Ernst NO and Others v Goosen (A704/12) [2013] ZAGPPHC 149 (12 June 2013)
- Citation
- [2013] ZAGPPHC 149
- Status
- Judgment
- Jurisdiction
- South Africa
- Court
- North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria
- Panel
- P Z Ebersohn, E M Makgoba
- Case number
- A704/12
More details
- Court
- North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria
- Panel
- P Z Ebersohn, E M Makgoba
- Case number
- A704/12
On this page
Professional case brief
Research organized from the available case record
01
Holding and result
The court found that the respondent failed to prove sufficient publication of the alleged defamatory statements in both the letter and the affidavit. The evidence only established publication to the respondent himself and possibly his spouse, which is insufficient for a defamation claim. The content of the letter was found to be an expression of disappointment and criticism, not defamatory. The affidavit's statements were not proven to be defamatory, and publication in open court was speculative and unsupported by evidence. The magistrate's court erred in finding the Trust and the first appellant liable and awarding damages and punitive costs. The appeal succeeded, and the respondent was ordered to pay the appellants' costs, including the costs of the full record.
Court disposition
Appeal upheld; magistrate's court judgment set aside; respondent ordered to pay appellants' costs.
Orders
- The appeal of the second and third appellants against the respondent's first claim and the appeal of the first appellant against the respondent's second claim succeed with costs, including the costs of the entire 27-volume record.
- The order of the magistrate's court is set aside and replaced with the following: (1) The respondent's first claim against the appellants is dismissed. (2) The respondent's second claim against the appellants is dismissed. (3) The respondent is ordered to pay the costs of the three appellants in respect of both claims on the applicable magistrate's court scale, including the fees of one advocate within the guidelines of the Pretoria Bar, and the full record of 27 volumes is declared taxable by the clerk of the court.
02
Material facts
Parties
Stephan Ernst
AppellantAnna Ernst N.O.
AppellantStephan Ernst N.O.
AppellantDaniel Stephanus Goosen
Respondent Counsel: Adv. StemmetAmounts and remedies
- Damages Awarded by Magistrate's Court (set Aside): ZAR 30,000
- Damages Awarded by Magistrate's Court (set Aside): ZAR 49,000
- Number of Appeal Record Volumes: 27
03
Procedural history
Posture
Civil Appeal / Appeal From Magistrate's Court Judgment
04
Questions and positions
Legal issues
- 01
Whether the contents of the letter and affidavit constituted actionable defamation.
- 02
Whether sufficient publication of the alleged defamatory statements was proven.
- 03
Whether the magistrate's court erred in finding the Trust and the first appellant liable for defamation.
- 04
Whether the quantum of damages and costs awarded were justified.
Party arguments
- Applicant
- The appellants argued that the contents of the letter and affidavit were not defamatory, that publication to third parties was not proven, and that the magistrate's court erred in finding liability and awarding damages and costs against them. They contended that the statements were expressions of disappointment and criticism, not actionable defamation, and that the record placed before the court should not result in punitive costs against them.
- Respondent
- The respondent maintained that the statements in the letter and affidavit were defamatory and had been published to third parties, justifying the magistrate's court's finding of liability and the quantum of damages awarded. He argued that the appellants' conduct warranted punitive costs and that the record was necessary to prove the defamation and quantum.
05
Court’s reasoning
Legal principles
- 01
Le Roux v Dey (2011 (3) SA 274 (CC))
Defamation requires proof of publication of a defamatory statement to a third party.
- 02
National Media Ltd v Bogoshi 1998 (4) SA 1196 (SCA)
Expressions of disappointment or criticism do not necessarily constitute defamation unless they lower the plaintiff's reputation in the eyes of reasonable persons.
- 03
Khumalo v Holomisa 2002 (5) SA 401 (CC)
The burden of proof rests on the plaintiff to establish publication and the defamatory nature of the statement.
06
Ratio, limits and disposition
Ratio decidendi
The court found that the respondent failed to prove sufficient publication of the alleged defamatory statements in both the letter and the affidavit. The evidence only established publication to the respondent himself and possibly his spouse, which is insufficient for a defamation claim. The content of the letter was found to be an expression of disappointment and criticism, not defamatory. The affidavit's statements were not proven to be defamatory, and publication in open court was speculative and unsupported by evidence. The magistrate's court erred in finding the Trust and the first appellant liable and awarding damages and punitive costs. The appeal succeeded, and the respondent was ordered to pay the appellants' costs, including the costs of the full record.
Obiter and limits
- The court noted that the extensive appeal record of 27 volumes was placed on record by the respondent to prove defamation and quantum, and thus the costs thereof should be borne by the respondent.
