19941213 TZCA Dar es Tabora

#-fC() u.~ --- l;Atl~ -SA-L,A-/f.A. · . ,,: . -~ . Iii Tr-IE IITGII COUllT OF T.l.iNzAJ:ITA NI' 'riill,OJlil. L;:·~-- BLLLTD Jli.:IS:DIC'N ON ( rrnhorc Ilogi.stry) (IIC) CRHITlUiL ki.0:;?Eln:, 1;0,. 3'5 cf. 'Z7 cfo 28 OF' 1992 OIUGil\.i.L ORIEDli;L Cii.SE NOo 311 OF 1991 OF T:.Ilil DISTRICT COURT OF TABORJ~ IJIS'ffiICT L:] TL:JOR.li. . ( Originm Aod1.1s0d.) ( OrigincJ. Prosocu.tor) JUDGHElii'I· Stocli11g c/s 265 of t~:.o PoncJJ. C.;;do C2.p. 16 uf tl:.o Lnvrs. Bo:foro Tnborc District- Cv·urt, wor.o RlJ·U.miAJ.iJI E"ABIBU ilios SlUJVDI[, IPJLET s/0 liIOJ)l!BT, ~:ii IIUSSEUJ s/o Ni,."L"lJ:iIDI ohai:-go:l ns :first, sooundj c.'.1d t::ird accused persons jc)intly end togethcrr :fnoing G. ol1c:n:-ge 0:f the:ft o/s 265 of tl10 PencJ.. <Jude Cep" 16,; DGspi te tb.oir :ploas of nut guil t~f, tl:ey were ct t:10 0:.:11 of tho j u.c'..ici c-J.. d Q:i.', fom,d guilty 5 Ounviotc<l. Os oJ:::.w.'g0'".l1 r'.:.1.d S0mi01100C7. fo f,_,ur ::o.::-.xs i_jpriSOll):lOYJ.t 0 ~ and tho s!:.oos GJC·:ibi ts ret:lr:no.:.l. to 01-mor11 ~.10 tl:roo og::;riwod.7 ].:avo qj?poe:.locl ogcinst. oonv.i.ctionsj vide lligl: Cc·UTt Crir:ri.r. . QJ. i.p::ocJ.s, H00. a5, 27 enc!. 28 o:f 19921 in tl:o ne.mos p..s ( 1). lill1H13T 1/iOD:EST1 - 2 ~ IUl!lli.DITiili!I Tili.BIBU s:JA3iil~L anc1 - 3 ~ hlJSS]IJl I,UIULID, rm I sb.cll ~101100, ca'1d in tl,nt order, bo o:?J.ling the~ first, second, and third ~;iollcnts ros_pootivoly~ T;.:o f.::.ots- uf t::ds. ccso, o:Jvar n nc.rr0w ooi!lj?ass, n:nd ::.:s :folluws. On 160 10~ 19S'1, tl:o Ool!t_P.l cino.n-t I'Ul COSMbS NY ER.ER.TI; on bis wcy to Dal:' cs Snlccm, by train, c.rc.'J:ivo::l at Tabo:i.•n Railwr:w St::.~tio11,.. In his possossi011, woro J JNl~ and GB.'iUDrE fourteen pairs o:f shuos, D.1"1d his porsoncl. 01 1.)thoso .1-i..s ho loft 'U!l[;-UD.rod ·_ tl.o saicl, properties, tho Rail wcy ste.tion led. torors stole tl1e sm:101 nnd. dis 2f>l)OC"~od t!:10rofrb~ with tl:o same. T'.:o complci.nnnt rucloly wcldng llJl, ho d.isoovorod tho tl:.oft of· t110 sme, c:nd J.uil. -.-o roport to RatJ wcy police t.lie imiclen~ jc '• 2 The polioe, did n roccr.1.rao:Jdnble job1 for tho coq:,l ainant accoDpm1iod by PW2 c. 8160 JViSU.ID CH.li-Cill~ PW3 c. 3985 CPL AMOSI1 PW4 Co 7965 DC VICTO~ wo:1t to t:.10 central rim:ket, whore from tho sJ.10:p, of S1-[iVi~T0ifI lfilSSAWE ( 5th oocusod), STl!PIUN MACHA (6th oocL:i.sod), from , lIDGJ.. MTOI i~1SEV:TIN; ( 4th ncimsod)rocovorod shoes and clothes toridoroa., . os e:x:l:libi ts-Fl, P 2, P¾ P6 1 P8; n-11 rnt only identified by the oomplmn::-,nt, os t.is :prop<ll'tios, but too, the 4th accusoa., DW4 EDGAR T>f.l:GI 1 5t:1 nocus0d Si[, VATORY Mt.S.il.W~ 6tl3:. oocusod ST.EPHIN 1/IACHJ., -P!fj. ...t:~U .... J. . ·ug -, _ -~;,.,, w.