19871022 TZHC Dar es Salaam

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In real terms that fractional success was harly of any consequence. Again Noses was not satisfied and. he instructed his counsel Jr. Lipiki to lodge an appeal to this court, against the decision of the High Court to the extent that it dismissed his appeal. The incidents that gave rise to this ease took piece in the City of Dar as Salaam on 26/2/80 during the night. We have read. the evidence that was adduced in ti-ia trial court. That which was led by the prosecution depicts the appellant and. his co—accused. as foraging bandits who embarked on a series of armed robberies, and who ended up by staging a sexual assault on one woman at Ubungo. It seems to us that the case for the presecution was mainly basa. on their identification by two witnesses and on the-discovery of three pistols in the rooms they were occuTing in a guest house called 1;kwajuni. Three witnesses gave evidence on the side of the prosecution in relation to the robhexr chrgce. The first woo, iftiru. Alli riohamed (P.,w.1) He wa.s a taxi driver. His vellicic wee a Toyota Corolla bearing registration number MS 9109. Ho was driving the car along Azikiwe Street at about 8 p.m. when two strangers -bailed him. He stopped the car and. at th instance of the two passengers he drove the car tcwards Upanga Sports Club On the way and. st the point of a. pistol one of his passengers relieved him of the steering whee his wrist watch and his money. The car was driven to Tabata w.cre he was dropped. The witness then went to the Central Police Station to make a report. On thr following dy he found his wrist watch at the Police Station. It is not clear at all as to how that wrist watch, exhibit P1, came into the custody of the police. This incident ws the subject - matter of one of the two robbery counts of which the appellant was convicted 9 and it may he pointed. out that throughout P.W.1 did not even pretend. to have identified hi robbers. The second witness was Basil Supropason (P.W.2). He was relieved of his peugeout car, cash and a golden chain, by three bandits who menacingly levelled pistols at him. He was then driving the car along Matka Street at about 11.20 p.m. The three -3- bandits came driving a toxi bearing registration number PO 9109. They overtook him end stooed. the taxi in front 9 thereby blocking him 1 One of the bond its clambered into his car and drove off; The other two climbed beck into the taxi end followed. ie said the place was lit and he idcntifid. the a.peLlant as one oi' the three b&ndit. At first he said he identified all the three bandits at a parade en the next day, Later he ocid that the parod.e in question took place c few days after the incident. Now thie incident formed, the subject-matter of the other robbery count in respect of which a conviction was aio recorded. The other witneas ws a4inNassoro (7.Y.5), tile woman who said she was raped. at Ubungo. She had a boy eei., a Ciploreet whose name she did not diclos. i?he two had gone to a cine'theetro for relaxation in that evening sod thence to the c herbcr -Iotc'l fe: diiinc-r. They had then left the hotel and driaen to th ueeidcnce of the diplomat at Mawenye Rood in Uarigr. Threo bandits pounced. upon there at the gee 1 According to her 9 the benits coma there in a taxi and tw of them climbed dom, pistol d:.awn hc bandits ciosDoilod the diploicat of all the money he had Wand then l.tcrelly abducted her and took her to the still of a forest at Ifouuoa wL:re they roped her in turn. She alleged. thot she identified. the appellant to be cue of the three bandits 1 ;he acid she had obacrved hiu at a lit stretch where the taxi overtook another car 1 She added that she subeequetnly picked him out at an identification parade that woe conducted by the police in the saree night. -'he appellant was apprehended in th same ntght. Likewise bi, co-accused persons, They were found. at Ilicwajuni Guest House. Each was occuring a room and in cch room there e'ee a nie -col. According to SP Jeremia Ki1 0 (P.W.5 ) 9 he found the pistol exhibit .r'.3 lying under a pillow loaded, with twa bullots.. Thi5 evidence was not in dispute. The 'defence of the an -oellant end the co-eecucod. were sinilar. Both were residinir at anarraeela in t.e dity. dhey esis nothing about the allegations of robberies cmi see that were levelled, against there. Th0y said nothin; about the pistole that were found in the rooms they were sloc-pin. Their evidence was virtually confined. to their arrest at the .uest house, t tortuio they underwent at the hands of the police 9 and their subsequent d.etention .. . .. .14. -4 . . . . . . poqoeaz eeq p1nom eq eouep..e 3t4 pCzUn.ioG kEtnJ3o pt epnC peue1L eql ji IPqI entc oj. urq pOOq.1epUfl e pu .XO E?tIfl SOA GG@UjTM siqq. 