19700429 TZCA Dar es Salaam7

Oh.urg<u lst GouP.tJ Unl1.n1ful h,11.mtine id.thout 11eonolt! o/,is 12 (1) and ()) and 53 of Cap .• 302. 2nd Counts l!'ailln« t.n repor't pQDBllHJSion ~f' Gove:r.runcnt t:r,opii,y of ss 48 (.e) nnd. 5.3 of •Cap. 302 • l~: Goutrt# tmlawt'ttl po~-;siuari011 ot Ocvornmf;'tnt Tropiiy o/st1 49 (l) and. SJ of Cap .• 3Ckh 4tb Cow1t .t St&aling b'3 Publio ~rva~.·t c/su 270 and 26.5 ot <Ja»• lG. OE{liKPJt, C.. J. - ~e 'app~ll.ant ia thitt OQ:80 ms churged. ff.1th f'ottr counts - ct1e for etv.aU..ng b3 public sen·iw:t oont.rni-y to S(l':Ot1011a 270 anti 265 ol' -tho Penal Code c.nd thir'&ij for offt•u1~ec nat.inut t.he Fauna CQll~erv.ation Orditt~(;lc C-1.~p •.)02, unl.£mft,J,. !l'll:ntl,nt without lioenQe, :fdling tQ :t>aport poomtI,nion of Govcrnm,,n1, trc>1)hT Md unlr.twt~l posueaati:m of O:o-vor11ment trQ1u,y,. He waa acqtt1 tted Ot' .f~.u.~ to t>epoz-t 11<-H:t,attt:Ja:ton at Govt!l•l'nmrtHrt t:>OJlh.y t'l.t11t convict&d e,t all the ot.ber ocviltu. Xt ffti.a net 111 diepute tuirt cri u certain S1.md.a,, the do.to of whtoh rm.e cottl.d not fix, boca.u.uG ebo w"'ij illite.r!i.te,, Gita. Iw3imc;., FW 3, fiaW s ,d,e,;1d ,elepharit a.n .t1he wae on hozi t-iey to :fetoll f'lt~o,wttod., Sll& .,,Qcfl u.ttrr~ot~d by Qt'Gt1S hoverin« ov-e.r fj, Cttl?'CcMOD tdti,O,h ~~u-= in lltl. ad.VatlCO,l~l'h;t~ .t:Jf diEHZCil.lPOSiti~fl. Sh¼l CG!lt .tH!:wn of ite:r dJsoov~.r.v to th.e vill.~ ancl in due C0\1t'$ti 1;.ho r-e1i<>rt rttiohed. PW' 4. Utt~:1lf;.!J) M~c.rtjul.i 1 :who trent thet\o tba.t ver3 dn, with M,~ b1>other:- PW a·• Salimu lwuujuli; u 10~.coll lead.er. Such wi;:i.s th~ $1Hit• ot· disooli.\J,lOsi tion of the deftd e.l•phtmt tture the pei.n;r '143~ ;able to NttH)V~ one ot th$ tusk:~ that v~:r.-1 d.q .t.ter~l;r by pull1JJ.g tt t7Ut• It tmt; loft at th«, hO:ffl$ cf th~ lO-ccll letttler, 1Zl,:1:limt:1: Mw.f.mJult. A ,lffl!s'3,mts'()r waa i:lent to .cot:i.f:y ·tho At.U.'liatan,t Divit:1ional !!:xeoutiw Off'lc.er-,. Omo.rt ~'11.e~;U,, PW 7... Ji~ ttUi.tifled. th"t he tecC(ti\J'~d th{,\ nt:1'10 ,en ,io11dq 16th tTunt; f;r.i,mt which i't oti.:n, tie ooncl.uded that Si ta. ha,,d ditmov-ered. th~ ¢leph&a·t on $UtUl(SJ'j, .15th Jun,e. O.I\\ 'l?ttetid~y, 17th Jun~~ .. the ton""cell le;.&d.or and, lii.n party romov~d tho ctber tuek from t.ho dead · 11Jlephl'l.nt t,Jid botll, tuake wore ke,.Pt at hio hM\O• ~e Ulll\le da1..de.n, Ni•• ~bOSYe, PW,6 teLltU'i6d t.i'.1-nt the: appellt::.nt C2lll%'t tc hie office on 17th June, l9l9 un<1 al!lked, whether .h~ .hnd recei'l.red th~ l. tte.r- 1.tt .oo.nneottt>A with a p~ii1:- ot ti.1oks wM.ch had been t1:1.kcn from ru1 ~l.,pn:ant wh.ieh he, tho ~r,pallu.nt • .hrid shut at ln«'twa. '11.he. a;,pelllil'l.t w~,n.tod pemiotd.on t,o ,collect the ia:u,.1ko. 1/1.h.& tttu.rd.tm • rJ ()ViO,().~Oe 'ti!'8£J t1A,i1t .ne told th<ll .:1pp~ll,i;i1t1,t thet he could n.¢t ~•..i.thoi•in~ this unle$o n,e kn~w sometliinr. mor.e of tho mtitttlr., On thut very dag, aooording tt;; lh1ssG1:nt t.b.o li~ote1~t-\nt: Divi.s!onal Exeoa.ttft OffS.oer, th.a npp«tl.l::J'.l:li oume to hi~ viJ.lago aud. dEJrnttt1ded. th~t the tusks bo giveA to hi~ • .