-c..t .,_,, ,,...,r u~~o ,,, 10 ., -. "fil.10:11 w0ro '"~ts0l ¾o t~1on, .... _ sLoco ~ 1 by tho 1 <!)pollo.ntD, who clainod t.b.at they hm 14 pnirs of shoos, ml tho socond. qp!)olln1.ts sister IJFT7 M:-Ti:.:.1lu:DI lUJ3IBU, tho 7th oocusod parson, mcintc:i.11:Lng thc.t sho ,,cs g.i.von t!::.o ]?airs of shoos o:x.b.ibits P4, by tLo soooixl f:Dr;ollnnt. &tlbitP5 was t!:o oautionod stctor;:iont of t1:.o soco11d ~pollnnt, -:.l~o J.101-rovo:r, repudiatod it. Dofonili.?1G" :.rir:isolfy t:10 sooonl ~pollcmt snid ho ha:l bo·u.ght two pci..ro of' shoos, sold 0110 :vmx, and gavo t:Jo second to 4th accusodo Tl10 :first, ~r-ollmt clci.r;ocl~ to >.avo bcx:in Sl.l.l-1>risocl by being DJ.TGstod :for Duthir.Gc T:10 thi.:td c.ri11ollant cJ.so maintained, thnt ho was e.rrostocl for rntlu::.1e., This d.ofo,:in o, W2S :roj octod. by tho tri dl. r.1ngi.strnto, wl10 f'UQ.""ld tho prosooutL;n o-v.i..d.0:100 :proving tho chc.rgo boyon:1 ronsonrhlo: d0L21Jt, c.ricl :~c:.100 t:.10 ocmviotior...., l . .·.:c;vo an:ci.cusl~T ccnsidorod tho ovidonoo, judgmont l:]'.1..d moms of' qppor~, crtl gonorclly it c:::,:nn)t 1:io cl.onici:4. tl1at tho oon_plainnnt PWl, :·c2e7.. :.:J.s 1)c6 cx:.- .1t.:::.i:-'.t.ing fortoon pcirs of sJ10os ancl olotl1os nit 1 Tcbe;rc ~:.ci.luq,r stn.tio~ stolon ~-;.yrfortunmoly. W:'.:,--' st0lo -wns ..;bs·vicL:sly t.l:o slippoly tor:ri tor,y-, to wnlk on ccrcf'ullyc .Looor::-ling tu, PW2, J?W3 c:.nd. PW4, es sup:portod by PWl tho cor.:r-_pl 2i:1e:.:.1t7 tl:o oon_pl dnmts prcJ_)ortios e.s woll idontifiod by him, woro rcwvorocl. froD t~.'..O 4t::, 5tl:-:1 6t:.1 nnd 7th roousod :parsons, 1-rlio mtintci~oc:., wi t:C. unusucJ. oonsistMoo1 tl-.1ct tl::oy wcro, oi thor sold, or giv0J1 to.Lo sm.:o, b.y tl.10 r;ppcJ.l::nts. CJ•hoso aoc:usod. persons, had boon· ch axgod wi tli roooi v.i.ng t!.::.o sc:no o/ s 311 of tho P anal Cod.a, a.~ wcro· aoc~)rd.i:::igly oonvictod - tl1qy- roooivod. tho convictionf½ it soam 1-r.i. thout oh~--Tin• Hmrinc,- seriously nnd :purposefully oxnrn:Lnod tho ovidonco, including tho d.GJ:01100, I on ;:if tho viow, that el th0ugh tho trial. raog:i.strcto novor wont into on2Jytioru. clotci.J.s, and rolovant logeJ. ri5.ootios, as far as 02.ch qipollant· is concornoa., I shall hero under rlutif.olly