S v Thomas en Anders (SS12/2010) [2011] ZAWCHC 412 (25 October 2011)
- Citation
- [2011] ZAWCHC 412
- Status
- Order
- Jurisdiction
- South Africa
- Court
- Western Cape High Court, Cape Town
- Panel
- Fortuin R
- Case number
- SS12/2010
More details
- Court
- Western Cape High Court, Cape Town
- Panel
- Fortuin R
- Case number
- SS12/2010
On this page
Professional case brief
Research organized from the available case record
01
Holding and result
The court found that the murder of six potential witnesses in this matter constituted exceptional circumstances justifying deviation from the open court principle. The risk to the safety of the witness Staggie, who is part of the witness protection programme, outweighed the prejudice to the defence. The court held that it was in the interests of justice, as contemplated in section 153(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act and section 74(1)(b)(i) of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act, that Staggie's testimony be heard in camera, his identity protected, and publication of related information prohibited. The application by the State was accordingly granted.
Court disposition
Application by the State granted; orders made for in camera testimony, protection of witness identity, and prohibition of publication of related information.
Orders
- The testimony of Mr Staggie shall be heard behind closed doors in terms of section 153(2)(a), and no person shall be present unless necessary or authorised by the court.
- The identity of the witness shall not be disclosed until the court lifts the prohibition, in terms of section 153(2)(b).
- No information regarding the identity or details of the witness protection programme may be published in any manner, in terms of section 154.
- Any person who discloses information in contravention of these orders shall be guilty of an offence, in terms of section 74(3) of Act 121 of 1998.
02
Material facts
Parties
The State
ApplicantGeorge Thomas
RespondentJason Stynders
RespondentFred Williams
RespondentPeter McNiel
RespondentDerrick Claasen
RespondentGiovanni Kannemeyer
RespondentAlfonso van Heerden
RespondentHerman Wakefield
RespondentMogammat Stemmet
RespondentJerome Karlmeyer
RespondentAshley Appollis
RespondentKenneth Lavita
RespondentHoward Jansen
RespondentRonald Swarts
RespondentGregory Meyer
RespondentAshraf Ryklief
RespondentRodney Joubert
RespondentAshwin Charles
RespondentReyaaz Dennis
Respondent03
Procedural history
Posture
Criminal Application / Interlocutory Application for Witness Protection and in Camera Testimony
04
Questions and positions
Legal issues
- 01
Whether the testimony of the prospective witness Staggie should be heard in camera or in open court.
- 02
Whether the identity of the witness should be protected and publication of related information prohibited.
- 03
Whether the circumstances justify deviation from the open court principle due to risks to the witness.
Party arguments
- Applicant
- The State argued that, given the murder of six potential witnesses in this case and the ongoing risks to witnesses, the testimony of Mr Staggie should be heard in camera to protect his safety. The State relied on sections 153 and 154 of the Criminal Procedure Act and section 74 of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act, contending that exceptional circumstances exist warranting the exclusion of the public and protection of the witness's identity.
- Respondent
- The respondents opposed the application, asserting the fundamental right to a public trial and the importance of transparency in criminal proceedings. They argued that in camera testimony and identity protection would prejudice their ability to cross-examine and defend themselves, and that the State had not demonstrated sufficient grounds for such extraordinary measures.
05
Court’s reasoning
Legal principles
- 01
S v Phaswane 2008 (2) SACR 216 (T) at 239-240, paras 100, 102
A criminal trial should ordinarily be held in public to ensure transparency and public confidence in the justice system, as entrenched in section 35(3)(c) of the Constitution.
- 02
S v Staggie & Another 2003 (1) SACR 323 (C)
In exceptional cases, the court may exclude the public or certain categories of persons to protect witnesses essential to the criminal process.
- 03
Sections 153 and 154 of the Criminal Procedure Act; Section 74 of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998
The court may order that the identity of a witness not be disclosed and prohibit publication of information relating to the witness protection programme.
06
Ratio, limits and disposition
Ratio decidendi
The court found that the murder of six potential witnesses in this matter constituted exceptional circumstances justifying deviation from the open court principle. The risk to the safety of the witness Staggie, who is part of the witness protection programme, outweighed the prejudice to the defence. The court held that it was in the interests of justice, as contemplated in section 153(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act and section 74(1)(b)(i) of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act, that Staggie's testimony be heard in camera, his identity protected, and publication of related information prohibited. The application by the State was accordingly granted.
Obiter and limits
- There are no established rules for further protecting a section 204 witness who is already in the witness protection programme from additional and unknown physical harm.
