S v Edwards (304/83) [1984] ZASCA 157 (29 November 1984)
- Citation
- [1984] ZASCA 157
- Status
- Judgment
- Jurisdiction
- South Africa
- Court
- Supreme Court of Appeal
- Panel
- Kotzé, Hefer, Eloff
- Case number
- 304/83
More details
- Court
- Supreme Court of Appeal
- Panel
- Kotzé, Hefer, Eloff
- Case number
- 304/83
On this page
Professional case brief
Research organized from the available case record
01
Holding and result
The Supreme Court of Appeal found that the magistrate's reasoning for rejecting the appellant's version was unconvincing and lacked substantiated grounds. The appellant's account did not materially differ from what was put to the State witnesses in cross-examination, and the magistrate placed undue weight on the appellant's attempt to escape, which, under the circumstances, was not necessarily indicative of guilt. The court also noted deficiencies in the chain of custody and record-keeping regarding the tablets. In the absence of compelling reasons to reject the appellant's testimony, and given that the State did not rely on any statutory presumption arising from proximity to the tablets, the conviction was not justified. The appeal was upheld, and both the conviction and sentence were set aside.
Court disposition
Appeal upheld; conviction and sentence set aside.
Orders
- The appeal succeeds.
- The conviction and sentence imposed by the magistrate are set aside.
02
Material facts
Parties
Patrick Edwards
AppellantThe State
Respondent03
Procedural history
Posture
Criminal Appeal / Appeal From Conviction and Sentence
04
Questions and positions
Legal issues
- 01
Whether the appellant was lawfully convicted of dealing in tablets containing methaqualone.
- 02
Whether the magistrate correctly rejected the appellant's version of events.
- 03
Whether the chain of custody and forensic evidence regarding the tablets was adequately established.
Party arguments
- Applicant
- The appellant argued that no container of tablets was found in his shirt pocket, and that the police officer retrieved the container from the ground between him and another person. He denied knowledge of the tablets and contended that his attempt to escape was a panic reaction, not evidence of guilt. He challenged the reliability of the police testimony and the adequacy of the forensic chain of custody.
- Respondent
- The State maintained that the police officer found the tablets in the appellant's shirt pocket during a search, and that the tablets contained methaqualone. The State argued that the appellant's attempt to escape indicated a guilty mind and that the forensic evidence sufficiently proved the nature of the tablets.
05
Court’s reasoning
Legal principles
- 01
S v Dladla 1974 (2) SA 689 (N)
A conviction cannot stand where the accused's version is reasonably possibly true and the magistrate fails to provide sound reasons for rejecting it.
- 02
General principles of criminal procedure
The chain of custody for forensic exhibits must be properly established to ensure the integrity of the evidence.
06
Ratio, limits and disposition
Ratio decidendi
The Supreme Court of Appeal found that the magistrate's reasoning for rejecting the appellant's version was unconvincing and lacked substantiated grounds. The appellant's account did not materially differ from what was put to the State witnesses in cross-examination, and the magistrate placed undue weight on the appellant's attempt to escape, which, under the circumstances, was not necessarily indicative of guilt. The court also noted deficiencies in the chain of custody and record-keeping regarding the tablets. In the absence of compelling reasons to reject the appellant's testimony, and given that the State did not rely on any statutory presumption arising from proximity to the tablets, the conviction was not justified. The appeal was upheld, and both the conviction and sentence were set aside.
Obiter and limits
- It is important that police and forensic officials maintain precise records to establish the integrity of evidence.
- Panic and escape attempts by accused persons under arrest do not automatically indicate consciousness of guilt, especially in stressful circumstances.
Court disposition
Appeal upheld; conviction and sentence set aside.
- The appeal succeeds.
- The conviction and sentence imposed by the magistrate are set aside.
Source and reliance status
Supreme Court of Appeal
This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.
Judgment reading view
Judgment text
The complete available source text.
Supreme Court of Appeal
Judgment
SAAK NO. 304/83
/ccc
IN DIE HOOGGEREGSHOF VAN SUID-AFRIKA
(APPèLAFDELING)
In die saak tussen:
PATRICK EDWARDS APPELLANT
en
DIE STAAT RESPONDENT
CORAM: KOTZé, HEFER ARR et ELOFF Wnde AR
VERHOOR: 26 November 1984
GELEWER: 29 November 1984
UITSPRAAK
ELOFF/ ..........
2.
ELOFF, Wnde AR:
Die appellant is deur 'n
landdros skuldig bevind aan handeldrywe in 'n hoeveel
heid tablette bevattende metakaloon, en hy is ge
vonnis tot vyf jaar gevangenisstraf. Na 'n onsukses-
volle appèl na die Kaapse Provinsiale Afdeling (Regters
Burger en Vos), wat vervolgens verlof tot verdere
appèl geweier het, kom hy op appèl na hierdie hof
teen sy skuldig bevinding nadat verlof in terme va.n
artikel 21(3)(a) van Wet 59 van 1959 toegestaan is.