- The court emphasized that speculative assertions regarding publication in open court are insufficient to establish the element of publication required for defamation.
Court disposition
Appeal upheld; magistrate's court judgment set aside; respondent ordered to pay appellants' costs.
- The appeal of the second and third appellants against the respondent's first claim and the appeal of the first appellant against the respondent's second claim succeed with costs, including the costs of the entire 27-volume record.
- The order of the magistrate's court is set aside and replaced with the following: (1) The respondent's first claim against the appellants is dismissed. (2) The respondent's second claim against the appellants is dismissed. (3) The respondent is ordered to pay the costs of the three appellants in respect of both claims on the applicable magistrate's court scale, including the fees of one advocate within the guidelines of the Pretoria Bar, and the full record of 27 volumes is declared taxable by the clerk of the court.
Source and reliance status
North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria
This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.
Judgment reading view
Judgment text
The complete available source text.
North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria
Judgment
NOT
REPORTABLE
IN THE NORTH GAUTENG HIGH COURT, PRETORIA
(REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA)
SAAK NOMMER: A704/12
DATUM:12/06/2013
STEPHAN ERNST..................................................................................................1 ste Appellant
ANNA
ERNST N.O. …...........................................................................................2de Appellant
STEPHAN ERNST N.O. …...................................................................................3de Appellant
en
DANIEL STEPHANUS GOOSEN Respondent
Coram: Makgoba J, Ebersohn AJ Datum aangehoor: 24 Mei 2013
Datum uitspraak afgegee: 12 Junie 2013
UITSPRAAK
EBERSOHN WR.
[1]. Hierdie is ‘n appel teen die uitspraak en bevel van die landdros van die distrik van Bronkhorstspruit op die 25ste April
2012, in welke uitspraak vonnis ten gunste van die respondent (eiser in die hof a quo) verleen is teen die appellante (verweerders in die hof a quo) in ‘n lasteraksie.
[2] Die partye sal in hierdie uitspraak na verwys word soos in die hof a quo.
[3] Die eiser is Daniel Stephanus Goosen, ln prokureur, wat praktiseer in die Bronkhorstspruit area.
[4] Die eerste verweerder is Stephan Ernst in sy persoonlike hoedanigheid, die tweede en derde verweerders is onderskeidelik Anna
Ernst N.O. en Stephan Ernst N.O., laasgenoemde twee in hul hoedanighede van trustees van die Ernst Family Holdings Trust, (die
Trust).
[5] Die eiser het die eerste verweerder en die Trust, soos verteenwoordig deur die tweede en derde verweerders, gedagvaar in die landroshof vir die distrik van Bronkhorstspruit, in ‘n dagvaarding waarin twee lastereise vervat is.
[6] In eis 1 het die eiser beweer dat die eerste verweerder ‘n skrywe gerig het op n briefhoof van die Trust aan die eiser se prokureurskantoor waarin sekere iasterlike bewerings aangaande die eiser gemaak word. Die hof a quo het op hierdie eis vonnis teen die Trust gegee en nie teen die eerste verweerder nie. Die gewraakte brief is deur die eerste verweerder geteken met sy naam onder sy handtekening ingetik. In die gemelde brief bekla die eerste verweerder horn dat die eiser, wat ‘n jarelange vriend van horn was en vir wie die eerste verweerder en sy moeder voorheen selfs gewerk het, horn in die steek gelaat het en sit hy in die brief uiteen hoe die eiser horn beweerdelik in die steek gelaat het en kritiseer hy beweerde optrede van die eiser en doen hy ‘n beroep op die eiser om al sy vyandige aksies teen die eerste verweerder te staak en se die eerste verweerder in die gemelde brief : “Alle baklei tusen ons STOP HIER”. Dit is duidelik dat die eerste verweerder gegriefwas maar het op die oog af rede gehad om gegriefte wees.
[7] Die hof a quo het egter bevind dat die inhoud van die brief inderdaad lasterlik was en dat daar publikasie daarvan was maar het dit die Trust ten laste geie en bevind dat die Trust aanspreeklik was en het vonnis vir R30 000 met ‘n bestraffende kostebevel teen die tweede en derde verweerders as trustees van die Trust verleen.
