19890619 TZHC Dar es Salaam3

f)SM , i-i.Ft'.ciLLh'l'D JU 1~l;..,.uICTIOl\; hlGh CvUrtT Ci<lhll~;.L nP.r.'.l!J.h.L Nvo 16/89 li~lGl~hL Ci<lMl~hL Ch~E NO. 321 OF 1988 v:F' 1l'il.t.. i.Jlb'111'(l(;T CUU1{'.J.1 , uF Jvi(.)~,GGU1tv JJLSl' .. ICT !-,U.ctU(A,hO . ---- Bl!JE'Q.ttb .r.;o J n l'~YHhi-u::i.h.G.h.Ll, ,t;.S\:to ! S.bho R.c;iJI.lJ£f;T h1-.GIST1{,.'i'i; ' JO.S.t..PHhT l<UGhIMUK.h.HU. o o o. o . o o o o o o o o e .1:.:PPiLL,,.NT (Origim~l ·J.ccus-.,d) vi2rsus . 'i'B.L Uln'i'LD .l:<£.t'UBLICo •••• o ••• o ••••••• Hi:;1:,POND.t<.;l\iT (Originul Fr~sc~utor) JUlJG!-1.tiJ\JT 1:'.!!,~GJ;;S1-., Pl<i"l - l!;xtt:nded Jurisdictiono Bef;r&.the horosoro benior ~\:;sictent h&gistrcte Co~rt ( E, J. Ny&m~s~g&r&, Senior h~sident MLgistr~te), the:: ~pp~l.an£ was. cha~gcd with th.:: ofiE::nce of cre.::,;ting disturbance tn u· public place, c/s 89(1) of the ~enul Code, ~s 1... first count, and.h~ 0c..s further ch~rged with unoth1.;;r o:tfence of ass&ult c&using c..ctuc.l badly hL.rm c/s 241 of th& .l:"\::n..::tl voa.~e,· 1...s c.\ seoond count. 1-.t the.end of the tric1 hc wc:.s convict(:;d on both taunts und wus st:nt~nc~d to six (6) months imprison- m"'nt on the first· count u.nd tv10 (2) y'<Jurs irnprisonmc::nt on the 2nd count o Senb,nc,:;:s were ord1:;red to run cuncurn,ntly. '.L'he ;:-:pps:llr.ut is now up~euling 1...guinst both conviction unG sentenc0. ~h~ story, which ,ulmin~tGd in·the i~prisonmcnt of the ~ppelt~nt w&s (..;S fallows : - vn 14th huvember, 1988, the uccusud w&s ~t tho horogoro hegionui ~rtding compLny shop for thJ ~urpo8u of purchusing sugar. In ord~r tc fucili h,te the pura hc...SE:: of this SCL,_rce commodity, the .slppellc..nt obtuin0d .:.. p"rnd.t fr.um· the hc,;,miri.istn:,tive 1\.,rn.. g'-'r of the sc:.,:!.<l i\cgiom,l ~rading Comp~ny. .Kr~ed with his permit, thu ~p~elic..nt ~ppro&ch0d thG sLles clLrk, one Be~on M~etwa (P~o2) anc rvquusteC·to be sold 2G Kgrn. of sug.:.;r. · '.Lhe s&-les cL,rk tolu tlk LPlJello.nt to we.it, ns by th1.;;n the sci~ s&les clerk he~ othtr custom,.rs to at~end to. The nppeL.o.nt _prob:,st(:;d ugainst thiso He w&ntHl to be solJ. sugu.r ct once. He sLi0 h~-w'"'s not pr~p~rcd to ~uit fur any longer. He w2n~ tu see 0ne ~ichol1...us Galoh~nge (Pw.l), who wc..s the m~rketing offic~r uf thu s~iu .l:<.T.C. Huving seun Pw.l, the ippell~nt cum~ b~ck to confront thu s~les clerk. It S1.;;~ms th8 w~rketing ofiic~r (Pw.l) w~s not uf much help to himo· 1 cr hLving r~turnu~ tu th1:; s~l~s alcrk (Pv1 2) t1he l.ppc:lh,nt wu.s.hc:e-:ru compL:,ining .:.,s to.why thE:: P· rmit b& w&s 0 hvluing wµs nut b~ing honuurud. teverthcl~~s, the: ~ppellunt confrontud the sc..les ch:rk the 2uu tinll:o HCCurJ.ing to tm.eviJence of th"' s.,_lE:.s clerk li~.2) this time tho ~ppLll&nt thr~~t0c~~ t0 buct him (Pw.2) if w~s nut g~ing t0 S8ll sug~r tG him. - ·"'t -i- ............... -. 