do SO• I shall s-tcrt, 1-ri. t:i tho :fi:;:-st qJpOllclrl.t .ERlf]BT :MOD.EST. With r·ospoot1 ,, 3 tLo avid.once cgoinst h.io, is by tlio 4tl:., 5t1~ 6ith acouscxl persons, 1-,ncl tl:.o cc:u.tio~1od. but :rotrc.,ctocl Jitntonont$ by tho sooand nppoll mt. If thoy ;:a.1 been ocllecl b-".f -t!::.o p::D .3ocutiu:n, tl:.cy wuuld obviuusly posi ti-,-ol;r cnswcr1 as acoor:rpliooo7 th~-ugh tl:oir being oo-nccusod p ors.;,ns, d,, oa Yl,, t in 1 au ctcnco :::,1uoJ~ as I sJ~cll horound.o:r clor:xmstrateo .b.11,::., r:s oo-cccasc:1 porsc.•n::~ n:1a. one:.:. vf t'.:orn, i. o. !j.tl-,, 5th end 6 t:-:. nccLlsOC po:-..·so!i~ wont i~1to t.'.lo wi tnoss oox end tostifiocl, tlrnt1 the first [1:)r, oll mt, wcs ono of' t]:o. youths~ w~::.o s,__,1d s:, ;:io ...,f tho oh.c::r·gccl propc:rtos t0 oc.cl::. uf' t:.:.01,,. ()f oou:rs~ tho first 9,)pollant; oJuld 11..;t 00t1..c1-ton,·.r.oo su.o:·1 cv:.do:1001 rlon;ying not only tl.:o o21axgo1 but t0.:.,y d.icl Dot alrri. t sue!: cvic10:.1co., Tho tricJ. magistrate~ found tho f'irst cpp-:.illo.n-ts ,1of::ncc$ trr...... c.coopteblo. In tho p_ursuit of tho fi:rst appollc.nts oc.so5 wo ~lmro to c.cl;::n:iwlcdgo fullyf that it is bu.il t, on ovidoncc by oo--ooouso-lsei J31.1t it is tri to law, thet, whoro m oocusod. g.::,os i:'lto th-:i wi tnoss 1x..>x w1c. sivos ov:i.donoo in tho course of a joint trim, tl:or~ wl::.nt ho sqysf boco;:.1os .ovidonoo for all purposes, including tho purpose ,)f boing cvidonoo ogcinst. suoJ.::: co-accused, - soo R. Vso RUDD 1_ 1948) 32 Cr. lpp. R. 138 lii.DLRI.L rnmcr li:NJ) SWEN OTIIER ( 1945) 12 E.A.,C. k. _ful,. Wi:,ilo it is tho 1 cw; tl,.ct, s-worn Gvidenc0- by oo-ooousod, is also ev:idonco agm:nsi'. tho co-cccu.socl so i"4,)lio i::.tod.1 suoh ovic'..01100 '-1qf bo dnngoruus to be actcxl upo1¼ wi t:1out corroborc.ti0nf seo R. Vs. PRATliR l 1960) 44 Cr., .lpp. R., 83, Ro Vs. ST.filrnARD LND OTHERS ( 1964) 48 Cr. App,; lin, 81 fc;,r such oo-noousod, :-1cw- swear f 2l soly agcinst L'..is/hor oo-acousoo., ( 1) to shift guilt. f:ror.1 :"insolf, -2- not even onro about t2:o rosponsi bili ty of tolling t~:o truth unde,>r o ct~~~ CTLi. -3-, ney 1:>G expoctiYig favour :f.roL'l t:10 p:i:-osoout ion. I l,m<'l r.ad.1 tho onor,.;us d:ut-<J ,_,f socking O'.):.'roborc:tion in :.:os9oct of t!J.G cc-so agcinst this q;>pollarr~ G.YJ.d I :J.cvo fci.lod.