19890307 TZHC Tanga

:OT T:i:J: lffiCfa: COURT 01:' TAHZJJJIA --- AT T.AlTGA APPELL.LT~:; JiJRLDICJ 1JICJ1T HIGH COURT CRii'-1LT.AL i'2P.1;"l.1 lJO. 14 · of 198G ORIGDJAL CBil:ITITLL Cli.:~E ?TOo 359 OF 1987 OF TffiJ DI.JTRIGT COlJ:1 ~: OF 'I'L.EGi:\. DIGTRICT LT TAJ:TGA 1st JO;.:;Em Fl!.'TRO · . , ..,. _ , •• • • ; •• , • • • , • • , •• • , •• • .AP:emLL.._c_.dT 2nd. MO'S"JA r@IEDI ' ( ORIGn:u...t ACCU.;im>) Versus T:LJ REPiJBLIC, , fi • • • • , • J, •• , • • • • • • • • .RE:3PON.OE1ll' ( ORIGDTAL P.ROSIXJO'l'OR) J'UDGEMDH~ Jos8:til Petro,.. 1st ap~llr.ilt aJ.10.: Muosa Heriedi- ".9 2nd a.p,pella.nt wo~ joi11tl;: cb.ars-ed ,;-rith om G4.'1sqn rfo.i:1a.tond.a. who ua,1 aaqui tt9d, 0 · for t:1e offence of stc.:1linG by serrrn1t. d/s 271 nN1 265 of the Pena.l ooo.e. They were convic·te d and santerwod -J;o five Y8a.t'S ~ risonrae11t eo.ch, Thay wc:ro fl.U'thor ordered to pay.: SJ:>.a. 60t000/• a.s compensa.tio11 to the Govori.1.:·.i0nt for tho val uo ,)f the a tol()n 1'rindsoreen, Tho a.p.-.ix,llnnts whose 0,ppoc::,l ha.vc boon consoJ.UAtod- --- · are e.p1)Cclin.:; ac;a.inst suc:.h co1'1Vict:Lo11 ru1ci. sonto11c0. Ini t:f.a.lly learned co;.1s0l Mr • .Alq:,,ro, for :tho a.pi:J0llru1tr:J had p:rotcrrcd throe groundr.; of ap::?oal but at tho hc2,ri11g, th.a l o ~ 00~1.Sol a1mndoncd c;.round. Uo. 3 and loft GTouncis ono n.nd tuo ll'b.~ roacl1- u1., Tb.o loa.rnoc1 District Ma.3'istra.to orrcd on

tho J'acts il.1 f':i.11clin3 th.,;1.-t t:10 uindscroon Wti,D s iPlon l:r.f tho appollo.nt:::;~ 2. Tho loa.rnod.District 1~0istroto o~d on tho · facts m10. in lau by '11.oldins tll..1. t tho oaoo f cx- tllo prosocution was proved beyond a.v l."OO.BOnGbl.o doubt. Wa.ct botl1 e,Tou.ns can ba treated o.o one beoauao tho iopor'\ of the tiro is who-tho r thol'O \-ra.a su.ff'ioiont ovidanoo to 1,rovo tho ..... /2 2 - crui1 t of tJ.10 11ppclln:-:1ts as found b;t the tric.l cottrt. T'..10 facts lee.dine to this Daso arc inf a.ct aot compl ica tcd, Tho tuo appa- lla.nts ar;i fj..rGt accusocl a.t tl 1.:) trfal 1 woro at t:1.0 '1:1.:'";.torio,l tine I em]?loyod c.s wo..tch.mo.n by t.b.c lliru.r-Jtr--y- of :·Tator St.tpply nnc1. stati- onod e.t (Jofu in Ta.::1c;a Mu11icii-1c1,l:i.ty. Accord.inc t<?. t).,.o ch.2,rc_;u, tho thi"Co porr.::0113 wore jointly cJ.mr·:;od 1,i th stoalinc; a w:i.11<.lsc:roon durin0 t:!.C nic}.1t of 1st ano. 2nd Soptonbor, 1987 • · Tho Hi11dsc:roon I 1ras alloGudly roLlovod from vohiclo No. STF. 871 iv:llioh wa.o at the r:10.t.orfo,l tiuc parked at the worksb.o:p. T'.ao:ro :rari ovid.cnco to I • I t.1.ic o:f:foct tJ.:,,,at the fir:;t accu.sod. at t;.io trial wc1r:: on cluty on 1st Septor1ber 1987 fro:1 2~00 :p.r.1$ to about 9.50: p.,r111 :·::1on the I ap1')Qllants tool~ o,ror for t:;.o nij:1t. Accorcl.i:16 ito Gibson Nar:iatoncl.A when ho took over tb.o dut--y-

