Download PDF

South Africa Judgment

Free State High Court, Bloemfontein

S v Sephiri (357/2012) [2012] ZAFSHC 224 (29 November 2012)

On this page

Professional case brief

Research organized from the available case record

Source document

01

Holding and result

The reviewing court found that the sentencing magistrate failed to properly elicit and consider the accused's personal circumstances, relying instead on speculation and assumptions. The magistrate did not adequately explain or apply the procedure under section 103(1) of the Firearm Control Act, nor did he invite the accused to make submissions regarding his fitness to possess a firearm. The court emphasized the duty of the presiding officer, especially where the accused is unrepresented, to ensure all relevant factors are placed before the court for sentencing. The proceedings were found not to be in accordance with justice in respect of sentencing and the firearm declaration.

Court disposition

Conviction confirmed; sentence set aside and matter referred back for sentencing de novo.

Orders

  • The conviction is confirmed.
  • The sentence is set aside and the matter is referred back to the magistrate for sentencing de novo.
  • The accused must be properly informed of the provisions of section 103(1)(g) of the Firearm Control Act 60 of 2000.

02

Material facts

Parties

The State

Applicant

Solomon Machogo Sephiri

Respondent

Amounts and remedies

  • Sentence Set Aside (previously Imposed): ZAR 18

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Review / Review of Conviction and Sentence

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The State did not advance specific arguments in the review, as the matter was referred for judicial scrutiny of the sentencing and application of the Firearm Control Act. The reviewing judge raised concerns about the adequacy of the magistrate's inquiry into the accused's personal circumstances and the proper application of section 103(1) of the Firearm Control Act.
Respondent
The accused, unrepresented, requested a suspended sentence and expressed remorse, stating he kept pigeons and lived with his grandmother who used crutches. He did not provide further details about his personal circumstances, and was not properly informed or questioned about relevant mitigatory factors or the implications of section 103(1) of the Firearm Control Act.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    S v Masina en Andere 1993 (2) SACR 234 (T) at 236h

    A sentencing court must establish a proper factual basis for mitigation and may not speculate about the accused's personal circumstances.

  2. 02

    S v Luthuli 2000 (1) SACR 338 (CPD) at 340g-j

    The presiding officer has a duty to thoroughly examine an unrepresented accused to elicit all relevant information for sentencing.

  3. 03

    S v Dlamini 1991 (2) SACR 655 (A) at 667e

    Sentencing should be individualized and not based on a standard or usual sentence for a particular offence.

  4. 04

    Firearm Control Act 60 of 2000, section 103(1)(g)

    Upon conviction of an offence involving dishonesty and imprisonment without an option of a fine, an accused is ex lege unfit to possess a firearm unless the court determines otherwise.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The reviewing court found that the sentencing magistrate failed to properly elicit and consider the accused's personal circumstances, relying instead on speculation and assumptions. The magistrate did not adequately explain or apply the procedure under section 103(1) of the Firearm Control Act, nor did he invite the accused to make submissions regarding his fitness to possess a firearm. The court emphasized the duty of the presiding officer, especially where the accused is unrepresented, to ensure all relevant factors are placed before the court for sentencing. The proceedings were found not to be in accordance with justice in respect of sentencing and the firearm declaration.

Obiter and limits

  • Magistrates must respond to judicial queries in a responsible, complete, and courteous manner, avoiding speculative or dismissive attitudes.
  • It is not the prosecutor's duty to request the court to invoke section 103 of the Firearm Control Act; the operation of law applies automatically unless the court determines otherwise.
  • The impression that the accused should have volunteered all relevant personal information is misguided, especially when the accused is unrepresented.

Court disposition

Conviction confirmed; sentence set aside and matter referred back for sentencing de novo.

  • The conviction is confirmed.
  • The sentence is set aside and the matter is referred back to the magistrate for sentencing de novo.
  • The accused must be properly informed of the provisions of section 103(1)(g) of the Firearm Control Act 60 of 2000.

Source and reliance status

Free State High Court, Bloemfontein

This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.

Judgment reading view

Judgment text

The complete available source text.