~ ey c:H1soio.:1oe -.:icing unol 0m- _ab.:,t1t 1:.ira$ I El.r::i doggedly tb.inh"ing, t c l it is dengOXDus to c.ct :.m such ovidonoo, to uphold tho conviction.. riis ~pccl is tl:oroforo. nllowed1 oonviotion q:t1e..sll0d~ and sontonoo sot &:lido. Th0 first n;,:.;:,0llant to bo sot froeS' unless l:ie is otherwise lo[;oJ..ly hold... T!10 s00011...i q:>J?Olle.nts R.Ar:U:..DJI.filT TIJ,J3IBU Sili..Bii.il.T s caso, dl.so dofond.s on tho oviclonoo ,:.,f 4tl'¼ 5-th, 6t2 e:arl 7th ccousod. his sister, that ho was ono of t::;oso who d0livorod t:w charged pmporti·0s to them. Tho c e.sos, R VS J.TJDD; ND.l.JU.t.. ICifililfilI~ R VS PRlT JIB, and ST.tJ.ifW.ARD S:qprc. arc oquall_y r;pp::.ioL~lo to tl:o socortl q;ipollrntc But horo t).:oro is a cautio- ned. stntonon~ t:.1at inter olin ru;.1;.cs followsi- nr.:rn.:-:.0.0 tnroho 'Zf /8/911 nili to]ow.r:i GGr0.zeni oC'.C::::.a ya ku:pntn nscnc.J.:n wa Rais kwani. + ,-:. - nilikuwn nir:10:fui1t:,-rwa jola miakn n:i.nno, ( 4) kwa kDse 1 a kuvu...YJj c. IITyunbe na ku±:be, na. nilikuwa :n·atur.ti.ld. a Goroza 1 n Urambo liapa Tnbors.. Mc:i'.'a bnr.:dn yo.. kutoka nilijishuglrulisl:o, nc ku:far:crc 1:iicshcra ya kuuza Mahindi no. ku:ibn nnbogi ye ·wnscf'i:cl. h~a Rm.lwqy Station Te,b0ra hasa wdc2:i:i., nagr.:ri ya ooiria yanqioingi.a lru.toll:o.. TIIwe.nze cJ.fajir.i. na katilrn Dw-os-Snlnc:n. Tiuwc. tm1af:J.lrn usiku, bar-.da:Ya kupat2- ·tnarifa kwmb a y at ai1~i c LIDi!.11 gan:U 1-;d-cuabuko. r.mcoo tcrol:.o 16/1~/1.991 r:rudn wo sec, r:5.,00 Tirso mf'njiri, nilif:ika h~.a Rai.lwcy Station Yard •J:cborc l~rn nadbu,'IIU11i ya kuiba kuwozo, kulc..d..1.:'i. nobitt.:ji yn11B1-1, narc nilipokuja nilikuta. gr:r:1. 11:, nbi:ri 2 kutolcn Mwanza t.eor a.ti inom she fikO, nc m.:.ii:ngii: kdilrn bohowc J..:-, daraj_a la Tc.tu, 1u.lir.ru.01fn nwizi DicT011z011gt.lf cJJbqy-a tunatsnbuan~ t·ur..Qi. oM nq-fo p moj a ;iuk:6 Ng4 ru:J.b0i £ti. tweyo ERH .BET s/o .1'[i{()Ilf8E rrl.cl niJlponuci:.e niliingi. a nd:::::i:rl yo. i:.cho-;,;·~ :r.n. kulcac kwonyo ki ti kilicho kuwo Wc.zi.:- n;l tuli cnzc.. kuvuta sigm-~ na babd.a yn mud.a kc:;Jn drudlrn :f)r_ a,).icya;aru.kn na kuchukun beg le nsct'iri EC. ~::mu.p ,, nc ;::ti.mi. nilionduke nmo,. nn 3rc-yo c,knni:fut:ttlo :Bag bilo lilikuwa na B.angi. eyoku.YJ.:.iu'." liloai.1di:;:wc 1if3:pt.1:rt 11 1 tulionia nalo mj c kwn Lcj ::. !:1] cicr:. 1-Jcf .nbc l'.YUnbni kwe Ernest s/o Mkonbo nc lruli.ft.;_,1;s1.u:.,, hn nclr..:rri.