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Tanzania Judgment

TZHC

19780609 TZHC Mwanza

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Professional case brief

Research organized from the available case record

Source document

01

Holding and result

The appellate judge found that the conviction was unsafe as it relied solely on the uncorroborated and unreliable evidence of the prosecution witness, which was contradicted by other evidence. The judge also noted procedural irregularities in the framing of charges but found no prejudice. The convictions were quashed and sentences set aside due to lack of credible evidence.

Court disposition

Appeal allowed; convictions quashed; sentences set aside; appellant to be released unless held on other lawful charges; any fines paid to be refunded.

Orders

  • Convictions on both counts quashed
  • Sentences set aside
  • Appellant to be released unless held on other lawful charges
  • Any fines paid to be refunded

02

Material facts

Parties

Dilala s/o Karusi

Appellant

Republic

Respondent Counsel: State Attorney Mr. Tatow

Amounts and remedies

  • Alleged Sale Price of Kerosene: TZS 12,000

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Appeal / Appellate

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The appellant denied selling kerosene to the prosecution witness and claimed he acted as an agent for the co-operative shop, not as an independent seller. He argued that the evidence against him was unreliable and that he did not receive payment for any illegal sale.
Respondent
The prosecution argued that the appellant sold a drum of kerosene to the witness at an illegal price and without a license, relying on the testimony of the buyer and supporting witnesses, and that the conviction was proper based on the evidence presented.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    General criminal law principles

    Conviction must be based on credible and corroborated evidence, especially where the prosecution's case relies on a single witness.

  2. 02

    Criminal Procedure Code

    Charges must be framed under the correct statutory provisions to avoid prejudice to the accused.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The appellate judge found that the conviction was unsafe as it relied solely on the uncorroborated and unreliable evidence of the prosecution witness, which was contradicted by other evidence. The judge also noted procedural irregularities in the framing of charges but found no prejudice. The convictions were quashed and sentences set aside due to lack of credible evidence.

Obiter and limits

  • It is important for prosecution to ensure charges are properly framed under the correct statutory provisions.
  • Reliance on a single, uncorroborated witness is insufficient for conviction where other evidence contradicts the prosecution case.

Court disposition

Appeal allowed; convictions quashed; sentences set aside; appellant to be released unless held on other lawful charges; any fines paid to be refunded.

  • Convictions on both counts quashed
  • Sentences set aside
  • Appellant to be released unless held on other lawful charges
  • Any fines paid to be refunded

Source and reliance status

TZHC · 9 June 1978

This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.

Judgment reading view

Judgment text

The complete available source text.

Source document

TZHC

Judgment· 9 June 1978

19780609 TZHC Mwanza

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Kagg1J::i.i..,o Co-0_~12r:::d;i vc .-.. ,~ F>1· ch 1ouy ·'u-hrPG ?:.,..,.~,.;,,, ()'j_" ·•,-r,_,ro'-':"''l"' 1 o;..,l1r S110 ,.J 1 •:·.:·i..,_l.,_t._ 1 • .... l ..... ·'t..,._, f') ...l.~Lu,.,;,i ;,.'\_,.., __ -.t. ~· }.:.1.~.L.~.-e Y;.---. '1-,.c c.:J.,l iJ .1.-~~ .1. .• 1 •• .:. Purc ._ l1a•·y,.Q~ .,_ ~h ()11°' ,; V' 1•G'"l .._,._- l.lP '(~r.ir~ ,..,__ e,~•p·;)-.L •'••·• J. ... -'- (~]1(>•· .; .• ..,; 1 a_l,--.c1 J_. • t_~l.J 'T1hc __ _. ., __ :·.>112.c,•,:,·,-. ·•'••• ,,; T!';o,,r;,.,1)1·ro ..,-.J • .i. '-' :.l,\.'..) -'.--: vi J.}......,'-)Q-' _ Co-op:2r2,~i ve Shop, D".71~ c.~G]Jj_,)d (;ivj_D_g -the app.-:.,JL',JJ:C :~:;1f, .1 r 000/= for pu:c:po::Kis of 1:n1.yiri.:z Y.(erC'80:.1e oil fOJ'.' the Co-nJ_x,rat:Lve ;::,.hc_p. ne 9 .hov;evsr 7 reca.11(,:d -t,_;_;_2::~ on -c:1s .C!E:d;er.i.aJ. d.. 2,y1 he 2,u-ciwrised D ~y-,,r.:y'- o·;: ~!~'°' ..L:C--' .J ...... 1 9•-">00/- .'.!.•'.: ..... IJ - +o pH] -r-·cir p,;rpO'='DC' OI" f.J\..1-_;-'-•··•,._:, -l- U. "'1"!7 ;':/:; T'-:•rr,r·a,-l,:, .,.•, •- V ,, __ -•- \,_ ~ 0.._,;::,., .)1-), ..1. ,.....,, oil 1 or ·V10 c o--ov~ ra;~i V':! shop. Ac c O1~din.~:; to JJ,-.'l ·:;~i:c: ::-:]_1_c, _pixie; of articl("S of .c.iarc.:.-10,nd:Lsn f' or th:? Co-oj)Grs::,i vc. '.]L.oD ',i2,s lJ2 j_n_;~ Q~ o---, r, !..:.,:- ;y -'-lu._..t.,.,, . rr',a 701~ r: ·'·l.J.·11,~- i 'V'>~-1.. c.".JP v.L ... ~--.L-· rrr~"' ... ,.. L ..... _._ ""'UI~e-.,.. .....