Source document

Free State High Court, Bloemfontein

Judgment

[2012] ZAFSHC 224

FREE STATE HIGH COURT, BLOEMFONTEIN

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH

AFRICA

Review No. : 357/2012

In the review between:-

THE

STATE

versus

SOLOMON

MACHOGO SEPHIRI

_____________

CORAM: JORDAAN, J et THAMAGE, AJ

JUDGMENT BY: THAMAGE, AJ

DELIVERED ON: 29 NOVEMBER 2012

[1] This is a review matter in terms of section 302 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1977, Act 51 of 1977.

[2] Accused was convicted of housebreaking with intent to steal and theft. He was sentenced by the magistrate in terms of section 276(1)(b) of Act 51 of 1977 to 18 (eighteen) months imprisonment. The court a quo further stated that “hof maak geen bevinding t.o.v. vuurwapen nie”.

[3] On 11 October 2012 I wrote the following query to the magistrate:

“2. Accused personal circumstances – The honourable magistrate never invited or questioned accused to place on record his personal

circumstances and the honourable magistrate is requested to indicate how he came to the imprisonment term of 18 months.

3. Why did the honourable magistrate not follow the procedure in terms of section 103(1) of Firearm Control Act 2000, Act 60 of 2000.”

[4] The magistrate did respond which response was received on 15 November 2012. The response is as follows:

“Hiermee wens ek om sy Edele Waarnemende Regter Thamage as volg te antwoord.

Die Hof het duidelik aan hom verduidelik wat sy regte is en wat hy moet doen om alle inligting wat ter versagting van vonnis voor Hof voor te lê en hoe hy dit mag doen.

Hy het dit ook gedoen en vir Hof gesê dat hy vir opgeskorte vonnis vra dat hy jammer is wat gebeur het. Hy duiwe het Hof het hom versoek om uit te wy. Waarop hy sê hulle baie duiwe is en dat hy met sy ouma bly wat op krukke loop.

Die hof ken nie die beskuldigde om te weet waaroor Hof beskuldigde kan vra nie. Hof het aanvaar dat hy 26 jaar is en geen kinders het nie. Sou hy dit gehad het, sou en moes hy Hof ingelig het in plaas van sy duiwe. Hy is werkloos en nie getroud nie. As hy was sou hy dit gesê het in plaas van hy het duiwe waarna hy kyk.

Wat Hof in aanmerking geneem het is dat beskuldigde 26 jaar oud is, ongetroud, geen kinders en werkloos is. Sou dit anders gewees het, sou hy dit vir Hof gesê het. (my emphasis)

Hy is nie ‘n eerste oortreder nie. Hy het reeds ‘n vorige veroordeling van Huisbraak met die opset om te steel en diefstal waar hy ook reeds indirekte gevangenisstraf opgelê was.

Misdaad is ‘n ernstige misdaad. Dit is besig om toe te neem in die gebied, net soos hier. Hy kon nie die goed alles op een geleentheid wegdra nie, hy moes iemand by hom gehad het of hy moes twee keer loop. As hy twee keer geloop het, het hy baie tyd gehad het om te besin, wat hy nie gedoen het nie en twyfel Hof of hy regtig jammer is wat hy gedoen het oor misdaad wat hy gepleeg het, en nog van die redes dat Hof hom nie verder uitgevra het oor sy omstandighede nie. Hof is van mening hy probeer die proses

gebruik om te kyk wat is die ligste vonnis waarmee hy kan wegkom.

As ons kyk waar het hy ingebreek, by Klaas se huis in Lusaka Park. Hof het geregterlik kennis geneem dat Lusaka Park die gebied van die dorp is waar die armste van die armste mense bly. Dit beteken dat die Klaer dit verseker nie breed het nie. Die Klaer ook van die hand na die mond lewe.

In sy armoede kon hy vir hom ‘n televisie en DVD-speler en kos bymekaar maak wat die Beskuldigde van hom kon ontneem sonder enige reg. Die hof gaan aanvaar dat dit nie verseker is nie, dus is dit ‘n totale verlies en groot skade vir die Klaer.

