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South Africa Judgment

Free State High Court, Bloemfontein

Pienaar and Another v Meester van die Vrystaat Hooggeregshof, Bloemfontein and Anders (365/2010) [2010] ZAFSHC 41 (22 April 2010)

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01

Holding and result

The court found that the settlement agreement did not expressly provide for the maintenance obligation to survive the death of the deceased. The clause relied upon by the second respondent only dealt with continued membership on the medical fund and did not create a right to claim all future medical expenses from the estate. Under South African law, unless the agreement clearly stipulates that the obligation continues after death, no such claim arises. The executor is therefore not obliged to allow the second respondent's medical claim in the liquidation and distribution account, and the estate must be amended accordingly.

Court disposition

Application granted. The executor is ordered not to allow the second respondent's medical claim against the estate, and the liquidation and distribution account must be amended accordingly.

Orders

  • The third respondent is ordered not to allow the second respondent's maintenance claim for medical expenses in the amount of R470,617.00 as a claim against the estate of the late F J du Toit and to amend the first and final liquidation and distribution account accordingly.
  • The costs of the application are payable by the estate of the late F J du Toit.

02

Material facts

Parties

Nelri Pienaar

Applicant Counsel: J. P. Daffue SC

Chrismari Steven

Applicant Counsel: J. P. Daffue SC

Meester van die Vrystaat Hooggeregshof, Bloemfontein

Respondent

Cynthia Merle du Toit

Respondent Counsel: P. J. T. de Wet

Suzette Malherbe (as nominee of Sanlam Trust BK, executor in the estate late F J du Toit, NR 8466/2007)

Respondent

Derick du Toit

Respondent

Amounts and remedies

  • Medical Claim Amount: ZAR 470,617

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Declaratory Application / Final Judgment

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The applicants contend that under South African common law, even needy widows do not have a claim against the estate of their deceased ex-husband for maintenance unless expressly provided. The settlement agreement only provided for continued membership on the medical fund, not for payment of all future medical expenses, and did not stipulate that the obligation survives death. Therefore, the executor should not allow the claim for medical expenses in the estate account.
Respondent
The second respondent argues that she acquired a legal claim for medical expenses against the estate of the deceased, and that the Master of the High Court correctly decided not to reject her claim for medical costs, instructing the executor to include it in the liquidation and distribution account.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    Strauss v Strauss 1974 (3) SA 79 (A)

    A spouse is not automatically entitled to maintenance from the estate of a deceased ex-husband after divorce unless the settlement agreement expressly provides for such an obligation to survive death.

  2. 02

    Hughes NO v The Master 1960 (4) SA 936 (K)

    Where a settlement agreement is made an order of court, the intention of the parties as expressed in the agreement determines whether the maintenance obligation continues after death.

  3. 03

    Copelowitz v Copelowitz and Others NO 1969 (4) SA 64 (K)

    In the absence of clear wording in the agreement, courts are reluctant to infer that the maintenance obligation survives the death of the debtor spouse.

  4. 04

    Administration of Estates Act 66 of 1965, sections 29, 31, 32, 33

    The executor is responsible for deciding which claims against an estate are allowed or rejected, not the Master.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The court found that the settlement agreement did not expressly provide for the maintenance obligation to survive the death of the deceased. The clause relied upon by the second respondent only dealt with continued membership on the medical fund and did not create a right to claim all future medical expenses from the estate. Under South African law, unless the agreement clearly stipulates that the obligation continues after death, no such claim arises. The executor is therefore not obliged to allow the second respondent's medical claim in the liquidation and distribution account, and the estate must be amended accordingly.

Obiter and limits

  • Attorneys drafting maintenance agreements should specify whether obligations survive the death of the debtor spouse to avoid uncertainty.
  • The facts alleged by the applicants are accepted as proven in the absence of a counter-affidavit from the second respondent.

Court disposition

Application granted. The executor is ordered not to allow the second respondent's medical claim against the estate, and the liquidation and distribution account must be amended accordingly.

  • The third respondent is ordered not to allow the second respondent's maintenance claim for medical expenses in the amount of R470,617.00 as a claim against the estate of the late F J du Toit and to amend the first and final liquidation and distribution account accordingly.
  • The costs of the application are payable by the estate of the late F J du Toit.

Source and reliance status

Free State High Court, Bloemfontein

This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.