~u.t1seiti. W:t:hB unwill,ing to plll.rt .,uh tho tunktt ttnlesu auttuu11ioad to do ao bT the a,~ Warden. 'lite apf)ellrmt who was a Primary Ooun mnei.at.rat<ll, insit.Jtt!d that he ll.t,tl th.a lh'lme Wuden·'B pe.rmil.i.iei.on.. a~ ser.un.~d. bent on ot1eating a diaturb~noe unless he got the tuS1t~s on.a aooordingly nuuno1n eave them to. Jli.m 1t1. •~eb.ange 'fOl" a 01\U U",ktlo,,ledgiuf! ·th~;lr t'tOOljitt Th.!;; olii t w&s tendered i:n evid!iiince, The appellan.t denied ·tho;\t it was the document he bad gove.n to liussein.• though l'l~ agreed that .he ha<.;. given him ~ written ackn.owledgenwnt. fla:ving g.ot hold of t.he tueks the appell&nt took them to the Inland aev-enue Officer .in fSingid.a to haw iihem :regiatored.. Mr.. Se.nge Mhegye, the Game Wa.rden 1 recai ved n.ewa of' th.in ano. issued inHtruction.s to the officer not to issue a oel"ti:f.ioate until further in:ve.s.tigationa had been 11u:-1de. IJ:he ~ppelltint called on the Game Warden on that V&t'l/' day and explained that b:e had shot the elephant on 4th J'lllle; Js it ho.cl ,gotl,e to drink wate1~. l:le had wounded 1 t but, the animal ha4 managed to cn.e$pO and he had. .not been able to traok and .kill t t. Later he :had heard that a womru, had t,ound the de,od elepho.n't und he had. tb.en gone dc.wn. Md .claimed ·tasks,., The Warde.n .Pointed ,ou.t to him that if his story .was true he ho:d alre~dy co1t11ni tted three o:f'fen,ces .,,,~· against the i'al.Uln Conservation Ordiuance .... whoot:i.ng at a drinking place; woundintJ iut an.:ima.l w1 tho'tl.t repot-tiug that he had don.e so, ru1d. obtai.ni.ng the tusks from the villagers. Re advised the ~ppell,mt to sw.·render the tusks at once and thus t.1void ,furti1er iAvestigation. The Wa:r>den testU'.bd that thif' a.d.vioe gl'eatly annoyed the ai,:r,ellant \-1ho aocusad llim of' attempting to oonV$l'it the tusk.o to hiJa own• use and. demma,ded. a receipt rrom him ce,rtif3·ing that the tusks had been detained.,. Tlie Warden ref'1,sed to do this unless tl1e a.ppellant showed him game H.cenoe. 'I'he appellant 1<1ould not do this. 'r,he Warden oa:-de~d him 1:o leave the 0.ftice whereu.po:n he became violent and Elapped. onQ of the porters who :was attempting to ~ject him.. '!'lie Warden called the police who .:irreated the a1)pella11t aiit'l took him to the pQlice atfation. On 20th. June ,t the Warden travelled to see tha carcass of the dead elephant. He formed. the .impl'EHusion th~t it may h.i:.tvo been .shot as lonE,t ~o as two months before the date on which .he saw t t. llne urmellant had. not, .itt fact been issued with a gamo lico11ce to I hoot an. elepl1ant until 17th June. His story wai;,; that he 11nd. shot the elop!uurt on t.hat very da1, 'th{rt th$ Villagers he.d :r.cun<I. it on 17th Ju.n.e, and rt:1mowd tha tusk$;, at.ui that he hct.d colleoted the tutl<:a on 19th .June .