vohiolo 1Iu~7-~Jo:;:> STF',,.8Ti · lno. its wind.- acrco:1 011. T;_J.Q windscroon u:::~G found r.ri.snin., on ·2nd SoptoDhor I Tho first 2,ppclln.nt told t::.10 court ·fast whon :.10 J.."02)ortod. for duty ct about 8.oo :p.r.1. ho wc.,s in:Co:rr.1cd. by GibDon lfa,.1E-,, tond.a " tb.c,t ovorytldJ.1c; uaG in order .;,..., 0,t t:_:.o ~rorlu:J:::,op. 1st al)]?Ollcmt statod tlmt t~:do Gibson dicl not tc1ko 115.::1 round c:::.o worb:/wp to ins!X)ot tho cono..i t:~cmo :/! t;_10 vc:1iclcs ~; )Ii.ch: woro :r1°i ttoj:1 n. ~co of J?Ui:ior. Accor6J.nc tc t>,::, :cir~;·b 0,p1)CJ.lunt, Gibson roquo, atcd hin to bo c::ccwo ,>.in (Gib:301-;) c;oi;1e,· round in tho norlmliop ,I with tho r,pr.olla-nt on t:.io 0"'01:mcln t~mt ]io (Gibson) m:i.o not foolins well. T.',:,.o appellant stated t'.:l..-:t ho i~o:;,1t ro,und t::o ·1rorksllo:p o.nd discovoroc1. t.0.c::.t cd..nd.nc:roon en v-c'..:.iclo STF.87·! "TriB nissing. Hawovor by t)J.o tir.10 ho c:.~i::o bac}: to t:10 }",to Lo f:~u:ncl t:}.0,t Gibson had left for ~10rn. T:10 first c:".,:,nxlJ.lc..11t did not b.forn ruzy- ' off icfr,l t:J.o. t rii(t.1t about t:10 2:,i:~:d:-1.u ~rinclsc:r-oo:,i. Tho :Jooo11d. •! a:ppallent told tllo court tb.2.t wb.0:,,1 ho ro:portorl for duty on 1st Soptombor 2., t ni,j.::.t, ::.:i.o f2-und tho first ap1"lol12.nt br".,d alroaey 'I ta.ko11 over fror,1 Giboon. · H~rovor tho c;ocoru1 appellant Gtat0d I that 021

arriv-8.1 at t.J.o worlm::.,o:p, t:10 first appollo,nt infornod hin tic, t o. uiJ.1clsorccn wco nim:d.nc fro1:1 -one n8t or vohiclo. On ,j tho otllci' hand, t~ fiI'st accucod at tl1oi trial, Gibson lro.LJa.tonda., told , tho court tl.1:1,t . on 1/9/87 at about 8.30 p.n. tl::.o first apJ.)OllD,nt arrivod o.t tl2c worksl.::.op t,) tal~ ,, -::rJ"or for · nij.1t shi,,f't. I I .3 - '· Gibs,m said t.1:!.D,t tl:o ooc:Jnd ,-::,:,rpolJ.,,i1t ?ollu;rocl r.f-tor 25 r..1inutos. Gibs::;n oo.id tI.mt ho took J.;:.:.o t::ro 0,ppolJ.c,:.rts round t:!o 1rnr!:sl'16p to ins poet all ·l;;_;.o i toDs in t::oro. Accorc.li113 t -:i Gibson, both s;t.&,ccl tb.o attond.nnco ro2,'istor. Ai'tor t>.e,t Gibu:;n loft f.-r ::.iouo only to bo told 011 tho follovinc.,- d.c::r t:.'.'2,t v, winclscroon ;~1.c--w. beon of fuo am:JOlle,ntf3 ro:.1ortocl an;y d,,sinc iton to hiill uhon ho rope. rted f0i• clu -fy-. Tllir:J HnarJm1 ,ro.,c tl10 l)OX'□ 'm rosponsiblo for t~::io V"011iclon o.t tho work:iwp. Tio loE',rnod trid nr.3istr2. to in ~iE, ov2..h1r1, t~. '.Jll of t:10 oV':l.d0.1'100 boforo hir.l, :10 :Jt2,tcd at pa,._:,c 6 of t:.::.o jucl3::r.10nt ;-,,ncl I q_uoto:• io tlw Dtory tLon tlw Ls1.,1.D :'.:eJ.lr, cliroctly to t::o 2nd a.ocUBod 8-ncl 3rcl aoct,.Docl. If tJ.::0 r1ado t::1.on to k.lro aver t:,.o (_ut;:.· o:C ..':;'Ll.i'.::etl.in,~; tho yard., T'.0.0 police st,:ti,m :.;.s .::_ui to :n.oLr u::W dic.1. not

