19910108 TZCA Dar es Salaam

I • CIVIL 11.PPE!:.L no. 17 OF 1990 BETvfETI.J Il1ER;[ II!.13:VA & 9 0~2RS • • • • • • • • • • APPELLJJ7:::13 liliD DnIJ.. UEOROl:TGO. , • 0 • o.oe•c .. ~SPOlTDElTT (1..ppeal from the Ju~1nent of the Hi_g:h Court of Tap.z2.nia at Tabora) • ( Chipetas J.) dated the 29th }lzjr of JanuarJ, 1988 in Civil Case Ko. 1 of 1985 J I 0-· +-a · T!riD i:::i an appeal from tb.e jud.[;,:0~1t; of_ t_lle High Cm1rt at Tabora (Chipeto,, J .) delivered on JanuorJ 29, 1983, by which the appellants we.re jointly and sev-erally aclju.dged liable -'co :return 305 head of ca;t·;;le and 2 goats to the :i.·es~1onde11t Dii-na Rhorongo, · or Pc\Y him tl1eir pectiltiary equiv-n.lent~ and to meet the .. costc of the personal r12.raes or de$criptions of t.'.:..e par-'cies t::at they bear in the recoxd of t":.ie IIigh Cov.rt. The a-ppellants are repreceT~cd - · · by Profescor Fimbo, learned. advooa·ce, o1 t:..'..e University of. Dar es Se.12,am I G Legr,l 1.id Commi tteo 9 wJ1ile t:1e responc1el1"C iEJ, J like he was in -'.;lie Hig;.1 Court~ represei.1tod by Mr. Ntabaye, lca1"11ed · advocate. . ../2 ( ...: 2 ,r- ../ .., ....'? ~ ·~.J.. . ,_'11.b.e phd;,1J,:; wcis d.rc.1,wn by :-!r{I II..,~nb2t: .. e and p.re::;en-cecl on • .,, a group of people !~1ow:1 2.s 11 Slll1f,iusungu.:i iavacled llio homes·cqnd at Uc~o11go village, Sil;:;onge Warcl in '.,:n,bo:;_:,;::,, :Uis-~:rict e..nd drove c.wo;y ~is nnimal:3 were

soon enough distribute.d to ·i;he defcnda;.1ts., In par2,graph 5 he stated t:.iat ·i;l10 defei1c:la;:ri;o !:iacl no colou:r o1 rig_).t over the in question :1ad been ret-:.1r:1ed to !1im d.cspito several d.e:o.encJ..s ~ :i:1.he principal relief clai::10cl by t!:-:.0 phd~!"ci:Z'f w:-.s -~l-:.e .tctt:.1":.: of In thc1' · -- 1 .J,. J'o1' '1J. J. l., "''"e·1clc·L·..1 i,fr1' ~ ..... J. r .I.J_"'ll V l,y s·-•-~J·o v..,::., U ...·0··•·'- 0 .:.J. V' 1 dr,-:,T-'"'1 1,....,.H.!. bir cJ Jl,.~_,,,. - v made a :.::'rec 2,nd -,.roltmtc1ry con1esoion t!12,t l1e h2,d stol'3n ve,:;:-ious numbers of 02.,~;·i;le from seven o1 the elcvc~1 cl.cfe"c.dc,,.,.ts c;.;.:d ;-:loo defe:::1dant Irneri ::-fo..leva resulting into t~:,cir c!_ee,tllo o T110:- ;:,,,loo claimed, a,."'li:ilalo to tl:ci::c resp0cti Vf; owners or oonponsatc t!1om in ki:1d, goats to t:10 eie-':.t clef'0ncla:;.1ts o Wherefore t~re clefcad.D.,nts pr~~ed for tho diroieccl o:Z the suit ·and for costs. ' ;:;- 3 • . .. ~l, .,; ~ • ' and filed lJy i.il10 Ta,'1zani'a LGgal Corporation. !'.Lr. Lukwa1°0 1 learned com1sel of tb.at Corporation, 2,~)pca::od 0;_1 bol1alf o-;: the defendants i;.1 "the I.Iig.'2 Courto It 12,"i:ier cnr,10· to tllq knowledge of t:.10 IIir;ll Cour-'c that t~:e \ 9th defendant Simon Fala.Gila had adv.ally passed away before the institution of the suit and tho leax-:1ed judge st:ro.ck out the suit as it related. to him~

aad I -ctink that t~at was a thoroughly prop or t!1i11g to d.o. Lccox-ding to tl:c Written Stateme;.1t s, -~l1e plaintiff hc1d admitted to ha-re stolen 16 cows from Simon Falasila and ho.,d. l.'oturned t~~-G cattle to tho deceased-. Foui' iss"L.,cs wore d.rawn a ..1d rocorcled, ::.12;i.10lyg 1,. 'i"Hle·;;i~or the number of ca:~tlci collected from tho plaintif:E was 316 or 171. • 29 Whether t'.10 cat·i;lo we;ro gi7cn voluntarily by t:::.o plail1tiff or not.

3. Whetl::.cr tl:e plaintiff adi~1it·~ocl tho alleged . thefts and offcre:;d ·~o rctm-:1 allegedly stolon cattlco Wlw;~ remedy or remodicz 2:.ru tl:c parties cmtHlcd to. In hie juclg.nent tho trial juo..ge found t!.lat 305 !:ead o:i: cattle and 2 goats were collected from t:10 pl2,L1ti:ff'. ITe s-'ca:cod t~1at he accepted tlie testimoi-iy of PW o2 Jisa:1c3.:u Dir.1a -'ch0 son o:f the plaii"1tiff.., I ,, 4 ·- Acco:cd in:·; to the account of P .W 02 9 the animals were collected by some 3ur.cu3ungu ·vi :.lantes on four occasions. On the first occas ion 9 111\:.cm the plaintiff was abse:rit 9 having travelled to Igunga 9 9 hc,:d of cattle were taken a,-ray. On the second 9 third and fourth occ2:G ions 280 head of cattle plus 2 goats 9 16 head of cattle 9 znc; '1,1· head of cattle were 9 res·'.)ectively s collected by Sungusungu. The defend3n-cs 9 as pointed out 9 admitted receiving some of the animals 9 es followsi first defendant Imeri Jvialeva - 3 head of cattle. and 2 goats; fourth defendant Sayi Kadala -9 head of cattle~ fifth de:f endant Andrea Mgagani - 79 head of cattle~ sixth defendant MntwigEJ Gaga - 8 hcDd of cattle~ seventh defr'J.dant Ghija Uganga -~ 25 head of cattle 9 eighth defendant Yunge Ndal:::i - 9 '.·1Gad of cattle~ 2nd Glucnth defendant Kasc::ngD Turnbo - 18 Ttwre · wc1s Ievid-:ncc that the knth defendant Dasu It:idigijo 9 i.rbo died during the p2nd0ncy of the

