19771011 TZHC Dodoma

, ::(--...; .\. tlk-~_. ,, -,~ 32 IN THE HIGH COJ.JRT OF TANZANIA A'r. SINGIDA ORIGINAL JURISDICTION (DODOMA REGISTRY) CRIMINAL SESSIONS CASE.NOo 39 OF 1977 REPUBLIC VERSUS NALIGYA S/O DAUDI Chcir_z: M U R D E R c/s 196 of the Penal Codi::o JUDGMENT Th,, ,,.ccus 0.:d in this c;.1S<=, Naligyu s/o Daudi st;mds ch.1r ;,:.;d with th.: offeno2 of murder c/s 196 of th2 P:.:n:.11 cock o The, Republic has all ,0;ed th it on or ubout 27th du.y of July, 1975, in Sinqida R20ion, the. accused murder--,d on,.:: M,:1kuz,1 s/o Kiule.o The accus,·:d d<:mied the ch 1r9eo To prove the charge, the prosr~cution ;:i:~dUC<:_:<..,. UY, following evidence; on the morning of 27th July, 1975, the; cte,:eased h:ft his villu~ie tu go ill1d look for foodstuffs in some oth .r area from - ✓ h ·re h,· inh,nd,;d to r,,:turn that vc::ry ~L:1yo Thc1t same morning, the wife of the d-,,c~us ,cl, on,.i NkuWE, d/o Nkclla (PoW.1), hr,r moth·.,r, and lwr sist.,,r-in-law, on: Mi,:,.;1zj_ d/o Mpin'}u. (PoWo3) lt~ft for Minin,:10. vill 1·1e to (JO and ,"t·:t~nc1 il funcru.lo On th•.:•ir wuy back from Mining a thl', thr .. f..: ivor,1<211 stoppc,d at Ulukuta villaq~ wh-.~re th,.;:y drank loc:11 liquor worth =/50 or shso 1/=o Accordin<] to PoWol, whil<:= th,: thr·~(: WOffi(:n Vl•.:::" :ct UlukuL:. villo.0e, the ilCCUs;.,d calL:;d PoWol and ask-:d 1Fr if h r l1uslxmd WuS at hom20 Wh-.. n PoWol t0ld him thc1t h,::-r husband had 'F.>:1. tc, look for foodstu2fs, th,: accus~,d ask-::d 'h,,r when he would c:::turn, to \••i:·1ich sh,• repli,•d th ·\t hE! w. uld corn,, b:1ck on th·c s .un·-2 duyo Lab.,r tht: thr~,e woma~n· 1 ,ft for th :ir vilL,,1•:s o On aj:ri val at their vill0ge, thr!y stopped at the hous,:, of .:.:a1-i_~ Sc1mwel Pyuza: (PoW~2) where th -re was local liquor., At S;:1m1,1.,J. •s i1ous,: ·the thr.-e wom,-,n were eith r givc~n or th1:-,y bought for th-,!n:s.;lve:s some loc,:11 liquoro P.Wol L ft for h,.:r house shortly -:1f' ... ,:;r w::rcls .::1.s sh<~ 0 wan-L:,;d to <JO home 1.·.;:1rly b c:.1u'.;r., h, r husbund ·1_,_s c,\.J,2y .. 0 on arrival at h,."r house, _- which is ,i-.iuut 2. quc:1rb::)r of miL:'! aw~,y from P .Wo2 1 s house,, sh,, started mukin<J p1~..:lJ':T:·~ti'ons to 0 cook food. 1rJhih, sh.: ~Jas thus busy, th0 a•;cusc~d 2;, 0 , :r,r,·:clo It w2.s th2n ,1t abqut sun""'.s~t.. on arrival tlv:.i:t~ tht:~ accus,_,d w;10 e1ccordin,r to P W 1 ,md us a::lrni tt,.;;d by th,, ar.cus:-,d, was an olcl pR,::-,:.mour of 0 0 PoW .. l, c1sk .. d if P.W;.1 1 s husb,J.nd 0 hud com" b::1ck, cmd P.W.,l told him th.tt h<:c1 had not y,,t com-:• b,ick. Th,~reupon, i:J1.,, ::1c:cus."d p ·rsuo.cLd P 0 W0 l to hiJ.'Je sexual inLorcourse! with him., Th,ci ·::wo ·.hLln ent ,r,.:d P.W.1 1 s bedroom a.nd h,,d s,,xu21l inb;rcuur~;"°'·• •oo/2 • ., 33 - through When they w~-!rc · with the s0xual act h,: bvo made to~go cut of the bed-room. It woul~ app~ar th ·t as th~y w~r~ trying e to go out the a~cus~d (if not PoW.l as well) was still f~st~ning his cloch1:1s. As f 3.te h'ould h ,vo it, th<:~ d"-.!C,! as :d knoct _d on ;::I:.: outside door and ask-:d P.W.l as to who w .s insidi.= th! hous.2 with h ,r. It w,1s th, ar.cust:.d who answeJ:12d o.nd S..iid, " I am h ire " • When the di'.O~as,Jd ask,id what tht:: ,Kcusl!d was doin0 ti1 .r--2 7 i:h::l • accus""d s.: id th-)t ht· w.,s looking for fire tc li9ht his tob2..-:co. By them, so it would app1i.1r, th1:! d·2C<:ilS.'d v!:,S in the= sitting-room and th: a,:cuscd and P.W l vu~r.::~ in th,:: cfour-v:.:\ Di=tw,.:en 0 1 { th", si'.:ting-room und the bed-room in which th(..!y h;-td jw~t h.:cd • scxu::!l int· '.rcours,!. Wh, m tht..: d \C<," nsed ask.