- The need to protect witnesses is fundamental to the functioning of the criminal process, and in rare cases, may justify exclusion of the public from proceedings.
Court disposition
Application by the State granted; orders made for in camera testimony, protection of witness identity, and prohibition of publication of related information.
- The testimony of Mr Staggie shall be heard behind closed doors in terms of section 153(2)(a), and no person shall be present unless necessary or authorised by the court.
- The identity of the witness shall not be disclosed until the court lifts the prohibition, in terms of section 153(2)(b).
- No information regarding the identity or details of the witness protection programme may be published in any manner, in terms of section 154.
- Any person who discloses information in contravention of these orders shall be guilty of an offence, in terms of section 74(3) of Act 121 of 1998.
Source and reliance status
Western Cape High Court, Cape Town
This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.
Judgment reading view
Judgment text
The complete available source text.
Western Cape High Court, Cape Town
Order
IN DIE HOOGGEREGSHOF VAN SUID-AFRIKA
(WES-KAAP HOE HOF, KAAPSTAD)
SAAKNOMMER: SS12/2010
DATUM: 25 OKTOBER 2011
In die saak tussen:
DIE
STAAT
En
GEORGE
THOMAS …..........................................................................................Beskuldgde 1
JASON
STYNDER …............................................................................................Beskuldgde 2
FRED
WILLIAMS …..............................................................................................Beskuldgde 3
PETER
MCNIEL …................................................................................................Beskuldgde 4
DERRICK
CLAASEN …........................................................................................Beskuldgde 5
GIOVANNI
KANNEMEYER …..............................................................................Beskuldgde 6
ALFONSO
VAN HEERDEN …..............................................................................Beskuldgde 7
HERMAN
WAKEFIELD …....................................................................................Beskuldgde 8
MOGAMMAT
STEMMET …..................................................................................Beskuldgde 9
JEROME
KARLMEYER …..................................................................................Beskuldgde 10
ASHLEY
APPOLLIS ….......................................................................................Beskuldgde 11
KENNETH
LAVITA ….........................................................................................Beskuldgde 12
HOWARD
JANSEN …........................................................................................Beskuldgde 13
RONALD
SWARTS ….........................................................................................Beskuldgde 14
GREGORY
MEYER …........................................................................................Beskuldgde 15
ASHRAF
RYKLIEF ….........................................................................................Beskuldgde 16
RODNEY
JOUBERT ….......................................................................................Beskuldgde 17
ASHWIN
CHARLES …........................................................................................Beskuldgde 18
REYAAZ
DENNIS …............................................................................................Beskuldgde 19
UITSPRAAK
(Aansoek in terme van artikel 153 en 154 en 74)
FORTUIN, R
'n Opponerende aansoek van enorme omvang dien voor die Hof oor die relatief simplistiese vraag of die voornemende getuie Staggie in camera of in 'n ope hof getuienis moet afle. Die algemene reSI tot die reg tot 'n ope hof sowel as die beperking daarop, soos in artikei 153 van die Strafproseswet neergele, is soos volg deur Bertelsman, R in S v Phaswane 2008 (2) SASV 216 te 239-240 en wel te para 100 en 102 soos volg gestel: "[100] It is one of the basic tenets of criminal justice that a trial should be held in public. This principle is entrenched in the Constitution in section 35(3)(c) and is of indisputable importance to ensure the public's trust in the independence and functioning of the courts. See S v Du Toit & Andere 2005(1) SACR 47 (T) [102] The need to protect such witnesses without whom the criminal process could not function may in exceptional cases allow the court to exclude the public or certain members or categories of the public from attending. See S v Staggie & Another 2003(1) SACR (1) 323 (C)." Daar is nie gevestigde reels waarna verwys kan word in die geval waar 'n artikel 204 getuie wie in die getuienis-beskermingsprogram is, verder beskerm hoef te word teen moontlike addisionele en onbekende fisiese nadeel nie. Die Staat se aansoek is gebring in terme van artikel 153 en 154 van die Strafproseswet asook in terme van artikel 74 van die Wet op die Voorkoming
van Georganiseerde Misdaad, 121 van 1998. Gedagtig aan die regte soos vervat in ons Grondwet en die feit dat reeds ses potensiele getuies in hierdie saak vermoor is, is ek van mening dat hierdie 'n uitsonderlike geval is, soos na verwys in S v Phaswane. In opweging van die potensiele nadeel wat 'n bevel om in camera te getuig vir beide die Staat en die verdediging mag inhou, is ek van oordeel dat die nadeel grotendeeis aan die kant van die Staat sal wees. Ek is dus van mening dat dit in belang van geregtigheid, soos bedoel in artikel 153(1) is, en is ek tevrede dat dit in belang van geregtigheid, soos bedoel in artikel 74(1 )(b)(i) is dat die getuienis van mnr Staggie in camera aangehoor word. In die omstandighede word die aansoek van die Staat toegestaan en maak ek die volgende bevel: 1. In terme van artikel 153(2)(a) dat die getuienis van mnr Staggie agter geslote deure sal geskied en dat geen persoon sal teenwoordig wees nie tensy die teenwoordigheid noodsaaklik is of deur hierdie Hof gemagtig is.
