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Jy IN THE HIGH COURT OF TANZANIA (DAR ES SALAAM MAIN REGISTRY) AT DAR ES SALAAM MISC. CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 26 OF 2012 GERVAS SHAYO AND CHARLES JACKSON ..................................APPLICANTS VERSUS MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH A ND ALLIED SCIENCES ............................................................ RESPONDENT RULING F. Twaib,): The Applicants, Gervas Shayo and Charles Jackson, have filed the present application for leave to apply for orders of certiorariagainst the decision of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. Until 15thDecember, 2011, the Applicants were students in the Respondent University. On 15thDecember 2011, they were suspended from studies on grounds that they took part if planning, organising and executing unlawful acts, in contravention of the University By-Laws. By notice filed on 3td December, 2012, the Respondent raised three points of preliminary objection. Mr. Donatus Nungu, learned counsel, represents the Respondent in these proceedings, while Mr. Peter Kibatala acts for the Applicants. They orally argued before me in advancing their clients' respective positions. For purposes of convenience, I will deal with the three points of preliminary objection in reverse order, starting with the third, then the second, and finishing with the first. In the third point of preliminary objection, Respondent's counsel avers that the joint affidavit in support of the application is defective for containing matters of law, which runs contrary to the provisions of Order 19 rule (3) (1) of the Civil Procedure Page 1 of 5 11 I Code, Cap 33. Counsel specifically mentioned paragraphs 8, 9 and 10 of the said affidavit. The Applicants' counsel's reply was to the effect that the said averments are factual and not legal, and that, therefore, the preliminary objection is without merit. I have read the impugned paragraphs, and I am inclined to agree with Mr. Kibatala that their contents are factual and not legal. Though there are references to the law in those paragraphs, those references are merely incidental. The substance and purpose of paragraphs 8 and 9 are definitely factual, while paragraph 10 relates to an advice on matters of law that the Applicants received from their advocate. This form of averment is, in my view, quite proper in law and does not infringe upon the provisions of Order 19 rule (3) (1) of the CPC. I would overrule the third point of preliminary objection. The second point of preliminary objection is that the application is incompetent for joining the 2ndApplicant, Charles Jackson, because he did not follow the appeal procedure provided for in Part VI of the MUHAS Students' By-Laws, 2010. Counsel Nungu has argued, correctly, that the an order for judicial review can only be granted where the Applicant has exhausted all available remedies. This position was laid down in the case of Njake Enterprises & Oil Transport Ltd. v EWIJRA, Commercial Case No. 3 of 2010 and my own decision in Michael Thomas Nyungi v EWURA & Another Misc. Civil Cause No. 28 of 2011. The issue is whether, in this case, there was still a remedy available to the 2ndAppellant before coming to this Court for judicial review. Let me point out, from the outset, that an affirmative answer to this issue would not render the whole application incompetent. It can only mean that the 2ndApplicant is removed from the proceedings, leaving the 1stApplicant to proceed with his application. In resisting this point of preliminary objection, learned counsel Kibatala cited the Court of Appeal decision in John Mwombeki v RPC, Bukoba (1986) TLR 73, at 88 and 89, where Mwalusanya, J. held, among others things, that "the Court has discretionary powers to determine in each individual case whether the alternative remedy is available to the aggrieved party is in fact a remedy or an illusion." Learned counsel argued that annexure TMA-4 to the Applicants' joint affidavit is so conclusive in its contents and designed in such a way that any supposed alternative remedy would be an illusion. With respect, I agree. Annexure TMA-4 is the letter by Page 2 of 5 which the Applicants were informed of their expulsion from studies by the Respondent. One clearly gathers from it that the decision was not made by the Disciplinary Authority of MUHAS, which can be challenged by way of an appeal pursuant to regulation 21.0 (i) of the MUHAS By-Laws, 2010, upon which Mr. Nungu relied. The regulation states: An appeal by an aggrieved party against a decision of the Disciplinary Authority shall lie with the Appeals Committee as provided under section 32 (1) (b) of the MUHAS Charter and rules, 2007." In the case at hand, the decision was not made by the Disciplinary Authority. It was made by the Council of the University. The Counsil's decisions are not appellable to any other person or body within MUHAS—certainly not the Appeals Committee under regulation 21.1 (i). For this reason, I agree with counsel for the Applicants that there was no viable alternative for any of the Applicants to challenge the decision within the framework of the MUHAS Charter or the Students By-Laws. I would dismiss the second point of preliminary objection. I will now move