:report t!,o 1:1attor i;:) tho ;-Ji;c,tion tald.nJ' into conDido:ee,t:i_::m tl:d; thoy uoro two watc~n ut tl:..0 ynrcl.. Acoorcl:i.113 to t~:o ovid.cnco prod.1.1.co in count I soo t7J.i.:d; t:.::.o l),[~;.'Jding o-vor botiroon Pff2 c,,.1d 1st aocv..:od was },roi:orly 1':ludo rn:!d in t~}o., t ~10 dicl t::,.o 02,r.10 to tho 2nd accused cmd 3rcl. t'..ccmocl. before llc loft at 9.45 p.m. On r.\Y j}art consider thr. t t::::.o nccu.se.tion rnno,0 b--y- tho accused No. 2 m1Cl 3 ,1{,t1i21st tI.20 nccu6o.:::.. imc.,in:1ti011. · which cloos ;.1ct ozict in rocli:ry.. I t.'.:.orofo~co f:i.ncl t::c:~ tI10 a.cou::.:od. l'otro Josopl-1 2,110. Mu.so. IJ.oIX)! ho.d tc:.kon tho 1rindoc~on sinco :L-~ was loft uith t:'.:01:i. In t:ioir ovidcnco ·t;:J.o;;r :mvo fo.ilocl. totally f., . to roiuo ~ roasona.blo doubts to be loavo t'.12:t · t:1oy wore :1ot i..."Wolvocl il1 th.oft o:c a wi.'1C1Gcroen. .,,./4 4 I pro:.rnrJO they knJu Wl!71'e t:lo fot Gibson: Nar.ntonda livca and tho 3rcl D.CCU:Joc.l sc,ys :.10 net :'J.in Ol1 t!::.o 1ray and if it is C·) cmd llo uo..o i11.fo1'l".1C d that the w:i.nclscroon is > miss:i.;1c; it was quite rom:JOrk'7.blc fer thon chc.so tho 1ot nccWJod one Gibson Jiu:lat::md.a. for cl1.....,_rificatfon si11co t1.o hrn.l d.D.,;.3JJ.cd at t:n e;-o.to before t2.nt1..in5 over. Tl1ic could 2..:·w-0 ci,von c. uincl r:1.::.....,rc,121 to bolJ.ovo. clii'fcrcntly then wtct I 1n