• '!'he prosecution oall:ad ,, witna1;;0, .PW 2, Su.di Rei,jabu.; who :sta~d that he bad gone hunting with t'he appelliuit and PW l, Jonathan Paulot sometime in June, 1969• The appellant had ohot and Nounded .an elepha;nt bu.t ho.d no·t managed to kill. it• At first Sud.i agreed ·that the date on which this hod h.t'l.ppexu~d wau 4th June, but ,later had~ chn,need. tllis to .mid,-J'une, 196.9• t "l:he trial mae;iatra.te .accepted the evidence ostc.tblh1htng that the elephant had been. in an advanced i:rtate of decomposition whe.n found. Be aoo-eptf)d al.so tho ev1da.nee of the As.aistant E~ecutive Officer th~t th~ x·epQrt -of the finding had boen made to him on 16th June. Re ooncluded; th.eref'ore, that tho animal had been shot bef·or.~ that date. Since the ,J,ppello.trtis l.ioenoo had been. bought Gf,l 17th Ju.n.e, the Magistrate b.eld that he roust have ·bee.n .hunt:bte; wi thou.t a .l..icen,;.e Wh{;n. he shot the elephant. Aecordiugl,y .he co11victed .him on the first (fount .• He d.iemi,aeed th• esoo.nd count cf :fail.b.g to re.p.ort the pcsses1:1ion :of a ti-oph.;y-,. ln .my v,iew quite proper·lY• The ....ppelll.ant had. g.one to tha Qa.rne ti'a.rden a:ipd; a\-Bked fol' a.1tthorit7 to ·hlte »oosesoton of the trophy befcre he bad a.otu.al.13 d~ne s<f• J!.s ·aoon..he did get 1lht trophy he .b.dd tak.e11. it tQ the J:nternal Reven.u.e Cf:f'i~er tot- i-eeistration~ Then was .no ertdenoc, thera:t'tore,,, to support $ ch~rgeii of fatltn.g to ~epQrt pcsneosion ot tr:-opb.7,. The trial. · me..Jiatr~te..al.so 9onv:1cte<$. the a.ppelll.'ltlt on the fourth count tor stealing by a publio sei-vant. I ~ sa:ti.111f.ied that ht WA.$ oor3:'EtOt in comlng to the con.otusi.on that t.he appeUunt W$S guilty ot .etet1l.t11:g the tusk:s. The £i1ppella.nt had obtained 1,,10.ssc,u,.ion. ot them tiro.m tho villagers bN tl"iokin.g them .into believing that he had pe:rm.ission fi-,om the Oa~e. W,u?den, to clo ~h He we,.r. s~okln! to .ha'\/'$ th.um. regtste:r.ed tn. his namEJ on ease.nti.Ql etep towardo di1:3p().s.1ng of thetn ao hio own. J I It <).Q.~ld be aristte~ th,1t h~ m:icht haV0 thought tlurt he h~d t?. o.la:.b1 ot .right to tha tuaks. t enrmot~ however<,, accept this oontention, (m. the magistrate• s finding th~ acp;pell.ant would h,we known that he ltad shot this eloph<'mt when he had. n,o lici!Jnce to do ao. H~ wGuld .h.t'wo knolffi ttmt under these c!i.roumstancon the tusks would becomo Govort!l?H'Hlt tror,by.. Hi.s attfll"eneaa ,of thi,s was established by the fac:t that .be sou.g'l',t to ,et-Jtabli$h . that the eho.oting .he.d taken place t!l'toz; he i1ad obtained the licence.. Be !maw the,t he could. not m~e n olai.m otb.erwio1h %ere oQuld be no que·stion,, thraref or::•e, of itis ha.v.ing ii c:lai.m of· right. ' All the i.t1Grediontfil of etealin.;; have be~n eatnblished. f,b.e ,.rppellant wu,8 alf.lo a riublic aervtmt. fle eould r.i.ot, .bo1,1evett, be convicted. ot ateriU.ng b;r •it public oe:1?vant unloso the theft had taken place. t.n th.e .j course o:t the J)OrtormJ\l.n.ce of lliu dut.ias as a pubH.o se.t•vruit ,or unless the -opportun.1 t3 to.r th.ei't had n1~1se.n beo.r.uise he waQ a public servant• Ne.a 1;he:t \ Q:f' ·tl'Mlse otrewnstfuwee :hetv0 beer1 esti!