-sd the' accu.s,2d why :.h ,:_ o.cr~w,,id should s:.:-ty th,,.t h.• w:.i.s lookinq for fir.~ when he was f:ist~nin•_; hj_s cloth~'!s, the a,·cus~d Silid: "Today W-...: huVL:: m•.ct 11 , · ..md th,m added tJ-i-.:t h..! wn.s ~J ing to kill the dec~as~d. Thtin=upon tl1<c accus,,cl grabbc:::d th•:: 1.-:qs of th., :\:.:c.;:.;s0d and f•:~ll,cd him to th•·' floor v,ithin the~ sittin<J-roor,1; lk, then took a knobberry which wo.s hanciin<J on the wall 1;:~thin •:::11 .. s:i.'~ting ro0m and struck th.c dt,C•!us:·,d with it twice on ;_h-.. h ,,,l ,1n.J chino ir.Jh(m PoWol tri-'d to intervene and pl- ud ;d ·.;:i.;:h th,, ·accus-~:d 0 not to n.ssaul t i:hc: Jc•cc .:1s.,d, th'-.! ar:cused threaten .. d to :~ill h..:,r as welL P.W.l then rais,,d o.n alarm twice:,. M,:anHhj_l;j, ·[:h-. accus~:d held :.::h,1 dc•·:c,as,:-d I s lt::qs a.nct druq<Jed th".: d-:ct::as,.,d I s prostrat,:; bodyout of the house. As no onu w.--1s a11sw-.,rin~; h--r alarm, PoWol rush-:'.l to th.-:-2 house: of PoWo2 nnd report·.~d th.,t h,.·r husband WQS d.;u.do Many people, includ~n<J a tc,n-cell l•.:o.d,_,r, on,~ 1'1<:1.·c,::yo Ndalu (p Wo4) w,:nt t'o thf, seem~ wht,re th:!y found th.: boc,.y of the O d ,ce C\Sl)d spro.wl(id on th"-? <jround outsidE: the hous,c: Th ... ((,.,:;.cclS,:d 0 h::td sev,,ral 3!1d sev. re h ·i1d injuri~:s. Th,, accus.:d, hc,1...;v..:,r, was not at th~ sc2nu. That sun<.~ eve in<J, PoW.l tDld the pt,oplc p,Y,s--:nt that it was th! ;:iccus-:d who h.,d killt,d the deceu.Sf,d, ,:ind th-d: ciccuD,:;d h,1d atti:.!Ck8cl the d,,ce as•:~d aftc·r th,2 latter had -found h ~r :,.,·:c~ th...: accus-2cl havinr; s,·~xual int,-:rcoursr= o P.Wo4 the.en s,,nt u report to PolicE;, und. polic,, ,:\rriv2d o.t th..! sc. ,r1c th,~ follow.5.ng mornj_ng .::i.nd '"~xamin,:~d th'"; sc::n;.,.· A police ins;_,._ ctor (Po Wo6) found sme ,:rs of blood insid,; th:.: sL:tj_nu-room ;_md n.·Qr th, re w-is lyinr1 a knobkt)rry w··,ich had b .. ,n broi..:.-:n into two. Ht~ found r,o oth.:r w.;npon of any d,.,scriptiL.•n in th...: hcus,.. PeWo6 nlso nat,.d siqns showinJ th:11.: th:-, d:,;:id body of i:h::: cl.,:::,.-~s .. d ho.d b~en dra<J<JE~d from the sitting-room to wh(:ir1: h:.:, f .. unJ it lyinc; outsid,, th,! house. The brok,:n knobkerry wns prodUCi-]d in cour·c n.nd \-JV.s id-,.mtified by P.Wol as b,ilon9ing to th<, dec•~,ised? ,.m.:l to be th2 om:: th'" n,:cusrcad us•.,d in assuultin<J tht:: deo:as,,d,, e o/ 3 34 - On l~,-.irning th .t it was th,, accus ,::1 who kill·.~d ·'.:h\2 dec20.s,.;d PoWo6 w~nt to Mpand~ villacje where he arrest,•d th,:: u.CCUSCid. The d·.~ud body of the dee ased w:1s t::iken to hor;pitnl wher<::; an a1:1opsy was c,,rried outo The autopsy r-.:port µroduc-.;d bef0re the Court und~r s~ct!on 275 of the Crimin~l Proc,dure C0de r,2Vt!.:-.ls th-it ths! d·,,ce,:s<icl sustain:id exb--:nsiv,~ hc,:iJ injurL.:s which includ..:.d :i l-3r<Jc li.'l.C,·'r:1h,d 1-wund of ,1n indefinit1; siz(; on th-..! 11.;ft front;ll ar·-•a in vol vin<J fractur•:.: of ths.: left frunt.?tl bonl,, fr::ictur,; of both left upper and lower jaws, fr.::ictur'° o;:: ·ch.-. right parintc1l bonE~ with l.1Ct:.!ration uf menin0es und br,in subs·i.:-:ncc, and frc1cturc of th~ ri<:;ht temporal bone i.1t th,~ b.:1s;;; of th, .. skull o In th-.;! opinion of the doctor who cunducb,d th·: autopsy ch•,: c2.us0 of d-1:1th of th, d'·ce .1s-:cl was violf:mce causing br,lin injuryo The o.ccus-=d W.'lS tak,m b,.for-'..! a ductor whc., .:.,:~:..1,,1iiLd himo Th2 cx.::im;.n.::ition rtJveaL-d th.