'II ·• 3 been resolved in favour uf the opp0llnnto Haule submittec further th~t the trial mugistrate misJireoted himself both in law an~ infact, in holding th~t the prosecution hi,c.1. est~blished th;__;_t th~ appellant had crer,_ ted L:isturbD.nce. Further Hc-..ule sub mi ttecl the sc,me tri~l mngistr:J.te h~d misdirected himself by holding that there wc.s enough eTidence tc establish.th&t the appeilant hc.d assaulted PW3 when such evidence ~as lc..cking. Hc.ule submi tteC. .further ·thc:t the tricl mc..gist;c.te misdirectec: himself by convicting the appellant by relying on the weakness of.the Jefence cose instead of relying on the strength of the prosecution c~se, Hc.ule cited a long list of authorities to beef up his submission. He cited the case uf Chim&nbni. vs Hepublic (12_7ll.._Eo1~, p.247, where it wn.s held thi:..t & stLitement by the a.ccused could not convict him if there is not rnough evidence for the prosecution to pruve the prosecution c.:.;.se. J:ic.u+e 1.1.lso. citeJ the case of .t:;mu. binti Mwc.luko ----·------ancl·----~- 2 others Ys ··-·- i-<epublic (19?') L.i-<.'l'o p:.1rL..2.__iJ._p~rt 4, Case No.,~ in which Mn_7,a'rnq_ 1 JoKo helcl tha~ in criminn1 uff~nce mens rea c.ncl c.ctus rens are to be esto.blished beyunL. reL...sonc.ble doubt. Hc..u+e further cited the c1.:.se 'of ~oMaB.::,.sl:n ,c.nt... c:,nother Va Re_gi._!£ (1960) ~:::,.Ci. _p.,284,_ in which it wo.s tel<.:. thc.t in n criminal trial all what the &ccused .is required to J.c is t·o show thnt his statement wns probably truea It is only sufficient thi:.:t his stutement hus ruised a doubto finu in this connection Hnule tel2 ~his cuurt that the c:i.ppe1.lant hci.J n~C.uced. eYidence which had raised C.oubt :i.n the prosecution c&se- and for that reason the appellant w~s entitled to be &cquittecl. H&ule clso referred this court to the coses of Shaban v.R (1976) b.:._BoTo pc,rt 1 c:,nc'. II Cu.se No-1,2 unC.. Ro V.1-i.dam s/o IJi cmd &not her (suur-L ~ _C(";.se Noal8, where it was helcT th&t the prosecution must r.ely on the strength of its own cuse end not on the wenkness of· the Qefance. hncl lcstly, H~ule cited the cc.se of Funuel s/o of Kyurc v.R.(1967) HoCoD .. No.J69, where Georges, CoJo ns he then w.:::.s, held tho.t it is not nece:ss&ry to accept the evidence of the accuse.cl in c,rc:'.er to fincl Un, :mot guilty., 11.ll what is required is for the accused to rnise a rec:;son1:.:1'lc doubt as to his guilt. with this submission, Haule c.sketl this court to quash the c.onvctior_ uf the appellant by the trinl court and-set aside the sentence imposeC upon him., Kyuruzi, 8t~te htturney, for the kepublic Jid not support the c0nviction. He suit the evidence of.the prosecution wc.s not ell thc.t cogent to ~stablish the offences cgcinst the appellant. He sait t~2t tbe evidence as uuuuced· in the lower court had shown that the nppell~nt went to PW2 to ~r, to get sugar by using the permit he haC:o "Kyar_uzj_ s2i~. further thct evidence hcJ shown thct the c.ppellant hnC. stayed ct the tloT.C. shop_ f~r•u iong time &ntl he w~s trying to know why his permit v1&s not being &'cc·eptetl. ""' . - 4- - .Kya:-uzi aubmi ttecl furth,~r tlL t the evi1.