Die aanklag het voortgespruit
uit polisieoptrede waaraan 'n aantal konstabels o.a. Juon
en Jansen deelgeneem het. Volgens eersgenoemde se
getuienis/ .........
3.
getuienis het hy en ander lede van die mag 'n
sekere perseel in Claremont, Kaap, binnegegaan
om 'n klagte dat dagga gerook word, te ondersoek.
In die agterplaas het hy 'n aantal persone insluitende
die appellant aangetref. Hy het hulle deursoek, en
in die bosak van die appellant se hemp 'n aantal pille
in 'n sellofaan houer gevind. Omd'at hy gedink het dat
die pille Mandrax is wat metakaloon bevat, het hy op
die houer met pille beslag gelê en die appellant ge-
arresteer. Die ander aanwesiges is ook aangehou en
na. 'n polisievoertuig geneem. Op pad na die voertuig
het die appellant probeer ontsnap, maar konstabel Jansen
het 'n rewolwerskoot na hora gevuur en hom gewond. Hy
is/ ........
4.
is gevang, en later o.a. aangekla van die oortreding
van artikel 2(A) van Wet 41 van 1971. In die verhoor
het die staat ook getuíenis aangebied om te toon dat
die betrokke pille metakaloon bevat het.
Die appellant se relaas was dat
geen houer bevattende pille in sy hempsak gevind was
nie. Toe die voormelde lede van die polisiemag die
betrokke agterplaas binnegekom het was hy en die ander
aanwesiges besig om perskommentaar oor sekere perde
wedrenne te bespreek. Konstabel Juon het hulle deur-
soek, en toe hy by die appellant kom, het hy gebuk om
voorwerp op te tel wat op die grond tussen hom en 'n
vrouepersoon genaamd Shelley gelê het. Dit was 'n
houer/ .........
5.
houer met pille in. Hy was totaal onbewus van die
aanwesigheid van die voorwerp totdat Juon dit te
voorskyn gebring het. Juon het dit aan hom gestel
dat dit Mandrax pille was. Hy het egter nie toe
voorgegee dat die houer van die appellant se hempsak
afkomstig was nie. Die appellant is gearresteer en
tesame met die ander persone wat in die agterplaas was.
na die polisievoertuig begelei. Toe hulle naby die
polisievoertuig kom het hy, op die ingewing van die
moment, besluit om te probeer vlug. Soos voormeld is
hy egter gewond en weereens onder polisiebeheer gebring
In die landdrosverhoor was die
staat gedaag tot bewys daarvan dat die pille wat Juon
gevind/ ........
6.
gevind het, wel metakaloon bevat het. Die landdros
het bevind dat die betrokke bewering in voldoende mate
bewys is. Die bevinding is in betoog voor ons aangeveg
In die lig van die gevolgtrekking wat ek ten opsigte
van die ander aspek van die saak bereik het, is dit
onnodig dat ek daaroor uitsluitsel moet gee. Ek
ag dit egter nodig om kommentaar te lewer oor die
nalatigheid wat ek bespeur in die optrede van die
verantwoordelike amptenare in die daarstelling van be-
hoorlike rekords om te toon dat die pille waarop
konstabel Juon getuig het, dié was wat later deur die
Forensiesewetenskap-Laboratorium ontleed is. Konstabel
Juon was nie in staat om te getuig of hy self die
saaknommer/ .........
7.
saaknommer op die koevert waarin die pille in 'n
kluis in die Claremont polisiestasie geplaas is,
noteer het nie; die verantwoordelike amptenaar van
die Departement wat die pille by die polisiestasie
kom kry het, was vanweë die afwesigheid van kontemporêre
notas onseker of die pille los in 'n koevert, of in 'n
plastiese houer was; en die moontlikheid is gebied om die
voldoendenheid van bewys te bevraagteken. Dit is van
belang dat presiesheid van optrede ter aansien van
hierdie sake nagestreef word.
Ek wend my nou na die wesenlike feite-
dispuut in die saak. Benewens konstabel Juon het die
staat konstabel Jansen geroep. Sy getuienis was egter,
volgens/ ........
8volgens die landdros se oordeel, van geen waarde,en dit is geignoreer. Die. landdros was nogtansgunstig beïndruk deur konstabel Juon, en kon geenfout met sy getuienis vind nie.
Aangaande die appellant segetuienis het die landdros hom soos volg uitgelaat -
"The Accused's version of what occurredon this particular day, differs to agreat extent from the evidence of theStatë but it also differs from the lineof cross-examination on the State wit-nesses. At first all the peoplewere looking through a paper but it later transpired that only some werelooking at the paper whilst the otherswere looking at a race card. Accordingto the cross-examination levelled atConstable Juon, he did not know whatkind of tablets it were and that heasked the Warrant-Officer whether it
was/ ..........