\bliahett h6trs,. The fact. th«t he was G. pu.blie ser'V'ant w,iS: quite unrelated to tl,.e theft except iai the setwe that th,e villagers might not h.~ve ,woti1;rbed. his word ,.nd given .him the · tusks .had. tne;y' .n.ot known him to bcr a maeistrt1tte. Thia oo.nneotion. wns not such a:s to su,pport a ohat-GG or ctoaU.ne by tl pu.blio ea.we:nt. on th.is oour.rt the ttt)l)eal mu~t succeed, b!clt by virtue of the powers v&st~d iri, tho Cour~t by t.be pX'oViolona of f!tOtrtion 181 of the C':r.:f;.min~l Pr,oo~dwre c·ode ,, a oonvic.tl<tn fo,r ih('?tt oon.tra.ey ·to sac.ti.on .265 tdll be s·ii'ba·ti:i "l:Utl!ld as thia llns bu~,n amply proved. On<t& tho apJellant h11d b~en oornrioted. 6:f theft he ought 11.ot, to have been eanviott3d on tile th:t:rd. ctumt of tmli:swful .P,l)tisnsaion of Governme»t t:ropha-·• 11\hf faoto eonstitu.tini the unlawful IJOsi'Je.aaioa were the same a(l those whi,1:Jh ootu.1ti tutod,. the thoft. f?1e ctte.no&B should: redl:, hovo beeA eh;,trged, i:1 the al -i:omttti1re,. Ia such. caaea &n aoouoed p~rs:ot,. fonnd gu.il t3 of o.ne of the al tet>native ,ehar~s ought not to b!.1t eonv:icted also of the othol'• No f.i.nd.intt .tlefld 'be r~◊orded. o:n th.t\ t othar oharee. In the event of .an appeal the a,p.iJ!Gll<lte tribunal t.would then. be tree to cha.nee the oonviction if it thou.:rht ti i;, Acco.rtHnelY,t as regarth\ th6 th.ird oount the conviction muet be q1.u1.sh,!Hi ttnrl the sentence set asid.Q. 'i:he appall ~.t sought to ~niee two 1-e,eel delfenees. ' 'J:ihe f.i :ri1t was 'based on seotion 44 :Gt the l\'.uma Conaerv~tion Ordinance. 1"'hif3 is one of a seMea ct seotion begin,ning at section. 42 dealina with ivoey lmd rllino,ioros l1orn• $t\'otio:n 42 p:rovtdea thut ooyon~ ,1ho kills an elephant or a rhtnooeroa .ehail produce, th\:f i vary or tll~ horn t,o {l Licensine etf!l.cer id, thin thirty 4ay1.1 to~ttu.lI' with hill game 1.ioe.n.oe. 5eotion 43 provides tht.tt the o:f'fiacr i:d1all, if. aatist'i:ed tt!'ter auoh inquiry e,s he th~nka .t'lecessary thert the i vor;y or -the horn 'belonaa to the per.eon who h,uJ.; pr-oduoed it; ,cause it. to bo :marked in. the tippropd<lite m~nt1er and th.en £ssu.e a eertific1;1t of own,u·:-sh.ip to that pe:t'l.'l◊l'h fleotion 44 st~tes: ... I£ the officer is not so st.itio.t'iod ae in o~c-t:1011 43 he mR7 rctc:in the ivory ()r. ::rh:in. ooer.os horn. ;pending f u:l'the1~ i:1ve titigati Of.! .• Provided t.hr.1.t if no prsoeedin.c~ ttN ir.wti tu.tad with.:in thres mon:tha of the, produ.etio.n cf the iV'oey ~r rhiuooi.n~os horn iii ~hall ho dealt with o.s prescribed in a!il~ti<>n, 43. The ttppelli'J.tlt ai•gued. that th.it\ seotion oronted & limitation period 01? three 1iumjhs which bur1•<Hi nny action aa~,irart him u.ndor tho Faru.ia Conl3ervation OrdinMoe. The section dOGl3 llOtt an my vi~lift c.1-ente a limitation. period, t'o:r crimirrnl offenoe,,- It oould not tn any miy bar ohi:u,~ges for Mlawf'ul hu.ntin.z, nor could it ba:r ~ charge f'or r.rto11li.ng under aeatimi 265 of tho 11enll'.l. Code. ·.,' _,.,-._ t,'o~:VIJ 4 - It is aim.ed at p.revonting undue delay 'by the 'licenninz offioer in making up hiit mind. on the question et wl:ud,her o:r t1ot he shoulcl iEHIUl~ a c~rtif'ioate., '!'he relevant date also ia the d~te o.n vrhich the tu.tlko nre produced. to the licensing officer. In this Ct).Ue the uppellant produced the tuaks for regiotrntion on. 20th Jwui 1 1969. 