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Judgment text

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Source document

Free State High Court, Bloemfontein

Judgment

[2010] ZAFSHC 41

VRYSTAATSE HOË HOF, BLOEMFONTEIN

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

Aansoeknommer: 365/2010

In die saak tussen:

NELRI

PIENAAR 1ste Applikant

CHRISMARI

STEVEN 2de Applikant

en

MEESTER VAN DIE VRYSTAAT HOOGGEREGSHOF,

BLOEMFONTEIN 1ste Respondent

CYNTHIA

MERLE DU TOIT

2de Respondent

SUZETTE

MALHERBE 3de Respondent

(as genomineerde van SANLAM TRUST BK,

die eksekuteur in die boedel wyle F J DU TOIT,

NR 8466/2007)

DERICK

DU TOIT 4de Respondent

_____________

UITSPRAAK: KRUGER,

R

AANGEHOOR OP: 25 MAART 2010

GELEWER OP: 22 APRIL 2010

[1] Applikante vra ‘n verklarende bevel dat tweede respondent se mediese eis teen die Boedel van haar oorlede man deur die 1ste en 3de respondente van die hand gewys word. Die twee applikante is die dogters van F J du Toit (die oorledene) wat op 30 Junie 2007 gesterf het. Die eerste respondent is die Meester van die Vrystaatse Hooggeregshof, die tweede respondent was met oorlede getroud tot 19 Oktober 2006. Die derde respondent is die eksekuteur van die oorledene se boedel. Die vierde respondent is oorledene se seun gebore 17 Januarie 1992 (dus nou 18 jaar oud).

2. Toe tweede respondent en oorledene geskei het, het die Akte van Dading, wat ‘n bevel van die Hof gemaak is, bepaal:

“Die verweerder sal toesien dat die eiseres en die minderjarige seun op sy mediese fonds aanbly as begunstigdes.”

Ná oorledene se dood het tweede respondent ‘n eis vir haar toekomstige mediese koste by die eksekuteur ingedien. Volgens haar advokaat het die eksekuteur toe ‘n waarde geplaas op mediese fonds betalings deur die tweede respondent vir haar lewensverwagting welke bedrag aktuariëel

bevestig is, en die eksekuteur het daardie bedrag as ‘n eis teen die boedel toegeken. In die eerste en finale likwidasie en distribusierekening van die oorledene se boedel word die item soos volg beskryf:

“Onderhoudseis vir Cynthia du Toit: Medies R470 617,00”

[4] Applikante vra dat verklaar word dat die eksekuteur, derde respondent nie daardie eis moet toelaat nie. Die derde respondent berus by die uitspraak van die hof mits geen kostebevel teen hom gevra word, wat die geval is. Die meester, eerste respondent, het ook nie toegetree nie, maar het wel ‘n verslag ingedien en hy berus by die Hof se beslissing. In sy verslag sê die meester dat hy nie regtens bevoeg is om te bepaal welke eise teen ‘n boedel toegelaat moet word en welke nie. Dit is die eksekuteur se plig om te besluit welke eise teen ‘n boedel toegelaat of afgewys word, sê die meester met verwysing na artikels 29, 31, 32 en 33 van die Boedelwet 66 van 1965.

[5] Die tweede responent het nie ‘n opponerende eedsverklaring geliasseer nie, maar vra dat ‘n respunt soos bedoel in

eenvormige Hofreël 6(5)(d)(iii) beslis word:

“1. Dat Tweede Respondente regtens ‘n mediese eis verwerf het teen die boedel van die oorledene en dat die Meester van die Vrystaat Hoë Hof korrek beslis het om nie haar eis vir mediese kostes van die hand te wys nie en korrek gelas het dat die Derde Respondent die Tweede Respondente se mediese eis in die Likwidasie- en Distribusierekening moet insluit.”

Waar ‘n regspunt ingevolge reël 6(5)(d)(iii) geneem word en daar dus geen Antwordende Eedsverklaring is nie, aanvaar die hof die bewerings in die Funderende Eedsverklaring as bewese – BOXER SUPERSTORES MTHATHA AND ANOTHER v MBENYA 2007 (5) SA 450 (HHA) par [4].