Buiten dit is die Klaer se grondwetlike regte benadeel. Sy reg op eiendom, reg op privaatheid, reg op menswaardigheid en reg op sekerheid, geen van die regte van Klaer is gerespekteer deur die Beskuldigde nie, maar die Beskuldigde verwag dat sy regte gerespekteer word.

Die waarde van goed wat gesteel is, is hoog in die lig gesien van wie dit gesteel is.

Ons kan nie nou omdraai en sê die waarde is nie hoog nie en dit is nie van ‘n besigheid gesteel nie.

As mens kyk van wie dit gesteel is, ‘n persoon wat nie vermoeënd is nie. Dit beteken dat dit ‘n groot bedrag se bates is wat gesteel nie. As mens kyk na wat gesteel is televisie en ‘n DVD-speler, dit is luukse eiendom.

Dit is heel moontlik al wat die Klaer het om as ontspanning te hê. Hy kan nie gholf gaan speel of enige ander luukse tydverdryf bekostig nie.

Die Beskuldigde is nie ‘n eerste oortreder nie, hy is al direkte gevangenisstraf opgelê vir soort gelyke misdryf. Dit het nie die Beskuldigde afgeskrik nie. Dit is ‘n groot hoeveelheid luukse goed (in waarde), van ‘n persoon wat ook swaar kry om ‘n bestaan te maak van wie hy gesteel het.

Normaal weg lê die Hof twaalf (12) maande gevangenisstraf op vir eerste oortreders wat al menige maal deur die Hooggeregshof bekragtig was, waar die omstandighede ongeveer dieselfde is. (my emphasis)

Ses maande is by gevoeg omdat dit nie ‘n eerste keer is wat Beskuldigde met die reg bots nie, maar sy derde keer. Die Hof is van mening dat die Hof moet toesien dat die gemeenskap sien dat geregtigheid geskied.

Mense soos Beskuldigde moet besef dat ander mense se grondwetlike regte gerespekteer moet word, net soos hy verwag dat sy regte gerespekteer moet word deur ander mense teenoor hom.

Dit is duidelik dat direkte gevangenisstraf nie die nodige afskrifmiddel het vir Beskuldigde nie. Hof is van mening dat hy eintlik ‘n swaarder vonnis moes opgelê word maar nadat die Hof bogenoemde in aanmerking geneem het, was op genoemde vonnis besluit gewees.

Die Hof het Art.103 in aanmerking geneem. Hy was nie onwettig in besit van ‘n vuurwapen of ammunisie nie, vuurwapen was nie gebruik nie, was nie verkeerd geberg nie, was nie nalatig hanteer nie, het nie vuurwapen hanteer terwyl onder die invloed van drank/dwelms nie, dit was nie seksuele mishandeling misdaad nie, was nie gesinsgeweld misdaad nie, was nie misdaad ten opsigte van ontplofbare stof nie, was nie misdaad van sabotasie, terrorisme, openbare geweld of brandstigting nie.

Dus enigste moontlike Art 103(1)(g) mag van toepassing wees op misdaad.

(g) omdat dit ‘n misdaad is waar oneerlikheid ‘n element uitmaak en ‘n tydperk van gevangenisstraf opgelê is.

Die Hof was van mening dat die Hof Art.103(1)(g) oorweeg met die inligting voor hom, dat daar geen inligting voor hom is om ‘n ander bevinding te maak as wat deur die wet voorgeskryf is.

Daarom het Hof bepaal dat Hof maak geen bevinding ten opsigte van vuurwapen lisensie nie. Die Hof het Art.103 Wet 60 van 2000 oorweeg.

Hierdie verduideliking soos versoek deur Sy Edele Waarnemende Regter Thamage en hoop dat Sy Edele Waarnemende Regter Thamage dit in dieselfde lig sien.”

[5] The accused’s explanation of rights before sentencing were as follows:

“HOF: Meneer u het nou geleentheid om al die aspekte ter versagting van vonnis vir die Hof te gee. U kan dit doen deur onder eed te getuig,

getuienis te roep om namens u te getuig. Die aanklaer sal u en u getuies kruisverhoor, die Hof mag ook aan u en getuies vrae vra waar punte onduidelik is.

