19930915 TZHC Dar es Salaam

ITJJ-1ISI PAtJLO KIF.lllTGL • • • • 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 t O O O O V0:i:'SUS 'fi:LG 1JlTCTIID J:CYu-:DY-IG 0 • • • • . ... 0 C O C C 0 0 0 , 0 0 C J-:JJUPONDD:NT. ~4a.rm ., 2 J., II[IJlISI p_,J;"}O ICTT.'ll:TG.l'. . 1-ras toc;et:,e::r vr.:. t:,. J.~:-.:.:cm IIlIC cl~ced with a..i.""'Ced. rob~Jery o/ss 285 ancl 286 of the :Po~1.·1 Gode in -the ili.st·•:tot OO'l..U.--t of Mm'oe;o~o. J.,:t t:.1.0 end of tho tr:Lo,l t~-:.e seconc1 nocu.socL, 02.J.~1.;11 Iddi, was found :not c::t-ti.J.t~, of the offence c,11cl 11as acquitted~ •It 1-,r-.s p,lleged by the 1µ.'0secl'.t:. 0:1 t:u.::..t on 6 o 11 oG9 d n.boLi.t 01 .!1,5 hoLTS, at j_ij:i_ l-i:p;ya u:i tbin 11~:oco:."'O ~~ti.:-i:i. oiinli ty the ai;:_;eJ.J.G,nt stole shs ~60000/ 1::: · ori..sh and. aeve:..--ai.'.oth.e::: it-~ mald.11(; a totc..l valno of shso 153500/~ t:1-0 ~operty of 0110 N.:~~ a/.o i.ia:da ancl tl1r:.t iU2;:1oc'd.r~t~J.y 1,efo:..-e such ste.:-J.i1'JC tb.e aJ?1)0llant usod o.ct-:::.1,;1.l violence b3r t::;:-en,tcn:Lnc to cut hor 1ti.th a knife and J.)ll.!l613. in o::>cle:., to o1Jta:i.n and i,etr~1.n t:'.le :::tid :o:..,01JOrl3,., 'l!b.e 1e~~!.Dd t::.."ial m._9,.9-strato 'ba.sed his 0011Victio11 I't.?l.ma,.--,j_ly on the evidence of :2ff1 0110 Pros:;?er Jlilm;;.,j_a 1l10 in a younc; b~•cr'(:.o:· cf Ma1.---y uho is a youi-ic b.::ot:ie:::- of :i.,~"Y 11.i.waric., t::.e coIAJ.)la.im1-rt o !~~~ cli.d mt testify be0c11.1.0e t:lc police f2ilec1 to ~.:i~ J.,.c:r 2,fte:,:, r:;he 11...'u'.l. GQi'la to 1loshi 4 The cvicle~1.0e is to the effect tl.1d t:'.1.0 :;.•o~.JLe:,:·:-,- took l)U?.00 at mG11t and that ?1-f1 110..S alllo· to id.011.tify_i.:i..O lt!)j_:)011..:mt bz~ l\:UD.(~ -bo.i..•-Oh lieht vlhicl1 t::e O.?lJGllu.rrt hD,<l usod to see o,nd ntea.l -the w..,_..loi.'..S i ~ fi. om the l1ou.se of' r~-r ., 1 ~ The mro.11 [POt'..l1cl of a.F;_-:iet.l :i."m se d- 1.J~r t:."~ · ap:pe lla;.1t is lti.s i dantifi oat:i. on \y Pff1 0 Dven tl:.e ~Jtato Atto:rney$ 1-:f.isc i.it_,_:i.oi, clid not su.:-.,::."o.:.---t the oonviction on the (;t'otmd t::2:.t tlle comli tions we:;_~o not favo1.,:,:a}Jlc fo:.· 'Vi:::t'...'11 idont.ifi- cation and a.J:t::01.i.j;1 the len~...md t~al .r.1c.{;Lnt:2atc soys in l;i.s jr~d@llGnt ,.,.,./2. 2 that he has 1r.:-~1'l0d :.1imsclf of the dax\::;c::::- of· cctinc; on t:.~o evic.1e11ce of visual idantifioc.ton y a sinc;le wi tress l1e c1oes not cive c,1-i;;r ooaent :t-easons in st1.:,:_1ort of his findine,s of fD-ot. Ui.ss Nu.rt. si m'.1:,Lti:tted that it woulc1 be t:11i<:1o£0 to "base a oonv:iotion on ev::.cJ.encc of ;;, 1rl t11oss who dei:>ended on lic;1t f~om a to::.•oh helc"t. ~);:,- t:.:.e vc-:..•y :person to ~}e identif'ied, The J;)Z'i;.10:i]?les to be apl)liOd in dzcJ.i11..'::- 1tl th evic\.encc o:f visu..1.l identif:i.catio~1 have been Sl)Clt ou-t 1):" t::e CoL~t of Ap::_,ecl in t:1.e 02.se of WJIZD.U 1-il-It.:J.iI v Il :{f9G_Q7TLR 250~ In t:::.r..t ccso the Coti_:;_"t 02.id inter alia,g 11 rt is t::..'i te to o°Jserv.e t:~.r.t in t:ri. s oe:.sc it :1.s r:.-::;.:-eed 1)y ru.J. tlmt the p:i.•osent ai•:..,02,l raised. an imporli.,lrli p:t>o~)lem r0lc-:ti1y_; to evic.1once of iclc:1t:1.f:.cc-..tion of the kiJ.le1.' of t>.e deceased DG,t!d rlckasi, nuoh evidence o.s t~.,~~o C;m:i.:..