-:e::r:ce _hod not establishec'. th~t the_ appellant h~c.. malicicus intent with u vi~w t0 enncy the cumpliiin1:.:nt O vlh.:..t thi; (;Vic.;;n3e hr:;,u Shl-wn i,s th.:..t then: wcs jm,t misunJ1::rst~nc..ing. hyQ~uzi s~iu furth~r th~t it seems it is PJ.4 who ' c~used uisturb~nce by.firing in th0 ~ir. evic1c:nc1:: h.:...-:. shuwn thl,t h1.2, the s&les cl.rk, hc:.d iii.:.:.lici(...U6 intent ~g""inst the c.-.pj,.H:,LL;.nt by usint; l'.E:lc.yine:, L.-ctics nut tc, sell sugo.r tc. hir,1. 11 i~th regarg tL, th<:: c.::souult un l-'w;3, h.yli.ruzi s: .. i, .. th,-t ,cvj_c.._;n,-;0 he.-..,;. not shuwn uny rec.-s 0n why th"' c.p 1JtJllc.nt slL-ul,.: h, V8 clec icleC t c e::,et hc•lC:. c.f h, .3 unL,_ pounce him \..e,wn, _c.. p0rs0n w;·lv w:.:s .:;, rn"'re lL;.bvurer ct horob~ru he~ionL;.l ~r&~ing Comp~ny shop. h:yaruzi ce,ncluuf;:;-l. his submisaionbby st,.tinc th,·.t it s0ems the trial m~t;istri:.,te c;iu not bive enL.Uf,h c0nsiuurc.. ti:Jn 'tc thu ,jefenc.0 co.. e. ·He just uismisseu it. Fer ht Ll the tric.l m:.::[;istr _te given enGugh_ cunsiuer[,tion tu the c..efence c,,:se, he c,.ul~l h.-:.,v0 cume to th'-' Cl--nclusion thLlt P1·1.3 might hu·"e injure<l himself wheE he wi:.,s runni'ng uw~y after P~.4 h~u fired in the c..ir und dispersed G~0ryboly. With the~e r~marks, Kycruzi ·submitted thct the prose~ution case Wl-,.S not proved beyond r&~suncble doubt. _'.l.'h~ .first e;u. stion f0r C::.etermin..:.tiun is wh .. th..,,.r it was pruv·~cl , beyunc reascm,ble u0ubt th,. t tht; cp:µello.nt .·cfe~t,:L' dist1.1rb:rn<.:c · :,t. th~ . I 1-<.TC. pre1,1ises, i...S ullegccl in the 1st cuunt cnJ htlC. so by_ th12 tri::il c uurt. 0n the prusecut'iun· si~e, evi-1::nce w&s given by P~.l u.n~ ~w.2 th~t thtJ .'::.1)1,ellL:.r~t 'u.emu.n1.-el.:° tu bE::: Sult..:. sugur ~t uncu ._':LL'. th: t ht thrc-<.--tOni.:JC:.- tu bt:i..,t .i:-,;.2 wlten he fuun\..,. th_.t F,,.2, thu s~_10s· cL,-rk, nGt pr0pt,;·_..:L.. . ·. . :.- ' W:--S t1.., sell hilll. the sugur as he Wi..,ntcJ. '.i'hE::: c.pp\:.'lL,nt himself in his \:vi,lc.:r:•.::(:, 1 which vviurnct: w-s suppurtec.l by ~he tLxi urivi:.'r (iJ~v.l), whc.se tl-,.xi tbr: u.~pell~nt h~u. hirel.. tu the h.T.C. premise~ tu pu~ch~ce SUB&r, g0v~ ~ tut~lly 1..,ifierent v"'ersi0n. stv.tev.:- horc&orc G.nC:, 1 wcs Liven "' p1..•rrnit C.<,CUtiknt for purchecsing 20 K.g. of SU6~r ••••• : ••••• ~hut Wu.S Gn 14/i1/1988. I went tG the t~xi st~nu un~ hireu a taxi. I wc.-.s nccompanic2 by my chiltl. The t~x~ belongtd tu Peter.Fernantles. I wcs ~irectiC where tL tc:.ke lh1;. p,,rr:iit. I g,. v0 it t(• the mc.:n 1.:,0r who enc'.crsE::c.: t:'11::t I sh0ulu be· given sugl-r. I g ... _ve it tv th(.; sc:.lus cL.:rk - MC.,tw:::.,. he te,lu mi.:J tc wEit. I w~iti.:J~ f0r sume time. Mdetwc.l. bl~me~ ~e tu h, Vf;:;- 0btL:.ineu th1:.· p(:,rrnit fr _rn tho:, bL-ss. }1J.(tWD tcok the p~rmi· t •••••••• I h ~u· t L- ,1· i· ~~ t • 1"1dE:::twu tL,lJ m(.; nc.)t ·tc t::isturb him ~s I h~~ 0bt~in~tl thv chit frGm thu bcss. Mtl8two w~nt cut. riaving bebn threatned thus, ~~-2, the sules clerk, left his e,frice •. nL. Wt'::nt to the' g0tluwn. 'l'h{; ;__p 1i\:.:ll.:..nt c.lsG follow1:JC. nim 1,rl\.:.1c.