suit 9 hod received 16 head of cattle. For my port I am quite sctisfi~d thot the judge was entitled to rely on P 1.·J.2. 0 Only th2t ho mJdG on obvious arithmetical slip as to til-.: totol number of cattle colloctcd by Sungusungu. ThG fitur.:,s 9~2SO, 16 end 11 ccrto:L.'"lly odd up to 316 ond not 305. I would upi1olG the decision of the High Court on this point save ns just inLic2.ted. As thGrc wos o lnrge mcosurc of intimacy betwocm the se,-ond 8nd thi:cd iasucs 9 they odmittGd of being taken together o,.1d, thG · judge did. l1l'cciscly thct. Th.:,y w:::rG the bon0s of serious ccmtcnt ion end D /;'Ood den 1 of tbc orgumcnts in th0 High Court .;I and in thic Court wos dirackd to them • ••••. /5. 5 . . off crud to surrondor t~1c 0,ni;·Jalc" I~o 2.cl.r.1i t·~c.cl ma.king 2. c o;.-if'ossion that ho 112.cl stolm cattle from th0 cir;1!t clofe;nc-2,nts, but cl2,imod said confession w2,3 o..bsolutoly f2.lcc. Ilis no.,l'r2..tion of t.'.:.c tortu.ro w2..c o, lurid on0g IIc w0,c o..b2.ood o,nd tortv..rod for two d..VG conoe:cutiycly • On t~).c firnt d.2,y ho \ - . w2,G forc0Cl. . -~o tolrn off l1is clot::.os h1 ft'.11 vicu of t~:..o c:;:oowcl. I wlloro 110 Ha::: :,_):zycic2.ll;:,.r tortured :::~::d. :2orcu1. to cclmit t!:.at ~:.o ho.,d stolon co..ttlo.. So nkiwo.,nd.'.::, 11 bcnrs a por-.rortocl_ mc,'.'J1.inc,· • Ee firot rouGt:c.d up o..:c.d lr,.,tcr shot on -~~~o hco..cl Hi'cll o..n

;:.1.rrow ~ If this wn.s w0,nton ai:cl Cl'"L,ol, ovc.::.1 s2.clistic q Iic fell clor,.m 2,acl lost consciousnosc,. L2,·0cr l:c roturncd to ~-:is sonsoo, 2.,ncl 2,t -!;'.:at point mos-t l1orricl 2.-spoct of !lie c1cco1-mt,. Q;, being rGlcnsccl ~-ic -took his It w2.c clv2.,r fro□ his ovidonco, ~iowc.vcr, t!12.t i.10110 of tl.:o clcf\.ir~&nts a i wac o. pnrty to t!:..c o..ctuc.1 tortv.ro., he l:i.2.s never boun pro:::ucu:kcl for Gue:: c.·;.:i. o!foncc. 6 ' .' .;,.. " It W<'..S cor.1-:1on .;-round. t:1c.,t crii:-:L~2.l proccodings wore li\.IDiki and Uak0roi:;oo S::'l::.o p:;:•ococe_ings wcr0 9 :·wwcvcr 9 discontimwd. by or 2.t t'.lo bidding of cor.1c.0110 on hich• wi tncssos DW .6 Ricl~o.rcl noal: I:Tg' onboy;:ipi, DW q-9 Sabr::.. Dotto 2.nd DW.10 Zololo Gc.nbosl1i 9 clonouncc.;d t.'.:c pl:1i:.1,ciff r.1,s 2, notoriouc plaintiff bcg2.11 11..1-stl inc o inco w~:on l,t; w-:-.n 1 iving at Ie;1.mg2. 1 t!.1D.-t the plc.intiff W<'..8 origin.:1.lly · cc.llc.d 1·ior:ol~ Jc\.·,.ki, tll2.t Diii12, Hl1orongo is o., nicknw.10 t:12,"i:; we,s clcrivocl fron c-...:.c~l obno::ious ontorpriso, ai.1d t!12.t t2.J.c plnil1tifff s uovinc to Ipolo f:i'.'oi:.1 Ig,..111[:a we.a actun.lly a fligh-:; fror.1 juotico o Tl1cro cculd be l:..::,rcU.y c;ny c1.oubt tho..t tho ;:1C1.n with 2, s2,cl poli tico..l po..::it, juc1-cii.1C :.:rorJ ::.is ow11 tostinony, rustlor a ITo ropliocl -bl::at ~::.o would :t1ot,