~. tulikutc. -'noer kur.Ii. nc.. nno ( •i4) za victu 17c. J:iko, :r.::.ng-i nina tntaj eyokul'li:l:l¼ . • . ~., 2 • • ~ r-.:;rat.r.:?o_... nc: rq0'U.D1; pi c. p nJ..ikuwa nc suru a.u. noi.11 6 rcrigu r.1y<:usL, nnnc:ji-vu, Tc:ulc r.JC>jc na sharti mojn le. rti.stffi'i mrcms:i. :1a "--rwou:pe1 dawn ye nswaki. noja Col:3"ntcr n.:::. nct'uta -;.,rn kuptika Rcishal.. M~a barda ya lruvi.onc b.i vyo tL:J.igrrw-en~ na Blrnost 's/o :Mko1:1bo, ya<Jo aJ.iohukun J?Om> sch a ( 7), zc. vi ntu, beg, surudl.i' ( 2) sl::erti mj c. nn r:ti.r.ti. nili<lhukua pear. saba ( 7) zn vistu. na EJu.fut~ ba~a yn kugawana; nilipolelra poar noj a. ye. vidukwa dma yangu a:i. tucyo MW.ANDilJJ)I HABIBU 1 ldatu lioiJ 8 rc:i1{;i 11'.}ro·l:g_)o lak:i.ni nilitJwarabia, ~~waobc ni.mer.munulia, bc.ac1..b. ;ya hqpo nili woka n&Li ndcni., na lcuchukua pear r.nj_a ro.ngu rzy-0kundu kup0lelrn mjim kuuz~ niHpeJ.oka lo-rocy-0 D00.1..L~a y c soko Kuu Ta.bore ••••••noo,, 5 So it gJos, thd in t~:is stctoI.1ont, not is t~::oro confession as to previous oorrvic1iion, ab t::::o of }_)rosidonticJ. nnnes~r, generally 1 steeling :icbi t3y but tci_, b,..,i; tho ~)ag -~~t~p;i,~4 pairs of shoes, sbir.ts n.."ld pm:;:-s o:f tr0usor, 1-ro:i:-o stolon mil. bow the 7th nccusod. MWlJ.fl.J.DI LliJ3IBU t:..1.0 soco:nd ~:,_:iollnnt 1 s sister got a pcir of shoos. This is e 0a11tioned stc:tor.iont b-.f I'W3 _c.. ~ - 3()86 Do CPLo ./JI.OSI O1 '-"'-!:1 ,-,,l ocUy f ro:o t'.::.O S G Cv~n":, <-fl}? ' oll..,,,,·t c,u ' ,,_,,_, ""Jlcl ·1·,Th,·, v tl·.·o ,v,·u.r+- vv ur that ho novo:r r:iad.o t:1is stdo:-Jon~- cn: 11 j bit l' 5" I ::mro ru:r::i,.:usly oxor_i.n~ t::o st::i.tonent:. &'1d its, dotmlecl contents, end ju,--;:tq,csod. tJ.:.o scr:10 wi tl: ot::20r ev.i.clonco, nnc1 I an posi tiv.oly end irrosistcibly swqy-ocl by I-1'!3' s o·d.clo~1001 tl:at it was, Da:le cy t:10 second cpp0llent$ w'ld that tl:-.o c,,nto~ts woJ:-o 70:tily tnuso I ca.nnot. cul tivnto · to ilfsEllf t0 inog:i.no, l crnro ,::J.ono to surniso, how, undisclosed, PW3 wouJ.d. :--.r:vo l:11.-.nr:.~ t~--.0 ccnto::ts t.',o::..~o::-,:f1 h~;-w wvl.ud he have kaow.n that; tho 2nd q:,po11 r:.1ts sistor wns 1.uJl:J:ifi..I:DI ID'.J3IBU, whon tho second appoll en!; gav--o o, r- ,:ir c,f s~:..:)OfJp 2s i'.".1.:-:..oc~l, t!:!.O scid 1V.lli1.JJJ,IDI lliliJ3TI3U sUJ.----ronderoa: tl:10 snr:.o t;:i t::o :- ;:)lico, c::.:.1~:. !:Jw t~10 2nd. appellcnt: hai ben0fi tod. :fror;i tho prosi.dontic.J. nr:rr:.Gsty cc,1..;lcl mt ;.::.avo boon lc"Dwn: without his assistance., Conaic1oril-:,,.3 tl:.o o,.1idcr,oo c,"0;·1orr'l1y, an<l being pc:rticrulm:-ly' satis:fioct tl:cet tLo G00un':l. y;i})cl::.cnt- ,'i~1.. r.:::::lco,: 00nfossi8n~ which is true but: r0pllilicdc.x7 . , it ts ::;,r vie.,,~ tJ·.ci corr0bor2.tLn is mt.