19881104 TZHC Dar es Salaam

( IN TIIE IIIGII Cotm.ri' OF TAl'TZANIA AT DAR ES SA!Jill..l'-1" COUTIT WillTIAL cnrrHNAL APPJAL no~ 1 OF 1987 MT .. 13040 L/CPL IT'Ii'.NGICIIERI MIJl1TA ., •••••••••••••••••••., •• APPELL,\NT versus JUIJGE ADVOCf.TE GENEPJI.L •••••••••••• ~ , , .............. , •••• RESP01IDEN111 ( Origo - Pros) JUDGEMENT OF Tim COURT NAINJl. 9 J. Tb.a a.ppello.nt? MT 13040 Lo.nee Corpornl Nn11(sichori Marwa, wns convicted by tho Gonornl Court Mnrti0.-l of tho Tnnzanio. People ts Defence Forces of nu.rcler 1 nncl he wns sentoncccl to death by ho.neing. Tlw appon.1 is 8..{sainst tho conviction and sentence. At tho tine of the n.lleeed J.,-,.illii1G 9 both tho nppollrmt n.nd tho doceo.secl, Priv2,te Po.trick llugustinoy wore sto.,tionoc1 nt a, nilitnxy cc;.Jp nt Entcbbe Sta;~e LoclGc in Ugnncln. On thnt day, 2G fJ..l[;Ust, 1901? G.t about 3.,45 p.1:1.,, nJ1 Scre;ca.nt Jun.:i.. Hussein Xazi bu.re and Pl14 Sergeant Philipa Mo..sse,we were wnlking- within tb.e cc..np when they sc..w two persons nheo.d of tho□• · Those two persons were tho a.ppclla.nt o.nd t!10 clccon□ odo Suddenly, PI-11 Set Junn sa.id 9 ho b.oc...rc1. t!10 docoasccl cryil-ics ['J.'lcl sa.y:i.ni thnt ;_10 had boon sta.l)bod by· Nyangichori Ma.r1ro.? noa.ning tho appoll.:u1to Tho cloconsod wo.s o.skine for l1olpo P:-71 Sgt Juno.. Emel Pff4 Sgt. I•.fo.sawo uont closoro They smr tho nppcllnnt holcling a. lone lmif'c in l1is hnnclG They smr tho dococ.soc.1 blcoc.ling fron stc.b uound.s one of w::ic!1 1r2.s on tho o..bc.lor:ion. ':lhoy asked. tho o.ppollrmt 1f10..t ;12.fl hc.pponod. Tho 2.ppollo..nJG tole. tho uitncssos tho.t 11·6 :w.d sta.bbod tho tl.oconsoc.lo In fc.ct? HT4 S.5t Ho..:3s2.wo hc.d seen tiw a.ctual Gta1Jbi;1c;.. Ir.1r.1odiatcly, m'tor i.1Cl.r.1i ttine he 210.d. sto.bbocl tho clocc[',scd 1 tl10 o..ppclla.1t rn.a mmy C[U'rying tl1e knif' o with hir:1"' IIc 1~c.,n out of tllo Ccnpo Ile no..s chnsocl l)y P:T4 Si::_,n-t r!c:iosc..lre 9 but he disn,pponrod. People o..rri vocl 2.t ·tho sconeo Se;t. Mo.ssa.we wo..s one of tl10 people uho sent the cloceo..ocd to l10spi tr'.l c.t EntoblJc, but 11s his conc.li tion w0,s serious, tho clocec..sod wa.s tr11nsfcrrec! to Nh.tl.rl{;o IIospi tc.l in Kar.1pn.ln. On rocoivine the infomc1tion on t!10 nigl1t of 20 1\.%rrust 1901 9 PlT3 Cc..ptrl.in Bo..riki Urri,ssn visi tocl the clocco..socl c.t tho hospi tc,l nt Entebbo thn,t SD.Do nig}~t., Lntor 1 C.::.pt., Urc..sso.. went to the cnnp nm1.. found tho.t t!10 a.ppollo..nt hc.,:.l been c.rrontocl. C2..pto Urn.ss11 n.skocl tho a.ppollo..nt ns to who h21.l fJtnbbecl t)·.o clcccnscclo Tho o.ppollcmt a.c.l;:ii ttoc.l J,h2-t ho :rnd stabbocl tho c.locoo.s_ocl c.,ncl ho so.id. thc..t ~10 u.i~l so boc2.uso tho c.10002-sccl hnd 3"onc into ·cho a.ppollc..nt 's roon. The nppollo..nt further snic.l that ho !1od ttrown mmy t!10 knife in t210 bush-. Efforts vroro r.mclc · to find tho lmifc in tho busl::., but in vnino On tho follmrinc clny 1 29 ln10u.st, 1901, Capt. Ur11sM wont to Mulnco IIospi" tal in Ifur.1p2.ln. nncl ho wo.s infornod t11at the - 2 - . clocoasocl