Download PDF

South Africa Judgment

Supreme Court of Appeal

S v Edwards (304/83) [1984] ZASCA 157 (29 November 1984)

On this page

Professional case brief

Research organized from the available case record

Source document

01

Holding and result

The Supreme Court of Appeal found that the magistrate's reasoning for rejecting the appellant's version was unconvincing and lacked substantiated grounds. The appellant's account did not materially differ from what was put to the State witnesses in cross-examination, and the magistrate placed undue weight on the appellant's attempt to escape, which, under the circumstances, was not necessarily indicative of guilt. The court also noted deficiencies in the chain of custody and record-keeping regarding the tablets. In the absence of compelling reasons to reject the appellant's testimony, and given that the State did not rely on any statutory presumption arising from proximity to the tablets, the conviction was not justified. The appeal was upheld, and both the conviction and sentence were set aside.

Court disposition

Appeal upheld; conviction and sentence set aside.

Orders

  • The appeal succeeds.
  • The conviction and sentence imposed by the magistrate are set aside.

02

Material facts

Parties

Patrick Edwards

Appellant

The State

Respondent

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Appeal / Appeal From Conviction and Sentence

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The appellant argued that no container of tablets was found in his shirt pocket, and that the police officer retrieved the container from the ground between him and another person. He denied knowledge of the tablets and contended that his attempt to escape was a panic reaction, not evidence of guilt. He challenged the reliability of the police testimony and the adequacy of the forensic chain of custody.
Respondent
The State maintained that the police officer found the tablets in the appellant's shirt pocket during a search, and that the tablets contained methaqualone. The State argued that the appellant's attempt to escape indicated a guilty mind and that the forensic evidence sufficiently proved the nature of the tablets.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    S v Dladla 1974 (2) SA 689 (N)

    A conviction cannot stand where the accused's version is reasonably possibly true and the magistrate fails to provide sound reasons for rejecting it.

  2. 02

    General principles of criminal procedure

    The chain of custody for forensic exhibits must be properly established to ensure the integrity of the evidence.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The Supreme Court of Appeal found that the magistrate's reasoning for rejecting the appellant's version was unconvincing and lacked substantiated grounds. The appellant's account did not materially differ from what was put to the State witnesses in cross-examination, and the magistrate placed undue weight on the appellant's attempt to escape, which, under the circumstances, was not necessarily indicative of guilt. The court also noted deficiencies in the chain of custody and record-keeping regarding the tablets. In the absence of compelling reasons to reject the appellant's testimony, and given that the State did not rely on any statutory presumption arising from proximity to the tablets, the conviction was not justified. The appeal was upheld, and both the conviction and sentence were set aside.

Obiter and limits

  • It is important that police and forensic officials maintain precise records to establish the integrity of evidence.
  • Panic and escape attempts by accused persons under arrest do not automatically indicate consciousness of guilt, especially in stressful circumstances.

Court disposition

Appeal upheld; conviction and sentence set aside.

  • The appeal succeeds.
  • The conviction and sentence imposed by the magistrate are set aside.

Source and reliance status

Supreme Court of Appeal

This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.

Judgment reading view

Judgment text

The complete available source text.

Source document

Supreme Court of Appeal

Judgment

[1984] ZASCA 157

SAAK NO. 304/83

/ccc

IN DIE HOOGGEREGSHOF VAN SUID-AFRIKA

(APPèLAFDELING)

In die saak tussen:

PATRICK EDWARDS APPELLANT

en

DIE STAAT RESPONDENT

CORAM: KOTZé, HEFER ARR et ELOFF Wnde AR

VERHOOR: 26 November 1984

GELEWER: 29 November 1984

UITSPRAAK

ELOFF/ ..........

2.

ELOFF, Wnde AR:

Die appellant is deur 'n

landdros skuldig bevind aan handeldrywe in 'n hoeveel

heid tablette bevattende metakaloon, en hy is ge

vonnis tot vyf jaar gevangenisstraf. Na 'n onsukses-

volle appèl na die Kaapse Provinsiale Afdeling (Regters

Burger en Vos), wat vervolgens verlof tot verdere

appèl geweier het, kom hy op appèl na hierdie hof

teen sy skuldig bevinding nadat verlof in terme va.n

artikel 21(3)(a) van Wet 59 van 1959 toegestaan is.

Die aanklag het voortgespruit

uit polisieoptrede waaraan 'n aantal konstabels o.a. Juon

en Jansen deelgeneem het. Volgens eersgenoemde se

getuienis/ .........

3.

getuienis het hy en ander lede van die mag 'n

sekere perseel in Claremont, Kaap, binnegegaan

om 'n klagte dat dagga gerook word, te ondersoek.

