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South Africa Judgment

Northern Cape High Court, Kimberley

S v De Klerk and Others (CA&R 03/01) [2006] ZANCHC 5 (1 February 2006)

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01

Holding and result

The court held that only those accused who physically committed the act of rape fall under the minimum sentence provisions for life imprisonment as set out in the Criminal Law Amendment Act. Accomplices who did not perform the actus reus cannot be committed to the High Court for sentencing under section 52(1) for such offences. The sentences imposed on the second and third appellants were set aside and their cases referred back to the Regional Court for appropriate sentencing. As for the first appellant, the court found substantial and compelling circumstances, including youth, lack of prior convictions, and personal responsibility, warranting a reduction of the sentence from life imprisonment to twenty years' imprisonment. The court emphasized the need to balance aggravating factors, such as the brutality and planning of the crime, with mitigating factors. The disposition reflects a correction of jurisdictional errors and a recalibration of sentences in line with statutory and case law requirements.

Court disposition

Appeal of all three appellants succeeds. Sentences set aside. First appellant's sentence replaced with twenty years' imprisonment. Second and third appellants' cases referred back to the Regional Court for sentencing.

Orders

  • The appeal of all three appellants succeeds.
  • The sentences of all three appellants are set aside.
  • The cases of the second and third appellants are referred back to the Regional Court for consideration and imposition of appropriate sentences.
  • The sentence of the first appellant is replaced with twenty years' imprisonment.
  • The sentence of the first appellant is backdated to 22 February 2001.
  • The second and third appellants are to be held in custody pending sentencing by the Regional Magistrate.

02

Material facts

Parties

Jan de Klerk

Appellant Counsel: PJ Cloete

Gloria Morwe

Appellant Counsel: PJ Cloete

Michael Mabe

Appellant Counsel: PJ Cloete

The State

Respondent Counsel: TT Mashalane

Amounts and remedies

  • First Appellant's Revised Sentence (years Imprisonment): ZAR 20
  • First Appellant's Prior Monthly Income: ZAR 500

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Appeal / Appeal Against Sentence Following Conviction in Regional Court and Committal to High Court for Sentencing Under Section 52(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act.

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The appellants argued that only those who physically committed the act of rape should be subject to the minimum sentence provisions for life imprisonment under the Criminal Law Amendment Act. They contended that accomplices who did not perform the actus reus should not have been committed to the High Court for sentencing under section 52(1), and that the sentences imposed were excessive given their roles and personal circumstances.
Respondent
The respondent maintained that the group acted with a common purpose and that all participants, including accomplices, were properly committed to the High Court for sentencing. The respondent argued that the seriousness of the offences and the involvement of each accused justified the sentences imposed, including life imprisonment for the principal offenders.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    Section 52(1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997

    Only an accused convicted of an offence referred to in Schedule 2 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, and who merits punishment in excess of the regional court's jurisdiction, may be committed to the High Court for sentencing.

  2. 02

    Part I of Schedule 2, Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997

    Minimum sentence of life imprisonment applies to rape committed by more than one person acting in furtherance of a common purpose or conspiracy.

  3. 03

    S v Kimberley & Another 2005 (2) SACR 663 (SCA)

    Accomplices who did not physically commit the act of rape do not fall under the minimum sentence provisions for life imprisonment.

  4. 04

    S v Malgas 2001 (1) SACR 469 (SCA)

    Sentencing must balance aggravating and mitigating factors, including youth, lack of prior convictions, and personal circumstances.

  5. 05

    Sections 170 and 173 of the Constitution; PE Municipality v Prut NO & Another 1996 (4) SA 318 (SE)

    Magistrates' courts have only statutory jurisdiction and no inherent powers; sentencing must comply strictly with legislative provisions.

  6. 06

    S v Dzukuda and Others [2000] ZACC 16; 2000 (2) SACR 443 (CC)

    Split procedure for conviction and sentencing is permissible and not unconstitutional if jurisdictional facts are present.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The court held that only those accused who physically committed the act of rape fall under the minimum sentence provisions for life imprisonment as set out in the Criminal Law Amendment Act. Accomplices who did not perform the actus reus cannot be committed to the High Court for sentencing under section 52(1) for such offences. The sentences imposed on the second and third appellants were set aside and their cases referred back to the Regional Court for appropriate sentencing. As for the first appellant, the court found substantial and compelling circumstances, including youth, lack of prior convictions, and personal responsibility, warranting a reduction of the sentence from life imprisonment to twenty years' imprisonment. The court emphasized the need to balance aggravating factors, such as the brutality and planning of the crime, with mitigating factors. The disposition reflects a correction of jurisdictional errors and a recalibration of sentences in line with statutory and case law requirements.

Obiter and limits

  • It is preferable that, where jurisdictional facts for committal to the High Court are present, all accused be transferred for sentencing, but there is no statutory prohibition against sentencing unaffected co-accused.
  • The split procedure for conviction and sentencing, as provided for in section 52 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act and section 116 of the Criminal Procedure Act, is not inherently unfair or unconstitutional.
  • Sentencing must reflect the seriousness of the offence and the interests of society, but must also take into account the personal circumstances of the accused.

Court disposition

Appeal of all three appellants succeeds. Sentences set aside. First appellant's sentence replaced with twenty years' imprisonment. Second and third appellants' cases referred back to the Regional Court for sentencing.