· in tl:o oircurnstnnoos n0O0ss:~r 7 cnl c :1 t!:i.o cc:.t~:.u:r:t ty o:f tho case TUW.fJ/fJI VS UGAEDi:.. ( 1967) E £ B4t tho c-'.lnvi.c-tion r.ec,i.nst tl:o 2.x1 rppollant, is unassailc:blo, it is 'Ltpho1a.,. and. tho sont0~100 of r:.iux ;-;··ocrs o:)11.firr.10c:1 - in offoct disni.ssing the Cpp0Cc1t in i ti:; e:ntirot;.,,-o Iioxt, i,,o,; t:--.0 t::i::..'Cl q;:90Ec.:1t· rrc-ssEIJ:r Ml,TJLI:OI' s cc.so, wJ:ri.lo cc,ncdlin·::; t].-.ct '.:o ~.,,:s r:..n-c8-ta..:1., ::.:::" .)r &bO'l.:.t the secord ~:pollen.ts house, don:i.0cl boing c::i::ri.nr:J.J.y i1~vol voJ.J in this crimncl nc.ttor., liowevor, t}10 ovic.o:·wo -~" the 1)r,.)sooL:.t::..Jn, thr.t Lo .-1cs :fou.nd in possession o:f a tr..ms0r oX:c.i1Ji t r8, tl:o :p:;:,0:?0::-~7 :-f the c--n:iplcinnnt1 oonos :from PW3 C6 ) ·.S,S :Do Gi?l'.i, llw.osi, ru7 :B.,. 6766 n/sITT/JOBN, ond n mro nomtreJ. wi "'tncss PW8 Mb.P..IiJ.I ALLI.. Srnplin~-~ r.:r,.c_ rolG"Vantly, Pt73 has tb.is to sqym ~ l {mtoz- 11 1 left with four colloaguos, we· fuund. t!10 :f!.rst ecc u.so-l' s J.10use, which is situate- nt Ng' oobo, Sik:n:.80 Rom... T(o surroundod the :nllse., Wo no c:.:od, when we,i ting tho door to bo op0n0d., wo ·sc:\ot tho 3rd acousorl.f throug.1: tho window, tcl:i.11G off J:iis tr.:;usore Thero 6 wcs a lontcrn light inside the first: accusod r00:oo 17e wcroo oloso on..:ugl.11 Dftor tcld.ng off tho t:rc.,usor, !10 o:ponod tho du,.,r, c.:rrl t-)·.row tl:.o trJ1..1.sor in tho sitting roo.we Ho ;re:,n uutsiJ.o, a:ncl hid in anothor rouL1o Wo me:.1.~cd tc, nrrost. tho third accusoct, 1-ri. th lli s tr...; user .. j,. pert f:rvD _t;is OXOI'?tocl evid.O11O0 by PW3, the ovidonco "by Plr{, whioE is to tlio sEno of:eoct~ rc,lov;:-:<1.tJ.y sqiring, 8S follows, sncl I qu.,,t~- "On t~::o 17/10/1991, I :roocll tho I'olioo 0 GTJO to I:"lf pl coo 2t GJ)OUt 1" P• n., Thay fo U:.Yl us si tti11g uu.tGiio -· 3 ..:,f USo Tho. first 2sked us for Nwc:na::i.di ILabi bu - the 7t:,. cccusod.. Sho iclcnt:ified. horselfo 'rllcy toicl hor tu s}10w wb.o:;:.Z) his bro tJ:.or, tho fi:r·st oocusocl we.so S110 directed thara tho roon ho wcs ir.ia Shn1)[i'l ,·ms in !.:is ro•;:;n 1•ri. th b.is :fJ:•i 011d t!.10 tl:i.m accused. ']hon I l101:1r.::l qy- d.oox- 1Joil-ig 0:ponod. I boo w.o worr.i.ocl" I wont in room wi -tl1 c. p0lioonan. Upon ontoring insiclo, nrd o:x:.::i..'li1u.ng wo fomxl. tl":o 3rcl nocusod hicli:ng behind i:l:b.e d00r insir:.o;.. :U:o wos tclrnn outsidoe At tI.10 si ttin 6 J:'J_;:.1; wo found