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South Africa Judgment

Northern Cape High Court, Kimberley

S v Witbooi (503/2002) [2002] ZANCHC 25 (5 September 2002)

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Source document

01

Holding and result

The court found that the magistrate placed undue emphasis on the maximum sentence prescribed by section 122(a) of the Correctional Services Act, selectively reading the provision and disregarding the option of a fine. The magistrate's speculation regarding the accused's motives was not supported by evidence and was therefore inappropriate. There was no evidence of harm, violence, or malicious intent associated with the accused's conduct. Given the facts, the offence was among the less serious instances of unlawful entry into a prison. The sentence imposed was shockingly inappropriate and disproportionate. The court held that a halved sentence would be more suitable, taking into account the accused's prior convictions but also the absence of aggravating circumstances.

Court disposition

Conviction confirmed; sentence set aside and replaced with a reduced sentence.

Orders

  • The conviction of the accused is confirmed.
  • The sentence is set aside and replaced with 12 months' imprisonment, of which 6 months are suspended for 5 years on condition that the accused is not convicted of a contravention of section 122(a) of Act 111 of 1998 committed during the period of suspension and for which imprisonment without the option of a fine is imposed.
  • In terms of section 282 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977, the sentence is antedated to 17 July 2002.

02

Material facts

Parties

The State

Applicant

Frans Witbooi

Respondent

Amounts and remedies

  • Original Sentence Imprisonment Months: ZAR 24
  • Reduced Sentence Imprisonment Months: ZAR 12
  • Suspended Sentence Months: ZAR 6

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Review / Review of Sentence

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The State, through the magistrate, argued that the legislature views offences under section 122(a) of the Correctional Services Act as serious, justifying a higher jurisdiction and severe sentences. The magistrate emphasized the accused's prior convictions, some related to drugs, and speculated that the unlawful entry might be connected to supplying drugs to inmates. The magistrate also highlighted the State's responsibility for the safety of prisoners, particularly female inmates, and the potential consequences of unauthorized access.
Respondent
The accused pleaded guilty and explained that his intention was merely to converse with female inmates. There was no evidence of harm, violence, or ulterior motives. The respondent argued that the magistrate's speculation about drug supply was unfounded and that the sentencing provision also allows for a fine, indicating that not all cases of unlawful entry are equally serious. The respondent contended that the imposed sentence was disproportionately severe given the facts.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    Correctional Services Act 111 of 1998, section 122(a)

    Sentencing under section 122(a) of the Correctional Services Act allows for a fine or imprisonment up to four years, or both, indicating the legislature's recognition of varying degrees of seriousness for unlawful entry.

  2. 02

    S v Zinn 1969 (2) SA 537 (A)

    Speculative reasoning about aggravating factors must be supported by evidence and cannot be used to justify a harsher sentence.

  3. 03

    Strafproseswet 51 van 1977, section 282

    The safety of prisoners is entrusted to the State, but absent evidence of harm or malicious intent, sentencing must be proportionate to the actual conduct.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The court found that the magistrate placed undue emphasis on the maximum sentence prescribed by section 122(a) of the Correctional Services Act, selectively reading the provision and disregarding the option of a fine. The magistrate's speculation regarding the accused's motives was not supported by evidence and was therefore inappropriate. There was no evidence of harm, violence, or malicious intent associated with the accused's conduct. Given the facts, the offence was among the less serious instances of unlawful entry into a prison. The sentence imposed was shockingly inappropriate and disproportionate. The court held that a halved sentence would be more suitable, taking into account the accused's prior convictions but also the absence of aggravating circumstances.

Obiter and limits

  • The legislature's inclusion of a fine as a sentencing option under section 122(a) reflects its recognition that not all instances of unlawful entry are equally serious.
  • Speculation about the accused's motives, without supporting evidence, cannot justify an increased sentence.
  • The State's responsibility for prisoner safety is important, but sentencing must be based on proven facts, not conjecture.

Court disposition

Conviction confirmed; sentence set aside and replaced with a reduced sentence.

  • The conviction of the accused is confirmed.
  • The sentence is set aside and replaced with 12 months' imprisonment, of which 6 months are suspended for 5 years on condition that the accused is not convicted of a contravention of section 122(a) of Act 111 of 1998 committed during the period of suspension and for which imprisonment without the option of a fine is imposed.
  • In terms of section 282 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977, the sentence is antedated to 17 July 2002.

Source and reliance status

Northern Cape High Court, Kimberley

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Judgment reading view

Judgment text

The complete available source text.

Source document

Northern Cape High Court, Kimberley

Judgment

[2002] ZANCHC 25

6

Verslagwaardig: Ja / Nee

Sirkuleer aan Regters: Ja / Nee

Sirkuleer aan Landdroste: Ja / Nee

IN DIE HOOGGEREGSHOF VAN SUID-AFRIKA

(Noord-Kaapse Afdeling)

Hersieningsnr: 428/02

Saaknr: 503/2002

Datum gelewer: 2002-09-05

In die hersieningsaak van:

DIE STAAT

versus

FRANS

WITBOOI BESKULDIGDE

Coram: MAJIEDT R et

LACOCK R

UITSPRAAK

OP HERSIENING

MAJIEDT R:

Ek het redes vir die opgelegde vonnis versoek van die landdros hierin en hy het volledige redes verskaf.