c;~-,.. ..._ c-vl. .. o • .L o·j_'=' 4-'y:. uJ._\_. <'.'I!- on ... .l.1....- a.,)_l -:-j-P. ~. . 1·. _ • - • (' ,_£:J • • D\'D_ 9 adcle cl -clla.t it wa,r::i y · ho,c..:o ve rs 1r1i -1;.h:i_n hi8 .\no-c:1-:, dt,;0 -clw.t D::; +ul!:1.-.:S ·- , _,_, •' .. r,, --~ - . . l1J.~G SJ.1.01) '.Jilc.. :._Li."\!l.8..0. 9 pc-;-1 - \~-L? lJ..D·-d ·: · · -'·u() uv.U.<;i c,-.-- ~ -'-l1.Ll~·; 1- ·· · · ....; , 17 2,})l) ,., . ·'·l, -•-l,O d 0 ....... c.l.,.TI. _,_, . rt, . . :· . lJJ.18 ,:.)J..:.0J)l.!.'l;3 f or J.'J.l•.!l D8C,.. ,Uj:,Q Qj_ _,l,.; 9 ]_. <;.;. app ~ .... ,..,.'...'.,(, •'-' J.1~"'\r c.,.,c._L,r,.,.1.. , n 4 .r:• ]-,·.-~ •• ,. • ..... - -cl'J~-.--,.•'•1;-. . . "";r·: .., ...~-'-'tr u, to the :=:.11.op:i..nc~ centre. '.l:.1;10 evidence of )J71 on' ·c_;:_ic; poir,:~ j_s in pari par3SL-'!. vvit.L, -i,)1.8,t of D'72 aj:.d both of the;;:c D,r0 i.ncle_pencl8n-c ,~:i ·{;:i:J.6~300f.) ill -{;lie CC.Ge. . . . /3 3 IJ.1dee0. pi~JJ_ i1j_J;J.S ilf· c:3..c~.:_·;.t{-;(1 -C.l-ia. ~~ l10 r:ie.~1-L -~:;:ic: a;.1·1JcJ_la. .J.1 ..G ·Go· -, . ,.,O,.i,e 1)1.,.y c: .. , T'i.) s _... ,ro,c-18 Ol 1 U,1Hl,.:, ~1 ,· .,.. , .... ,., J..• c. Dl~fl • J• • • ,c:'" ,!).~.1 ~"!"~1.r.- ...,;..L • ::;-.~:,-:•'- d 1,"' .;. .1•.1.c)l,Ca 9 .J.1c;s P\7i, insi::Tc86. that he boL1.;s-1.~·;; ·c.11e ~~!':!rosene oil :~·ro.=-': ·cl10 appsll2..n:c. P1:ll 1:J.:L1:1::J :~lf c1j_G_ · r1.o·C 0a.y :for \-:/l'l2:t~ .l-1.~::