btxc qt1.c1ifiod ~::.is 2,:::1cwor said to ::t2.vo bc..cn openly ospouse:c.l by L2,chi:1vul, 2. I.:cdiov:::..l cto.tcGDo.n and author. 7 • just piol:ocl up socoml or tJ~ircl or 1ol"!.rtl:.. L,c.,~1c1.. T:10 tJ1ird. clofuncl;).,nt, ,-:,., nwbcr of Su:.1gusuDc,'""U., 2,ncl l1is olclcr stolon 18 brr,nclocl ::.uo..cl qf q"ttlc w!1iol~ b0lo:16 cd to the olovm1tJ.1 dofonc1..:.11t o 0 '1 y;:.i,r1.· 0' 1.<"u' 000;1'"'1· • ... I., (...,o. 0·1c-• o "c' .:. ... ..., c,1· _J. G 197:3 9 t''c :. . · J·r -....L:.. :... I' .c,,,, u.. l.\_;pl"l. ,,J.1.• l..1' J.- c.:;.~...:.: -'-o v "J.''f o,-,·-ir. 1., ;:;ottlo [',t Uclongo fro□ Igim0 o.,., co.,;-:10 of those roportc ~ branded hcc,d of 02.,ttlo, t!.J.<,., incLl1.mt toJ;:i:i.16 pl2,oe ocvcn yer-,rs S:ho fift!1 c.:.d'0nclnnt, c'..loo a nor::b;,;r o:'.:' Sv.nguoungu, nccu.cod tl10 plo.intiff of l1,:,,ving robbu~ J::.iG br2,11c1.ecl 79 ::c2,cl of c2,·;;no 0, 1 ohot wi t!1 firo::'.,ID 2,nd killucl,o Ho dsc dl ccocl t:.:.o.:t l:e: ropor-'cuc:. o.,t Ur2,;:1bo; 1 l~c2.C 1 • .....~ <.J t., ..l.!,,... V--\.., •••/8 8 to J~in th~,t of t.'.10 plaintiff., Ifo 2,c.t·.1i t-cC:ic'. tJ.::2,t t.11.c pl0i;1ti:Z:Z w,:,,s not .:::.rroc-cotl ;1is 8 lw0d of C.:.'..t-'clo, branclc<l. 9 GcYcn y(.;2,I'f.l l.Jc.,ck, ioo. in i979, ' incidcat. Tho sovo:Y~l::. tlof onda'-1t 9 ()..lso D.. Sungi..1sung11 9 al 1 o6 ccl ·t,c.,t ho Tl~o dcfo).1eo ca:::;c s~:owod 9 . by 2--nc'.

lo..rcc, t.'12.t at two r.10ctingo nootin,_:;13,. • 9 roturnod to t!.:coo c.lofonclC',i1tB, wit~: -c'..:o o:~ccption of tJ.:0 fif•~;__,_ dofonclc.'"'.1:t, Gt ill boro t!10 rcr.:!poct ivo br·011c1..r:J of t!10 dof enC-e:,ntc. .... s for t~:-..o fiftl1. clo:Zonc1ai-:t? !.:..G cl,:,,incc~ t!ir..t 16 heacl oi.::.t of tb.e 79 co:1flict in t!::.o clcfGnco ce)Jo to w!:o col10ctc.d t:io aniz.1F.'..ls fro;:1 t!:c h.or.1oot0;:cl of t::c. pl2,iatiff, 0;.1 one .'.·.e,r..cl so□ o wi tnossos s2,Ll t!:':.D..t tL.c cJ,nir.1£'..lc were broEc;!.:t to t~::.0 nooti:1cs by the pl2,intiff !:.i.-:1~e:l:f, On t!~e ot!'.0r t.':c soco:z:.. cl0fe,::.,.chnt 9 who W,?..G t!.:c,t tJ:.:o 2,ni;-.12,lc wore colloct0cl by r,J cG!:-.i lo.. Sm1t.,"1..lSW1gu.11 • • TL--.o ovidonco of DW .9 nnd DW. 10 touc~wcl on wl:~2.,t took pl2,co 0t t~:c Uclonc;o Doc ting• The two wi tnooocs joined Jc!w chorus of none of the clof.:;nclc..nts L1 clai::iil'JG' tl::.;,_t -t!,0 plr,i:rciff dicl will i"1cly 2,.i1cl voluntarily confoso to !.1..::..vir.c otolcn Ytm.:;o I s cattle. 2ncl t!1.2:~ -~!1.e pl2,intiff willir{sly Mel volL:.ntnrily of:fcr0cl to return t~:o c..nin0ls. rioro inporta.Y1tly ~ t~:o ·t;wo wi tncooc,s tuc-cifie,cl 2.□ to t:~e:ir crioi11DJ. _••/10 f 1 ._g- 10 f - ~ . De!.clO qui to cmriov.:J ~'o:,,cli;1g o pl2,intif'f Lie::-~· ~)C: m,1..T.12.rizod rJJ followo i :::-:::.o pl0i:i1tiff o:r.-.co

cliDp2.tc2oc':. ,• i I' ' by t>.o 01mcr of tho nniDc1-lo Hu wr,s, ::.ou0vc.:1·, pc.rclonccl c..r:c.l ~.,_o wo:,.1t to' tL~o plo.,intif'f -~o r..~oD,'.'.nt"1. ::is i"Jonuy w!.10 ::.:of\'.scd t:.::o :10::,c.:.1.:.':.. Under cross- it nc1.y bo noted t>0t cll t~:ic stuff lzcl not buo11 put to t:.20 pl2,i:i.1tiff wl1ilo I.lo wc..s -;- ostifyil'lJ • I turn ·to DW o 10 .. SOL.le ti,:~O in 1980 J then with a t.1ulicino or c~:..arn w:iic~! .?.1lo 0 ocU.y 02,uscc: pC:oplo to wont o.nd stclo 10 ~100cl fro□ YLmcu o.nc.l c'-.rovc t~1on to 2,n 2,uction- tho very ca;c"Clo t~:-..2.t wurc, re turnoc:. to Yunco .:i.t t!1c Uclongo Iiooting, iraplying t~12.t !~ic pc;rtn0rn in t:10 t~2(;f-~ ::.c.,cl sent tL:c cc1,ttlc to t::o plaintiff 1i /' c2.ttl J wore tn::011 2,WOJ by Stµigusun 6u 1i.lilo t!:.o pl.:1h1tiff W.'.1G 2.wey and of PW .2 on t~1a:t poi:at wns corro borr:'cc~l by tllc.,"c of t~10 si:::t!1 clofc:1ct....·,nt ~ confossC:d stocli:iic C':'_:ctlc 11 • Tho juclc;o :Zou:.1c.l t!int tllo pl2,inti:ff i:-rns o.,dually 2,SSc')..lltGCl 0,nd wounc:cclo IIo j_'Oi"',C:.,o:l t.':.at fine.ling aftor roviovring only the plnii1tiff' s cnsoo Professor I:'t-.1bo ~10..s takc:;.1 issue wi ·:L t.'12.,t 2,pproe,c.:1, bt..t I leave ttnt for. 12,"cor. lio.:d t!:.o juc1£'e went on to review ·c::e clofencc co.,sc 2,;1c.l to a.nc.,Jyso ( 1) t.'-.;_~-/; t>e plcintiff 1 s o..ccount w2,s subst2,i1ti2.lly true;; (2)