Die beskuldigde is skuldig bevind aan ‘n oortreding van art 122(a) van die Wet op Korrektiewe Dienste, Wet 111 van 1998 (“die Wet”) deurdat hy van buite af oor ‘n muur by die gevangenis ingeklim het. Hy is ‘n vonnis van 24 maande gevangenisstraf opgelê waarvan die helfte (12 maande) opgeskort is vir ‘n tydperk van 5 jaar op bepaalde voorwaardes.

Die landdros beklemtoon in sy redes die strafbepaling by art 122 van die Wet waarvolgens ‘n skuldigbevinding strafbaar is met ‘n boete, of by wanbetaling daarvan met gevangenisstraf vir ‘n tydperk van hoogstens 4 jaar of met sodanige gevangenisstraf sonder ‘n keuse van ‘n boete of beide sodanige boete en sodanige gevangenisstraf. Na sy mening is “dit duidelik dat die Wetgewer ‘n oortreding van hierdie aard in ‘n baie ernstige lig beskou – vandaar die hoër jurisdiksie wat ‘n landdroshof verleen word in die Wet.” Verder wys die landdros daarop dat hy kennis geneem het van die beskuldigde se vorige veroordelings (3 waarvan ressorteer onder die Dwelmwet) en “moet die Hof noodwendig wonder of hierdie onwettige betreding nie ook verband hou met verskaffing van dwelmmiddels aan gevangenes nie”. Daarbenewens het die landdros inaggeneem dat gevangenes onder beheer van die Staat verkeer en dat aangesien hier toegang tot ‘n vrouegevangene verkry is, die Staat verantwoordelik gehou sou word indien ‘n vrouegevangene byvoorbeeld verkrag, aangerand of selfs vermoor sou word.

Die landdros se beklemtoning van die strafbepaling hou selektief buite rekening die feit dat die betrokke bepaling ook voorsiening maak vir ‘n boetestraf. Dit impliseer eweneens dat die Wetgewer ook voor oë gehou het die feit dat daar grade van betreding mag wees met bepaalde gevolge. In die onderhawige geval is daar hoegenaamd geen getuienis oor enige skade of ander moles veroorsaak deur die beskuldigde binne die gevangenis nie. Dit moet nie uit die oog verloor word nie dat die Staatsaanklaer dit goed geag het om die beskuldigde se pleit asook die basis daarvan soos vervat in die art 112(2)-pleitverduideliking, te aanvaar. Daarvolgens wou die beskuldigde bloot met die vroumense in die gevangenis gesels. Dit is derhalwe na my mening blote ongegronde spekulasie wanneer die landdros aandui dat hy wonder of die onwettige betreding nie ook verband hou met die verskaffing van dwelmiddels aan die gevangenes nie.

Die landdros neem tereg in ag die feit dat gevangenes onder die beheer van die Staat verkeer en dat hulle veiligheid aan die Staat toevertrou is. Weereens egter is daar geen getuienis byvoorbeeld dat die betreder/beskuldigde gewapen was of met onedele motiewe die gevangenis betree het nie.

Dit is weliswaar so dat die beskuldigde ‘n redelik indrukwekkende misdaadrekord het (5 vorige oortredings in die voorafgaande 10 jaar), maar meen ek dat die vonnis wat opgelê is skokkend onvanpas is, gegewe die feite en omstandighede van hierdie saak. Ek is van mening dat daar heeltemal te veel klem gelê is op die feit dat die Wetgewer ‘n vonnis van tot soveel as 4 jaar gevangenisstraf voorskryf. Soos ek alreeds aangetoon het, het die landdros verkeerdelik die strafbepalings selektief gelees. Hierdie is, na my mening, een van die minder ernstige gevalle van betreding in ‘n gevangenis wat ‘n mens jou kan voorstel en regverdig dit nie die opgelegde vonnis nie.

Na my mening sal ‘n halvering van die opgelegde vonnis ‘n meer gepaste vonnis wees.

Die beskuldigde se skuldigbevinding word gevolglik bekragtig maar die vonnis word tersyde gestel en vervang met die volgende:

8.1 12 (twaalf) maande gevangenisstraf waarvan 6 (ses) maande gevangenisstraf opgeskort word vir ‘n tydperk van 5 (vyf) jaar op voorwaarde dat die beskuldigde nie weer skuldig bevind word aan ‘n oortreding van artikel 122(a) van Wet 111 van 1998 gepleeg gedurende die tydperk van opskorting nie en waarvoor die beskuldigde gevonnis word tot gevangenisstraf sonder die keuse van ‘n boete.

8.2 Ingevolge die bepalings vervat in art. 282 van die Strafproseswet 51 van 1977 word die vonnis terugdateer na 17 Julie 2002.

___

SA

MAJIEDT

REGTER

Ek stem saam:

HJ

LACOCK

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Authorities

Authorities used by the court

Cases, legislation, regulations, and constitutional provisions identified in the available record.

S v Zinn 1969 (2) SA 537 (A)

Case cited

Correctional Services Act 111 of 1998

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

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