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UT •E)'T p8OnpU0O cI.:redod riaaq Pq epoid 314 qOu eem T leql polq-Ttaqns seq 1'°° P3UZtCI 314 lopeaed aql '.s xs11adds 814 JO U0T4eOJtXep 14 Ol P.Z0J W.TM puv I ssoulqOTaq jo aaaPap slT ol so pus 800td 314 paleu- nmITT lcql jq2TT oqj jo oonos 3qj o. so 8OUOPTA& 012 0CM 8J314 jcqj lno p3.trtod CCt PITdT'T OJTVl 11.0a.TIS 0)ICW 'T 8UIt3 JO 8U&OS 3q q.o lue-[Tadde 814 Jo UOT.0OTJTq.U3PT 314 0. pxc3.x 0LX3 WOIj 331tJ .&[8Oa lou SCM uoTqCoJq.u3pT 314 Ieql UOTSflIOtlOO 814 ; - -6- We have been urged to equate an identification parade proceeding with an extra-juc].icial statement prbceeding. We have been invited, to hold that the prosecution should have led evidence to establish the propriety of the parade, regardless of the fact that there was no suggestion that it was iioproperly conducted. We regret we cannot do so. For one thing, an extra-judicial statement, if it contains an admission or a confession, is at low substantive evidence. An extra- judicial parade proceeding is not substantive evidence, it is only admitted for collateral purposes, in the majority of cases it serves to corroborate the dock identification of an aboused by the witness, in terms of section 166 of the evidence Act, 1967. For another, it is wrong to say that the prosecution is obliged to prove the propriety of an c-xtrajudicial statement in every case in which the prosecution seeks to ON= it, even where the admission of the statement is not resisted. The law does not say so and we have absolutely no desire to change it. We turn to consider the question of possession. Mr. Lipiki is perfectly right in saying that possession connotes 1oowledge on the part of the possessor. Common sense and justice require that it be so The words of Lord Parker in R, V. Cavcndish (1961) 1 W.L.R. 1083 at p.1085 bear.s repeating here for a person to be found to have had possession, actual or constructive, of goods it must be proved either that he was aware of their presence and that he exercised some control over them, or that the goods crc, albeit in his absence, at his invitation andarrangement. But itLaiso truo that mere possession sometimes denotes 1oowledge and control. The example par excellence is where, in a. case of robbery with firearm violence, the robber is caught at the scene wielding the weapon. His wielding of the weapon would inevitably imply 1mow1ed.e and control on his part. Each case must be decided on its own set of circumstances. In the instant case the appellant was found in a. room in a guest house. He was alone and the pistol was found lying underneath the pillow. He owed the court a p1aus.b1e explanation as to how the weapon came to be there. There was none that came from him. In the circumstances we are satisfied that the court was entitled to find, that he was in possession of the pistol and we think that his advocate's suggestion in the High Court and before us that the pistol might have been put into the room by some one else is far-fetched. -.7-. Pinaily, we come to the question of misjoinder. Standing alone, the charge of unlawful possession is, on the face of it, quite perfect 9 and for a person who did not Imow the evidence that the Republic had assembled against the accused. persons, when the accused were first brought to the court to answer the charge 9 it was p at the conclusion of the evidence of the prosedution, r 0 thèr a case of the evidence not fully supporting the charge. We agree that it was wong to charge the appellant with possession of the other two pistols that were found with the other two accused in the other rooms In view of the evidence that was adduced we think that there should have been three separate 'counts of unlawful possession in this case. That ws a procedural error and we are satisfied that the error did not occasion a fsilute of justice. We set it right by convicting thacppellant of unlawful possession of only one pistol, namely exhibit P.3, and with that we dismiss the appeal 4 DAT at DM1 313 SALAMI this 22nd day of October, 1 987. A. H. A. OMi. JUSTICE OF APPEAL L. Ii. HFALILA D • P. MAPIGANO Ag_' JUSTI CE _. I certify that this is a true copy of the original (J. H. MSOF) SENIOR_DUTY_REGISTRAR.