-it .h"; accus,·d Wus ag1c,d 30 y ,:.:rs, wo.s ment,:1lly and physically norm,11, ,_md h;icl no marks _,f vi<:,L;nc,:, on his p,.rsuno In his def,"ince on o.1th, thE, ;:i. :r:us,~d s~tLi l:h;it ur, the: day in qu-.;stion h\.: suw PoWol at Ulukuta villa,y2, but h,.: -:i,_'. nt>t to.lk to hJr. At o.bout 6000 Pomo he w~nt to P.Wol•s huus~ fo= th~ ~xpr~ss purpos0 of having s2xual inturcuurs0 with PoW.l who w~3 his lon<J time p;1rume:uro L ·.:ivin<J out th, contr:1dictiuns in his .,vicl ..;nct-,.;, this is the 0ist of whJt th,~ accus-:=cl s,iid happemid on ::1 .riv,,l at PoWal 1 s house: he persµud.,.·d .PoWol tu haw, S(.:Xu:11 in-c,.J:-course with him, .::ind th~~ bva th.-;n 1,,~nt into PoW.l 1 s bed-room :-1h-..;r,.1 the bw h ,d sexunl int . ,rccurse. Whs::n th<sY Wi.!re throu0h, ·chJy rnclck to go _out of th0 bed-roomo .just then th'.; decea:;~d ent .:r.~c1 ·:::h"-: sitting-roum and u.Ski.:d as to who was with PoW.l in th-.:: rocm., The ac:cus d answcrl.:!d o.nd s,.1id h·: ,:.::is in th r"" o Ask>Jd wh-xt h.~ we1s doinq, th(! Z1cc:us,id s:.1id th .1t h<i w,1s. h. ,ving s~xunl int-·crCjltrs-..: with th12 dec0;3.sc-:!d I s wife o Thr:;reupon th•: deceas •d s0:Lz-=d i.:h; ~ccu.,;~:d by th,-: collar of his shirt, push(.:cl tho• door shut o.n•..i. pick.,cl up a. knobket-ry, ap 1,3.r~ntly intenc!~n<J tu strike the-:: accus._;d u~.th ito The a::cused, howeVf'.r seizr,d the kn?bk8rry and sn:-itch ~r.i it nw.:1y from the cler:,:::3s,-1do The cleceas,,cl, still holding th: u.r::cus-.. d by th, Cl,llar uf his shirt, th,.:n pick.,,d_ up a pL~c-2 of fi.::-,awoul from th--i fire-plui:e in th(, si t:i:ing-roomo But b .,fo-c"i ·::.11 _ d0c~:1s,~d coulcl strike the -:1ccu,,(!d with th,~ pi~ce of wood, the:; ,:r:cw;,cc1 hit th.' dec,.!ased once on th~, l,!ft side c;f th,i h-;.:1d w:i.th . the: knobkLrry, and thE= d<::;c:,::i.secl f,::11 down on his b,1ck uncounsciouso Th~.: a-::cus,c,d W'.!nt on to say th.1t :1ft,-.:r th "t h,: pulh.!d tht" decc..;o.s:,d uutsidt! tht:i house so th ,t thti d·-.:c,.,ns )d could hnv.::.: som2 frc sh nir to r0susci tute him. While ull this '., ~~s happ0nin•::J, PoWol h,::d <J<;nrc; out i111d WciS raisin<] u11 uL:rra, :::ncl so c~:i:ld not S::<:! wh ,t w. 1s h '3.,.,p,:nin<J inside the hous,~. Aft~r pullin0 ,th2 dee~ 1s;d uutsiJe, th~ accus~d notic..:~ _,ncJ so h'= b•-:carnL= afraid ~i.1~~t J_.. ~m th.-:t the-.; dece~~s :d \V:1s deud, The a cus1:d a .dc,d th ·,t h,~ h:,d no m__•:ms uf <J ,ct:i..n<] 0ut vf th,~ . hous,, b, for,-, h,,: hit th; der: :us~.iu ' b"caus::.; :::·i clucr v1.1s clos~d c:1.nd th,, house had no windowso Hf~ 0.tlmi·i:.t.;,_;_ 11,,vinq thr-,at:.::n<:d to kill tlv, d,.:cf: ·.1s,id, but 3(ided th~t h_i s:::iu so aft'""r th._. . d~=C"" :,s,:,d hims~~lf h ·1d thn: ,lb,:nc,d tc, kill himo In his fin:11 submission, Mro Mwailun<J 1, 1,-<\ri-i-d d2f,,:nc:: couns..,_~1, invi t:-:d th·-= cuurt to accept th...: n-:cus,cd' s story ;1s the truth of w]1:it hapr,,m·,,cl ~nc1 so hold _-ch·~·i.; P.W.l n2v,_,r s.::iw wh.1t happ.::n,Jd b,!t,,.,t:n th,:: a,:cus,:.!d and th-; J. .:•.:.::::o.s-,,d, from which fact th,• court should huld th..1t th,.; accLL·'...;cl .:cct._J in s;.;lf-d(:;fencc1 .:tnJ so is not ~uil ty ,.f any off ,nc,.: o In J.:h..; al t-.1rnnti V(.~, L . .:irn( ,cl couns,..:l for tl-H: d(-!f,,nc:e sub mi th::<.l -i:h.::·t if 35 th8 court should hold th ..lt th, ckf~,n-:::e of s0lf-dcf.~ne-~ is not avail.:ible to thr:: accu .cd, th,.!n it shOuld hold th.:1t -;:h,2 .--:ccusto:d kilL:d th2 J,,c ,ase-,d in the cours;.