  • The appeal of all three appellants succeeds.
  • The sentences of all three appellants are set aside.
  • The cases of the second and third appellants are referred back to the Regional Court for consideration and imposition of appropriate sentences.
  • The sentence of the first appellant is replaced with twenty years' imprisonment.
  • The sentence of the first appellant is backdated to 22 February 2001.
  • The second and third appellants are to be held in custody pending sentencing by the Regional Magistrate.

Source and reliance status

Northern Cape High Court, Kimberley

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Judgment reading view

Judgment text

The complete available source text.

Source document

Northern Cape High Court, Kimberley

Judgment

[2006] ZANCHC 5

SAFLII Note: Certain personal/private details of parties or witnesses have been redacted from this document in compliance with the law and SAFLII Policy

IN DIE HOOGGEREGSHOF VAN SUID-AFRIKA

(Noord-Kaapse Afdeling)

Saakno: / Case number: CA&R 03/01

Datum verhoor: / Date heard: 13/02/2006

Datum gelewer: / Date delivered: …/02/2006

In die appèl:

DE KLERK, J 1ste Appellant

MORWE, G 2de Appellant

MABE, M 3de Appellant

en

DIE STAAT Respondent

Coram: Kgomo RP et Lacock R et Williams R

UITSPRAAK OP APPÈL

LACOCK R:

Die appellante is in die Streekhof skuldig bevind aan verkragting en aanranding met die opset om ernstig te beseer. Na skuldigbevinding is die verrigtinge in die Streekhof gestaak, en is die saak na die Hof a quo verwys vir vonnis kragtens die toepaslike voorskrifte van art. 52 van Wet 105 van 1997 (die Wet).

Die saak het vir vonnis doeleindes gedien voor Majiedt R wat die skuldigbevindings van die appellante bekragtig het en hulle daarna as volg gevonnis het:

Die eerste appellant: Lewenslange gevangenisstraf op die eerste aanklag (verkragting) en twee jaar gevangenisstraf op die tweede aanklag.

Die tweede appellant: Sestien jaar gevangenisstraf op die eerste aanklag en twee jaar gevangenisstraf op die tweede aanklag.

Die derde appellant: Twaalf jaar gevangenisstraf op die eerste aanklag en twee jaar gevangenisstraf op die tweede aanklag.

In die geval van al drie die appellante is gelas dat die vonnis opgelê op die tweede aanklag saam uitgedien word met die vonnis opgelê op die eerste aanklag.

Hoewel slegs die eerste appellant appèl aangeteken het teen die vonnis hom opgelê op die eerste aanklag, het ons, in die lig daarvan dat die Hof a quo bevind het dat ook die tweede en derde appellante – en wat as medepligtiges skuldig bevind is en nie as mededaders nie –

blootgestaan het aan ‘n minimum vonnis van lewenslange gevangenisstraf kragtens die voorskrifte van art 51(1) van die Wet,

uit hoofde van ons inherente jurisdiksie gelas dat ook die tweede en derde appellante as sulks tot hierdie verrigtinge gevoeg moes word.

Die appellante het in die Streekhof op die voormelde klagtes tesame met ene Karel Titus en ene Barendt Morwane tereg gestaan deurdat hulle na bewering op 9 Mei 1998 te of naby Delportshoop die klaagster, S.S. (‘n 25-jarige swanger vrou) verkrag en aangerand het.

Die streeklanddros het tereg bevind dat Karel Titus en die eerste appellant die klaagster as hoof daders verkrag het; dat die tweede en derde appellante medepligtig was tot die verkragtings op die klaagster en as sulks ook skuldig was aan verkragting; en dat al die voormelde persone hul skuldig gemaak het aan aanranding op die klaagster met die opset om haar ernstig te beseer. Weens die gebrek aan enige getuienis teen mnr. Morwane, is hy onskuldig bevind en ontslaan.

Die feite wat as bewese bevind is en op grond waarvan die appellante en mnr. Titus skuldig bevind is aan die klagtes hulle ten laste gelê, kan kortliks as volg saamgevat word:

Om ongeveer 20:00 die aand van 9 Mei 1998 het die tweede en derde appellante die klaagster by laasgenoemde se woning opgeklop en haar aan haar hande geneem en teen haar sin met hulle die straat in geneem waar hulle die eerste appellant, mnr. Titus en nog ‘n persoon ontmoet het. Van hier is die klaagster deur hierdie groep persone geneem na die sinkkamer van die eerste appellant. Op pad na die sinkkamer is die klaagster deur onder andere die derde appellant geklap.

By hierdie sinkkamer aangekom, het die eerste appellant, en terwyl die res van die groep teenwoordig was, die klaagster op sy bed gegooi en haar damesbroekie uitgetrek terwyl hy haar op die bed vasgedruk het. Nadat haar broekie uitgetrek was, het die eerste appellant vir Titus gelas om gemeenskap met die klaagster te hou, en het Titus haar dan ook verkrag terwyl die eerste appellant haar vasgehou het.

Nadat Titus van die klaagster afgeklim het, het die eerste appellant haar verkrag terwyl die derde appellant haar bene vasgehou het. Dit blyk dat ook die vyfde persoon in hierdie groep met sy klere op die klaagster was, maar hy het haar nie verkrag nie.