lw..cl c.liocL On 30 Auc,ust, 1901 PU2 Dr. AMul .rfo..lok porfornocl postaorton oxnr.1ino.,tion on tl20 clo2..Cl bo,ly o..ncl ho found~ in l:is opinion? tl.J.c-t cloe,tl: wo..s cluo to. blcoclinc; fror.1 nul tiplo injuries w'..c.ic!1 wore co.,usec.1- by n, sharp woapono Tho c.loctor founc.l t}:.c;!; t!:i.oro ,·ms blooding fron tho stono..ch, sploon, loft kidney o.ml tho intestines. Thora wore two wounc.ls - one on tho loft siclo of t~10 a.Monon ·and. 2-nothcr on tl10 wrist. Tho nppellant 's clofonco w0s t~10.:c ho ~1&1 been i:ri th o.. frioncl one Tobins Nwit2. on 2G Aucust, 1901 fro□ 3.30 p.,n. till 9.15 p~n. when ho wont to bodo IIe w2.s mTosted n.t 9d0 p.,n. in ~1is roon. Tho nppol12.11t denied conplctoly ·c::o..t ~10 h2.Cl ovor not tho c.1.ocoo..socl tho..t clo.y. IIo o.,lso cloniecl to· ho..vo nru:lo nn o..duission to miyono tl:o.t ~10 sto.bbocl tho docoo.,socl. Ee snicl ho was assc;ul tml rotor his n,rrost. Tl10 appolln,nt oxprossoc.l an intention to cD.11 To bins Mwi ta ns 2, witness nncl o..ftcr an ncljourn-.10nt for sovoral weeks, tho wi tnoss nppon.rocl but tho clcfonco counsel snic.l llo did not wisI:. to call To bio.s o.,s c., ,Ti tnoss. Tho first Grounc.l of o.ppo2.,l is t~:i.2.t there wn.s no sufficient oviclonco to support t!:c c2.uso of c.lodh Mrs. Rvrobo.,ngir2., loa.rnocl counsel for tho o..ppollo..nt, subni ttccl tlw,t c.1..oo.th could :.:.nvo occurrec.l fror.1 tho Hny· tho clocfors ho.ncllocl tuo cloconsocl c.ftor ho .-ms st2..blJo(l• Ehc roforrocl tho court to section 203 of tho Po112.l Code nncl to two Enilish cnsos of Ilo v Jordan (1956) 40 Cr .. App. n,oviow 153 and ::lo v Snith ( 1959) 2 Q,B 350 In tho Jordan C2.so nbno:rr.ml trontnont by tho doctors on.used clcatho In tho present cnso, however, tllorc can be no c.1.oubt timt tho clocon.sod diccl fro□ injuries to, 2..11d blocclinc; fro:i, the storn:i.cirh, kidneys n.nc.l t.11c spleen. Tho fr. ct tho..t ·cl.lore is no ovic.loncc 2.s to tho t~rpc of r.1oclicc1l trcat- nent rocoivoc.l docs not ::1oru1 tho.,t t:.10 doctors co;usocl clcnth. Furthcrnoro, tho oral cvi(.lcnco nnC:. tho postr.10rtcn o:;~2.,oin2.tion report clonrly show tho.t the cloco2,sccl lw;__l serious st2.b wo1,mc.ls on tho internnl orge.ns nnnecl? 2.,nLl there u2..s bloorlin,::;· fro::i t!.:oso or0 rnlS. '.fo cl.o not believe~ £'.J.'.Kl there is no oviclo;.1co, t~mt t~w doctors u~io 2,-l;tcnJcd t!::o clcco2.soc1 c2.usccl those injuries. ~w doctors sti tchoc.l t!,o uom1C.ls on tho nlx7.onon o.ncl on tl10 wrist.. T!10 two ui tnosscs? P.-T1 SG't9 Ju·.m nnc.l P.r4 Sgt. Hnoso..1-ro, s2.w t~:e blooclinc ut t2:c scone of crir.10 nnc.l t:'20 cloctor lr.t.tor founcl tho injuries to t210 internal. injurioso ~To :"2.vo no doubt t:.::.nt tho clocoo..scd. died fron tho injuries c0usod w110n b.c w0s sto..bboc:L, 2.11el not :fron t'. 1.0 sur5ic2.l irounc7.s. Uc v.rc clso cf tho view V,0t ovo:.1 if, for tl:e si1ke of o.re,u:.10nt 1 t!10 ~loccnsocl clicl not got proper noclicc.l trc2.t:-.10nt, tho person u~10 stabbed l:in is c.locncc.1 to l,o.,vo c2..usod. tl:..o cl.02.t~:-. unc',o:c section 203 (u) of tb.c Pcn2,l Coclo ,r!1ich proviclco M followsg- "203~ .Li. person is clooi:10C.1. to ::0vo cc..usocl t!::.o clontl:.. of o.nothor parson o..H~:ouc-~ !