t.2,t ;;.10n-c of clcfu:1c1..,_,,nts I c.lo:lials nnd dlecatio:,1s were totd lies or f.:\~Jrico..tiono; ( 3) "·v-.-:.., ',,-,J.G -'-ho \,___ .Pl'"''-• 1··1t1· l ff. (4) t'.0t ·be pldntiff's co:.~em::ions were not volunt,-:-.rily ::12,clq ;:,,nc.l (5) t:.ir,.:i; t!·.c pb,intiff ~:icl 110".; yolunto..rily ;:incl t~.1ircl issues, o..ncl !.lo concluclu<.l by OC';_"..'·i;.,c t>.2..t "tho 2,riiI:0ls wore wrongfully tnlccn, wrongfully p0rte;cl wit~:., 2.:.,cl wronefully :rd2.inocl. n.mi suc~1 of -t~1c cl.c:.:cnclo..nts 2,s rot2,inccl t:·.(.,. r..11ir.1c.Js or 2.ny of then t~:o snne, aro ct1il ty of t.':::.c, tort of convornion11 • ..../12 ,2 '.11.!lo juclco wo,s no-'.; in tl:o lc.:::st inpr"osocl by DW 0 9 o,nc.l DH, 10. '' It m.',G ?~ofosscr Finbo I s auccc.;otion t:.~r,t t.110 tort of conversion But I t~:ink .J..LI.'...-(..., 1... ...., ~'- i.J proposi- cnriclr.10nt 11 ., I entirely 2,[;rco wit:~ Profosscr Fbbo t~2.t it w2,s osoontio,l t~1at the plaint shoulcl nllo{;c n convcrsio;,. by t!io dcfo~1cl.·,1rts o It olloulcl, :.1..owcvcr, be kept in ;:1incl t~:e,t in pri;·:cii)lc no pt,rticul2.r forn of wore.ls is rcqu.isi to ii1 2,lloCTii-ig convorr.;ion, ,:::-ovir.1..e:cl t~1e; fact of co"worsion is suffic icntly st2.tod, c',ncl I unckrl ino -~;w worclE 11 sv.fficio;y~ly st2-tccl" • or sk,tononts of fe.ct fror:i w~'.:.ic!:. :, convo1,sion v..cy bu 10 6 2,llir i11forrocl, and I r..lso

unc'..erl i;10 t~:c worc'!.s 11 lcJn.llir infGr"rocl" o J.cccrc1.incly, e, IJcru kz 2.,lro2,c',r ::::1cntioncd.9 t!-:~c kornul of t:1..e: pl2,int 12..7 in p2..ragr0,plls t:.10 d0fcnc1-ants wiJ.:fully o,n~1. wro21cfully toe.le !1is co,ttlo by fcrco or clo:.12,nds on -/;b) cJ.ofcmc1..,.,nts, for t~:cir ru-~;,.1rn, wl:o r0fuscc.1. to c:o so. In ny ·'pi::.1ion -~:.ic 2,llcc;ation of convorsio:-1 vr0s l0cc1lly inpliocl by those cwcr.Jc;.1ts. r 13 issue was d.1'2,wn L1 I'Ol8,tion to co:,.1vcrcion. I ~:-'1VC 2,lco bcon , rcccl·vod ti-o ..,-1.; .. ,..,, s froc1l.a .L:·c J. .J.. -- 1·r '·olI" ? J.i,,,t pl_.,1·11t1•.t>.•> no force 11 1 - -- (..i,.I, u... _ .L-.J.\.,.,.... <,.., ll .... c:., .;,.,J I Or l·nc'l,,co··10···•·'· :.;..,_ J.. - • \J --T'•..,·:·c·vcr \v-•• 1,,.., ,,r,,,,...'..,.pnl1· V c...., • ,_.,;J J; •cl ....lJ o J·'··o· 1 V .. IJ..... pl'"'1·11+1·f·"' C....t J.. ..... V ~ ·'·U-.l.:_., 1·•..,·'- t' 0 V 1 _,., o.,llot;o.,tion of dc!.":10,11cl o.,ncl rcf\.,Gn,l w.::.s 110-c tre,vcrsocl anc~ cov.h1.. not 1 tl:orof OI'~ be °'"1 issue r1 In ny opinion t.'10. issues rocorc.7-ccl corTcs;,o:c1dod wit~: t:10 plcaclings anc.l osGo:1Jcidly unbrncuc1.. t~:c ,·,::clo clisput0 i:c1 t:10 suit !I t'.:o outsot, ont0rocl juJc:.10nt fci' t.1"'.u plo.,L1tiff ng2,inst t.'.:.o clofondants in n,djudgiric -~::o cl_cf0nclo,nts joint-tortfoc.,s,:r::i, a point I will recur to lc::;~er ~ t::0:..1 tl:.o