Terwyl die klaagster aldus verkrag was, het die tweede appellant lig in die kamer gemaak met ‘n stuk papier wat sy aan die brand gesteek het. Nadat die eerste appellant klaar die klaagster verkrag het, het Titus en die eerste en derde appellante die klaagster aangerand deurdat sy met onder andere lyfbande en ‘n stuk plank oral op haar lyf geslaan is. Die tweede appellant het haar ook met ‘n plank teen haar kop geslaan, en dit toe goed geag om haar op haar naakte privaatdeel met die brandende stuk papier te brand.

Aangesien mnr. Titus ten tye van die pleeg van hierdie misdrywe onder die ouderdom van 16 jaar was en die landdros geoordeel het dat die voorskrifte van die Wet dus nie op hom van toepassing was nie (vide art. 51(6) van die Wet), het die streeklanddros slegs die appellante na die Hooggeregshof verwys vir vonnis. Mnr. Titus is deur die streeklanddros self gevonnis.

Die verwysing van die appellante na die Hooggeregshof en ook die oplegging van hul vonnisse deur Majiedt R het geskied voor die wysiging van art. 52(1) van die Wet deur art. 34(b) van Wet 62 van 2000 en wat in werking getree het op 23 Maart 2001. Die streeklanddros was, ingevolge art. 52(1) van hierdie Wet (soos dit gelees het voor die wysiging daarvan) bevoeg om enige beskuldigde wat skuldig bevind is aan ‘n oortreding vermeld in Bylae 2 van die Wet na die Hooggeregshof vir vonnis te verwys indien hy van mening was dat so ‘n beskuldigde ‘n vonnis verdien wat sy of haar straf jurisdiksie oorskry. Sien S v Snyders, 2000(2) SASV 125 (NK). By gebreke aan enigiets in die oorkonde wat tot die teendeel spreek, aanvaar ons dat die streeklanddros van opinie was dat die appellante ‘n vonnis verdien het wat sy jurisdiksie oorskry het, en op grond daarvan al die appellante vir vonnis na die Hooggeregshof verwys het.

Die verhoorregter het die oplegging van vonnis onder andere as volg benader:

“Die rede waarom die saak nie in die Streekhof afgehandel is vir vonnis nie, is omdat ten aansien van aanklag 1, al drie van u kwalifiseer vir lewenslange gevangenisstraf. Dit is so uit hoofde van die bepalings vervat in artikel 51 van Wet 105 van 1997, waar die Wetgewer voorgeskryf het dat by verkragting, waar ‘n groep mense met ‘n gemeenskaplike doel of by ‘n sameswering betrokke is en ‘n vrou word meer as een keer verkrag, dan moet die Hof lewenslange gevangenisstraf oplê, behalwe as daar, wat die Wetgewer noem, wesenlike en dwingende omstandighede aanwesig is.”

Sedert die oplegging van die vonnisse in hierdie saak, het die Hoogste Hof van Appèl in S v Kimberley & Another, 2005(2) SASV 663 (HHA), bevind dat ‘n persoon wat bloot as medepligtige aan verkragting skuldig bevind is nie tuisgebring kan word onder die kategorie

persone bedoel in Deel I van Bylae 2 tot die Wet nie. Die tersaaklike gedeelte van hierdie bylae lees as volg:

“Verkragting-

Wanneer gepleeg-

In omstandighede waar die slagoffer meer as eenkeer deur hetsy die beskuldigde of ‘n mededader of medepligtige verkrag is; Deur meer as een persoon, waar sodanige persone in die uitvoering of ter bevordering van ‘n gemeenskaplike doel of sameswering gehandel het;”

In Kimberley (supra) is uitdruklik bevind dat sub-paragraaf (a)(i) hierbo aangehaal alleen persone tref wat die actus reus as sulks gepleeg het.

“The ‘mischief’ which the Legislature sought to deal with, in my view was the situation where a woman is subjected to multiple

rapes either by one person or by any ‘co-perpetrator or accomplice’. Paragraph (a)(i) of Schedule 2 covers the situation where ‘the victim was raped more than once’. Paragraph (a)(ii) also deals with the situation where the victim is raped by more than one person in the ‘execution or furtherance of a common purpose or conspiracy’. Both paragraphs require that the victim be raped more than once.” (te 668 i tot j)

Soos ons hierdie vertolking verstaan sal ‘n medepligtige hieronder getref word slegs indien hy self ook die slagoffer fisies verkrag het. Die feite van die onderhawige saak vind toepassing op so ‘n geval: die eerste appellant was duidelik ‘n medepligtige ten aansien van die verkragting gepleeg deur Titus op die klaagster deurdat hy haar vasgedruk het toe Titus haar verkrag het. Daarna gaan hy heen en hy verkrag op sy beurt die klaagster. Die klaagster is dus fisies deur die beskuldigde Titus en ‘n medepligtige (die eerste appellant) verkrag.

Die tweede en derde appellant het nie die actus reus gepleeg nie, maar was slegs medepligtiges tot die fisiese verkragtings gepleeg deur Titus en die eerste appellant.