- .• however, tht':: appel~.bnt stop~ed &t the Cour of thu so~0wn. He }iu nr' entef it to follow the s~les clerk, who ~Q{ entered the go(own. While stil~ llb~r the gotlown the o.ppelJant ~ct un~ Jones ¥r&ncis (1-'w.3), o. lLbourer in• the sciu i<0gi0no.l 'l'ruling CL,rn\1etny godown. KCCurJing to the bViLencc" 1 Liven by P~.3 himself the &ppellunt ~s if h-:: WE:rc' ·c.. w1.,un1.ced buffulo, grr.bb..:<..i the sLiL, Jc,n.:.:s .i:r.:..ncis (.i:-·v1 .. 3) r.rd knLcke~ hiw ~awn. ~w.3 sustuin, ~ brui cs un his kn~us o.ntl :Lklea ~hesc activitic"S by thd ~~.elJo.nt were br0ught to th~ ~t~2nti0n uf th0 m~litia S\:.:CUrity gu~rtl (P~.4). Pw.4 thoL ~ecitL2 to ~ct to· st0p the~. ~w.4 tieci~eti tu fire his gun in the ~iru hs ~ result of- It wL,ul~ ~pie~r this ~un fir8 signc..lle~ the dTI~ uf the appellant;~ entleav~ur t0 h~ve sug~r suld tu him from th~t H.T.C. shop., ior after this cpisoC.e, he:: buc..rued c.. tuxi, which Wl.,s pc..rk0d n0.:,rly, e:nc: went a.w&y to hcrop~l Hotel unu th~r~fr0m he went tu curapl&in t1., the Police stati~J nbuut wh~t h~J befallen him ~t the ri.T.C. shop. Ho, in fc.ct, ccmpl~inc~ th<-.t the militia security gu.::...rc.; c::t tht= rt.'1' •.(.;. shop h~c, threc.teneC:: to sh0_c,t him w·ith c::. gun. ·.1'he pulice rc-conleu tht: fap:r,,011.:::nt's cc.mpl.aint un~ th\:_;reuft~r, went to lu0k for th~ sc..iQ militiG s~curity guarC::. Be:fure the sc.iu railitic::.. security guc.rtl WLS bru,ght to the pol ic--- stutiun~ rl.I.C. offici.:,,ls went to the police st~tic.n to report abc~t the clisturbance the; .:,,ppell.:::.nt h.:.J crec:,tt,c.l ct the 1{.'i' aC. shop. 'rhe sc.1.iL:. l'<..'l'.C. uf1icic;;ls ,..mad.e their st&ter.it:nt to th8 pe,1ice i:nl<.1 l.'..it~r ~w.4, the Miliiia security gu.:,,tJ, &lso m&tle his st~tbment tu the p0lice. Hu0evc'r, ~fter invbsti~&tion the police Juci~od tc chc..rre . . thv np,;,--ell.:,,nt with the presunt ofJ0ncus, .:..lthough ht: w;:,..s the first tu rggister his cumpl~int with the p~lice. However, c.fter investigati0n the police Cecitled to charge the appell~nt with the present ciffences, ~1th0igh he w~s the first to regist~r his complaint with the_policea lkfvre the tri[l.l court the' &ppellL..nt c'.enidc.l to h.::.ve cr0atec. ~ny 2isturbafice &t the H.T.C. premises. He ~lso Jenied to have· i..SSv.Ul teu Vi13., The trial m~gistr~te believea the prosecution evi~ence anc.; fc,und the appell~nt ~uilty ~s char~etlo In his rnemorunJum of uppeo.l "'nd in his long submission before this court Huule, for the qppellc..nt, stL..ted, eintor Glin, that the prusecut.:.on c.,iJ. .not estc..blish, beyond rec,sono.ble clou.bt ~ thc.t the c..ppellant cre~ted listurbance at the H.T.C. premises Dnd that he ho.J ;;,ss[~ulteu P\'1!3, Haule submitt.ec:. further tho.t tl1-:: .wic.:.ence .s:c.;C.ucet} by the prosecution w"'s so conflicting that such conflicts should have 1 fc..,lluwc-u ha..rii WlL'. r\::qU(.;;St<:;'~ him tu rcstcre th,., Pv:r-nij_t, in, 1)).0 .. ~uetw~ ture tnc p ifui~ in pic-CC'Sa I went t~ the m~n~gbr whc h-L nevur rc:S}Jdii....GC.. he.: rcn. intv tht: [:,u'-'.c-wn i....llGginG th_t 1· w1.,ntec. L., o.s .. ~ulil him. i::>uc,n th0 tilUnlb, r vf thG i,1ilitic, or--vrEJc'. ull pd0ple tu gL uut. the: m~wbvr c..,f the wiliti~ s~it he wcui~ I hel'-- my hc..