= of a fight and so fin-:1 him <]uil ty of the l(:!SSe..!r off,mc,~ of mansLrnghter and not murcl0ro Th~ 1 , □rn~d state attorney, on his pilrt, invi~:d th~ court to uccept Po Wo 1 as <.1 truthful witness; that ho.or ,:1ccount of wh,3t hu.ppent.id is thci \tJhol,; truth; and so should ruj,,ct th..! accus-::d•s version of thi: story as a bundle of lis;So In bis submission, Po Wo 1 wcis strai0htforward and consist-mt in h,.,r stury, -::ind h r dem~!anour was bey, ,nd repro:-icho H1c.: h,,s thJrC:!fc.,re ur<J,:d the court tc..· find as ,, fuct th 1t it w;1s th.! accus.:,d, wi·10 thrc :.,t,:nc=d to kill th,: decE; c1s-~d ,.md did in f.::ict kill ·cht.: deci.~i.lS<,;d; th:tt at no t:i.m2 can th(, accus·!d b-.~ s:.1id tc; :-1 .v:.:. beun in imminl:nt dan(Jc!r of ;:i serious attack from th,-' C-,c.:.:as-..:,..1, th ,t thl~ injurh•s were very ext::nsi ·•.'c, :md th:1t th,~ u•·:ct~s,:c1 pulled th,· dr:,ceG.s ,d uutside th,c hous .. ~ probably in '1 bic1 to dispcs"-' of th,~ body. Ii; th,dse f ::i.cts are fe,und 2 st.:.ibli:;h .:d, th..: l ~.trn.:)d state '.!ttorncy submi tt;;d thE: irr,~si stibla: inf,:;r,.:nce is th:1t thi.! accu~d.l asted with m,1lice nfon~tl1ought and so is 0uil ty of r.1urdc!r o In th::, al tern a ti ve, l· ·drned stat.::>. ,:i.ttt:rn,;y submi ct.:d th,1t if tho) court accepts th"~ stury c£ th2 ac:cus,,d as th .. : truth, ncver- thaa~ess th-,, dc.:::f0n<:t! uf self-defenC,·! is not avuilabL.: to him b,,.:couse: (a) th:, force he used wus not n::::c1s,..m=.lJL: :>ut excussiv~, Rnd (b) he cannot h.• said to have h ~n und~r rc~l appr~hcnsion ,1b,,ut his li:iie o Aft•,!r my summin<J up t,:, tht., two ~pntl-2ms2n i:.SS .. ssurs,. both CJ"-:ntl1:,mf!n assessors accepb.:d Po Wal' s cvicLnc'"" n.s L\ tru,:; account of wh-.it happ,,nt.!do They th<,rcfurc! found e1s <'- f,.1ct th ._t th-.:: accused h.:ld the decE.!uSt:d' s L:<JS, ft!lhid him tc, th,. Jround and kill d him, c>.nd th :1t at no timt, did he ::ittc,mpt to run c.1w2iy ev-..::n wh,·m he h.,d t_ht.! opportunity t<_, do sc aft-.,r fs:illing ti"1:, decens~d. Ei.lch of th:m ac:cordingly found th2 accus .• ~ guilty of murd,,ro 1 On the evidence, it is beyond disput,, ' th:::t cl v ,.csc•n by th-i n:1mc of Ma_kuz::i Kiulo. is d ,ad; th.it h,·, clh!d a vi(:l...:nt dc.:i.th; ::ind th :t it is the ,.;CCUSt:d \1/h(, kill cl himo Th..: qU,;.!St~cC·n 1.-ft for consider.:ition' th::rr.~forc:' is wh ,th T ·ch,..! killin~J in th2 circumst::inc.:s amoun t:cd tu rnurd ..!r, mnnsl:_,u,_ ·h ::,.:r ,. or no cff,:nce at i'lll.o As I told th(: ·gc-mtlem,,n ass,-,ssors, it is s.,·,;·cl~.•l lo.w tho.tin criminnl cases th~ pros1cution has tu prove its cnsc b,:.;yorn.i ,:easonabl·,, d,oubt, and th:lt an ac:cu~; ,J p rs,;n de,.::: not as sum .. :, th,-: burd~n of provin<J his innoc<:,nci::::" All th .~t cm a-::cus""d p, ,rson hi.ls t0 c.lu to be :!nti tl'"d to ;:in acqui i:L,l is tc give~ an cxpl~jnc1tion th.it rais,,s reo.sonabl.:~ duubt in -::h,; mind of th.:, ccurt. On the basis of this principl.~, an ac:cus.-'ll '·' :rscn ouqht to b,1.~ c,mvict(,d on 1:h;'.': stn;;nCJth of th i pros-.:?cu·::::;.,,n CQ,;.::, and net un the w akn~ss •.)f his d,11:''<c,nc(:;. Incl !ed, th-:.:: m...:n: fact tlv,t an c1ccus,!d p€:rson has t .ld li,;s du.,s net d,~.sulv,: th2 trial cuurt from uscertainin<J fn,m the wholti ,,vict"11C...; wh0th,:r the offence with which h · w:1s ch.1rqed h,1s he :n prov,.d beycnd rEo.1sc.n:1bh~ doubto (Lon0inus K~mba Vo Rr.=publi...':_, (1973) LRTono39)o In th,:! inst2nt cast:, the prost,cutionts c;,_s_, d-:1; ,nds n.lmost entin~ly nn the tividenc.2 c,f P.,Wolo Th::: first qu2stic,n I ho.vc to cunsider, th:,n,fur•.