Aan die hand van die vertolking wat in Kimberley (supra) geheg is aan die woord “verkrag” (“rape”), soos gebesig onder die opskrif “Verkragting” in Deel I van Bylae 2 tot die Wet, moet na ons mening nou aanvaar word dat hierdie voorskrifte en ook dié vervat in Deel III van die Bylae waar daarin verwys word na “verkragting in ander omstandighede as daardie in Deel I bedoel”, nie van toepassing is nie op ‘n persoon wat nie fisies die slagoffer verkrag het nie. In Kimberley (supra) sê Zulman AR hieraangaande die volgende; “So, for example, a woman who assists a man to rape another woman or who makes it possible for him to do so, cannot be held to have committed the act of rape” (te 669 i). As gesag vir hierdie stelling word verwys na S v Jonathan en Andere, 1987(1) SA 663 (A) te 643 H tot I waar die volgende gesê is, “Wat die tweede punt van kritiek teen Ganie se saak betref, kan daarop gewys word dat in beginsel dit nie onmoontlik is dat iemand wel medepligtig kan wees tot ’n misdaad wat hy nie as dader kan verrig nie. ‘n Meerkante voorbeeld is die vrou wat wel as medepligtig beskou kan word”. Sien ook die ongerapporteerde beslissing van ‘n Volbank van hierdie Afdeling in S v Hendriks, saaknr. K/S 50/2004.

Die tweede en derde appellante het dus nie ‘n misdryf gepleeg soos bedoel in Bylae 2 van die Wet nie.

Die vraag wat nou beantwoording verg, is naamlik of die Hof a quo bevoeg was om die tweede en derde appellante te vonnis. Anders gestel: was die streeklanddros bevoeg om hierdie persone vir vonnis kragtens art. 52(1) van die Wet (soos dit destyds gelees het) na die Hof a quo vir vonnis te verwys.

Die tersaaklike artikel het voor die wysiging daarvan as volg gelees:

“'52(1) If a regional court, after it has convicted an accused of an offence referred to in Schedule 2 following on -

(a) a plea of guilty; or

(b) a plea of not guilty;

but before sentence, is of the opinion that the offence in respect of which the accused has been convicted merits punishment in excess of the jurisdiction of a regional court in terms of s 51, the court shall stop the proceedings and commit the accused for sentence by a High Court having jurisdiction.' “

(My beklemtoning).

Die bewoording van die aangehaalde art. 52(1) van die Wet is ondubbelsinning duidelik naamlik dat slegs ‘n beskuldigde wat skuldig bevind is aan ‘n misdryf bedoel in Bylae 2 van die Wet en wat na die mening van die landdros ‘n vonnis verdien wat sy jurisdiksie ingevolge art. 51 van die Wet oorskry, vir vonnis na die Hooggeregshof verwys kan word. Na my mening bied die bewoording van hierdie artikel geen ruimte vir ‘n ander vertolking anders dan die normale grammatikale betekenis daarvan nie, is dit ook geensins dubbelsinnig nie, en lei die normale betekenis daarvan tot geen anomalie of absurditeit nie.

“Dit is 'n primêre reël van wetsuitleg dat die woorde van 'n wetsbepaling in hul gewone, alledaagse betekenis verstaan moet word, tensy dit vasstaan dat daardie betekenis in stryd is met die duidelike bedoeling van die Wetgewer soos blyk uit die statuut as geheel en ander tersaaklike omstandighede. In so 'n geval kan van die gewone betekenis van woorde afgewyk word ten einde aan die duidelike bedoeling van die A Wetgewer gevolg te gee. (Venter v Rex, 1907 T.S. 910 op bl. 913 - 915, 921, 924; Union Government v Mack, 1917 AD 731 op bl. 743). Slegs 'n duidelike en onbetwyfelbare bepaalde bedoeling van die Wetgewer, en nie 'n bloot veronderstelde bedoeling nie, kan 'n afwyking van die gewone betekenis van woorde regverdig, en dan alleen indien die woorde vir 'n ander betekenis vatbaar is.”

(Per Botha AR in Du Plessis v Joubert, 1968(1) SA 585 (AA) te 594H tot 595B).

“The general rule in the construction of statutes is that the ordinary grammatical meaning of the words used must be adhered to.… Where the language of a statute is unambiguous and its meaning clear the court may only depart from the ordinary meaning if it leads to absurdity so glaring that it could never have been contemplated by the Legislature.”

(Per Groskopf AR in Van Heerden & Another v Joubert NO & Others 1994(4) SA 793 (AA) te 795 F tot G.

Ingevolge die normale grammatikale betekenis van hierdie artikel kon die streeklanddros slegs ‘n persoon wat skuldig bevind is aan ‘n misdryf bedoel in Bylae 2 van die Wet en wat in sy opinie ‘n straf regverdig wat sy jurisdiksie ingevolge art. 51 van die Wet oorskry, vir vonnis na die Hooggeregshof verwys. Hierdie artikel bied geen ruimte vir ‘n vertolking waarkragtens ook beskuldigdes wat skuldig bevind is aan ‘n ander misdryf dan die vermeld in Bylae 2 van die Wet daarkragtens vir vonnis na die Hooggeregshof verwys kan word nie.

Hierdie vertolking strook ook met die beginsel dat vonnisoplegging primêr die funksie van die verhoorhof, dit wil sê die hof wat ‘n beskuldigde verhoor en skuldig bevind het, is. Sien R v Mabumulo & Others 1920 (AD) 56 te 57; S v Toms; S v Bruce 1990(2) SA 802 (AA).

(Uiteraard moet hierdie algemene beginsel swig voor wetgewing soos dié vervat in art. 52(1) van die Wet, maar hierdie wetgewing doen steeds nie afbreek aan die wenslikheid onderliggend aan hierdie beginsel nie. Sien S v Snyders (supra) te 129 g.)