order c~·. oulcl_ l:2.vu l~oc,:,. 2, return of 316 ~icac.1. c,nd 2 goats. ~ I pauso to co~1sic1.or J.;:.1e posi tio;:1 o::-: t~·.c tcmt!.2. dofo:1c.1.n.nt D2,su r.fadigijo.., wl:o is 1 iotccl in t::o i·.1e;r.1or2,l1c.-:.1.1:.1 o1 ;::-,~)po2,l c1s ninftl1 clofenc1.,nt. Dnsu Ilo,c7-i[;ija diuc"!. after t:-.e: ino·citv.tion of -~!:o suit undGr rulos 1 2-i:C~ 2 of Orc.kr 3 of t:~0 Civil Prococb.i.ro Co(1.o, 1966 4 14 ... In rey firm view 9 the. second d::dendant 's authority la}xied as soon as ,. the principal d iecl. The plaintiff sbould have been advL,e·:: to apply for the deceased 1 s le:;ul r<:,l)resentative to be : ,zde a 1 party in place of the d~ceased ~ if he wanted to □a inta i~:. t be claim against the deceasecl 9 in terr.:s of rule 4 of Order 22. 'l'l1is being the tenth defendant subsGquent to his death was E1isconce iveC $ and I would strike out those, proceed inc:;s. I turn to th2 grounds put forward in the joint H.::,1orandun1 of appeal. I have noticed that some of the grounds of B?L)eal are not far removed from one another 9 and that sGveral are d ire:ctcc1 a2;a inst the judge's findin1s as to the circm:-istances under whict1 tbe 1,laintiff came to part with the anir:ials anc1 as to the le:3"al ity or othGrwise of the defendants' appropriation of the animalso As aforeIJGnt ion;:,d 9 thG j udce went alone with t'.12 evidcmce of I the plo intiff and hclc th~t the

aniDals ,TGre wilfully r.;:i: 1i.!.'onc-fully had b0on subject2d to tortur-.: 2-n-:i o folse confe:ssion ex!co:.:-t.:ci frm1 ' hira~ and that the tort :which tho defcmd8nt.s 001:i'Ji ttcd in rrnpe:ct thereof w2s convcrs ion 9 though h2 did not p8rt iculariz0 1.·\1at sorl of conversion. As obs0rv2d earliG-r 9 ProfeGsor Fit:1bo 1 s coi::plcint is that the findinc of thG judge in r-::JDrd ·to the qu(:stion of torture: W8S r.1ade before: the judge: r;iad C?V8l UO t.::d the: ovidoncc of tbo ~ii::fi::nc;onts. . I LcarnGd counsel h8B oskocl this Court to appro ise thG l/Vi~~(.TICG pcrt2 ining tc th2t point and :xikc its ·Ovm findin8' 9 citine the c2s0 of _i'l~th~ Hichael •••• /15 sec one. :;x:irairoph. I will d isposG of this r'.B tter r i3"htow.::y. I think thct thi.s is Dfoir ond valid c:citicisn. Th" 2vic:0nc.::: of the plointiff b'G·en sh8ul::1 first hc:vc L pittc,1 on': bolcmcGd ogoinst t'.1.::-t of the de:f(,ndonts bdorc ,r:-ckint_: o fincin:3· on thct '.-'oint. I \:"',.::v-:, ~cc.:epkd r:1ok\? r.T;f m-m find ine 5 .on "xcrcis0' which this Court is cJft;.:I' all Lgolly oblig(cd to corry out. Prof.:,ssor Firnbo 1 s socon(: suouission was thot th.:: j uc'.:§,'e foil.::,c; to scrutinizG .the cvidonco giv"n on behalf o:: th..:: ;lointiff. d ispari tics in thot :.ivi: C!1C~. Th;; third poin't token by :Profcsoor ?irr1bo w;,:;s thot -cl10 jud(i;e in a sun:-;ory .:mz blcnk2t i,:onnur.

It WDS his contl:int ion tr;s t thG evidcmco in question cstoblishcd3 on balances th8t the plaintiff ,r-:::s not tortured l' thot his confession wos not obtc:in2~ by 01)pros.si.::::1 9 .:m3 t'.1ct he willin:-;ly off0:-o2d to return or r2fun(i th;; onirnls. It wos 21s0 his contention thot the evidence of n;J.9 2n~! D.\I.1O in porticulor l3sto;)].isbdd th8t L0or111..:d counsel occorc: in~:·ly contended th3t thG ju~:·:-...: c.rrGd in law in foiling to hc,k tb.ct th.:c· defence -:,f r:2tdcin/ tl1s: onLx:ils bad been 3ucccs3fully plu:idcd. If in foct the pl2intif_~- hot:: conl:'itted expcns,.;' of litir:.s. tidn to r0covcr th12n. ····~-/16 16 whethGr the dcf.:m'-:ant s1p::_::;rovd estracioin:; a cuspcctcc\ rustler - anJ had no rcf acnca to torture. Counsel h.:::s ur(•c:; -chis Court to find that tbE:: clecisior of. thi.3 juc\sc upon the issue of to;:-iurc· ' noy wdl hevc b Gen colour;_;d by thd rcnark. I will olso :: iiJ)00G of this rnittcr stra ightBw;:,y. I wouE jis1:1iss c.:iunscl 1 s oppr,.;hcnsbn es ·:xis-::lcss. I h,-::vJ of the L·arn.:d jud::SG which shows 9 or tends to show~ thct Ew ;: cmark in qurntion hod ony influence upon his i::in.:1. I will now proc1;Gd to dcci:3c Profoasor Fir.-:.bo 1 s .::,the:;:· poirits. s0vGrol csttlc thdts in: o spOCi.: cf Gi;Sht ye2rs 9 i.e. jc-cu.::c,.-: 1972 and 1979 9 cJnc] ·th2t h0 had kept th.-:, stcJlcn 2nii:101s ot i1.i2