9.
was Mandrax. According to theAccused the other policeman, apparentlythe Warrant-Officer, looked at thetablets and decided that it was Mandrax.
In the evidence-in-chief the Accuseddescribed his "escape", as "I justthought why am I handcuffed, so I ran".At closer examination it transpiredthat the Accused ran because he sawthat the Constable's attention was diverted
for a moment. Under cross-examinationhe told the Court he thought he hadbeen arrested for Mandrax. In otherwords in his own words he thought that,
and in his own mind, he thought thathe was under due arrest and took the
opportunity to escape in contrast towhat he told the Court through his
Legal Representative what his defencewould be on Count 2. In evidence
he therefore diverted from what he
had told the Court earlier and
therewith disclosed a guilty mind."
Ek vind die landdros se
redenasie/
10.
redenasie mees onoortuigend. Ek dink nie dat dit
wat tydens kruisondervraging gestel is, wesenlik
verskil van dit wat die appellant oor getuig het nie.
Ek volg nie watter belang die landdros heg aan die
feit dat dit in kruisondervraging aan Juon gestel was
dat hy aanvanklik onseker was watse pille dit was nie
Volgens die staatsgetuies het Juon inderdaad hom na
adjudant-offisier Barkhuizen, wat daar aanwesig was,
gewend om te hoor watse pille dit was.
Ek dink ook dat die landdros
oormatiglik gewig heg aan die feit dat die appellant
probeer vlug het. Dit is te begrype dat die
appellant paniekbevange geraak het toe hy gearresteer
en/.......
11.
en geboei was. Selfs al was die houer met pillenet in sy nabyheid gevind, was daar vir die appellantrede tot groot kommer. Dit was 'n onbesonne daad omte probeer ontvlug, maar dit is volgens my oordeel, indie besondere omstandighede van die geval, nie nood-wendig bewys van skuldbesef nie.
Wat Juon se getuienis aanbetrefontstaan die vraag natuurlik: hoekom sou hy Valslikbeweer dat die houer met pille in die appellant se sakwas? In die verband beskou ek die volgende uitlating vanMiller R in S v Dladla 1974(2) S.A. 689(N) te 691 vannut -
"The improbability which induced themagistrate to find that the accused's
evidence/
12.
evidence was completely unworthy ofbelief was that a detective constablewould
'single out ... an innocent person ...from a group of passengers and linkhim with a bag standing on the groundnearby".The magistrate did not found this im-probability upon the merits or integrityof the particular constable whose evidencewas in issue; he appeared to regard itas inherently improbable that a constablewould do what the accused said this parti-cular constable did. A different problemwould have arisen if the magistratehad, for example, relied upon his knowledgeand experience, gained in the course ofhis judicial duties, of the qualities ofthe particular constable concerned (cfR v L., 1955(1) S.A. 575(T) at p. 577;R v. P., 1955(2) S.A. 561 (A.D.) at p.564). While I gladly accept that itis not usual to find that innocent personsare deliberately saddled by the policewith the crimes of others, in a case
such/
13.
such as this, where the accused gave adetailed account of what he carriedwhen he alighted from the bus and howit came about that he was charged withthe possession of dagga found in a suitcasewhich was never in his possession, some-thing more is required to justify rejectionof his evidence than simply that it isunlikely that a constable would act insuch fashion. In essence, the magistrateassumed that the constable concernedwould not falsely, or in error, attributepossession of the suitcase to the accused and,building upon that assumption, the magis-trate found that the accused's evidencewas so utterly improbable as to be un~worthy of belief. Such an assumptionbegs the very question posed by the accused'sevidence. Whether or not the conductattribúted to the constable was improbableconduct would depend in large measure uponthe court's assessment of the constable'sintegrity and reliability. It wouldalso depend upon the answer to a specific
fact/
14.
fact deposed to by the accused,namely, that when he alighted from the bushe was carrying only an umbrella and abrief-case. In effect, by making anassumption in favour of the State regard-ing the constable's integrity and re-liability, the magistrate rejected theaccused's evidence that on that day hecarried an umbrella in one hand and abrief-case in the other and that thesuitcase was at no time being carriedby him."
Vanweë die gebrek in die landdros
se uitspraak van gegronde redes om die appellant segetuienis te verwerp, kan dit nie gesê word dat syrelaas nie redelik moontlik waar was nie.
Ek wil, ten slotte, daarop wys
dat dit nooit die staat se saak was dat die appellant
getref/
15
getref was deur enige statutêre vermoede vanweë
die nabyheid van die houer met pille aan hom nie
Ek kom derhalwe tot die gevolg-
trekking dat die skuldigbevinding nie gegrond was
nie.
Die appèl slaag. Die skuldig-
bevinding en vonnis opgelê deur die landdros word
ter syde gestel.
ELOFF, Wnde AR
KOTZé AR ) ) STEM SAAMHEFER AR )
Case-aware research
Ask AI about this case
The judgment and available research above are public. New questions open in a separate private conversation grounded in this case.