‘n Streekhof en Landdroshof beskik alleen oor sodanige jurisdiksie wat statutêr aan daardie howe opgedra is, en nie ook oor enige inherente bevoegdhede soos ‘n Hooggeregshof nie. Sien artikels 170 en 173 van die Grondwet van 1996; LAWSA (1st re-issue) Vol. 11 par. 535: “Since a magistrate’s court is a creature of statute it has no inherent jurisdiction and must operate within the confines of and in accordance with the conditions imposed by the applicable legislation.”; en PE Municipality v Prut NO & Another 1996(4) SA 318 (OK) te 328 E tot F.

Die streeklanddros was vervolgens nie bevoeg om die tweede en derde appellant kragtens die voorskrifte van die Wet (soos dit toe gelees het) na hierdie hof vir vonnis te verwys nie. In hierdie verband het die landdros dus ultra vires sy bevoegdhede kragtens hierdie artikel gehandel, en was die verwysing van hierdie appellante dus regtens nietig.

Uit hoofde van die voorgaande volg dit dus dat die jurisdiksionele feit waarkragtens die hof a quo die tweede en derde appellante kon vonnis, naamlik ‘n regsgeldige verwysing kragtens art. 52(1) van die Wet, ontbreek het, en kon die hof nie sy bevoegdhede ontleen aan die verdere voorskrifte van art. 52 van die Wet uitgeoefen het nie. Sien hieraangaande S v Mofokeng & Another 1999(1) SASV 502 (W) te 509 j tot 510 g:

“According to the express provisions of ss 51 and 52 of Act 105 of 1997, certain jurisdictional facts must be present before a High Court is invested with the statutory power to proceed, either in terms of s 52(2) (relating to a plea of guilty) or in terms of s 52(3) (relating to a plea of not guilty), to deal with the case of a person who has been convicted in a regional court and committed to the High Court for sentence. The requisite jurisdictional facts appear to me to be these:

1. …

2. The offence must have been one that is referred to in Schedule 2 (s 52(1)).

3. …

4. …

5. …

6. …

7. …

8. …

In the absence of any of these jurisdictional requisites, it seems to me that s 52 of Act 105 of 1997 does not serve to invest a High Court with the jurisdiction to deal with a trial that was started in the regional court, and that the regional court must itself complete the trial by sentencing the accused and convicted person in accordance with its own penal jurisdiction.”

Wat moes gebeur het, is dat die tweede en derde appellante terug verwys moes word na die Streekhof vir oorweging en oplegging van ‘n gepaste vonnis. Sien hieraangaande S v Kimberley (supra) te 670 c tot e.

“Both counsel for the appellant and for the respondent agreed, perhaps for different reasons, that Erasmus J had erred in finding

that the provisions of Part I of Schedule 2, para (a)(ii) of the Act were applicable to the appellants, the Court having lacked the necessary jurisdictional capacity to impose the sentence of life imprisonment. They were also both agreed that the matter should be referred back to the magistrate for the imposition of an appropriate sentence.”

Hierdie appellante se vonnisse moet dus ter syde gestel word, en moet hulle terug verwys word na die Streekhof vir die oplê van gepaste vonnisse.

Ek keer nou terug na die vonnis van lewenslange gevangenisstraf die eerste appellant opgelê.

Die hof het die begrip “wesenlike en dwingende omstandighede” vertolk soos voorgehou in S v Boer 2000(2) SASV 114 (NK) naamlik dat dit sou slaan op buitengewoon spesiale omstandighede. Onmiddellik moet vermeld word dat Majiedt R die appellante gevonnis het voordat die uitspraak in S v Malgas, 2001(1) SASV 469(HHA), en wat ‘n einde gemaak het aan die onsekerheid van die korrekte vertolking van hierdie begrip wat in die verskillende Afdelings van die Hooggeregshof bestaan het, gepubliseer is. Die voormelde vertolking van die begrip “wesenlike en dwingende omstandighede” soos deur Majiedt R toegepas, stel ‘n mistasting daar, en staan dit ons vervolgens vry om die vonnis die eerste appellant opgelê, in heroorweging te neem.

Ek is van mening dat die volgende faktore en omstandighede, wanneer gesamentlik oorweeg, as wesenlik en dwingend aangemerk behoort te word:

Ten tye van die tersaaklike voorval was die appellant slegs 18 jaar oud en dus nog ‘n jeugdige. Menslike ervaring leer dat die gebrek aan lewenservaring dikwels aanleidend is van onbesonne voortvarende en onverantwoordelike optrede.

Die appellant het geen vorige veroordelings van enige aard gehad voor die pleeg van hierdie misdrywe nie. Hierdie feit verdien ernstige toeskietlike oorweging.

Ten spyte daarvan dat hierdie appellant geen skolastiese onderrig ondergaan het nie, het hy op sy jeugdige ouderdom ‘n betrekking by ‘n slaghuis beklee waar hy ‘n maandelikse inkomste van R500.00 verdien het. Hiermee het hy bygedra tot die onderhoud van sy ouers. Hierdie omstandighede is aanduidend daarvan dat die appellant ‘n mate van verantwoordelikheid en pligsbesf aan die dag gelê het.

Dit blyk ook, soos een van die appellante dit gestel het, dat hulle – hierdie appellant inkluis – “gevloed was met alkohol” ten tye van die voorval. Dit is ‘n lewensfeit dat die inname van alkoholiese drank die reële denke en oordeelsvermoë van die mens negatief beïnvloed.