[6] By die aanvang van die aanhoor van hierdie Aansoek het Mnr Daffue, namens applikante gevra vir bevele in ooreenstemming met ‘n konsep wat hy ingehandig het. Mnr De Wet, wat namens tweede respondent verskyn het, het geen beswaar gehad dat die vraag soos in die konsep geformuleer oorweeg word nie:

“1. Derde respondent word gelas om tweede respondent se onderhoudseis ten opsigte van haar medies in die bedrag van R470 617.00 nie as ‘n eis teen die boedel van wyle FJ du Toit in aanmerking te neem nie en om die eerste en finale likwidasie- en distribusierekening dienooreenkomstig te wysig;

2. Die koste van die aansoek is betaalbaar deur die boedel van wyle F J du Toit.”

[7] Namens applikante betoog Mnr Daffue dat volgens ons gemene reg die algemene beginsel is dat selfs weduwees wat as behoeftig beskou is, geen eis teen boedels van hul oorlede eggenote het nie. Geen eggennot is sonder meer geregtig op onderhoud na egskeiding nie (STRAUSS v STRAUSS 1974 (3) SA 79 (A). Mnr Daffue voer aan dat indien die partye wou hê dat die onderhoudsverpligting voortduur na die oorledene se dood, moes dit in die akte van dading vervat gewees het.

[8] Daar is twee wetsbepalings wat relevant is by onderhoud: artikel 7(1) en artikel 7(2) van die Wet op Egskeiding, Wet 70 van 1979. Artikel 7(1) handel met gevalle waar daar ‘n Akte van Dading is; dan kan die hof die ooreenkoms ‘n bevel van die hof maak. Die Akte is ‘n gewone ooreenkoms, en die partye kan daarin bepaal wat hulle wil; die hof het ‘n diskressie of dit ‘n hofbevel gemaak word. Artikel 7(2) handel met gevalle waar daar nie ‘n ooreenkoms is nie. Dan maak die hof ‘n bevel met inagneming van die oorwegings in artikel 7(2) genoem.

[9] Die bepalings betreffende onderhoud was voorheen vervat in artikels 10(1)(a) en 10(1)(b) van die Wet op Huweliksgoedere 37 van 1953. Professor Hahlo handel in The South African Law of Husband and Wife, 4de Uitgawe, 1975 op bladsy 453 met artikels 10(1)(a) en 10(1)(b):

“Whether the obligation ceases if the guilty spouse dies before the innocent one is an open question. It is arguable that, as the Act does not mention this event as a cause of termination, the obligation continues and has to be met out of the estate of the guilty spouse, and this was the view adopted in Copelowitz. On the other hand since a surviving wife cannot claim maintenance out of her deceased husband’s estate, it appears absurd that a divorced wife should be albe to do so.

Where the maintenance order was made in terms of an agreement between the parties, under s 10(1)(b), it depends upon the terms of the agreement whether the obligation continues after the death of the debtor, but in the absence of clear indications of a contrary intention our courts are inclined to favour continuation.”

Die tweede paragraaf van die aanhaling handel met die geval waar daar ‘n Akte van Dading was wat ‘n bevel van die Hof gemaak is, soos hier. As gesag vir die stelling in die laaste sin dat die howe voortsetting van die onderhoudsverpligting aanvaar tensy daar duidelike aanduidings tot die teendeel is, verwys die geleerde skrywer na ‘n aantal sake:

HUGHES NO v THE MASTER 1960 (4) SA 936 (K).

Die akte van dading het bepaal:

“3. The plaintiff shall pay to the defendant the sum of fifty pounds (£50) per month for her maintenance until her death or re-marriage.”

Die hof bevind dat hierdie verpligting van die verweerder op sy boedel oorgegaan het by sy dood.

(ii) MILNE v ESTATE MILNE 1967 (3) SA 362 (K).

Die Akte van dading het gelees:

“1. Defendant undertakes to pay maintenance to plaintiff at the rate of R150 per month until such time as she re-married or dies, whichever is the earlier.

...

Defendant undertakes and argees that the obligation which he has undertaken in terms of the agreement shall be binding on his heirs, executors, or assigns.”

Die hof bevind dat so ‘n onderneming bly voortbestaan na die dood van die verweerder, en dat die bevel ook na sy dood deur die hof gewysig kan word.

A F PHILIP & CO (PvT) LTD AND OTHERS v ADIE NO AND OTHERS 1970 (4) SA 251 (R).

Die ooreengekome feite was:

“(1) When the ex-wife and the deceased to whom she had been maried without community of property were divorced they entered into a consent paper whereby inter alia she was to be paid $70 per month as maintenance for herself until her death or remarriage;”

Die voormalige Rhodesiese hof bevind dat die vrou ‘n eis het teen haar oorlede man se boedel.

(v) OWENS v STOFFBERG NO AND ANOTHER 1946 CPD 226.