U is nie verplig om onder eed te getuig nie, u kan ‘n onbeëdigde verklaring maak vanwaar u staan dan sal die Hof en die aanklaer geen vrae aan u vra nie. Die Hof sal dit ook in aanmerking neem ter versagting van vonnis. Verstaan u dit?

BESKULDIGDE: Ek verstaan dit.

HOF: Wat wil u maak meneer?

BESKULDIGDE: Die Hof toespreek vanwaar ek staan.

HOF: U kan voortgaan.

BESKULDIGDE: Ek vra vir ‘n opgeskorte vonnis ek is jammer oor wat het gebeur het. Ek het duiwe.

HOF: Ja.

BESKULDIGDE: Hulle is baie duiwe, ek bly saam met my ouma en sy loop met krukke. Dis al.

HOF: Aanklaer.”

[6] The reply made by the magistrate that he does not know the accused hence the court could not ask questions, is not only absurd but disturbing.

“Die hof ken nie die beskuldigde om te weet waaroor hof beskuldigde kan vra nie.”

[7] The honourable magistrate also was speculating or making assumptions.

“Hof aanvaar dat die beskuldigde 26 jaar is en geen kinders.”

I am also perturbed by the issue as to where did the magistrate get the age of the accused – was it from the J15 or where?

[8] The other disturbing feature is as to where did the magistrate get information that accused does not have a child or children. Again this was speculation because he is of the view that if he had children, he should have mentioned same.

[9] The other aspect which does not appear on record is that the magistrate assumed that he is unemployed and if he was employed, he could have said so.

[10] The magistrate did not elicit any evidence on the age of accused, marital status, dependants/children, also as to whether accused is employed or unemployed.

It is the duty of the sentencing magistrate to get all relevant factors before him for purposes of sentence. See S v MASINA EN ANDERE 1993 (2) SACR 234 (T) at 236h:

“Daar moet op die getuienis voor die Hof ‘n behoorlike feitebasis waarvan die bestaan van versagtende omstandighede afgelei kan word – die Hof mag nie daaroor spekuleer nie.” (my emphasis)

[11] The accused was unrepresented and this calls for the presiding officer to be more inquisitorial. The magistrate only informed the accused that he may put mitigatory factors before the court, but failed to explain to the accused what those mitigatory factors are. He also failed to ask question to the accused on his personal circumstances. To answer by saying “court does not know the accused hence cannot ask questions on personal circumstances” is a typical example of dereliction of duties as a presiding officer especially when accused is unrepresented.

[12] The court is duty bound to examine the accused thoroughly in order to elicit all information relevant to sentencing. See S v LUTHULI 2000 (1) SACR 338 (CPD) at 340g – j.

[13] The court a quo only concentrated on factors placed before it and was thus satisfied. The court should and must always try to get as much information and evidence so as to come to an appropriate sentence. See dictum in S v DLAMINI 1991 (2) SACR 655 (A) at 667e:

“There is no legal reason why a Judge should, in considering sentence, be restricted to the material placed before him by the parties”.

[14] The other disturbing factor on the reply of the learned magistrate is, and I quote:

“Normaal weg lê die Hof twaalf (12) maande gevangenisstraf op vir eerste oortreders wat al menige maal deur die Hooggeregshof bekragtig was, waar die omstandighede ongeveer dieselfde is.”

[15] Sentencing should be individualised and each case should be treated on its own merit and circumstances. It is incorrect to have a normal or a usual type of sentence for specific offence(s).

[16] The second part of my query was the provisions of section 103(1) of the Firearm Control Act 60 of 2000. Section 13(1)(g) states:

“Unless the court determines otherwise, a person becomes unfit to possess a firearm if convicted of –

(g) any offence involving violence, sexual abuse or dishonesty, for which the accused is sentenced to a period of imprisonment without an option of a fine” (my emphasis)

[17] From the record the proceedings were as follows:

“HOF: Dan is daar die verdere probleem, die aanklaer vra vir my dat ek u moet onbevoeg verklaar om ‘n vuurwapen te besit of aansoek te doen. Is daar enige betoog wat u wil lewer of wil onder eed verklaar of dit opgeskort moet word al dan nie? Verstaan u dit? (my emphasis)

BESKULDIGDE: Ek beskik nie een nie.