-:, is 1-1heti1 ,r Po Wo 1 is . , '.Jit;1-.:GS uf trutho I h.:1v,zi h.:.1rd o.ncl ubserv;_,d this witn:::css ::ts sh,.: ')<'-V:.:. <..)Vid,~nc.:;, and I h,Wt:.!. tab-,n into consid-.!r:1tiun th.' ;:idmitt ...::d f:1ct t;i.·:,: sh0 is o. womo.n of we,1k mor,il fibn:o But h,:r mor:ll turrii·~uul.! notwithst:mding, this witn~ss impn.::!SSl~d m0 as ;J.n hc-n.,st witn~)Slr Her st~ry w.-1s strai<Jhtforward, and sh:.= gr~·cphic'.:'.lly dl.!scrib,,d the! nasty ev.,m ts of th~1t dny ~vcn when th. facts were n0t in h:.:r favour o; S_he calmly answered "v:..-:ry question with a d(~m(~o.nuur I could nut fc.ult. I th,~refur<.:! fully u(jr'-'l.! with th12 twv <Jentleraen J.SSessors_ th,1t PoWol is .J. witness (.,;( trutho The! n,..?Xt qu~! stion I h;-1w: tu consid.~r is \1Jhc:·~~h:..!r sh2 corr,:.:ctly d,::scrib,.,d wh,1t happenf:d th .:t futuful L!V,..!!13.n'.:. A'] nin I have no doubt at .:ill in my mind th .1t her o.ccount o{: the incid12nt is actually or subst.3.ntially wh,t h-,pp,.:me:cl t:lvt evcningo I o.m fortifL1d in view by the f3ct tl1at S~Lrtly nfter th., incicl-.=nt sh2 qave tho s3.me story to th•:.J ten-c.:11 1,..!:1der (P.W.,4), and her evid••':nc•., that sh,i saw the .:1ccu;:;,.::t'l hit '~he.: dcce:a.s-. d at l· :1st twice, .-md th.:t one of those bl0v1s Li.ndcd on the deceas:,d 's chin, is supporb:d by -!:he post-mort~m ,,x::imination r<.=port. 1\ccordin0 to this report, th•: d,:=Ct:us,~d h-\d. fr:.,cture c,f th: l.:ft front.::il bone, ri0ht, pariatal bone, of :.:h-..:: sl~ull, ,:tnd. fracture! (1f both the l,.:ft lOW(:)r und uppE::r ju.WSo 'rh,!S0 f .l.nchngs cl,.:arlySUi ,port the evidence of Po Wo l o.nJ ridicuL,~ th8 accused's st,Jry th ,t he hit the dc.!,:e,1s..-:d c,nly onc-"o IncL:...:d, p Wo l Is P.Vid,,nce cfurth,:r finds support in th...:, ,:vid,. !DC:2 of the O u· cused himsi-,lf w -o nt ,,n·-: s~:ag., admitb~d hnvinc, thr-.:.:it..:n~d to kill the, dc.~ceas.:d, h:1ving held the ct ..,cease:d's h.:0s and f~ll ·d him tc- the floor, and h.wing pulL,d th,.i' cL.::,.-.1 b0Jy out of th<.:: houseo All th,:se m.:itt.,~rs weni J,~pOS.!cl t::, by P.Wol., Th,.'. stury of th:~ accus,,!d th ·.•t ths.: dt!C\2 :cs. J pickc2l1. t.. up a piec8 of firewood from th,: fire-place is c,:ntr1d:i.cL.:d by the ~vid~nc~ of PoW .. 6 (which I o.cc~µt) th~ a~~rt fr·:m the bruk'-.>n knobk~rry, th~:re w:1s no weu.pun of .1.ny d,..:scri11b.un in th ·-,t huusc. On a full consid•~r.,tion of thi:i cvicL,nc~, <1s ·:; 1-,:·wL:-, th,!n~for .. ,, I .::im in no doubt at all th .t th,: st .. ry c-::: ·:.::L: uccus2d w:,s a ridiculous aftc::rthought which I complct2ly r,. j ... ct. I :un s,J.tisfLid thut th, .:ic:cused W-lS thee p•:~rsun who thr,,.-,::,.. n .::d to kill th.: d,.,c,-!:~s",d; thJt ht~ th:211 grabuc=,d th,: cl,:··..!,7.S!cl by i.:11 1-.(jS c.1nd fcll~:d him tc th': <)round, :_md th.,r,.:uft•::r. pick,.:,'. up th~ knubkcrry from th wal 1 ~md sav.:.ige ly poun:.LJd the.: d-.,c~, nsc,d 's h"i3.d with it, and th~.:n drac10ed the ckicc-, 1s.:d 1 s d,.22.d b:xly out of the hcus2 o I J.m .:ilso S.J.tisfi,,d th t th,.:: ,Lee ·1s,..:cl w:ts ·,t no tim:c.: arm,•d, :.md th 1t h,! n'.,v1:r ccius·~d any di';.m,v;0 t0 th .. r,-.,rscn of th(;; ,),~CUSi·!do Furth·r, I ~1m Silt.isfi,:d :md fin, 1• -.s :~ :f,-:1ct th~.:i.t tl1e UC:CUS·.~d thri.:.:~1teneU to L1ttack PoWol if sh.~ int ..:rv...:nede Th,2 y:uc, st ion now j_ s wht,th .r on tho;;,_, f:1cts th.: ,.L!fs.,nc,.: of sE,lf-d0f.,nc0 is av,1ilublc to tht~ 3CCU:'kd. To st c.r-c with, i t should bf: µuin b.·d out th t ,1h-·n-, :1 def )nc:1::i of s .. lf-ck,f ... ,nr;,2 is r~,is ..!d, the onus r .. 