~is o..ct is not tJ:c ir:1':loclinto or sole co.use of do2.t!1 in o.ny of t!:o following co. sos - (c.) if ho inflicts bodily injury on nnot!::cr person in consoquonco of W!!.icl~ t:i.u.t other person unclorgoos - 3 - s1..i.re;ic0l or noclic2,l troc..t;~1ont wl:icl1 co..usos Llonth. In this Cc'.,GO it is irn.mtoric'.,l whct::or t~:oo troo..tr.10nt ,-ms proper or nistc:>,!rnn, if it un.s onploycll in good. f2,i th and. witl: cor.u:1011 lcnowlcc.lgo Gl1l sld.11~ but t!.:e person inflictinc tl!o injt.i.ry is not doooocl to ~:.o.vo cc:usocl tl:o clentl: if tho tro0tr.10nt u::ic:1.:: ,ms its ir.u:ioc.li,:,/Gc cnuso w0s not onployod in good fni t!1 or wns so onployod without corn.1on knowloclc~o or s!d.11; 11 In ·Glw present c2.so, t!.:.ero w2.,s no oviclonco wh0,tsoovor t!.mt tho noJ.icnl trontnont w2..s t:,.o ir.1r.1ec.linto cnuso of 2:is clonth. l!o fincl t~mt tl:c cloconsoc.1- dice.:. fron tho injuries inflictocl 2-n--1 1 t::orcfr.rc, t!.10 person wl:o inflicted t::ooo injuries cc1,uscc.7. the c.loc,t!:o of tllc clcco2,secl. The seconc.l grounc1- of q,pec.,l is t~,e,t there wo.,s contro..cliction in tho oViclenc o given by tho two principa.1 wi tnessos. Mrs. Rvro lJ<..,nc;irn subni ttocl t!.in:i; while PUf!. Se;t. l'fass2,wo !:>.8.Cl snic1. t:10..t P:71 Set. June.. touchocl tho appollnnt on tllo s!.1.oulclor w!:.on tho wi·linoosoo appro2,c:.1oc1. tho appellant 0,t tho scone of crir..-ic, Pm Srrt. Jur.m clicl not oo.J· c.nyt!1ing c.bout touchinc; the 0,ppollant. Wit:1 rospoct 1 ,·ro clo not 1in~1. ·[l.;f]J contradiction~ HT1 Sgt. Jur.10, w2.s not 2:t an,y tine nskocl if he touc::ocl t!io a.ppoll2.nt. So uho,,t c1.ppoars ·t;o bo tl .o position is t~:.o:t PU4 Sgt. JYI;:,.,ssrn·ro wc1.s noro c1-ot2,i1oc.l i:i.1 ].1is ovid.cmco. 0 1111t.1.t is inportc.,nt 9 ho1:1ovor 9 is t::.o.:1; bot~1 witnesses approoo~·wc1. tho c1ppoll2,11t soon cltor t:lo docoasoc.l uo.s sto..bbod. T!1oy· fouml tbo e,ppollo.nt st;:,,nclinc noo.r tho docoaoocl 1-r:10 wo.s bloocline:; fro::1 t:10 stcb wounc.lso T120 appollc.nt we,s holc.:.inc t~1c knifo 2.nc.l ho s2.iC:L he :1c..d st.:,,bbod tho clocoo..sod. with thc.t knife. Thero w0s i1O contrG.Lliction in tl:!.2, t ovic.lonc o. Hrs,. Rvrn bru1cira .:,,1 so said tl:02.t tho ic.lontificntion of tho ;:,,ppollant ,ms unroli.:,,blo as it wc>,s on c1 Lbrk nighto She ci toc.l t!K ca.sos of Abclo..l1,1h \Tonclo v n (1953) 20 Eti.Cli. 166 ancl Lus2.b2.p,y:a Si.yc.ntor.1i v n 1980 LI:.T 275. In both thooe co..sos identification uo,s by 2, sinclo witness nt nic;ht c,ncl_ under c.lifficult cond- itions. T!10 Court of Appeal sa.icl in tho Lusn1x1.n.y0- case e,s follows g- nuo 2{',Too 1 G.s r.10:ntionoc.l ccrlior on in this juclcuont 1 tlmt a. tric.l court cOJ.1 convict on -tl.:c 1.mcorroborc1tocl ovic:.once c.t 2., sine:;le ui tnoss of id.ontificc..tion if it is fully so,,tisfioc.l t~:e-t sue!: wi tnoss is tollinc; tl:o ·crut::, and nftor wc..rning itself of tho