a trv'usor nbc.nionsJCle It wcs mt th0r0 before. On tho rmtoricl dcy-, I rocoJ.l tho two corae :11.,r.10 at 7 por.10 :10 ~:al tl10 trouser on." Tho n"buvo o.::oorptod. oviclonoo sl1:Yws how, the third ~pollen.it was with t::o ;:soconl. ~poll rmt~ in t:10 soev:nd ~::polle.n.t' s rooL1 how tl:ii.s ttird. r:-:9l)oll2::.1t, wns woari,,c n trouser, that FW7 rocognisod. oa ono . ilosori11ti0n . of t>o oor.5;il cin,'.'Dts olc) t:1c;i follO'W:Li1g . f . r::y tho ,co~l EJ..nmt. J. _, • • Tb.o ovi:l.:mo0y :furt!.:or s~:ows how Upon t!.::.o neck on tho door, tho tlrlrd ~I· oll .s:nt; Ul".l(lrosscd tho smc} t~::row it en tho ground; run out o:f tho roo::1~ c.:1.c:1- 2.:irl in PW8 1-'.fti:.:TIJJ:.11 s :roori, only to bo disoovorocl thoro, nnd tru~ ~:0:100 ::ls ar-rost~ '.i.1)10 trie:t. r...c.lgistrnto boliev0c:. tltls :::..~ i an.cl 0tL0r ovic7..onoo, ~cinst tl~.G tlri.rc'L ~P oil lint, and rojoctocl tho clofonoo,, CJ:ld >. crioo tho oo:rrvic-\iol'.14 I ~:c:vo o.zp:::;soc~ t.:10 d::iovo~ .10 or:m:i:prosont 0:ppor"iuni ty of sorutir.w,. El:d wi tJ.1 ~luJ;i:ful r-:Dci.0~ 0 , I :::.2vo lo:ft nu stGno u:ntur-.a.od1 CJ.n b.01100 mt.i:,·-a. .. . , ' ~- .• ,. . ... ,, ~· . .... _:· •.. ... I : ,. -~_, . . r1· ono oonracn ns;_;oot, ( 1) · tlrnt tl:o thi:zit a_ppollcm.t. wqs nei thor r.1onti+1-1oc:. "bj,· t:~o. soc__,ns', q;T.J?Ollmt, mr by tho :first, -2- llo woo fl'-.' t o:von r.1onti.onoa: ·by aoct,_sods 1100 4, 5, 61 7( at a1.1, tl:cy did not hcvc· fo, cs thct 1v0uJ.d bo n ootreyod of an eooonplioo. Jfut be ns :it, -r.:cy, cs c.ss0ssoc1 by t~:o trial n8gi.strcto, I t.;o, firrl PW.3, PW7 cn(l rH8 128 orocliblo ·wi tncssos~ wl10s0 evidonco is rolir:'ulo, end. fnr_;fI"..Jii ovon tl~.inldng, t2-:c-t it could "be fioti-.:mcl croetion 1T.f tho s:~--;io vi'i tnosso;:; 5 I firrl tJ.:orofo:ro 2s dids tt.o tri el Dag:i. st:1:1::to that, t,]?.n t'.:d.rc1 C-_:;>:)Oll~t, wc:s fuu.:nd in possossion 0f. c. t:c0usor$ whoso · 1i'oosossio1~ t~:o OJn·:uot uf t~:o tbirc:1 app ell 2nt 9 b:urrioc1J.y un:lressing i tt tl:rvwi:-ig it d,.r(•n'-'j ;_,_;:f1ing j'L~t of tho r-J,_;;;1j und lri.clinc ih PU8 r0on, upon j:ust l1oarin3 8 110ck 011 tho ::loo:u. .brl1 do:rxicxl hi.n tho poroo of □incla 'Ihis was guilt: ravol ting in lriri1 liko mi ovil spirit. But,. -t):.is wc.s stol011;_ riroporty, ·-and stolon as rooontJ.y es n d[W" boforo. kncl it is for:uliCJ:> lrn-.1 t.hat pr,)von possossion of roo0ntJ.y stolon prapor·cy- 1 is .- oi:rcunstr.'