Teenoor die voormelde versagtende faktore, moet noodwendig die volgende verswarende faktore gebalanseerd opgeweeg word:

Dit blyk duidelik dat die groep persone, waaronder hierdie appellant, beplan het om die klaagster by haar woning en waar sy veronderstel is om veilig te wees, weg te voer na die woning van die eerste appellant, met die opset om haar daar te verkrag. Hierdie afleiding word geregverdig uit die feit dat die klaagster voortdurend aangerand is van dat sy van haar woning weggeneem is tot waar sy verkrag is. Dit is ooglopend gedoen om haar tot onderwerping te dwing.

Die klaagster is herhaaldelik en ernstig aangerand. Sy is geklap, met ‘n plank en lyfband geslaan en selfs op haar privaatdele met’n brandende papier gebrand.

Die klaagster is onmenslik verneder en met uitdagende arrogansie behandel deurdat sy in die teenwoordigheid van vyf persone – een waaronder ‘n vrou – vasgedruk en deur twee van hierdie persone – waaronder die eerste appellant – verkrag en aangerand is.

Die klaagster was swanger tydens die verkragtings en het haar baba onmiddellik na die voorval verloor. Haar aanvallers het haar met minagting en sonder enige respek vir haar persoon, verwagtende toestand of integriteit soos barbare behandel.

Hierdie Hof sal myns insiens sy verpligtinge teenoor die publiek gruwelik versuim en die erns van hierdie oortreding onder beklemtoon indien hy nie aan die appellant, sy gunstige persoonlike omstandighede ten spyt, sodandige swaar vonnis oplê wat gestalte sal gee aan die erns waarmee die Wetgewer hierdie tipe oortredings bejeën, en die uitroepe van die gemeenskap in die algemeen vir beskerming teen misdadigers van hierdie aard.

Na my mening sal ‘n gepaste vonnis vir die eerste appellant een wees van twintig jaar gevangenisstraf.

Bygevolg word die volgende bevele hierin verleen:

Die appèl van al drie appellante slaag.

Die vonnisse van al drie appellante word ter syde gestel.

Die saak van die tweede en derde appellante word terug verwys na die Streekhof vir die oorweging van gepaste vonnisse.

Die vonnis van die eerste appellant word vervang met ‘n vonnis van twintig (20) jaar gevangenisstraf.

Die vonnis van die eerste appellant word terug dateer na 22 Februarie 2001.

Die tweede en derde appellante sal in hegtenis aangehou word tot na die oorweging en oplegging van vonnis deur die streeklanddros.

___

HJ Lacock

REGTER

Ek stem saam met die uitspraak van Lacock R.

CC Williams

Namens appellant: Adv PJ Cloete (Kimberley Regsentrum)

Namens respondent: Adv TT Mashalane (Kantoor van die DOV, Kimberley)

IN

THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA

(Northern Cape Division)

Case Nr: 342/2004

Case Heard: 13/02/2006

Date delivered: /03/2006

In the matter:

Jan de Klerk Appellant

versus

The State Respondent

Coram: Kgomo JP et Lacock J et Williams J

JUDGMENT

KGOMO JP:

The five accused in this case appeared in the Regional Court sitting at Delportshoop, Northern Cape, on one charge (Count 1) of rape and another (Count 2) of assault with the intent to do grievous bodily harm. Only one of the accused, Mr Jan de Klerk who was Accused 2 at the trial (henceforth “the appellant”), appeals against his sentence of life imprisonment with the leave of the sentencing court, Majiedt J.

Accused 1 (Mr Karel Titus), the aforesaid appellant (Accused 2), Accused 3 (Ms Gloria Morwe) and Accused 4 (Mr Michael Mabe) were convicted as charged. Accused 5 (Mr Barendt Morwane) was found not guilty and was discharged. By virtue thereof that this was a multiple rape case the Regional Magistrate invoked the provisions of Section 52 (1) of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 105 of 1997, and committed the appellant and accused 3 and 4 to the High Court for sentencing.

As far as accused 1, Mr Titus, was concerned the Regional Magistrate was, correctly so, of the view that seeing that he was under 16 years, and in fact 15 years old, when the offence was committed the provisions of section 51 relating to the minimum sentence were not applicable to him. See Section 51 (6). The Magistrate then proceeded to sentence accused 1 to 10 (ten) years imprisonment whereof 4 (four) years imprisonment were suspended for 5 (five) years on condition that he was not convicted of rape or attempted rape committed during the period of suspension. I revert later to the propriety or impropriety of the Magistrate’s fragmentation of the sentencing phase of an already fragmented procedure.

According to the accepted evidence of the complainant accused 1 and the appellant had penetrative sexual intercourse with her. The forensic DNA genetic material analysed confirm that a mixture of semen was found on the swabs taken from the complainant. Accused 3, the only woman amongst the accused, was physiologically evidently incapable of have penetrative sexual relations with the complainant. Accused 4 declined to have sexual intercourse with the complainant on the invitation of accused 1. Accused 3 and 4 were accordingly convicted as accomplices on the strength of their participation in the crime in that they were involved in the abduction of the complainant from her home, holding her to enable accused 1 and the appellant to rape her and accused 3

burned complainant’s private parts afterwards.

On these facts I am satisfied that there had been a multiple rape situation brought about by accused 1 and the appellant and that the Magistrate competently committed the appellant to the High Court for sentence. This case is to be distinguished from S v Kimberley and Another 2005 (2) SACR 663 (SCA) where the complainant was raped by only one man and then only once and the appellant in that case merely held the complainant down to facilitate the rape or aid the rapist.