to determine the first point of preliminary objection. It is to the effect that the application is incompetent for failure to join the Government. Learned counsel for the Respondent opines that this a mandatory requirement under section 18 (1) and (3) of the Law Reform (Fatal Accidents and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, Cap 310. Respondent's counsel has strongly resisted this point. He argued that MUHAS is a corporate body under section (4) (2) of the MUHAS Charter. Under it, MUHAS has powers of suing and being sued. This means, assuming that Mr. Kibatala is right, that it means MUHAS is subject to the rules of certiorari. He thus thinks that there is no need of joining the Attorney General, since the University is "not the Government of the United Republic." Section 18 (1) of Cap 310 provides: "Where leave for application for an order of mandamus, prohibition or certiorari is sought in any civil matter against the Government, the court shall order that the Attorney-General be summoned to appear as a party to those proceedings; save that if the Attorney-General does not appear before the court on the date Page 3 of 5 specified in the summons, the court may direct that the application be heard ex parte." Does the word "Government" in the above provision include an entity such as the Respondent herein? This question necessitates an interpretation of the word in the context of relevant law. I will begin with Section 18 (3) of Cap 310, which states: "For the purposes of this section the term "Government" includes a public officer and any office in the service of the United Republic established by or under any written law." The term "public office" is not defined in Cap 310. Resort to other relevant laws is thus necessary. One such law is the Attorney General (Discharge of Duties) Act, 2005. It provides for the discharge of duties and exercise of powers of the Attorney General with other public offices and officers. Section 3 of the Act defines "public service", for the purpose of the discharge of duties of the Attorney General, the service in a Ministry of the Government, Government Departments or Government Agencies. From its establishing instrument (the Charter) and the law under which the Charter was made and adopted (the Universities Act, 2005),MUHAS is not a Government Ministry or Department. Is it a Government Agency? A Government Agency is a legal term that has been specifically defined under section 3 of the Executive Agencies Act, Cap 245.It is to be established under section 245 of that Act by the Minister responsible for the sector in which it is established. MUHAS, as far as this Court can tell and/or take judicial notice of, is a University established under the provisions of the Universities Act. More specifically, it was established by an order of the President of the United Republic under powers bestowed upon him by section 25 (2)of the Universities Act, 2005.It cannot, therefore, be considered a Government Agency so as to fall under the term "government agency". However, under the Interpretation of Laws Act, Cap 1, "public office" or "public department" includes every officer or department invested with or performing duties of a public nature, whether under the immediate control of the President or not, and includes an officer or department under the control of a local authority, the Community (presumably the East African Community) or a public corporation. A public corporation Page 4 of 5 all the said letter had been filed by them. They never refuted to be either authors or contributors to the to the concerns advanced in a vague crafted latter to this Court, consequently necessitating this Ruling. Principally, the accused persons have filed asking me as Trial Magistrate to disqualify from this case. Looking upon their five grounds for my disqualification it may be learnt the said five grounds boil down to three relevant grounds as the rest of them are mere repetition from the three mentioned grounds thus: -That I have not been giving enough room on the part of the Deffence to field as many questions as the it (Deffence side) wishes -That I have been favouring the Prosecution machinery in this case -That I have been delaying this case without plausible reasons To begin with the first allegation that I have not been giving enough room on the part of the accused persons to field many questions to the Prosecution witnesses. The proceedings of this Court speak by themselves, 2 The Notice of Motion is supported by the affidavit of Frank Marealle, a principal officer of the Applicant. The Applicant in this case is represented by Mr. Maira learned Advocate, the first Respondent is represented by Mr. Rweyongeza learned advocate and the second Respondent is represented by Mr. Kamara learned Advocate. When the application was called on for •hearing, Mr. Rweyongeza and Mr. Kamara raised a preliminary objection, the notice of which was lodged earlier in terms of Rule 100 of the Court of Appeal Rules 1979, The preliminary objection raised by Mr. Rweyongeza and Mr. Kamara was similar in nature. The said objection was as under; "The Decree which is the subject matter of the pending appeal, being a decree not capable of execution, the appilcation for stay of execution is grossly misconceived in law." oil