:1or.1cstcad. nanncr. It is hord to bJl i,,VG. It w1::s olso thc1t acainst th,.: plointiff but that no ,·:0.:Jnincful st2ps uc:i::0 cv,:~ token jucl::c did not buy that story. Th_::· .s2r,., with rn • • • • • • • •/17 had stolen th2ir ccJttL,. Pro0c1Lily ii; uDs :.n a:r:d;ici·9otior:. of such one-, incucd by tl1c :plDintiff to co 1 ::;_:it c2ttle thufts. I i:.Gticc 9 to 3iv2 hir: tl1;.; opportunity ::if :.:cnyin_._- or 3c;cittinc tll..:· c~L~·"tio:ns ~ or w.:1s th0 fr-ct th.:: pl2intiff w:Js D fcffaoka1 IJan om'. th'.Jt th0 tuo Robust cor,.r.1on s2nsc warns th::t it woul:'. hDvc· takvn q uitnz.ss of under such circu::stonc.:,s. I inc1in.:., tc, th2 viGw th:Jt t>~ cvi:'.c:i::tco wcs justifi-::cl to d isr.:iiss th ..., occusoti::ms of tl-1-.:ft ihcYi:, ·.-ro::..'0 lavcll~J 2eainst thG plcintiff. With r2uorcl to th...: question of tortur;, I en Dlso o:: tL-.: view thEJt the jud;:::o wos 2ntitL.:,; to fin~] as h2 hd. It is n-:.:-;; quite clafendants. An(1 it sG.:..::-:s to r.'.0 that tli--: c·:mflicts on·:' :lio:x3riti6s to which Prof0ssor 1'~ii:1bo ,-_;llu,_:-::d 9 if th.0y w2rc co:,flicts 2nd J ispDrit ics ot all 1 wtrG not r.,8tt1rial 9 Dn<l 8 court wouL.~ l)c r..o ive: if •••• 00 /18 18 torture. I thinkf how;2v12r 9 thcJt there is so □J subst,mcc i:1 r'i.r. lJtabayc's subcission thot th0sc witnesses buin::; tl10 ·;;0p had ::ip:,xiront interests of t hair own to sG rvc ~ I find

th.at the: 1;10 int iff wos actuslly torturd. ~fo E!0lf- obtain.._._; by such -.:xtro11c vioL:nce. It woul:::; not 'J,1 out of plccJ cJt this j uncturc t0 s;;;r c) Lw \·JOrc}s obout Sun~:;usunc-u. It W2S point Jc out by Prof cs::or tht::t Suncusuncu ic c:in institution of low cinc't or·_'Gr. 'I'h.ot is correct. In thc:: sch,n.1c of thot Act cs r>.2ai.1 to::cthcr ·,•ritb. the h,opl-:,s Hiliticl (Poi·ri:.:ro of Arrest) Act 9 1975 (No.25/75) 9 rn,} the Peoples Hilitfo (Co[lp0ns0tion for Dcoth or Injuri.::s) Ad? 1973 (No.27/73) 9 8 troJitional s..::curity 1:;roup like 3un::usun~:u i12s ooon accor~1 c(1 a forrnl k:::-a1 st2tus. ~i;f.fc,ctivo fror:: Jm1;..; 12 9 ;_·)89s such o benefits confJr:c0J on such ~,:;ilitia o~r those l2:7islations. All this is in accor·~1Dnc0 with thG policy ,~,f deploying th.:: ~s.:ncrol public to suppl0r:-1nt th ...· -1st:J1:Jlishd forces in th0 ar,.:uous -~.:isk of crin2 control. . • I .. j that th-= stctutory :pr:-ivisions c itd"'. abovG put c.:n1bers e:f such croups at par with polic~· constabL,s in rGlation to powers of arr.:.-st an:~ ,\.;olin::; with criuinal suspects. Th0 third. obs0rvotion · is Uwt the law _:00"s not ?1.VC: 9 an~": has ncv0r ~;ivcn 9 lic-:nce: to such 1roups to -~..:ilu::wnizc pJoplc or procur0 ccnf0ssions I an not on" to •JJny th:Jt in oGrta in arGas where such 3-roups hove: b0vn ostobl ish,,J th0y hov,, don0 lou:.:01Jl0 work in thG

C::et0ction of crii:,"s 9 apprdi.Jnsion of crL,inol eL.::.:l'nts CDSG 9 hOWliVGr 9 3orv0s to illustroL 2J.l too 1.-1211 th0 pom::iblc: ancl i they oporatG outsick th,; norr::81 Lsol frnr:0work. It is Ll"xretivo for the rulcvant oi;-e-ans of t\10 state 9 th0r,:forc 9 to ,;nsurc that these Th0 n11xt point for ;kkr:·.,in::ition is whot kin•.: of CG~v..::rsion right in hole: ing thot :an th0 appellants coLT·ittd th..: tort. Prof..::ssor Finbo subDitt..:~: thot conversion by t.::il·:in-;· w:is not point, but he was quick to o.~:..1 th2t for the purpose of t(1c ;_:>la int it was not nocJssary to ,1o so 9 on,: I or.1 ~ a to occcpt that view-point. • ••• /20 20 . I Jssistc:mcc to thl: ju:}CJ 9 I think with s01.:.c· justific::ti-:c.• In. octual foct th0 arguncnts fcrr.:ul'Jt.:·' for this Court by th0 ::i.1voc.-.'.tGs wore not so fully or cordully for:.ubh: 1 f::r th'" rii:.:·h Cou.rt •. Any asportation'of coo~!s out of the poss"s.sion of 2nyo:10 or in ::!ifianca of th-:,· own-:r 1 s ri,:ht, o:-:1ounts to cc,nvcrsion by ' I .shore Prof,..,s::;or ~ . ' :B1 L:.bo I s vi0w that thcro wos no t.rcc<.I of By the plointiff 1 s ovm occount 9 the 2ninols i·r.::rv tokm:l ',:;y 8 flq_uod of Sun:3"usuneu conposed 'Jf KL'.ari /m:: ·;eroons other than the ~e::Ccm,:onts. !n relation to the first :::n:1. sscon~' '.'.eLm~'::mts P;:·ofcst::or Pinbo has not quarrelled with thG for:.:ulction of the juJzG