tuldl1t; tJ.::..o 1r?10J.o ir.:;ouo nOlT • 11 In tho ~1.roc;i:-o.I11-1 just quotcc1. above, t}10 lol),rnod h>W~-n:1.e;'is-pto ot~tod: "In t:.:io avidcnoo_, t~:.cy (1st 2.11d 2nd aP.QClla.'Ylt) f'ei,ilod t,Yto.J.l;r to raLo· a rcasori..c,.,,b1o d::iubt:J to believe tbe.t t.1.::..cy ucrc not imrolvcl: in t~,.o t:10:ft of 1:-:. ninclscrcone tf Tl:o loar11od tri2.l rx,c,int:rnto wa,r; not correct in tJ.d.r; statcoont, ~ o.ccu.sod 1:icrson b.r.::.s no oblie:,ntion c:c 0.1.,t3r t:; __.:rove l:is i1w.~ conco in n c:riu:inal trial. ~'\j,1 accu.oocl :)Orc;-:in ir:J }.)l.--om.u-,10d to bo not r~uil t:,:r UJ.1til ·he is nrovo<l r-ii•l..,.,,. - ., .... Vu bv t:io ,--,r:iBocution bo7ond. \..J ·•1 ~ :roaso::.1,;--,')lo o.oubt. Tb.in io 1,lw.t tJ.;_e Evicloncc, Act oto..too wh.on under ;:.;cction 2 (a.) of .Act Ho. 6 of 19f17 it ~Jr::ividos trot: 11 A fact is 02..icl. to bo :p:rovod uhont · (a) in crin:IA"'l.l mtto1~c, e::ccpt vhoro n.1-zy- stntute or other lc:m pro·,,ridoo ot:iorwfoo, tJ.:-.e court is satiofied by ·t:,.o ::;irosocutj_on boyong reasonable d.oubt the t tJ.10 fact 01:::ists. 11 $:.is clcn.rl;;,r rJ;.:ous t:::i..:~t tho bu.rdon is nlwD..;y.s on t:1.0 P-...1'.'ooocu.tion. In t '·i3 })t,rtic ular c2..so t~10 appollcnts 1mrc ,1croly wa tcl.lll.)lt and tho poosibilit;7 of tLc ·i:ri11d.oc:roon boinr5_ stolen by noaoo:no oleo co.n never bo oxc:t.udod. Of COUl'OC if it is p:rovccl

t:."'..t the win~ scl'Qon w2,o r.; iDlon by oono ot:lOr 1,er:301:is u1.ilo t:.:cy were on duty t!.10:r coulcl.. be C,Uil ty of no@.i:;cncc. , if 5 On a ~rid0r J:X)rc.:;_,octi1ro of t:·.o ovic7.onco 1r' .id.1 1ms w.dducod by tho proooouti:m, tl::.o loc,rnocl ·h1. .nl r~" :;ictro,fo boliov-ocl_ t.\o tostinony ::if GiixJo:n lfa;:m.tcinc1'1, t,, t:_::.J o:f1oct t:,.:·,t 1:.o 1'.c,nclod tho wo ;dml:.op to tl10 c,p-.oolJ.2..nto Hi tl::. tLo 1ri;1c1.Doroo~1 on t:.!D vehicle. In boliovins Gi~xionh,i oviclonco, t>.o loo.nrocl trfo,l nr\_,i::-,trc,,te did not soo1:i to e,pp:i.~cd.ato t:.1.0 1J2x:,cial J)'.XJitic.m i:;,1 u::~ich tJ,.is Gibson ua,::; in tl:o trial. Gib:::n:n wo,:-J il12c.ct 02:...1,rc,ud ,:::,:1:l ti'iocl jci;yf;ly wit:.1 t1,.o c _.ro1le,ntrJ for t!,.o t::.oft ,::,f -t:Lo win~~oc1~con. Gil.loon 110,.a tryinc; to ·~:.::rmr ·t~·~e; whole hm~lon 0:1 t 1:,.o ;:,,~):;;iol\C',:·,-t;o u ~iJ.o t:1.0 a.PIX)11£tnts wore ju.st cl.0L1;.:; liko·:ric.:o. w:::oov-or is boliovoc.l will m1n,::;-c fully to o.xculpri.:bo :~ir:isolf full3r fron t!J.o ofi'm100. lhd.or tho circur:ist2..ncos b ~tl: Gibr:on o..nc: tl:.o appollcmts lJ.c""",VO ca.ell o.n intorcs'G to oorvo. Eho:.1 lzo c~ n:ct:i.vo to toll .lico in ordor to CPt auay fr,::in tl10 churc,u. Tllo oyiclonco ::if Gibson or ,:f the nri~lle:21ts boinc; t:.i.at of poruons ·1;·i th :mtorost to nor,,o io norl:¥).lly- t:roa:coc:t (lifforcntly