· _pt,1..:cc}:1e. r.::oc7. c.J_J_ •·:.~11a. ·G ax:10Lu1·G 1 of ILe rose:ne oil? 8, whol0 drL~.:•l o:f i ·c, that is -to oay 1·.:J_1e the r he v1a?J_-ced i·c for hir; dor.1est:Lc use or :for ressl1. J.,oVi'C')V:.;J::, on the evi cl.enc e o:c D'71 'i,JlicJ.1 s ·;·:--21c~s 1.mci:,a,ll:::nc~~i d 2w:icL n.:;.,.c cm··cracli c te cl on thiEl asrJect o:c th8 Ci~,SG i-c j_s c1ear ·che:'c 118 9 r·n9 bou.gl-:i_t tl1e drt..1.m o:f ~:Gross;-:,_e on b'.>._;_,LlJ of the Co-op,"!1~.::;·civ:) Sl:.OlJ of v,-.::!icJ.1 l1e Vic~s C}1(::,ir:,1_2v1.1.. ~1_1.:.1~:-;·i~ bsi:.1g so a,l'J.cJ. I J:--0"!_p2;:t·G ·i_;_b_c::tt; ·t.b.ero i::1 acl~1.is'.3i b1·:, a::1ii crecli ble evi<le,:.1c2 t>at j_-t; was ·chel.:. the <lerliaJ. by P.71 "i:i.'\at he as.1:ocl the e,pp;""ll2J.1.t to clo ·ch.e buyi ..::.c: for hiD:. p2J_e::-J j_n-co oblivion. T.1:.:is v:L:Yi is str2.ngt1-::.:=,;_1(~d by t>c ?;:-.ct; ·chat if· F.7J. wc:re to bo 1Jelievcd oD. ·c};_is o.sp2ct of th8 1·1-s:c<icr ·cl1en _'J.oVi 9 1 ·G .nay 7Je asked, Y1ou.ld 1::..? ]12,ve 8,cc ou.ntecl foT -c]:;_::-.: :10::.J.;::y gi von -'-o pl---··--.""\f'""'fe .)J. .bi,,<} .~J.. lL, TT--,ror~ ,c ..-.-""r.,•r:~-•""l coo _pc:!"'J""'t··.-·e 1""','T ])1-;-7 .!J"I~ 41 "lr.\ r-17,: .'.'1-i-'l lJ.!.1r· :0, ,l J 1 ·r·i-,....,,rr 1 Li .,• .' .. ,. u v 0 .,_,_ .L ,., LIJ. .• 1-, :.•!. J::;·_,,_:, ·, ~.,:;, ...;._ !. 1·: \;J_ _:_ -!.. ,; shop'?.. ·:'~ore . • s O ·1~:l.

1..G,, -·-~- 1· .n -:;:,,..,, ... -~ ., "v·o-,,..1. \ c'],. s o·-L"' _ T'J'-'Jl -· . . , ..., )~c--i,•,,l '1TPJl{' . ..... ... 9 ~ \; T•:;w 1· C! ..a .• t,J T:11y cl n 1~ic 1:-- Dr-iu"' 1· ( p•"TJ ) ·'v·hr.> C1"R •'- ..,._ ... _ .• _. • • .,v \), • •• • _ .j.._1..,. J .; r . ...,a;, Yi'ho 1"\"!c, l.J J.--~..J..- I. ...... ...... ..,J ,II,.'.) l.;,;J -~ ... "' -J~·()-.L'· 01 1 ·.L·· r.•, '1op U0()1~ ..J.1-' • ...... )_;,}.1 _ • It is upc.:.1 1.-:;irn. to knm: .=;;-11•-=-Ts ·co Get ·c.1:.8 e;ooC.:L,~. ?re:c.1(n•ico \·io-..;iJ.c1 t.l1en ts:nu.r:ir ·i:;lJ.3 1_)11-rch2,sinc; r::c8ip•;; c,nu. I r·li.11 snte;r ·chor~. i;:,.-~;o ou_r boO.~';:S of·a.ccorn:it. 11 S1.>is i;1cle2d is 1Yhc:d:; 02·:.8 '.',C),_:_1d c::;:i)ec·t, thj_nc;s to bo. In -'ch8 i_;1st2,,_;_1t csJJ.:?. FH e.irl no·c Ilroch1c:-: ,3,ny· l)l.J..rc.1:J2,r,d.nc; rec8iI,rf; purportedly isnuccl by th:., G,_p_::i,H1e,_a·c nor 9 i1.1cle e cl 1 · Ctl.t. 11(~ ~ PVIl, s Lt(;t?;(~ s ·t ·iil1a·t e. .~J)T 1r;2.s :L sr:n10 (1. I.J. Cllcli ·Cj_ on to ·cll:Ls r -1_:_:1crc cs. n be _:_::_o d.8ulJt ·c.1.1:::,t t.:2.8 Xr.:-;ror:Jr..:112 oil whic.~:. bo-ch P'.71 anc_ P-91)'.::llan_-;~ talJ;:0cl. C:'.llo1.:.t i.,:;as tb.c 0;a::1.:J on:::: because ll accordin,:; to u~.n. 1 F71 rcpcn·ted ·co hi_.·,. th,:;:l.i th:~ :(erosr:i,:_:<.: r.:_\j_c;.-1 li:~ bou.g.:_,,_t heel b:3c:;::1. 5,3j_z,ed by tho· ?olico. La:i.i8r the s2,icl ::-2rosens