vilicll C'.),:1e on pose 132 of the ruaord 9 to wit1 \-/here a 11an V•Jlunto;:-ily an~l actively 11 takcis part in prc;:;otine on unluwful , seizure 6f 2ncther 1 s ,)r~·;,erty for the b,mcfit of a third porty 9 such pGrson is liable in tort DS the thir;2 ::,x1rty 9 2ven if in ibe en:'. such j_)0 rscn shouL2 rocGive no ::;~t,,riol sain. 11 • tharc wc1s no c::ius.::·of,oction ocoinst the, S(;C'.)nJ ~kf0n 1 :::;:t. Ha concludd by fin.1 in? thot tl:-:rc wcJs one. HowGver 9 os P:...'0:i:·cssor Firibo bus corroctly point.::(~ out 9 th0 judJG just sto·) .-::d thL::rc~ h0 did ••••• /21 r .· ... C. i let 2lons.: th..: first ,.h,fcn::nt 9 to ho-v;,, te.:m c: pnrty to th--: tJkin::; 9 8 nd it thus r~i,:oins for this Court to ·kcLlo tl10 ;.ic::ttar, 11.ftor consideration an~ .::vduntion of t'.10 ..:vL:cnc'- I b.uVG cor.;.:, to tho ccnclusion thc::t th2rc; wos nG coc,mt e:vi-:hmce: th 9 t in takinc the oniuols KiJc:ri onJ his F;roup 1;1c ro :·: ir0ct,d or inst i:::·ot,;c: or in I then ,~o on to consi,'cr convt1rsion by :\::t,mticn. Ds..t.::ntion connot.::s posse:ss ion. Now, on th...; l)Lo,1 i.'1JS an~1 facts prov cc: tha S.Jcom1 ~1 Jfi.,ndont wos not in poss"'ss icn of ony of t h1.: ccff;-crt...;::.:_ ani:.1als. If so 9 h.:: ccuL not ~.i? s:: i~: tc h2vo cor.1Gi tt2t.: the wrong. Cons-.,qucntly 9 in r0lotion to hiu tho op1x~c::l shouE uholly succJGd 9 on:.1 I wouL: ollow it with costs

h\,T2 :::mcl belovr. As r0.~orCs the oth1.:r OJ).: llonts tl10r2 w0rc 9 JS ncntioncd 9 Jd□ issions that thoy wcri.? civ,m sorx of th., animls thot Hero sciz0:..:, as follows g first :12L.m.':mt - 3 h00(: of cottL cm~~ 2 coots~ third c1.of1:n~l2nt = 18 hGac.1 of c2ttlo which h0 recG ivGCl on ~x,half of and kept for his brother th,:; ..,11.:vcnth c1cLn;Jont~ fourtl1 ,\,fondant - 9 I h-.,od of cJttl..: !, fifth ~:cLmJont ... 79 h02:: of c::ittlc ~ oirt;h :..:afcn~1qnt - 8 ~cfcndant - 9 h..,od of cattle. Hr. LukwJ.ro (~ id s u:,I.:it in th.., Ei::h Court thot thoro 1·12.s no norn: of the c.JttL, wos founJ with hino ·rh2 juc130 rcj..:;c-cd thc:t subDission Jnc: in :_y viGw r;rop.Jrly _'\.t law .'.l person con 1)l.' chare;Gd with convGrs ion of ~00.:'3 if h2 ha:, an actuJl or c,::m::tructivc possossicn of thcr..:, at th0· til:c of t'n0 all-:~0~: convcrsiono Cb the: fJcts proved. thJ thir.::'. 2n:.1 0lJvcnth c:.::f ,m:'Emts were in joint oo•••/22 1 ?.2 boin5 octuo'l ond th2 lottGr 1 s constructiv,.:. ' in fcilin:: to consi·~:or the: issue of i:.'2!,tity of th2 2ni:':2lc thG plaintiff clo L1.cd. Pr,ofussor PL:bo l:'. U ::'rcot str1=so on th" rcquir0rnnt thot in such on sction th,, property clci:.1.J,'. :..ust bG specif L::d om; hG rd iGc1 on tbree autborit i0s, in particular th1.: oLl ...;;n::_:lish c:c;s--· of Abi:'lcton v. Lipscor:b f 84j} 1 Q).3 776 ot po5e: 1330. Ik sou~:ht to

-Jrow o parolkl bdwG,.m thcit cc:.sG and thu instant case~ should not G:·.:brc:ic-:: ;·1orG prc:;:x,rt;v them th.: owner iG c:,titl..::J to Dust c:cscribo the property 2lle@G~:. to be converted 1;rith r-1::rnonoblc cGrtointy, in or::er to • a·.:J:;r:..i.DG ...~ the ~1ofcr,:: !""l nt an:; the ccu.rt of the be ::lcscribd with as uuch ru.1sor12l:L ::,ir2cision os the rn:tu.rc of the c8s0 will p2rr:.it, on(] or:!inorilJ o .·,:nc:ral descril)tion silould suffice,. In r:y opinion th1.; plaintiff 1 s .'-2scription of the su·i)joct~- nattGrs wos in th-:; ci.tcuLst?nc"s quite sufficient ond th,,-ro 01Jpcars· what the plointiff was octu:illy claLine:~ th0 ~cf cn~;::n,c I s fDthG.r :.' il,cl so isu'2 of C(,rta in custoLD.Fy" free bolds on which hcriots "1-tcr1.: poy2bJ.0 to tl10 11lobtiff 9 os lor:; of the 1;;,anor 9 upo!1 th-:. J...:.::ith of th0 t.:mcrnt. (H0ri~,! is on ·inci.:cmt to frccholJ tenure in i:,)rlon,:. It is th0 ri.:sht of the lord of tho l_ ,.1.lVln:, . . . b0::ists :ii th.:., t.:mcmt of thG r.1Gnor dyinc r.mnor to thG best •• 0 0 •• /25 ,. 23 • ho ,.~ork..,·J 7 clo inin,s all os h.::riots 9 2nd left tb,Ei iI1 th0 Joss0ss ion flat r.Jfusol to :::Lvu: the::, up. 'l1hc ;,lo int iff th,.;n action of trovor for the 'b-.;~sts. r0fusol Jid not ov3iJ. th,.: plaintiff o cousc of oction. of 7 :)oosts 9 wbcn tb0 plciintiff ho~; -:;nly a rir;ht to s-::izc 5~ (o) cvGn . I supposin::