Die partye se ooreenkoms is in die hofbevel beliggaam:

“It is ordered that a degree of divorce be and is hereby granted as prayed; plaintiff undertaking to pay defendant the sum of £4 per mensem as maintenance pending her re-marriage or death.”

Die hof vind dat die weduwee ‘n eis teen die boedel het.

In al bogemelde sake het die ooreenkoms uitdruklik bepaal dat onderhdoud lewenslank aan die vrou betaal sal word.

(vi) GRAAFF v EXECUTORS ESTATE GRAAFF AND OTHERS 1957 (1) PH B1 (K).

Die Akte het in besonderhede gehandel met onderhoud vir ‘n kind, in klousule 3, en die vrou in klousule 5. Daar was ook voorsiening vir vermindering van onderhoud as die oorledene se inkomste sou daal in klousule 5(b). Klousule 5(a) lees:

“Plaintiff shall pay to the defendant, for and during her lifetime, the sum of £60 (sixty pounds) per mensum which shall be reduced by three-fourths if and when she re-mavries.”

Regter Herbstein vind dat die onderhoudsverpligting nie die boedel bind nie (bl. 4).

In

GLAZER

V GLAZER NO 1963 (4) SA 694 (A) het die hof beslis dat ‘n weduwee nie ‘n eis teen die man se boedel vir onderhoud het nie. Sien ook

COPELOWITZ v COPELOWITZ AND OTHERS NO 1969 (4) SA 64 (K) 70 A – D, en professor Hahlo se komentaar op daardie saak onder die opskrif “Premium on Divorce” SALJ 86 (1969) 385 – 391 op 390.

[11] Artikel 7(2) van die Wet op Egskeiding 70 van 1979 handel met gevalle waar daar nie ‘n Akte van Dading is nie, dan kan die hof in onderhoudsbevel maak. Artikel 7(2) bevat die bepalings wat artikel 10(1)(a) van die Wet op Huweliksgoedere 37 van 1953 voorheen gehad het. Artikel 7(1) van Wet 70 van 1979 handel met die geval maar daar ‘n akte van dading is, vergelykbaar met artikel 10(1)(b) van Wet 37 van 1953. Die hof kan die betalende party se boedel belas met ‘n onderhoudsbevel –

COPELOWITZ supra 71 A – G. In sy artikel sê professor Hahlo die volgende:

“The question whether the obligation to pay maintenance continues after the debtor spouse’s death was clearly one the legislature should have dealt with but failed to deal with when the Matrimonial Affairs Act was passed. In consequence it was left wide open. It is not suggested for a minute that Mr. Justice Van Zijl’s ruling is wrong, only that the opposite conclusion could equally well have been arrived at and would have yielded in some cases more satisfactory results.

In the light of Copelowitz’s case, attorneys drafting maintenance agreements in favour of a divirced wife will have to ask themselves whether it will not be

advisable to insert in future one or other of the following clauses in such agreements: a clause spelling out in so many words whether the obligation is to cease or continue if the debtor spouse predeceases the creditor spouse; a devaluation clause of the kind not infrequently found in construction and other long-term contracts; and in those not uncommon cases where provision is made for the payment of maintenance by the innocent to the quilty spouse, a clause providing for variation by the court on good cause shown. What should be a simple and straightforward agreement will thus become an intricate contract, full of ‘its’ and ‘whereases’.”

[12] ‘n Akte van Dading beliggaam ‘n ooreenkoms tussen die party. Partye het groot vryheid by die aangaan van die ooreenkoms. Hulle kan ooreenkom dat die verpligting op die boedel oorgaan. Professor Hahlo sê dat COLLEY en OWEN se sake (hierbo) te geredelik ‘n afleiding uit die bewoording van die ooreenkoms gemaak het dat die onderhoudsverpligting voortduur na die dood van die belanghebbende eggenoot

“Surely, if it be true that the debtor spouse can undertake by agreement to pay maintenance in such a way that it has to be met after his death out of his estate, the only question in giving effect to an order under section 10(1)(b): What was the intention of the parties? And it may well be that in ascertaining this intention of the parties? And it may well be that in ascertaining this intention, a more conservative approach than was adopted in Colly’s and Owens’s cases is called for. But even if the colly and Owens approach continues to be followed in respect of agreements, it does not follow

in court, in the absence of an agreement, has power under section 10(1)(a) to order that the obligation is to continue after the guilty spouse’s death.” (p. 390).