In die agterplaas het hy 'n aantal persone insluitende

die appellant aangetref. Hy het hulle deursoek, en

in die bosak van die appellant se hemp 'n aantal pille

in 'n sellofaan houer gevind. Omd'at hy gedink het dat

die pille Mandrax is wat metakaloon bevat, het hy op

die houer met pille beslag gelê en die appellant ge-

arresteer. Die ander aanwesiges is ook aangehou en

na. 'n polisievoertuig geneem. Op pad na die voertuig

het die appellant probeer ontsnap, maar konstabel Jansen

het 'n rewolwerskoot na hora gevuur en hom gewond. Hy

is/ ........

4.

is gevang, en later o.a. aangekla van die oortreding

van artikel 2(A) van Wet 41 van 1971. In die verhoor

het die staat ook getuíenis aangebied om te toon dat

die betrokke pille metakaloon bevat het.

Die appellant se relaas was dat

geen houer bevattende pille in sy hempsak gevind was

nie. Toe die voormelde lede van die polisiemag die

betrokke agterplaas binnegekom het was hy en die ander

aanwesiges besig om perskommentaar oor sekere perde

wedrenne te bespreek. Konstabel Juon het hulle deur-

soek, en toe hy by die appellant kom, het hy gebuk om

voorwerp op te tel wat op die grond tussen hom en 'n

vrouepersoon genaamd Shelley gelê het. Dit was 'n

houer/ .........

5.

houer met pille in. Hy was totaal onbewus van die

aanwesigheid van die voorwerp totdat Juon dit te

voorskyn gebring het. Juon het dit aan hom gestel

dat dit Mandrax pille was. Hy het egter nie toe

voorgegee dat die houer van die appellant se hempsak

afkomstig was nie. Die appellant is gearresteer en

tesame met die ander persone wat in die agterplaas was.

na die polisievoertuig begelei. Toe hulle naby die

polisievoertuig kom het hy, op die ingewing van die

moment, besluit om te probeer vlug. Soos voormeld is

hy egter gewond en weereens onder polisiebeheer gebring

In die landdrosverhoor was die

staat gedaag tot bewys daarvan dat die pille wat Juon

gevind/ ........

6.

gevind het, wel metakaloon bevat het. Die landdros

het bevind dat die betrokke bewering in voldoende mate

bewys is. Die bevinding is in betoog voor ons aangeveg

In die lig van die gevolgtrekking wat ek ten opsigte

van die ander aspek van die saak bereik het, is dit

onnodig dat ek daaroor uitsluitsel moet gee. Ek

ag dit egter nodig om kommentaar te lewer oor die

nalatigheid wat ek bespeur in die optrede van die

verantwoordelike amptenare in die daarstelling van be-

hoorlike rekords om te toon dat die pille waarop

konstabel Juon getuig het, dié was wat later deur die

Forensiesewetenskap-Laboratorium ontleed is. Konstabel

Juon was nie in staat om te getuig of hy self die

saaknommer/ .........

7.

saaknommer op die koevert waarin die pille in 'n

kluis in die Claremont polisiestasie geplaas is,

noteer het nie; die verantwoordelike amptenaar van

die Departement wat die pille by die polisiestasie

kom kry het, was vanweë die afwesigheid van kontemporêre

notas onseker of die pille los in 'n koevert, of in 'n

plastiese houer was; en die moontlikheid is gebied om die

voldoendenheid van bewys te bevraagteken. Dit is van

belang dat presiesheid van optrede ter aansien van

hierdie sake nagestreef word.

Ek wend my nou na die wesenlike feite-

dispuut in die saak. Benewens konstabel Juon het die

staat konstabel Jansen geroep. Sy getuienis was egter,

volgens/ ........

8volgens die landdros se oordeel, van geen waarde,en dit is geignoreer. Die. landdros was nogtansgunstig beïndruk deur konstabel Juon, en kon geenfout met sy getuienis vind nie.

Aangaande die appellant segetuienis het die landdros hom soos volg uitgelaat -

"The Accused's version of what occurredon this particular day, differs to agreat extent from the evidence of theStatë but it also differs from the lineof cross-examination on the State wit-nesses. At first all the peoplewere looking through a paper but it later transpired that only some werelooking at the paper whilst the otherswere looking at a race card. Accordingto the cross-examination levelled atConstable Juon, he did not know whatkind of tablets it were and that heasked the Warrant-Officer whether it

was/ ..........

9.

was Mandrax. According to theAccused the other policeman, apparentlythe Warrant-Officer, looked at thetablets and decided that it was Mandrax.

In the evidence-in-chief the Accuseddescribed his "escape", as "I justthought why am I handcuffed, so I ran".At closer examination it transpiredthat the Accused ran because he sawthat the Constable's attention was diverted

for a moment. Under cross-examinationhe told the Court he thought he hadbeen arrested for Mandrax. In otherwords in his own words he thought that,

and in his own mind, he thought thathe was under due arrest and took the

opportunity to escape in contrast towhat he told the Court through his

Legal Representative what his defencewould be on Count 2. In evidence

he therefore diverted from what he

had told the Court earlier and

therewith disclosed a guilty mind."

