibyemezo yafashe n’ibikorwa

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yakoze ku mutungo ahuriyeho n’uwo bashyingiranywe byagombaga gufatwa nk’iby’urugo cyangwa se umuryango yari ahagarariye. [50] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga imitungo Ruhashya Epimaque yagurishije Ngiruwonsanga Jean Marie Vianney na Mushumba Anastase n’abandi bagiye bayihererekanya ikagera kuri Habiyaremye Dominique, Nkurunziza Jean Baptiste, Mpongerabanzi François na Mukadisi Joselyne, byarakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko yari ariho icyo gihe, bityo bakaba batagomba kuyamburwa ngo isubizwe mu muryango wa Ruhashya Epimaque. [51] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, nyuma y’ibimaze gusobanurwa mu bika bibanziriza iki, rurasanga bitakiri ngombwa gusuzuma ikibazo cyo kumenya niba abaregwa bategekwa gukura ku butaka buregerwa ibikorwa byabo bashyizeho mu gihe bamaze babutunze. 2. Gusuzuma ishingiro ry’indishyi Uwimana Marie Antoinette yaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru mu rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane [52] Abahagarariye Uwimana Marie Antoinette bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye Uwimana Marie Antoinette indishyi zidafite aho zishingiye, kuko abaregwa nta bimenyetso bigeze barugaragariza byerekana ko ayo mafaranga bayatanze koko, kandi ko atari kuba yarambuwe imitungo ye ku maherere ngo agerekeho no gucibwa indishyi. Bityo ko indishyi zose Uwimana Marie Antoinette yaciwe zitari ngombwa, zikaba zigomba kuvanwaho. [53] Abaregwa na Avoka wabo bavuga ko Uwimana Marie Antoinette yagombaga gucibwa indishyi kuko ari we wishoye mu manza zitari ngombwa, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 111 y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [54] Urubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane rugaragaza mu gace karwo ka 56 n’aka 57 ko indishyi Uwimana Antoinette avuga ko yaciwe arenganyijwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ari amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’ibihembo bya Avoka angana na 350.000 Frw kuri buri wese uregwa, ni ukuvuga 2.100.000 Frw kuri bose uko ari batandatu (6), nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka 66 k’urwo rubanza izo ndishyi zikaba ziyongera kuri 4.200.000 Frw yari yaciwe ku rwego rwa mbere, zose hamwe zigahwana na 6.300.000 FRW aho agomba kwishyura buri wese mu baregwa 1.050.000 Frw. Aya mafaranga kandi Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko Uwimana Marie Antoinette ayaciwe kubera ko yatsinzwe ku kirego yashoje ku baregwa bagomba kuyahabwa. [55] Uru Rukiko rurasanga mu gihe Uwimana Marie Antoinette akomeje gutsindwa uru rubanza no kuri uru rwego rwo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, uru Rukiko rukaba rwasanze nta karengane yagiriwe ku kiburanwa cy’ibanze nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, nta mpamvu ihari yatuma rukuraho indishyi yaciwe hashingiwe kuri uko gutsindwa urubanza kwe. 3. Gusuzuma ishingiro ry’indishyi, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka bisabwa n’ababuranyi kuri uru rwego

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[56] Abaregwa na Avoka wabo basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka Uwimana Marie Antoinette kuri uru rwego gusubiza buri muntu mu baregwa amafaranga angana n’ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, na miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 Frw) y’igihembo cy’Avoka, kuri bose yose hamwe akaba 1.200.000 Frw + 6.000.000 Frw = miliyoni zirindwi n’ibihumbi magana abiri (7.200.000 Frw). Bavuga ko basaba aya mafaranga hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 111 y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi. [57] Abahagarariye Uwimana Marie Antoinette biregura ku mafaranga abaregwa basaba Uwimana Marie Antoinette bavuga ko ntayo bakwiye, kuko ubutaka bafite atari ubwabo, ko ahubwo n’indishyi bahawe bategekwa kuzisubiza. [58] Abahagarariye Uwimana Marie Antoinette nabo bashingiye ku ngingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 yavuzwe haruguru basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka abaregwa kumuha 10.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, ay’igihembo cya Avoka angana na 2.000.000 Frw, no kumusubiza amafaranga 20.000 Frw y’igarama yatanze mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye, na 40.000 Frw yatanze mu Rukiko Rukuru. [59] Abaregwa na Avoka wabo biregura ku ndishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw n’iz’igihembo cya Avoka zingana na 2.000.000 Frw Uwimana Marie Antoinette asaba, bavuga ko ntazo akwiye guhabwa, ngo kuko harimo ukwifuza gukabije, ko ahubwo ari we ukwiye kuzicibwa kubera gukomeza gusiragiza abaregwa mu manza z’amaherere, yanga kwemera ibyakozwe n’umugabo we, yirengagiza agaciro yari afite mu Karere no mu gihugu kandi agamije guhuguza. [60] Me Habiyambere Clément uhagarariye Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority avuga mu myanzuro ye ko ntacyo asaba ababuranyi bose. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [61] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N°22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ibikurikira ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo, kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe. [62] Ku birebana no kugena amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka umuburanyi watsinzwe urubanza agomba gutegekwa kwishyura uwamutsinze, ihame ry’uko agenwa mu bushishozi bw’urukiko risobanurwa neza mu rubanza RCOMAA 0056/15/SC- RCOMAA 00025/2017/SC-RCOM 0003/17/CS-RCOM 00004/2017/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga haburana Rwagasana na Bank ya Kigali. Muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasobanuye ko amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka agenwa mu bushishozi bw’urukiko n’ubwo impande zombi zaba zarabyumvikanyeho mu masezerano iyo bigaragaye ko ari ukwihesha indonke ikabije kandi n’uyasaba ntagaragaze ikimenyetso cy’uburyo yakoresheje ayo asaba.

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[63] Urukiko rurasanga indishyi z’akababaro n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka Uwimana Marie Antoinette asaba atayakwiye, kuko atsindwa n’urubanza, ahubwo abaregwa bakaba ari bo bakwiye amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka basaba kuri uru rwego kuko ari bo batsinda urubanza, kandi akiyongera ku zindi ndishyi bari bagenewe n’Urukiko mu rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Icyakora kuko amafaranga basaba ari menshi harebwe ibyakozwe mu rubanza, akaba agomba kugenwa mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko hashingiwe ku murongo wasobanuwe hejuru mu gika cya 62, bityo Uwimana Marie Antoinette akaba agomba kwishyura amafaranga yose hamwe kuri uru rwego angana na miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 Frw), agizwe n’ibihumbi magana arindwi (700.000 Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza ku baregwa bose hamwe (ukuyemo Mushumba Anastase Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko adakomeza kugira icyo akurikiranwaho), ni ukuvuga amafaranga ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw) kuri buri wese. Aya mafaranga akaba agenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko hanitawe ku kuba abaregwa batanu bayagenewe baraburanye bahagarariwe cyangwa se bunganirwa mu rubanza n’umu Avoka umwe wanakoreraga hamwe umwanzuro wabo. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [64] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Uwimana Marie Antoinette cyo gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza RADA 00103/2019/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 07/05/2020 nta shingiro gifite. [65] Rutegetse ko imikirize y’urubanza RADA 00103/2019/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 07/05/2020 igumaho mu ngingo zarwo zose. [66] Rutegetse Uwimana Marie Antoinette kwishyura abaregwa bose kuri uru rwego amafaranga miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 Fw), agizwe na 300.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza na 700.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, ni ukuvuga 200.000 Frw kuri buri wese.