th2t thv Joi:;cJn:l :m~'. r...-fusol oDountG~'. to a cc,nvGroion of 5, still it wos lGft ~cert3in which 5 h2 lowfully SdiZG(~ 9 ;)-.:CC:::LIBc if ho As I s,;;._ it Abin:_;ton 1 s c2s0 C: icJ not l;:;y ;:01.m ony o'.JGci.utc rule thDt o dcu2n'-: that is tee, lor[S.J is 1ry itsdf always f:::kl, It sc.::ns to :'JG that C58ch ~nG~viJuol ocoo sboulJ be ducidod on itc own sd of fcJcts • .,';_rn:J th;;ro crG 9 in 1-w o;iinivn~ two ix:;ints of ncto;:-iol (istinction bctwocn thot c&s,:; .mJ th<-' pr,;;c-::nt one. There was fron the very b1.:i:::ir:nin::_:· no :Jis1mt2 wh::tsoovcr thDt the plcJintiff in Abin __ ton 1 s cosc \!JS antitL.,~ to :m.ly 5 :Kcsts Dnd not th-1 nuubcr he oloi!JGd in his· action. Thoro W[lS a J.ispuk in this ••.•• /24 j t t 24 cosc 2s· t.J the nucbar oi cottl" which th" 1)lcintiff couL'. rccovGr f ro;--1 r; tl1c. d0fcn:'.2;1ts. Mor0 L,~Jortcntly 9 th<.:' 1,roUor.1 in o~i)i."l~'tor:~~~ WDS ! thcJt it wos L-y nc nocJns c0rt.::in which 5 0°.,on:f th0 7 th.:: )lDintiff hoJ sclcct 5 9 end b0in3 u1101lc tc c1 o so h" wos not 1Joun('. tc ·~'iv,; u1:i the 7. o:Niously thGre wos :10 quJstion of :-:,oki1F such choice in t'.:.c insbnt CCSG • In conclusion upon this ?Oint I wi:iuB hoL1 thot co1:T1crsion by which r.12Dnt thot the ju:"1:-.:n.2nt couV 1.:Je exocutG'..1 in full o~'oinst <1ny on0 of then. Tho orckr hos !1.:,Gi1 esscil0d by th0 1Jpp01L:mk; 9 vic1 e Thero is

su1Jstrncc in thnt criticisu. In DY ju,\r:cnt it connot be soid with confi~cncc 9 on the ;;otGrfols on r2cor:_: s th: c the C:kfenc1 cnts concurrence of Jistinct cicts of rct,mtion. In foirncsa to counsGl for ~1Gfcn~Jcnts were indq::.Jn~'.cnt tortfc:,sors. I woulc: ollow this ~;round.. Dre lio'Jl0 scpontcly to th0 GXt-.;nt of the nunbar of onirn:ils coch in~1 ividuol rctoin..::~1 9 o:c th2ir pGC½ffiiory v2luc • •••• /25 -- ' 25 . . t " ;. f inJ .:my he lj_)ful :_:..:-c i::: i0n on t ~ t su1~j ..:-ct in this country. In soc1.1S to incline 9 rn;;.10ly 9 th:;t if tii.:: p:c-o 1JGrty incr2.::s0s hi vc:lue cJftGr the.> dot..?: of convcrsicn ,,m.:1 if th..: incrGesc is not Jue - have riGon in value by t'J.::ison of th-.: fluctuation of tb0 ~,Jr::0t 9 the: ;,lo intiff shoulJ r0covcr.: it os sp;;:ci3l ~::-:,::c{:rn rcs;_;_l -cir1tJ fron ia'be- convcrsi,:m 9 in addition to the oriGinc:l vnlue of th.? :,:.coyaty, prcvided thot the yl,/int iff ;'.c2s not bi.:e hie t ice afkr conversion so ns to r.mkG his c~n:r.mcl wh..:m th0 '·'°rk0t price is hicl'lcst. :But c:is olwc:ys 9 such douc(.:es uust be exj_)licitly cloiud on thJ ~-,lc::ic:ine;s anJ strictly ~roved. In th..: pr.:scnt ccse it is un::c:nio 1,le tlwt th0 Tcnzo;1i.::n shilline ir1 th,: price: of oli:-,ost 0vcry r~orlrntctk it0n since thu tiuc of is that th,::rG was no :pLoc in.-:: in that r.Jt.Jpcct 9 let :ilon.:. m1y

~)roof. Accordins-ly 9 the 1)c.:cur1ior1 v::;lu0 of tl1.., oni::1ols shouL' 5 in r:ry ox0cut0:1 1Jy th_, 1.)lointiff in port c:n:2 so;::1c of the <.\d,:11:fonts' onic::ils attncb0d as fCJllows: firct defcmlont I::11:,ri M::il.Jv2 - 12 4 l • l - •. • ~ . -., .. :- 26 ---··· head of eattlG plus 2 goats; third def~ndant imd.rGa Tunbo ani hie ., ' .._,:;..._ ·- ,,. ... ~-~-·· . . .... ·--· ..... ~he._.fifth defendant Andrea_ I•~Deani· - 59 head of cattle; the; sixth · .. .' ... '' · ....- ·. def<mdant --Matwiga GagGJ :- 16 hGad of cattle; the aevG.nth C..oion4ont .. ,._ Shija Uganga - 1e. head of eattlG ~ and the e-ighth dofondant Yunge ' ............. ,...-.. .. ,• · .....- : . ·.. ...... . . ' If that is tho case, then, in qy opinion, the plaintiff should_.. rc~o.rn 9 head to the first defendant, 8 h~ad to tb.G sixth defundant, ~md, 52 head to tho -cde;hth defcmdant, .failing this, to pay the three def(mdants the peeuniary equivalont thGrGof at thG dat.J of sciz~e •. · The fourth, fifth and seventh dofendants arc liable to. pay the·•~: ·· plaintiff 9 head, 20 hGad, and 15 h~ad, respectively, or tho pecuniary equivalent th..Jreof at th~ date of conversion. In the ultJna:tg avant 1 would uphold the jud0 rent of the • Higt_i Court,· save as indic 8 tcd· abovc,_and dist1iss the appGill.: I ~ould. r.wke ·no ardor a_s to costs since thv appelbnts MVG eooe to· th"is :... Court :in forna pauperis. DATED at DAR ES SALAAM this 8th Da;y- of January; SENIOR Db'l'UTY REIS~. ,. ---~I ■