Ek vind die landdros se

redenasie/

10.

redenasie mees onoortuigend. Ek dink nie dat dit

wat tydens kruisondervraging gestel is, wesenlik

verskil van dit wat die appellant oor getuig het nie.

Ek volg nie watter belang die landdros heg aan die

feit dat dit in kruisondervraging aan Juon gestel was

dat hy aanvanklik onseker was watse pille dit was nie

Volgens die staatsgetuies het Juon inderdaad hom na

adjudant-offisier Barkhuizen, wat daar aanwesig was,

gewend om te hoor watse pille dit was.

Ek dink ook dat die landdros

oormatiglik gewig heg aan die feit dat die appellant

probeer vlug het. Dit is te begrype dat die

appellant paniekbevange geraak het toe hy gearresteer

en/.......

11.

en geboei was. Selfs al was die houer met pillenet in sy nabyheid gevind, was daar vir die appellantrede tot groot kommer. Dit was 'n onbesonne daad omte probeer ontvlug, maar dit is volgens my oordeel, indie besondere omstandighede van die geval, nie nood-wendig bewys van skuldbesef nie.

Wat Juon se getuienis aanbetrefontstaan die vraag natuurlik: hoekom sou hy Valslikbeweer dat die houer met pille in die appellant se sakwas? In die verband beskou ek die volgende uitlating vanMiller R in S v Dladla 1974(2) S.A. 689(N) te 691 vannut -

"The improbability which induced themagistrate to find that the accused's

evidence/

12.

evidence was completely unworthy ofbelief was that a detective constablewould

'single out ... an innocent person ...from a group of passengers and linkhim with a bag standing on the groundnearby".The magistrate did not found this im-probability upon the merits or integrityof the particular constable whose evidencewas in issue; he appeared to regard itas inherently improbable that a constablewould do what the accused said this parti-cular constable did. A different problemwould have arisen if the magistratehad, for example, relied upon his knowledgeand experience, gained in the course ofhis judicial duties, of the qualities ofthe particular constable concerned (cfR v L., 1955(1) S.A. 575(T) at p. 577;R v. P., 1955(2) S.A. 561 (A.D.) at p.564). While I gladly accept that itis not usual to find that innocent personsare deliberately saddled by the policewith the crimes of others, in a case

such/

13.

such as this, where the accused gave adetailed account of what he carriedwhen he alighted from the bus and howit came about that he was charged withthe possession of dagga found in a suitcasewhich was never in his possession, some-thing more is required to justify rejectionof his evidence than simply that it isunlikely that a constable would act insuch fashion. In essence, the magistrateassumed that the constable concernedwould not falsely, or in error, attributepossession of the suitcase to the accused and,building upon that assumption, the magis-trate found that the accused's evidencewas so utterly improbable as to be un~worthy of belief. Such an assumptionbegs the very question posed by the accused'sevidence. Whether or not the conductattribúted to the constable was improbableconduct would depend in large measure uponthe court's assessment of the constable'sintegrity and reliability. It wouldalso depend upon the answer to a specific

fact/

14.

fact deposed to by the accused,namely, that when he alighted from the bushe was carrying only an umbrella and abrief-case. In effect, by making anassumption in favour of the State regard-ing the constable's integrity and re-liability, the magistrate rejected theaccused's evidence that on that day hecarried an umbrella in one hand and abrief-case in the other and that thesuitcase was at no time being carriedby him."

Vanweë die gebrek in die landdros

se uitspraak van gegronde redes om die appellant segetuienis te verwerp, kan dit nie gesê word dat syrelaas nie redelik moontlik waar was nie.

Ek wil, ten slotte, daarop wys

dat dit nooit die staat se saak was dat die appellant

getref/

15

getref was deur enige statutêre vermoede vanweë

die nabyheid van die houer met pille aan hom nie

Ek kom derhalwe tot die gevolg-

trekking dat die skuldigbevinding nie gegrond was

nie.

Die appèl slaag. Die skuldig-

bevinding en vonnis opgelê deur die landdros word

ter syde gestel.

ELOFF, Wnde AR

KOTZé AR ) ) STEM SAAMHEFER AR )

Source wording is retained. Consult the source document for its original formatting and pagination.

Authorities

Authorities used by the court

Cases, legislation, regulations, and constitutional provisions identified in the available record.

S v Dladla 1974 (2) SA 689 (N)

Case cited

R v L 1955 (1) SA 575 (T)

Case cited

R v P 1955 (2) SA 561 (A)

Case cited

Criminal Procedure Act 59 of 1959

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 41 of 1971

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

Case-aware research

Ask AI about this case

The judgment and available research above are public. New questions open in a separate private conversation grounded in this case.

About this LexChat collection

This page organizes the available case record for research. Verify quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the source document. Corrections can be reported to hello@esheria.ai.

Legal information, not legal advice. Research summaries do not replace the judgment.