1•;as GJ;:_:_:~:Lbi-Cec1 8.:t t.l1e ·trial. '.~Thy P.71 Qecided to cle:..1y r::,2_:Jdine; ·i:.b_e a_p_p:·.:lL\(1:c ·co buy ths Keros0ne on his b2hc::-J_f irJ best Jn1m~,:n to him:~_;c]_J. Porhe.ps it nay rwt b:<:, insignific<'..:1:,.J.t to ,.1_0-;,c) th2,t ori;::~inc=:J.1y i·c 'Fias P1,71 hir;1oeJ_f vv·ho was arrested_ 1JY ·i~11e. Po1ico with th:: :::cc:::-r)G:Jne. On -:-.'\T -'-•-l,y e-r"."'-:,7 v c•,-- ..v-c·, J ,!::)-'-1" Li 0'' ~J. 0·.L -!-uL. ""1(>, "'Vl '-· 0 a:,r,•;..,cn 1 ~o-1V...1. -.-LL ,J la t., ,._,. 0 u_,_, clr,r:ir -·:·1r,c. .i_' •Jc,, • -:-r, .,,. . , _,_,,r-,t "..., _, ,.•-· Li.,_._,::,_. •p··;--n • , .I. v,-an no·c c. ·cru:thful wi·cnesr:;. I:f the learn.ed Resic.7.e:11:G :'-LV~irJ·crate had prop,:::rJ.7 analysed tl:..e evic1e_;:i_ce as 8. v.;holo I tl1it1!..: he, wot:~ld :not J:ie.v~i :failed ·co fin.(~. ·Uiat ·chr-i 2vLl0nce of P.'Tl, i1_1 ·;;he lj_c;ht of ot}::i..sr t:Jvidcmc0 en r'::cord 9 briot1es ·c;ith ir,1.i-:>J.r LJ.Ci 1Jility. In -G.i:1e cj_rC"L"Lt"tlf.JtatJ.CGS i·t ,vEtFJ VCI\)' lJ..l1B:~:fc ·co c011vict; OIJ. ·;;_i,:..c.~ (~Vid.e11ce ol' P~.-a. J.\.S ·cherc it-j 110 c.-:~.:,_:-;:i:' 9VidG:nce ·co 8 Ll.P.:)Orc ·c_'lG,t of P.71 0:.1 -tho c::L1.2st5_ons of s2J.2 :~.1d price l1i.l:inc I 2.:-_ oi ·cric co],Diu.ered view -t;;_._,it these convic·cic.:1E, c:.:honlc3. .J_o·i~ b'?. s,llrn.-ecl to s·i,2.ad. In t}10 eve;:1t ·cllir3 ,:J,DJ)Cal succeeds.

:J!.!.1::: co:c.vi:; t:i.cns on bot.1_:, c OL1J:1·Gs r;;_.rc ql:t..fJJBJ.7.ec.1 C.J:J.d t.l18 ct~11·Cer.1.c(:8 ~>.re s0t; 2.cidc. ~J:]10 a.p1:>clJ_a!.1·C shoulcl be set free i.:1ct1c:cl.ia·cely rnJ.le □ s, of coL:TS,~ 7 L;::, ir1 l)cinc held on D,Js;1e o·i.;hr.1r le.w:f1..1..l c 1.:.c.:.rges. · If -c118 :fL:::3 _;_::.2,r.:; bocl'J_ paid t.hc c.a;:12 s.:10uld 1x:· reft:.:LldE.,d to 11.iet. It ii::: orc1erecl accordingly. :r::T: AJJZA 9th Jl'..l1G ~-- 1978

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Section 17(1)(a) of the Trading Act

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Sections 20 and 36 of the Regulation of Prices Act No. 19/1973

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Section 3(1)(a) of the Trading Act

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