HOF: Die Hof gaan ook geen bevinding maak oor die vuurwapen lisensie nie meneer. U kan maar afstaan.”

[18] It is common cause that the accused herein was convicted of an offence involving dishonesty where he was sentenced to a period of imprisonment without an option of the fine.

[19] In reply to my query, the honourable magistrate replied as follows:

“Die hof was van mening dat die Hof Art.103(1)(g) oorweeg met die inligting voor hom, dat daar geen inligting voor hom is om ‘n ander bevinding te maak as wat deur die wet voorgeskryf”

The magistrate response herein is in total contrast with what appears on the record, because on record he was informing the accused that the state prosecutor had requested him to declare accused unfit to possess a firearm. It is irresponsible to invent facts which are contrary to what appears on record to justify errors made during the proceedings.

[20] Once a person has been convicted of any offence falling under section 103(1) of the Firearm Control Act, ex lege he is unfit to possess a firearm. The court should thus invite the accused to give reason why the court should interfere with the provisions of the Act, hence the phrase “unless the court determines otherwise”. (my emphasis)

[21] In the present case, accused was never told that he is ex lege unfit to possess the firearm and that he, if he so wishes, place evidence before the court for the court to interfere with the operation of the law.

It is furthermore not the duty of the prosecutor to request the magistrate (like in this case) that the court should invoke the provisions of section 103 of the Firearm Control Act.

“... die aanklaer vra vir my dat ek u moet onbevoeg verklaar om ‘n vuurwapen te besit...”

[22] Like I said before, how would the prosecutor ask the court to declare accused unfit to possess a firearm, if he by operation of the law is already unfit to possess a firearm. The court should and ought to have invited the accused person to make submissions which may lead the court to determine otherwise.

[23] I am not satisfied that the accused’s personal circumstances were properly ventilated, because the presiding magistrate based his decision on inferences, assumption and speculations. Neither am I satisfied that the procedure in terms of section 103(1) of the Firearm Control Act was adequately explained to the accused person.

[24] Before I conclude, I must state my utter displeasure on the magistrate’s response. When a query is directed to a magistrate by a reviewing judge, it is expected of him to respond in a responsible, complete and courteous manner. As in S v MOGETWANE 2000 (2) SACR 407 (O) at 408g where Lombard J stated:

“Die indruk wat die landdros daarin skep, is dat die navraag ooglopend, ongegrond, onnodig of oorbodig was – die Hof kan nie lees nie of het nie die oorkonde sorgvuldig gelees nie.”

[25] The impression I thus got from answers like “if accused was married, had children, was employed” he could have said so, is more like this court should use its common sense and logic. Magistrates should avoid this type of attitude and respond to queries in a more responsible manner.

[26] I now come to the conclusion that proceedings in this matter are not in accordance with justice insofar as sentencing and provisions of section 103(1) of Act 60 of 2000 are concerned.

[27] The following order is thus made:

27.1 Conviction is confirmed.

27.2 The sentence is set aside and the matter is referred back to the magistrate so that he can sentence the accused de novo.

27.3 That the accused be properly informed of the provisions of section 103(1)(g) of the Firearm Control Act 60 of 2000.

____

S.J. THAMAGE, AJ

I concur.

___

A.F. JORDAAN, J

/spieterse

Source wording is retained. Consult the source document for its original formatting and pagination.

Authorities

Authorities used by the court

Cases, legislation, regulations, and constitutional provisions identified in the available record.

S v Masina en Andere 1993 (2) SACR 234 (T)

Case cited

S v Luthuli 2000 (1) SACR 338 (CPD)

Case cited

S v Dlamini 1991 (2) SACR 655 (A)

Case cited

S v Mogetwane 2000 (2) SACR 407 (O)

Case cited

Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

Firearm Control Act 60 of 2000

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

Case-aware research

Ask AI about this case

The judgment and available research above are public. New questions open in a separate private conversation grounded in this case.

About this LexChat collection

This page organizes the available case record for research. Verify quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the source document. Corrections can be reported to hello@esheria.ai.

Legal information, not legal advice. Research summaries do not replace the judgment.