At p668g-669e (paras 9-11) of S v Kimberley Zulman JA stated:

“[9] The Act is concerned in s 51(1) to deal with what it terms the imposition of 'minimum sentences for certain serious offences'. In the case of what may be described as 'ordinary' rapes not falling within the ambit of Part I of Schedule 2, these attract a minimum sentence of ten years' imprisonment for a first offender (Part III of Schedule 2). (Both appellants are first offenders.) Accordingly the rapes referred to in Part I of Schedule 2 which attract a minimum sentence of life imprisonment are obviously of a more serious nature. The 'mischief' which the Legislature sought to deal with, in my view, was the situation where a woman is subjected to multiple rapes either by one person or by any 'co-perpetrator or accomplice'. Paragraph (a)(i) of Schedule 2 covers the situation where 'the victim was raped more than once'. Paragraph (a)(ii) also deals with the situation where the victim is raped by more than one person in the 'execution or furtherance of a common purpose or conspiracy'. ”

In my view, there is a further jurisdictional factor that entitled the Magistrate to refer the case to the High Court for sentence. Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the Act provides that a High Court shall have jurisdiction to impose life imprisonment on an offender who has been convicted of Rape:

“(a) when committed-

……………………………………………………………………………………….

By more than one person, where such person acted in the execution or furtherance of a common purpose or conspiracy.”

A common purpose had been established in this case. See: S v Mgedezi & Others 1989 (1) SA 687 (A) at 705j-706c.

Majiedt J, having satisfied himself that the convictions of the appellant, accused 3 and 4 are in order, proceeded to sentence them as follows:

Appellant: On the Rape, life imprisonment and on the assault (Count 2) 2(two) years imprisonment;

Accused 3: On the Rape, 16 (sixteen) years imprisonment and on the assault: 2 (two) years imprisonment;

Accused 4: On the Rape, 12 (twelve) years imprisonment and on the assault: 18 (eighteen) months imprisonment.

It was then ordered that the sentences in Count 2 of assault run concurrently with those of Rape in Count 1 in respect of each accused including the appellant.

Lacock J, elsewhere in this judgment, says that the wording of section 52 (1) is unequivocal that only the accused who has been convicted of vaginal penetrative sexual intercourse had to be committed to the High Court for sentence. He abstracts and underscores the phrases “after it (the regional court) has convicted an accused of an offence referred to in Schedule 2” and later “in excess of the jurisdiction of a regional court in terms of s51” in section 52 (1) to reach such conclusion. I disagree with his narrow interpretation. No useful purpose will be served in

repeating the points he makes because they speak for themselves. I prefer to deal with how I construe the section and its related

provisions.

I wish to commence with the uncanny similarities in the wording in the aforequoted section 52 (1) of the Act and section 116 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977. This section stipulates:

“116 (1) If a magistrate's court, after conviction following on a plea of not guilty but before sentence, is of the opinion-

(a) that the offence in respect of which the accused has been convicted is of such a nature or magnitude that it merits punishment in excess of the jurisdiction of a magistrate's court;

(b) that the previous convictions of the accused are such that the offence in respect of which the accused has been convicted merits punishment in excess of the jurisdiction of a magistrate's court; or

(c) that the accused is a person referred to in section 286A (1), the court shall stop the proceedings and commit the accused for sentence by a regional court having jurisdiction.”

In S v Dzukuda and Others [2000] ZACC 16; 2000 (2) SACR 443 (CC) at 457j – 458d (paras 15 en 16) the Constitutional Court states:

“[15] Lewis J correctly pointed out that the split procedure, where an accused is convicted in one court and sentenced in another, is not something new, but that s 116 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (the CPA) provides for the referral of an accused for sentence from a district court to a regional court; indeed s 52 of the Act is, in regard to pleas of guilty, modelled on s 114 of the CPA and in regard to pleas of not guilty, modelled on the provisions of s 116. Section 116 of the CPA has been implemented and reviewed by the Courts for many years but, as correctly observed by the High Court, this does not by itself establish that it, or any comparable procedure, passes constitutional muster. The learned Judge drew attention to the fact that the implementation of s 116 had been the subject of adverse criticism in cases such as S v Ngubane (1991 (1) SACR 163 (N) at 165i-j) and S v Cele and Others, (1994 (1) SACR 616 (N) at 619f-g) in which the advantages of sentence being imposed by the same court have been stressed.

[16] It is unfruitful, in my view, to consider whether, as the High Court concluded, there are significant differences between s 116 of the CPA and s 52 of the Act, which place the accused under the latter in a substantially inferior position compared with that of an accused under the former. This comparison does not assist in determining whether the split procedure under s 52 infringes the accused's right to a fair trial. The question is whether the procedure under s 52 is fair, not whether it is inferior to s 116 of the CPA.”

I am not aware whether the debate alluded to by Lewis J (as she then was) has ever been propounded upon or finally decided by the Supreme Court of Appeal or the Constitutional Court relating to the question whether all the accused convicted in a district court ought to be transferred to the regional court. In casu the Regional Court was fully entitled to sentence accused 1 (Mr Titus) because the provisions of the minimum sentences were not applicable to him and the Magistrate retained his jurisdiction. See: S v Cele & Others (supra) and S v Ebrahim 1999 (1) SACR 106 (C).