2. In terme van artikel 153(2)(b) dat die identiteit van die getuie nie bekend gemaak sal word alvorens hierdie hof nie daardie verbod ophef nie.
3. In terme van artikel 154 mag geen informasie rakende die identiteit en enige besonderhede rakende die getuienisbeskermingsprogram op enige wys gepubliseer word nie.
4. Hierdie bevele word ook gemaak in terme van artikel 174(1) en (2) van Wet 121 van 1998 en in terme van artikels 74(3) sal enige persoon wie enige informasie in stryd met hierdie bevel bekend maak, skuldig wees aan 'n misdryf. FORTUIN, R
'n Opponerende aansoek van enorme omvang dien voor die Hof oor die relatief simplistiese vraag of die voornemende getuie Staggie in camera of in 'n ope hof getuienis moet afle. Die algemene reSI tot die reg tot 'n ope hof sowel as die beperking daarop, soos in artikei 153 van die Strafproseswet neergele, is soos volg deur Bertelsman, R in S v Phaswane 2008 (2) SASV 216 te 239-240 en wel te para 100 en 102 soos volg gestel:
"[100] It is one of the basic tenets of criminal justice that a trial should be held in public. This principle is entrenched in the Constitution in section 35(3)(c) and is of indisputable importance to ensure the public's trust in the independence and functioning of the courts. See S v Du Toit & Andere 2005(1) SACR 47 (T)
[102] The need to protect such witnesses without whom the criminal process could not function may in exceptional cases allow the court to exclude the public or certain members or categories of the public from attending. See S v Staggie & Another 2003(1) SACR (1) 323 (C)."
Daar is nie gevestigde reels waarna verwys kan word in die geval waar 'n artikel 204 getuie wie in die getuienis-beskermingsprogram is, verder beskerm hoef te word teen moontlike addisionele en onbekende fisiese nadeel nie.
Die Staat se aansoek is gebring in terme van artikel 153 en 154 van die Strafproseswet asook in terme van artikel 74 van die Wet op die Voorkoming van Georganiseerde Misdaad, 121 van 1998.
Gedagtig aan die regte soos vervat in ons Grondwet en die feit dat reeds ses potensiele getuies in hierdie saak vermoor is, is ek van mening dat hierdie 'n uitsonderlike geval is, soos na verwys in S v Phaswane.
In opweging van die potensiele nadeel wat 'n bevel om in camera te getuig vir beide die Staat en die verdediging mag inhou, is ek van oordeel dat die nadeel grotendeeis aan die kant van die Staat sal wees. Ek is dus van mening dat dit in belang van geregtigheid, soos bedoel in artikel 153(1) is, en is ek tevrede dat dit in belang van geregtigheid, soos bedoel in artikel 74(1 )(b)(i) is dat die getuienis van mnr Staggie in camera aangehoor word.
In die omstandighede word die aansoek van die Staat toegestaan en maak ek die volgende bevel:
1. In terme van artikel 153(2)(a) dat die getuienis van mnr Staggie agter geslote deure sal geskied en dat geen persoon sal teenwoordig wees nie tensy die teenwoordigheid noodsaaklik is of deur hierdie Hof gemagtig is.
2. In terme van artikel 153(2)(b) dat die identiteit van die getuie nie bekend gemaak sal word alvorens hierdie hof nie daardie verbod ophef nie.
3. In terme van artikel 154 mag geen informasie rakende die identiteit en enige besonderhede rakende die getuienisbeskermingsprogram op enige wys gepubliseer word nie.
4. Hierdie bevele word ook gemaak in terme van artikel 174(1) en (2) van Wet 121 van 1998 en in terme van artikels 74(3) sal enige persoon wie enige informasie in stryd met hierdie bevel bekend maak, skuldig wees aan 'n misdryf.
FORTUIN, R
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