.1'lti en_ ov:i.donoo, whio.h nqy- lom to Dll inforonoo, tl.:c,t tho possessor is, oi tl1or t:-:-..a t2.io:fi, or tho euiJ. ty rcooi vor5 c·;f tho pr0porty in q:u.ostio:n, soo DIR.EIJTO:a OF PUBLIC rRuS.ECTJ'l'IOliJ VE HEISER ( 1958) 3 WgLgB.g 751c Wi tJ.i rospoot, tho clifficul -cy of dotorr.ri.ning whothor t~:,o cocusod ' is c ti:iof, v~ a reooivor1 n.'3 !.10 ,.":Coatll'lUt no b0tb, in rospoct of tho sm:io ol:argoi pro_por--t;;.~, is not r: light 011.0, or insignifici:lnt, ns was point(l(1.. . )Ut~ in tI.:o o c.son, r.JiSS1J.! s/o I:;OT:IJJiI.ED ( 1948) 15 &,Ji.. Cit,J.. 212s: !(i,.NTJI,l.L JIVRJi.J VS n ( 12,61) S.ru6. ILwovor as p:Jintcx: out in the above onso1 t!:o :lootrino 0f rocont. possossiur~ g:i. vo:G riso to p:1."0SUDption of fa.ct, nnr".. mt nn ir.:t_)'liontiun vf l e1-1, rm.c."'.. it shoulC:. follow tJ::r.:t, - w:~:cro tho oiro·Lt::stanoos e.ro suc:'.J. cs to ron'."'..o:r: 1· boro likoly, tL2t, t!.10 party fou::1[_7. in possossiv:n (:.ic:1.. net stccJ.. tho said~ pro_port,y-, tJ:on tho pi~osug,,tion is t11ct, rcooiyocJ. 1 t;_:,o smo, in tho a.bs0xi.oo. of' o:z;il c;:1al\On t!.ict nq~ :;:-ocs0nc.bJ..;r bo true, oven if not con 11.n CL."'lg •./.. ,.. ·.- .. ~ th.:t l:o ,;bt inocl tJ::.o sa..10 i1'.1.nocont].J, 1 ::.lso soc tho onso 0 L .EQNLRD illl'I·IDR VJiRTOlif VS R ( 1941) 19 &L:Rs ( 2) 7"5. T_lms everything must 'i0p0l'J(l an ( 1). th0 nntu.::co of pooporty1 en,_•_ q_ual.i ty t~1oroof, -2- tho vt:J.:ue t:1orcof, -3- -w::otl:o:r it is t::.o property thnt fest oh~os hnn:lsf etc~ In tb.is Ce.So, out of the so nnrzy- cl~a;rgoc. pr0porti0s, the tb.irc1. nppollcmt wos found. in possession of n singlo trouser. vnulo bis corr:uot. c:.or.1-::nwtrctocl n t:roublcxl oonsoi0nco, in qy- View oi:roumstraicos. C I 8 c.o;.:;:ionstrc.:t,o l:lin as a guilty roooivor, so tenguo tied to give cocpl onr.:tior~ r&t':..Jr the.;_'i L tl:.iof.- In tho circu.mstcJnCos, u.'1. !'-7..Gr tho au.tr~ori ty c,f t:10 (1:Jotrino of :rocm1t :Possession~ DJ:Ji..'\. soction 316 of tLe O:ri!".rL:1ei 2.rococluro 4ct 198~, tho co:rrviotion. for tho:ft is L.oroby sot asi 10; c:nc1 0 c., ocnvi.ction fc,r :rooiv:i.ng stolon :prqper-ty~ Y'-1'l0wi.ng tho s2r10 to ::crrv-o boo:'l st.:.ilor~ o:1toroc1 a.gcinst him, but tho smrtonco left intmt.,. Lll in e,11 1 t::o first ~pollcnts eppocJ.. is £J.lowEX'1. an:l to ·be sot froo t:.o socor.:1 n:)1,ollnz.1t~ 2p1:0Ql cUsr:n.ssod in its o~rtiroty, anc. f but for t.o cLQ1.30:, t'.10 3:."C7.. CpIJollants oppocl is d.ismssGc.7. to,.:. u ~, ,mrnrr i:·• ~ Ji..1.' a'I .l:...i.:..1. ...