Having made the finding in para 12 of this judgment it must not on that basis be concluded that a regional magistrate, once the jurisdictional fact that has been established that he/she was entitled to commit an accused or some of them to the High Court for sentence, would ipso facto be prohibited from referring unaffected accused to the High Court. I am strengthened in this view by the following remarks:

In S v Dzukuda (supra) at 459g-j (para 21)as a High Court becomes a Court of first instance: “…. Section 52(3)(d) of the Act enables all evidential material relevant to sentencing to be placed before the High Court, an advantage which a Court of appeal does not ordinarily enjoy. In fact the High Court, exercising the powers under s52 consequent

upon a s 52(1) committal, is exercising an original sentencing jurisdiction. In this regard s 274(1) of the CPA provides that '[a] court may, before passing sentence, receive such evidence as it thinks fit in order to inform itself as to the proper sentence to be passed'. In S v Dlamini (1992 (1) SA 18 (A) at 30D-31D) the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, in the context of this provision, commented on the fact that there was no legal reason why a Judge should, in considering sentence, be restricted to the material placed before the Court by the parties. It also alluded critically to the fact that often so little and such superficial attention is given to sentencing, in stark contrast to the time, resources and talent devoted to procuring the conviction of an accused.”

See further: S v B 2003 (1) SASV 52 (SCA) at 61c-f (para9) where the same jurisdictional issue is expounded upon as follows:

“[9] Uit hierdie bepalings (section 52 93) as it then read) blyk dit dat die verhoor van 'n beskuldigde wat deur 'n streekhof vir vonnis na 'n Hoë Hof verwys word nie afgehandel is nie. Die oorkonde van die verrigtinge in die streekhof maak deel uit van die oorkonde in die Hoë Hof en indien die Hoë Hof van mening is dat die verrigtinge nie ooreenkomstig die reg is nie of dat twyfel bestaan of die verrigtinge ooreenkomstig die reg is, kan die Hof, onder andere, nadat getuienis ingevolge art 52(3)(d) aangehoor is, die skuldigbevinding bekragtig, wysig, of tersyde stel; die saak na die streekhof terugverwys; of 'n bevel maak wat die regspleging waarskynlik sal bevorder. Die skuldigbevinding in die streekhof is dus, in effek, 'n voorlopige skuldigbevinding wat finaal word indien dit aanvaar word of bekragtig word deur die Hoë Hof. Met ander woorde die Strafregwysigingswet het 'n spesiale prosedure geskep ingevolge waarvan die verhoor van 'n beskuldigde in die streekhof begin en in die Hoë Hof afgehandel

kan word.”

As I pointed out at the inception of this judgment only appellant (Mr de Klerk) has appealed. I therefore see no basis on which we can intervene or interfere with the sentence imposed on accused 3 (Ms Morwe) and accused 4 (Mr Mabe) as Lacock J suggests in his judgment. However, even if we were entitled to review the decisions I can see no reason why we have to refer back their case to the Regional Court for sentence as we are competent and in a good position to do so.

To sum up then:

If a jurisdictional factor is present for the committal of an accused or accused persons, to whom the minimum sentences provisions are applicable, to the High Court it is preferable that Regional Magistrates transfer all the accused to High Court for sentencing;

It is not irregular or unprocedural or incompetent for a judge to sentence co-accused who are not affected by the minimum sentences provisions, in the situation described in para 15.2 (above) because there is no prohibition in the legislation against doing so. See paras 13.1 and 13.2 (above);

There is no basis to review the sentences of accused 3 and 4 who have not appealed.

As far as the appellant, Mr de Klerk’s, sentence is concerned I agree with Lacock J for the reasons advanced by him, that the Life Imprisonment sentence be set aside and be replaced with a sentence of: 20 (twenty) years imprisonment.

________

F D KGOMO

JUDGE PRESIDENT

NORTHERN CAPE DIVISION

Source wording is retained. Consult the source document for its original formatting and pagination.

Authorities

Authorities used by the court

Cases, legislation, regulations, and constitutional provisions identified in the available record.

S v Kimberley & Another 2005 (2) SACR 663 (SCA)

Case cited

S v Snyders 2000 (2) SACR 125 (NC)

Case cited

S v Jonathan en Andere 1987 (1) SA 663 (A)

Case cited

S v Hendriks K/S 50/2004 (unreported)

Case cited

Du Plessis v Joubert 1968 (1) SA 585 (A)

Case cited

Van Heerden & Another v Joubert NO & Others 1994 (4) SA 793 (A)

Case cited

R v Mabumulo & Others 1920 (AD) 56

Case cited

S v Toms; S v Bruce 1990 (2) SA 802 (A)

Case cited

PE Municipality v Prut NO & Another 1996 (4) SA 318 (SE)

Case cited

S v Mofokeng & Another 1999 (1) SACR 502 (W)

Case cited

S v Boer 2000 (2) SACR 114 (NC)

Case cited

S v Malgas 2001 (1) SACR 469 (SCA)

Case cited

S v Mgedezi & Others 1989 (1) SA 687 (A)

Case cited

S v Dzukuda and Others [2000] ZACC 16; 2000 (2) SACR 443 (CC)

Case cited

S v Cele & Others 1994 (1) SACR 616 (N)

Case cited

S v Ebrahim 1999 (1) SACR 106 (C)

Case cited

S v B 2003 (1) SACR 52 (SCA)

Case cited

S v Dlamini 1992 (1) SA 18 (A)

Case cited

Union Government v Mack 1917 AD 731

Case cited

Venter v Rex 1907 TS 910

Case cited

Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

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