ll2..nc;ers of convictine on such uncorrobor2.ted oViclo;icoo ;i 1'!10 Com t f0tmc.l tho evic.lonco of tb.e sin5lo wi tnoss imrolia.blo 0 o..nd !1olcl thc..t it wo..s unsn.fo to conVict on hor uncorroboro..tocl ovidonco. In tho present co,,::rn, ~101-rovor, tho .ic.lontificatiou oviclcnco w2.s c;i von by two wi tnossos u~:o lmow t:10 c..ppcllrurc bof oro c.nc.7.. w~10 oven -'mlkoc. with l1ir.1 at tho sccno of cri□ o,, Tl1ore 1ms lij,.t fror.1 tllo noci,rby ~1ousos., So 1 tlloro cnn lJo no cloubt t~10:t tho nppollc,nt wo..s properly ic1.ontifioc.l by tho two witnossoso . ,,t!: - 4 - Fin2.lly; it wns subr.1i ttoJ. on lJcl~".J.f of tho nrpol12J1t tI1,:,, t tl10 npp0ll2.nt 1s defence of nli bi s~1oulc.l not ~w..ve boon re joctod 1 nm1. t!mt t!10 c'-ppclk..nt wns in !1is roor:1 u~1e:n tl10 offence w2.s cor.1r.1i ttoclo Ho ~lave nlremy foum.l t:mt tho o..ppollrn1t uns properly identified by t~:o two wi tnosscs, Tl:o question is whether tho Gonora.l Court l\Io.rtinl should ~1nvo accoptocl t::e defence of 2.libi to cronto doubt on t2c prosecution evidence. It should be poinkcl out t~1nt uhilo t!1c o.ppollnnt clo.i:.10d tb.nt ~1c wns olsowhoro wi t!c. 2, frioml u.1wn the offonco wo.,s cooni ttocl? he clid not c2..ll tlmt parson ns 2, wi tnoss., In tt.o c2.nc of Lulatikwn s/o Kn.bc1lo v ·u (1941 )0 El1.CA 46 tho Court of .l\.ppec1l for Enstor;1 .\.frico. se,i(.l ns follows g- "If e, person c?11::xgor..l with o., serious offence c.lloc;os t~:c1t e,t tho tine uhcn it was cooni ttocl l10 wns in sor.10 ot~:or plC'..co whore ho is well known, m1cl yot nrucos no effort to prove thnt fe,ct 7 wl1icll 7 if true? could 00,siJ.,Y' be proved? the Court nust nocossc:1,rily c:1,ttMh little uoic-ht to his n.lloes2,tion pc::.rticulnrly in the fnco of such clofini te eviclenco of iclonti ty e,s there wc1s ·in this c0-so., 11 11..·wine found tlmt tl'.o n.ppello..nt wo,s sufficiently iclontifiecl by tho two wi tnosses, wo find nothins· in tto dofonco to co..st cloubt on t!w i:..1.cnt- ificntion ovicloncoo Tho nppollc.,nt ~l[l,(1. clo.inccl thnt ho wns wi"tib. n friend? Tobio.s JY'rwi tn., in a roor.1 listoninc to t~10 rO,Clio D.t tho tine the offence uo.s conni ttocl. Bv:c 2rn cloclinocl to cc,11 Tobic..s c.s 2., witness E'.,l thouGh Tobias w2,s evnilo..blco Sinco wo o.,ccopt tho ovidonco of t!10 two ,eye wi tnosscs, wo o.ro s.:1,tisfiod tl:-.c..t t!1c 2.libi clocs not r2,iso n:ny roc1s0112,blo doubt on tho .pro- secution cvidoncoo There is nlso tlw oviclonco t~mt fao nppcllont o.c1.r.1i ttocl tho killinG to PU3 Cc.pto Urnssn. 1fo do not bolievo ho wo.s asso..ul tod n.s ho clainod.o In tl:-.o fino..l o..nnlysis, 1m c..re so.tisl'iocl t21c.,t the prosecution provocl t!10 chnrgc agninst tho 2,ppollo..nt boy·onc.1. roc.sonc,blo doubtQ Ile vms properly convictod c..nd sontencedo Tl:o o..prieo.l is clisnissoc.l. :T.Jo r.Y.INA JUDGE , A. BiJ:::£,TI JDDGE C3t~~ IT. i~. MSUMI -JUDGE Delivered in Da.r cs So.lnc..r.1 t!1is__4_th_1 _ _ _ _clay of Nove~.1bor 190G in the prcsonco of Hr., Ndy1.1nabo for t!rn o.ppel12-nt c.nu. Miss. Bnrab.onolm for tho Ileppblll4e~t.