•t is fulJ.y awm•e, io 11otoj_"i01::sJ.r ::n.1~;jeot to EU>:;.--o:.:- and has of:ta~1 led to a misoQj_~:;_"ia:;0 of jnotice c · Hence t?.,.e noce- sai t;r fo:r t:10 tr-lc,l coli.:.·t to wc.:.:n itself of the sj_)eoir.l 1100a. fo:: 02.ution bcfo:-.:-e co;:rv.i,ot:..11(; in :i."elit.nce 011 'tho -oo::."'j_--octaoss of the identificd:i.011 of an o.cCL"..SOd, fi:ow t:.ion io the t:1.--:Lr,.1 cou:;.•t to :.;o e,1.,j_ded in 1--csolv.i.11<1 i(ri.. s rcoblom? T:.10 fi:i:st point ue 1n.s:1 to r.nlce is an elemsnfa.:>:>;t one ancl ·t:~Ls is that evl.clenoo o~ viswi.l iclenti:ficat:.0~1, as o<:l'l-,:i."'tS in Dast li.fJ:-icc. 2:-na. :Jn:~lancl havo l~ned in c-, nunta::: of oases, is of t:.1.0 1riarloost ldncl and mo::rf; UlE'O 1·'. c1)le. It follows t:.:,e:c•c:ro:.--o 1 th.r:t no oo:.".:i:li s!wuld a.oi 0:1 o-v.Ldonce of viS1..1,al idcntifioa·i;ion u. nJ..es:-J all )?oooibili ties of mist:..um11 identify e:re elimiriailot'.. and t~:,o OOl'.:M is fully satisfied t;::....,t the ovidenoo iJ(l:t()j_--e it is o.bsolutely wate~~·tiQ1t, 21 1':.s the j_Xi.~Secution case ac;c1inst if:10 ap:,ello.nt in t:,.:i.o oa:::e depended entirely on tho QV.'_clenoe of identif:.i. octio;.1 by l'Ti1 the l~1.0cl t~a.l m..11'Jistr.:,,te shorJ.cl ;,.ave e:ittuiti.ned closel~~ t:ie oi:Nrumst~noes in 1f·.ioh the identifiOD,tion iJ;7 t:1e Witness 1-ra.s r.mde. Tl.ms, fo:~ e:i;;;,mr,.o, ho eught' to have shown ho11 Ji.:}1t from o, to:;:-oh tt,c cJ.J.o::;cu :)E',ncli t 1m.s >o,.c1:Lnc~ ooi,J.d assist Plr1 in ido:1t:i.f'31i1)C him so as to 1Je able to sa3r the i)a,"'lcl.i t was the e.J?:,ellarrt O • :C:e Q't'..(;.1t to have t[,,ke11 into r,ocoturt the time Zo::: ~ 1-i;7 suoh o'bs0I"Vatio~11)~- t1.~e-witness, tho i)osni1JiJ..:'.ty of rri:-ev.i..oL'.S u-OCJ.1.1.C;:b1tanoe 1,n. " .••7J... n;.:-1• t y w::.. t'a .i.:J.s · th tho O.J?11e11.::.nt , o:;.• lt\riD ' . voice . o The J.oe2:.iocl t:1~tc1.l m..-v....;istl."18,te cti. cl :;.1ot mclre (~11,Y m.i.eh c.;.~lytr.i.s. ~, t .'1..J.W,.;JCL II e O1.u.y , 1r~ ~ o.i:_,,. ,,:i.cVJ..110 • 1-ra.rne d ,.i.umsc • l" n .Li 0 ,.., .,.,..,.$ ::i. or u~\- C1.,;;,l1[;0.1.: .<' 1).., -.,.; v,r· " O.J.. 1 ,......... 'i.; '"' -oontictioi'l 011 t::.e eYl.cl.cnce o1 visi.ml :i.do::.1tifi-re,tion by a s:'.n::le wi tmss rr.i.. tl1out sc..;y:i.11C .'ttJ.C;t lXi.:'eoci1tions he took -co avoic1 t].10 c1.B1~- t 3 The le,1rnecl i;::-,;..; 'l rmt:i:L st1•(;,te only l'efe:i.....::-C"d to the dem.eano::- of t~:e wi t:ness and found lri.ra to 1:io fa"l.lthf't.1.1 1mt_ he 110-ro~ c-..1J.udec1 to tb.e :vossibility of. honest but Li.stcJcen ictentification. it is u..nsafo to u:i1old the corrvict:i.011 j_n t>.is co.se. Loco:.·c't:.;J0 1y I hei-e'by qua.sh the oomt.ction cma. set n.sidc the so;.rtcnoe. I m-d.82 tl:i.d ·Ghe n.}?l)Clln.nt 1.:;e l"C~.e"sad for-tlrw:i. th nn1ess ::.e is ot~_1e:;.:,,n.se lo:1rl'u.JJ.~r ;.leld. Delive:;:-od in char.:i'0e:c-s F.,t Da.:i..• eo Sr:.lac1I.a t;us 15t> ck3• of ffapt.embel.• o 1993 in the l):i."esc11ce 9:fs Y.i.am:i..s IGTD2.TGL aJ.1:_:olln.nt in pc:.•son c.nd Mr. filr[:].~:.J..L MDistad lJy ii;;:-~ .L•WtJ.tIO f~ t;1e :-~0S]_)Ol'l.de11t< ... JUDG:C ---·· _,-◄ 15/9/1s;93 • . C'