'I'he chctr~ was laid on 9th Septemb&r, 196.9• so that in a.n1 t.ntett t the p:t'ooocdin0 o were oora1nenoed \ili thin thr~e monthe of the date 01· pruclt.u:ition of the tuG1kt,t. The appellti.nt also con. ten,ded that the p;t·oceedintts wei:·-0 1u1ll and. void beoau.sa in the iiweaUgation.o ho,(i 'been o..u:•ded out bJ a $erg-eat-Major and not by on Inspector ac ha all1;;gad was required under the Fauna Consel:'vation Or·dirrnh.c4). This argument if.; toti3,ll)' Wi,t.hout raerit. The Oi..d.in~m.e reatr1,cte th• right of 11-eaoh and en taw on to premises to or£1cero of e. certain :•ant• It doe" not iiestr:iet the right to inveGti.cz.1.te. The uvpollMt also alleged that tli..: t~inl magiatr~te, Mr. Mkomwa., wua a friend ot' Mr. 3011ge • tl1e Regio1wl Gmne tlf.tl'dtin, that they had dtsour,:sed thing~ bef ot·c the heut'inL> .und as a rem.tl t he was un.juatilf con.viot$d ar1d sentenced.. lle nllsged that ·ihe District Magistrate i&tt()red hia t-ii tneoaes. Tllo it'ecord ahcma thut the appellant said ho had no wi tneoatlfs to onll in hie derenoe. H.Ei e;nve evid.ence 11imselt and the Judgmett.t shows ihia Wi:ltl co.retull1 oonoidered. The memorandum o:r a.ppc(;!l did .not diocloae t;t whu'L ute.fie the ap;cllunt bocttme uwuro of the alle:ged relctionsltip between the tl:"ii:il muattJtr.ate and tho Unn,e ifarden, but tht,ro io nc note on tbu reoo.r'i.\ that ti1e appollnnt objt:tctttd to the mn.tter beint; hoard bf the magiutrato. A oaretuJ. rondill!; of the evidonoe nncl. the jud,tJment diacloae.a .no biao e,eainst tlle uppellnntl! 1!'hc trir;1l mae;iatrc,te a1lalyoed the ovidenee log1oa1ly imd diupaosiouuttlly, There tms overiiholrilitlg testimony ·to support hia findint; that tho GJ.ephant hitd been shot ~ell before the date on whiot1 the ~ppol'.1.1.:zn: i.md in f.aot obtained his lice.ru:1,e. I ijCe J:1.otld.11& to vv.botu1ti~to tho allegatioti of bias. Acoordinely, the &:ppenl i1,J dismiaae& ttfl re~rJr.de ccu.nt l and tlle ~<1ntence qf tiiiX montha iG confirmed. On oow1t 3 the ap:pi"Jal i.a dlowedt the OQnvicrU.0n set nsid~ ru1d. the sontenee ql.Wehcd.. On c.ount 4 the conviotiou for stedli!'l« ie su.betituted f"or that ct stealing by a public oerva.n.t. M1 the pr-0pert;y ertolon in this <.hJ.Se Wtu3 Govel'.nment trophy atatod iu the })~rtiouli.ra to be the prope:rt;y: sf the Gove:tntnent of 'l'unzania, the Minimum Sor.:tanoe Aot etill applies. The senterice of two ytu.1,r.(A .. imprieonmettt tJ:t1d :ui strokes in iJ."'eapuot o.r this of'ft.uioe mus.t therefore be coufirmed. • Delivered in Court at l)t'i.r tie Balu.:im fl::,,1a 29th d,iy of Apr.11, 1970, I , (