[13] Die partye kan hulself verbind tot onderhoudsbetalings selfs tot na die dood van die betaler. ODGERS v DE GERSIGNY 2007 (2) SA 305 (HHA) par [7], [8]. In Odgers was daar ‘n ooreenkoms om vir 24 maande onderhoud te betaal. Daardie verpligting het bly voortbestaan ten spyte van die respondent se hertroue, en sou ook voortduur as die appelant gesterf het (par [10]).

[14] In

HODGES v COUBROUGH NO 1991 (3) SA 58 (D & CLD) het die hof te make gehad met ‘n geval waar daar nie ‘n Akte van Dading soos bedoel in artikel 7(1) was nie, en die bevel is deur die hof gemaak ingevolge artikel 7(2). Didcott R wys daarop dat die kontraktereg verskil van ‘n

geval waar die hof ‘n Hofbevel gemaak onder artikel 7(2) moet uitlê. Enigeen kan sy boedel verbind tot die betaling van onderhoud as hy dit wil doen (66 C- D). Dit hang van die betrokke ooreenkoms af of ‘n onderhoudsverpligting daarin vervat is of nie.

[15] Die eerste rede om te aanvaar dat die Akte van Dading in die onderhawige geval nie ‘n onderhoudsverpligting bevat wat die dood van die oorledene sou oorleef nie, is omdat dit nie so bepaal nie, en omdat gemeenregtelik die oorlewende eggenote nie ‘n onderhoudseis teen die boedel het nie. In so ‘n geval is die Wet op Onderhoud van Eggenoot van toepassing. Hierdie eis is nie onder daardie Wet nie.

[16] Die tweede rede is omdat die bewoording van die bevel en die onderhawige geval nie ‘n reg tot tweede respondent se dood verleen nie. In al die sake hierbo bespreek met verwysing na die klousules in die Aktes van Dading, moes uitdruklik bepaal dat onderhoud voortduur tot die eiseres se dood.

[17] Die klousule waarop tweede respondent steun handel slegs met lidmaatskap van ‘n mediese fonds. Dit sê nie eens dat alle mediese kostes gedek moet word nie.

[18] Synde ‘n gestelde saak, moet die feite soos deur applikante beweer, aanvaar word. Die Funderende Eedsverklaring meld:

“

8.

8.1 Die Akte van Dading meld baie duidelik dat die Tweede Respondent slegs op wyle F J du Toit se mediese fonds sou aanbly as begunstigde. Mnr. Du Toit is egter nou oorlede en is sy lidmaatskap tot ‘n mediese fonds dus beëindig by afsterwe en volg dit vanselfsprekend dat die Tweede Respondent se aanspraak om op sy fonds aan te bly, daarmee saam verval het, waar daar nie meer ‘n hooflid is nie.”

[19] Die applikante se aansoek moet gehandhaaf word. Bedes 1 en 2 van die konsep bedes voorgelê deur Mnr Daffue word toegestaan.

___

A. KRUGER, R

Namens die applikant: Adv. J. P. Daffue SC

In opdrag van:

Fourie-Myburgh’s Ingelyf

BLOEMFONTEIN

Namens tweede respondent: Adv. P. J. T. de Wet

McIntyre & Van der Post

Namens eerste, derde en

vierde respondente: Geen verskyning

/em

Source wording is retained. Consult the source document for its original formatting and pagination.

Authorities

Authorities used by the court

Cases, legislation, regulations, and constitutional provisions identified in the available record.

Strauss v Strauss 1974 (3) SA 79 (A)

Case cited

Boxer Superstores Mthatha and Another v Mbenya 2007 (5) SA 450 (HHA)

Case cited

Hughes NO v The Master 1960 (4) SA 936 (K)

Case cited

Milne v Estate Milne 1967 (3) SA 362 (K)

Case cited

A F Philip & Co (Pvt) Ltd and Others v Adie NO and Others 1970 (4) SA 251 (R)

Case cited

Owens v Stoffberg NO and Another 1946 CPD 226

Case cited

Graaff v Executors Estate Graaff and Others 1957 (1) PH B1 (K)

Case cited

Glazer v Glazer NO 1963 (4) SA 694 (A)

Case cited

Copelowitz v Copelowitz and Others NO 1969 (4) SA 64 (K)

Case cited

Odgers v De Gersigny 2007 (2) SA 305 (HHA)

Case cited

Hodges v Coubrough NO 1991 (3) SA 58 (D & CLD)

Case cited

Administration of Estates Act 66 of 1965

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

Divorce Act 70 of 1979

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

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