'rn,1ins throu0hout on th12 pros-..:cut:;_,~,ri tc. prc',l':1 th ·1t th,: ac:cus,_-,d is ')Uil ty of murder, The onus is n,:.;v""r on the uCCU:-;c1d to us-i:c1blish th.:t defd1C:8o In ur:h r \·J,...:.::-ds, whGn, il lJLii'! uf s,~lf-ch~fence is riiis~d, it is for -:J1,·a prl,S :cuti on to neci -iti ve o 0 I will now procet:d to discuss the princii;l.as of L:.,w r00.:irdinq the dc-:f1,nce uf s,·lf-d:,f,,nc,.!. ,1.s I b,l::~ ·ch"' 00ntl,.!men c::issessors, it is bt:.:~yond disput.~ th 1t a rn,,n who is o.ttack:.!d is ,mti tl- :d to cLi·:? ,nJ hims•~lf; but in :L,in<J so he~ must only do th .t which is r-., .1scn::1bly n•.,C'= ss .-_1ry in ·i_:;·1., cj_rcumstanc ,s, anc.l ~✓h::it is nc:3.S<,n;,bly n•.:2C-'issnry w:i.11 (1;_,lJ,-nd on th.: s,..:r.:i,)usnci ss of th0 t1tt:1c:k or •·.hi:: crisis with 1,1;1ich h:, is fnce,:L B·..:fon: .:1 pl a of s~:lf-d<-Jh}nCti c,m succ ..~,}:.·l, -:.:;1 .r-...:for,:, it must h,.' shown th .t th,:.: cl~1f,~nc1::) was n::c,:::ss,::iry, :~11:,_t h-..: .1.id 0.ll h.::: cculd to .:wrJid it, :-md th .:t it w \S n,:c~,ss .ry t_, r:ru::.:c:t hims ~lf frum such src;ricus bodily h .:rm :1s wuul. 1. (J:i.. •-;.: ,J. ·c.:::sc:nabbh~ -, 37 - .:1ppreh,insion th :t his li-.:'c= \:J.:1s in imrn.:,di-.ltC:: J ·tn~.;....:r, u.nd th----.t i:he .force u.sed was r:::;is,_,n.-1bl :e in the circumsL1n,;,::so 1 (S. ! Archibold, 38th Edition, pi:1L1 2499) o But if the mom·.~nt of danry.,r is ov,"r, or if ths~re h:1s b._,~n no ;::·ct:-:.clc nt ::i.11 o.nd no cLmswr ;:'c.\quiring imrn,:diate r,: ;1.ction l:h,.Jn th<:c! use of force us a d1=f,,nctl cannot be justifii:1d, :mJ m-1.y ,1.mount to pure <1.<]CJr<::ssion. In such .':i Ci1Se th,:, pl>!i1 uf s,.clf-d,.:f0nco2 will f .::i:i.L Of coursf:, .::1s was st;::itecl by the Privy CoW1cil in ~"l_,l...!.!!;;E._ v. Ro 55 er. APPo R. 223, 3t p.117e 242: If th.·n: h:.is b-·~m un att.-x:k so th ,t de:L:n ·-.) is rt.::asc.,n,:ilily 11 ncc2ss,1ry, it will lx~ r,-,cogniz,:d th:1t ;:.~ p rs<,n ._~(;f~nding hims,1lf cannot weiuh to c1 nicety th(: excic-l: m : ·:s1.11:·0 of his def(-:nsi v,2 <1ction 11 • This dictum WdS quote-id with approv.::il by th.::: E:.~s·t ,\fricc_m Court of i\.pp,:ul in Mh:1bi Mtunqi Vo Ro, di<J(ist~:,1 in 9 E.,/,.LoJo p;:ige 2 70., Howevs\r, wh,~r-.-i th"~ force us<.!d cL" 1rly w,~nt b-..;yc-ncl th.:-!t w ·,ic::h wns re,:tsow1ble in th~ li<Jht of the circum:ot,""lnc'-"s .:1s they r~ .\sc-nably 3.ppe ::i.r'.!d to the a :cus,~d, them th,~ pl..2 .-, c,f s,;lf- dcf~nce must still fail. In th<·, instant case-:,. th,, uccus,2d wets nut -~t ::i.11 under nttack, :::ind th~:re w ·,s nu rec1sun::i.bll~ appreh:.nsion of imm,.:di2te d:1rnJer tc his life 0r p.:rson for th., d-::·::e;::1sed H,1s ·11c;: o.rm:'•1, ,md aµart from nsking qU(~stions, th,?rt-; w 1s nu imm.,:.li. :t-.:, c.:,us.:; fur apµr.chension a.t any stuCJe• BesiJ,:s, the .:1ccus_;d wm1l,J ,'.:lJiJ_.;-;; :J.r to h-\ve t:.1ken no av. iding ;1ction. He! could h:w," rJ,Xl·! uut-. of the hous..: ,it th<,! tim:, P.W.l did so. H-~ did not .lu th-,t. H-: could h:ive g,.,ncl 0ut :1ft~r felling tht! ckccas -d bc~fon~ lk h:L·t i1im. A(;:::tin h,: did not do soo In thos,._, circumstanc::c;S I :_\m fully scitisfi,:d th 1t the prc-s ,·cution h::i.s c'-:m 11,ib::ly n..:c_p·i.:5.vcc1 th(! 1 pl a of self-dcf~nce. The_ qu,:st~_on th,':tt now pres·.:nts its;,lf is t!iis: wh-:t <.1r~ th,: consequ,·nces whs=n o. pl-:a of s,,lf-deft:nc.-2 tu ,.'