fron t:.cc"..t -)f cm imlo1xmclont uitnosa -;ri tLout in tore st to servo. Gibson bo:i.nc; 2, co-o.ccusocl, ?.lis ovidonoe oust bo t:-cm.,tocl in t:10 Dano f::,otin:.; c.o t>.c.t cf an ~cc:mplico. Suell oviclonco '.2.c:,s 2,l:TC,;:;ts boon troatocl ,~i t:':1 _:~·rout cautiDn by tho cou.rto 2-nd au n rn ttcr .::,:c ~~)ractico com,ts ::..._--:;;ro o,,l-::ro;,7s roqu:i.:t;'Qd conviction. Tl:.ir.:: proJ;i')sj_tion wac :::to.toe: in t~D cc.Do of Rv Kon~1et:" Ii'. P'rc,:l;o:r (1960) ;-1· CR,,R 83, ~r:,oro it uao ::.olc1.s of '..,is _,·:m to coI'V'Q in givin,.:; ovidonoo 2 it fa doai.. 1·•a 1.:lo in practice thc,t n uo..r~tlnc ::,hould bo c.,ivon to t>.o jur./ ui th rco1rcl to t~10 c:.o.ne,-or of a.cti.n3 on ~1ie 1,u10orro1Jorotod oviclonco sinilo.r -ro t::..0,t uhich is [;-ivon in tl'.o caso ::>f r.cconplicios ~ w!:ot:'.1.or tlw wi tnooc ct:n })r,)2:,~rly 1)o cla.sood. as an accorrplico or 110 t.. 11 Tz..o:.:;o r>rj.nci11:i_:)r:: huvo boon adoptocl into our locnl oys ion .:i,o t:ioy 2.1,.'1.vo ))oon aT1pliocl fully in r.1c"1.l:\')T docisions sue:., a3 I<ulo s/o Kil:11im1e, vR· (1972) :u.c.», ITo157 nnc1 Paulo Mrii:rl. vR. (1977) L.:a..r.c. oe,./6 6 Ho. 34 o.;_:O. ot::.ors. T1:.o pror.;ocu.ti,")n case 1ms t::i.a t Gibson wn.s lumdod a-ver t::.o vo::.iclo wit'..:, t:..:.c ,rindso:roon. It is is believed the. t t:,o a1)pollc:nts uo:ro not b•."',ndocl ttc vohiolo wi t.t t~.:.o

1ri:ncl... screen ns t:..:07 o.llococl, dofini tel7 Gibson 11oulcl bo ii:i. tr0·u.blo. It is 1..u1clor t::.cr::o circu.1-:ioto.ncos t:.:,..:,t Giboon lr-~•uld wirJl1 to be boliovucl t:J.."'.t ~-'-O hdndod over t:10 v-o'..~iolo ui th t:.10 w:i.J.1.c:J3Cl"0011 to t!.10 eppeEnnta. Thero ,;-mo, t!10:rcfo1.--c, ;:~ pouo:i."".ful ,.1otivo 011 tho 11art ::-;f Gibson for not or-02.kins tb::i truth c...11c'. oon,r.Joq1.10ntly hio ovido:.100 ir1plico..t:Ll13 t~-~o t,ro n};rf()llm1ts s!:10uJ.C. be c,'.:'..I'Ofully '· i i. ().."'C.:'',,ninocl bofo:ro it is accoptod as tho ba.sir:i f:-;r 6onvictinc; tho •r a,ppollo.il.ts er:! it u2,o in t::j.s co.r::;o,, Ii' t'.:.o court nftor :roco@iizinc f ! the,t t:,c uitno:Jn ~s intorcr.;t t,J r::crvc c..ncl after tw:::i.nc into t:'.::.c account t1~o princi1Jleo oot out E'.bovc, bolievo:::i sue:., tootimoey and. is closiro'l.W to o.-ct µJ.)on it~ -r.~cn before cct:bc; :J::1 it, tl:c court r..s o. i:1.,.,,ttor of )rectioe 1..,:..,_r.; to t-:;;:-1: for co1'r'.)borc',tivo donoo wn.s c::nccmod a,.!.'l(l t:.:-:.o:ro:fo:ro ho C.icl :::2ot td;:c t'._•.o nooocr;so.r,r oaut:lnn boforo act:i.n.=; on it r1.11cl f:i.112..lly 'o <l.id. ::.n·t look: for oor-,cobomtion wl::. icll ·;,n~o n:,t tlloro ['.lzyiT2.~~. Suer: c·vlt:onc0 could not be r.ctoc"i. upon rD t 11.o r::-:,lc b2:.:3~.c ,yf 0;)11Vict:i....11g t::.o a:i,)i')Ollo..."lta s JUDGill 7/3/89 •>. I l I