[8] Die eiser het die bewyslas ten aansien van publikasie van die inhoud van die gewraakte brief, aanhangsel “A” tot die besonderhede van vordering en dat dit lasterlik was, gehad. Die eiser het net, ten aansien van aanhangsel “A”, publikasie aan himself en moontlik sy eggenote, bewys. Dit is nie voldoende publikasie om ‘n beweerde eis vir laster te laat slaag nie. Die seun van die eiser, wat moontlik aanhangsel “A" kon gelees het, het nie getuig nie en die bewering dat hy dit moontlik kon gelees het, was hoogstens spekulasie. Die inhoud van die gemelde brief, aanhangsel “A” is ook nie lasterlik nie. Dit is duidelik dat die eerste verweerder in aanhangsel “A" sy teleurstelling met die eiser se gedrag, uitspreek, maar dit maak dit nog nie lasterlik nie.
[9] Dit is duidelik dat die hof a quo gefouteer het en die appel ten aansien van eis 1 moet slaag.
[10] In eis 2 soos uiteengesit in paragraaf 3 van die besonderhede van vordering word beweer dat die “verweerders” op 7 Oktober 2008 ‘n eedsverklaring afgele het ter fundering van ln aansoek vir tersydesteiling van ‘n verstekvonnis wat die landdroshof op 28 Julie 2008 in hierdie saak toegestaan het. Eis 2 is spesifiek gebaseer op paragrawe 20 en 21 van die eedsverklaring welke paragrawe soos volg lees:
“20.
Op 7 Mei 2008 het ek die Respondent by die Hooggeregshof gewaar
toe hy die inhoud van leer 31898/2008 verwyder het. Dit is my respekvolle submissie dat hierdie tipe gedrag van die Respondent onaanvaarbaar is en uit hoofde van sy amp as prokureur is dit tog in die openbare belang.”
[11] Die landdros het bevind dat in die aangehaalde twee paragrawe die eiser van oneerlikheid beskuldig word en dat dit laster daarstel en hy het vonnis toegestaan teen eerste verweerder vir R49 000,00 en ‘n bestraffende kostebevel gemaak.
[12] Dit is duidelik dat die inhoud van paragrawe 20 en 21 van die funderende verklaring ter ondersteuning van die tersydestellingsaansoek nie iasterlik is nie en as dit Iasterlik sou wees, is publikasie daarvan nie bewys nie. Die bewering dat die tersydestellingsaansoek in die ope hof aangehoor was en dat publikasie van die inhoud van die funderende eedsverklaring so geskied het, is spekulatief. Daar is geen getuienis aangebied oor wat in die hof gese was nie en daar is geen getuienis aangebied oorwie in die hof was nie.
[13] Aangaande bewysstuk “A”, synde die brief wat prominent gefigureer het in eis 1 en ten aansien waarvan die hof a quo die eerste verweerder vrygespreek het, en dit dus as afgehandel beskou moet word, het die hof a quo dit in eis 2, hoewel nie pertinent nie, tog teen die eerste verweerder gehou.
[15] Dit is duidelik dat die eiser ook nie daartn geslaag het om eis 2 te bewys nie en moet die appel daarteen ook slaag.
[16] Dit volg noodwendig dat koste van die appel toegestaan moet word.
[17] Die hof het die aspek van die massiewe appeloorkonde van 27 volumes opgeneem met die advokate wat in hierdie hof voor ons verskyn het. Adv. Stemmet, wat vir die eiser in die verhoor in die landdroshof verskyn het, het bevestig dat die eiser juis die stukke op rekord geplaas het om die laster en die kwantum te bewys. Die massiewe oorkonde moet derhalwe die eiser ten iaste gefe word en nie die verweerders nie.
[18] Die volgende bevei word verleen:
1. Die appel van die tweede en derde appellante teen die respondent se eerste eis in die landdroshof en die appel van die eerste appellant teen die respondent se tweede eis in die landdroshof siaag met koste welke koste die gehele 27 bundels van die oorkonde insluit en takseerbaar is in die appel.
2. Die bevel van die hof a quo word in die gehee! deurgehaal en vervang met die volgende bevel:
“1. Die eiser se eerste eis teen die verweerders word afgewys.
2. Die eiser se tweede eis teen die verweerders word afgewys.
3. Die eiser moet die drie verweerders se koste ten aansien van eise 1 en 2 betaal op die toepaslike landroshofskaal insluitende die fooie van een advokaat binne die riglyne van die Pretoriase Baiieraad welke ook takseerbaar sal wees en die voile saakrekord van 27 bundels word as takseerbaar deur die klerk van die Hof verklaar.”
P Z. EBERSOHN
WAARNEMENDE
REGTER VAN DIE NOORD GAUTENG HOOGGEREGSHOF
Ek stem saam.
E.M.
MAKGOBA
REGTER
VAN DIE NOORD GAUTENG HOOGGEREGSHOF
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