. ch;:-.rcJe uf mur-d~:r fails, eith,!r }Y:cuuse th,,n? w:1s no attack v.nrl nu imm;;:Ji,3.t,2 <Lm<Jt::r tu justify tht, us<; of forct2, or wh,:::-~ tne use of furet'2 W(:nt cL!,:trly b,!yonJ thi.lt which w.:.,s i:\..:!i:lSun:,iJL.: in the li0ht of thr! circumst.J.ncc-.is .:1s they re,jstmubly :7.p;_;,~;:r..:cl tu the J.ccus2d? In o+:h .r wurds, should ::1 m:1n whose ]:Jl ,i:1 c:2" s,.:lf-d12f2nce to c1 ch:1rqe of murcL.:r f :1ils n·,· ce ssi.lri ly b : fuunc'. fJuj_l·cy of murder? In my vi"w, in such ;1 c 1s2 the ;,cr:us·.:)d m::--.y }J . .: /,·uncl guilty uf mun.L::r or m:rnslnu~-:ihtd.- dept n<lin'] up, ,n th., ~-"-~cul:i.ur f.,cts on whi.ch the pl·,in of sc:lf de::fenc.e is unsucc1ssfully rnisE:!d. I ,1m fortifi, d in this vL:w b:,-- th<~ p,!rsuc1siv,.: EnrJlish de- cision in i;hc; C<J.S•-= of Ro Vo Mclnn,:s (1971) 3 all EoR.295, _in which the C0urt uf Appe,11 follrn-1,.:d tll<: decisiun of th..: Privy Coun<1_il in Pnlm<:2r's c::ise (supru)o In Mclnrn::es Cic.S,.!, ·:_;'h:, C0urt stutc:d, at p:1';e 301., 11 If sc,lf-d0:!f;_:mc<:; fails for th•.! rec1sc.,n st,ri.:,:cl, it affords th~= accust1d no protection ,1t .:111 o But it j_ s importc:;nt , to str<:SS th ,t th,~ f::i.cts on which th8 pl :-:1 of s.;:_;lf- dehmc::-! is unsucc€.,ssfully suu<Jht to b2 be1s,Jc1. r,12.y n ;;V-.:,r- tbeless servi:.; t~t:? iJ.CCUS~:d in go(>d st.,ado Th,.:y mcry, fc,r example, qo tu show th ~t h,~ mi1y h,we -::i.ct'"cl un.L!.t' ., provc.,cc1tion or th ·t, <11 thouqh uct::.n,J unL~wfully, hr:1 mny h,:ive L:,ckE~d t:h,:: intt'=-n t tu kill or c.,_us-2 st1rious buclily h:1rm, ·~md in th ·.1.t · m.:iy rt:!nd,,:r l:h,'. prop -r v·...::r,Ect on,.: of m:1nsL::iU<Jht0ro 11 Th~. fin~l Qll·.:st~.uri fer decisiun, ·_L:h-:·:.c~.-~-:ur.~:, is '..r;1.=.!th\,;r• the! 1.,rost-~cution in this cc1s h:1s pr1....-.rtid m:!lict" :,.fcr~:t1i~·,ur_:;ht 1;.:; b,~y,,nj n~ ,.scn,,hle dc.ubt, ur v1heth,-r th•.>. f:-icts :_·,n w\lich U1(;;! 38 pL.:u of self-cl,~f,.:nc(~ h·1s fail,.~d th,: acr:us,~d. moY b,·! s::id to ho.v'-= L-icko2d the inh:nt to kill or c.iuse grievous i-u_;::m ;,11<l so n,nch.:r tht, prop,?r fin:L_niJ to b,.! mMsL1u<Jhb:)r. Undoubtedly, the ;,ccust,d act.:~cl in ti most .i.mr,ious m~nn~:r. He insdently stood his ground wh,!n h•] should h:.1v2 run ,,.1-r-..y or .::sk-.!cl to b,! purJ,.n·.:d, :md th,m WE:nt un t,:; vicic,usly ,::-.-':t,:ick h0 wht)m he-: h;.1d so sc~rj_ously offended. But th-1t s2.ic1, on.~ must cc,nsidl:!r th,: S<~qu,mcc:1 of eV<..ints. The ttc:r:us,-,d :~lid !:tu-i:: ,JC, to the d-::"!Ct::o.sed's huu!31= ::irm.-:d, .'lnd at ttH-, tim.,: they w-...:r~~ ,:::xc;y~n,Jj_n(J words, h.:: still w,:1.s not :1rm,,d. /\t th,-, tims! he! f.i..rE:·::: :1tt~1ck .. d i~.ht:: dec;:;:is(~dj h,~ did so with his bare ,1rms. Ho c.c.U<]ht :;h(.! d-..:c,,:1s .d I s 1,-,qs ,md fc-,11-:d him to the ground like cm,: v1ould in ,2 wrestling c 1 mtc::st. From P.W.l 1 s evicltmc'2, :_:,n..: ~Fts thG impi:--...:ssion th ,t ';:he cl•.:ce<1s,.:d took it h:inds J,..-wn. But ·i.:h:.:rc is nll the possibility th ;t the, d1,ceJ.s ·d put up s ,ml:: r.:,s:Lst~ci.nce, o.lb0i t ineffect: vely, .ind th ,re upon the ;:iccus .. :d sn:;:cch~c.1 ·:..:h-2 knobk- ·rry fr,.,m th(~ w,111 .,n·i USE!d i t to inflict ·ch,:. f<1t::l injuri•.iS to thei h··ad of th.-! deceas'<~d. In thos~, circumstanc1·.!S I am not p,!rsu ,·_kd ·t:h ·:.: ,:h,.., inovit.-:ibl._: inf•~n~nce should b·-! th .t th_; ::i.ccus-,cl .~c-::,::c.1 w:i.th mulice :1:0:or~thuu'}ht so ·'tS tu m,1b.! the killin~J :.1 1-mrc.::,ro In my vie:.:w, it is s,:1fe t,, hold tlF1t th,~ µroS(-:!CUtiun h:.1s ;wt ~1rovcd m.J.licE! :1fon.!thou<Jht beyond -1.ll re ts,,;n.:,bl<:! d<Glubto On thsaS'7. cJruuncls, ,1nd 1vith gr•:!:1t ,'.'E!Sl, ,ct 'c(, ·.:n.;. g..::nth~m:.en uSStiSSors, I must, o.lb•c!i t with njluct ·1nc2, , 1i:::':~·--!r with thc::ir opinions. I hold th .. t th,, killin'.J in this c.:-1s:·! 0.iT1<,uni:1::!d not to murd-:r, but to f(l:msl::1u1ht,:~r. I ::iccordin~Jly find th'-' accu:.kd not guilty of th(! orf,mce of 1:mr~hr wi. th which h,3 wns ch -~r~:1~~d 1 but I fin-'1 him guilty of th,·: l .:ss2r off'-'ncc: of m:.1nsL:iu- ght -ir c/ s 195 of the Pen,11 Code-:! ;md I duly c~mvict him fr·,rth- wi th of th,1t off 2nce. B. D. CHIPE'rt, JUDGE Mr. Mchora: Stnte Ai:tornt~y for the Republic Mro Mbezi: Holdinq brief for Mro Mw,1ilunq .: f'-;r purr;os,.,s of the ju<l<Jm,,nt. Mr. Mbezi: ,:i.ccus:>cl h.~s b"-~n c-.:,nvicte:.l of mansl2u··h·c,,r, I pr,:i.y 1\.S for ,.1 5 minute ;:.~•Jjournm,~nt s0 th :t his counswl cm •~Vi·,._. .-1r. Court: Application grant~do B. D. CHIPETA 11/10/77 JUDGE Later:!- As b~fon.~ Mr. Mw:1il1m,:J 1 for th\.:; ::1ccused. (.Mr. Mchora) My Lord, ::iccu:; ,J h~::s no rr.!COrd.. But I submit the c0urt sho1i.ld ccnsidF?r th,2 f:1et th.-1t .1,-~cu.:;s ,c1 n.:v .. r cunt.ribut2d to his own d,!ath. Th, ;1ccus-.d h:id b r,n w::i.rn<.)d !)Y P.\:J.l th--,t cl,~c,.:used W< •ulcl ;.-,~turn hum-:; o It w .s th- . .:1,-:cus~d \·Jho ·::hr•J~b'"n<::!d th"" dc-c~;1s,:d with d1..;ath. Th,i barburic c1tt.:1ck 1 ,n.ls cr:_;:_1:nce to th<. f,1ct th·1t .v:cus,!-.l h .tS brt•tal tendencir.:!So His ,L.:ninl of tl-k.! mumbr:r of blows h.: inflicted shows th .t h,! is f,·~r from· 39 bein0 repcmt-:mto It is only by i'l spt~ck of fortun,.: th . . t th:.:! c .::i.s,, h :1s ,,nd,-,d as i t h ·1s done o T',is is un .. of th_, V,.)ry b::,d c-:is,, s of mo.nsL.:1.uqht ,r" For the, ben.,fi t of th,2 ,;.et:usE..'d, th0 R•.-;public pr::.:.'S for a di t,:ri:ent s 0 ,ntence o Mr o Mw J.ilung c.1: My Lord we pray for l~ni~ncy on the followin~ grounds: nccus,.,d h ,s b en in custu!y for 1:h:,; last two y. ,::irs: h,: is marrL·,J to two wiv,,s, H,, h,,s a tot.1.l of fiv2 chihlr-...:n. He also h:;s thna,, dep.':'!ncL1ntso He is th,,, bn,:1d-minrn~r. Furth :r, th · fact th :t .-::i, :cu,.,ed could net r"'rndrJ.)-.;r how m~ny blows he inflicL,d on th,, dec,2<Js:-,d is just ,:Lcf,.,ct of mc!mory und nc,t 1,,ck cf n:p,:nt.:ince o Bc:sid,,s, in this pc:trt of To.nzani:i, p0opl,,: k :.p w '2.pons in thc::ir hous,,so Ar:cu :•.:d must h::ivc thcU(Jht th .t th-:::re co,.1 ld h :,vc, bi·,,n w '.:lpons in· th; hcusco I pr:1y fr.:r :, 1-::,ni..:mt s,:,mb,nce" Th-~ a cus;:d is al_J ,d 32 y 1:cs·o He, th ,ref or,: 1 f ;:ills within th, <Jroup of labour supply. That the! :1 cus ~cl is ., :first off,,,nd- ,r :ml ti,:xc h .. , h .\S b-::,n in rern.mll cust,;dy fer the! last two y ,c::.rs -::u:c,rn-.::t :rs Weirrhinrj in favour ():2 1:.,ni.)nCyo How:,,v,.'r, the~ fact th,:1t the ,1c,:us>.d kill,,c1 :, r) rscn whom he himst'!lf had wrun~J•:!cl, th .,t th,:; only sin th -~t th.: ckic., :·1s ,c] comrni tb:d w;,s th 1t h(~ m_-1rri(,d :1 wom.,1n whom th, ,1ccu,c:: >.l l0ved ::ind t:,: fuct th'1t th, i.lttuck on the= cl,;c.':1,s.cd w.:.1s v.,rv brutc::.l, certainlyoutweigh .:mytlliWJ th.it cun be said in f,wou~ o:i: the u::cUSt..!d o In.J,,,"d, but for th:: structures of th,~ 1 '.\W, th,_, c:tccus,,d mi9ht h,.:ve fi1c<2d V'=cry (Jr:1ve consi:qu,!nC•-~s fc-r t;1is cus<2 d.·n0-,rcusly bord•:r<:~d on mur.J:~r" In the circumst.1nc,:s, I s E, no re·1s,m to t·.:- ..!.-_,t t.)Y_. accusvd with 1-,nicncy ,:-ind ind· "'J 1 I do· not think ,-:sny re: .:1,s0no.bl(:" tribunal would. For th"'.:s~..: r,:,2suns I s ,nb,nct, th· ,1ccus ,:! tc: li::.',; imprisunm mto Bo Do CHIPETA 11/10/77 JUDGE Bo Do CHIPI~TA 11/10/77 JUDGE BoDo CllIPETJ\ 11/10/77 JUDGE