-nus. 'Ll10 ffJ(:;t,b.,r vf the- mili ti:: .shut rhe rnembsr uf the ~ilitiu SGiL he w0ulc. shc.,c:,t _me 0r else I h--'--· tc be h.ken 0ut ,,f thE:.. prcmis 8 s" I lvun~ a ti....xi uutsi0e the m~in g~te. I boar~ed the tLxi un, urove tu hcr0p&l rfotel. Frcm there I buc.rl:ce; thE. tL:x:i I h,. c_ hireJ Lt th"-' lo~Ling which tcuk m8 tc.., the p0lice stGticn ~nC reporteJ. hy eomplaint w-s th~t the memb~r cf militie WL~teC tr thre&tene~ t0 kill m~ with a gun. I ccmpluined tc Cpl. ~eter 0t the police sti....tion. L.Lnu. Cpl. Peter trc..-cs::J the n-d.J :i.ti& m&n. 0 00n the: militia rr.an. c~me with Peter. Pet~f p~ssed the m&tt~r t0 his Senior as I rec0r~~J my st~tement ~nJ I wLs requ~etetl tu ~epc..,rt the.fulluwing ~uy. 1he militi~ wc..n w~s lE:;ft nt the stL-.tiun. un the folluwing ~~y I w~s chc::.r_p~ ant 1 was brvught _to c vurt. It is my feo;;;line, th.,t this cu.: c: hr.-s b . n mish~n~leu &nu 1 w~s tre~teu ~s Lccusu~ purscn. c.ssaulte<l. Jc..,nt.s u-S e;.111:::gcJ. by th1::: pr0s0cutur. 11 ~his Stury by the u~~ellLnt 1 ~s nir1~t~J ~buvv, w~s, us I hLve s.:...i'-- D.bovs., c.onc..,b0rc::.teu by the tc.xi (,,riv~r (lJ',1.l) whc he::.'-. C..r::.v~n the .:.j;ipeL c.nt tu the rt.'11 .C. premis~;s to buy· sugc:.r. 130th the ccunsel fur the c.p 1 ,el::;_c..nt .:~nc'.. th0 c,_.unsel fc,r the respcmC.ent (.rtepublic) su\mi ttcc; th:..:.t th<.: tl~L:1 ni::. 0-,istn.te :.,,,ii_·: not give c:nuLg,h,_ cunsiJerc..tion tu thi..i c.;<.;f<::nce· ,..:Y-il..-.1.,l1CG. It wc.s the SUbii:is:c. ic,rl · of l\.y~ruzi, fer ths:: r spun.dent, the. c cun, 01 who c.:i,:. not suppc,rt Ci.,nviction, thc.,t h~'-' h1:; L,iv"'n enuu/.$h c·cnsi('.enAticn to the uefence_c~s~, the ·tri~l @~~istr~te Wtul~ nut hc..v0 f unC th8 prc- s0cuti0n C~C:.:,· e estc,;,blisheL~ bey.cnL'.. reL-.sunc..ble (l.cubt en the 1st count. I o.gre8_, with these cc,1.msels thc.t the tri_c.l rncgistro.te C.id nc.t give sufficient considerc..tic..,n tu the defence case, ~s c first ap-pello.t0 ccurt,- I h&ve to re-cvclu.:..te t'his eYi('.<::nce. In th\:; first pl""ce enc: w0nuers if wh<...t the prcsE:;cution witn0sses (P#.l anJ-tw.2) s,i~, is wh~t transpired. It is unlik~ly th'-t c p.;;r:3vn, like: tht.: appellu.nt, who w~.nt--,d to buy sug1.:.r, shuulu th.rc.:::t,:;n tc buut th<:: s~l~s cl~rk in or~~r tc h--e th8_ sugar s0ltl t0 him. hDY r~-s~n~bl~ man wu~l~ n0t h.~~ r~surteJ t0 this crutl<:: m~thotl. ~ur h~.knvws 1 for sure, th~t h~ csnnut· 6"-'t .th8 sut~r hd w~nt s if - 6 - quu~~~ c..buv~, ~h.:...t it mi~ht hcve b&8n thd t~ue v~1sicn of whht trc..nspire~ ct th8 sc~ne uf crime. buch evi~dnce, in my Gpinivn, w-~ 0nuugh tG o~st CLubt in the prGs~cution ~&~u, in s0 fer ~s the 1st cuunt is cun~erned. I r~sclve this d0ubt in fc..vcur cf thb ap, el]cnt bnJ find tb2t ti1l: pruss::ct;_tion uic. not 0stL:.h1ish th8 1st cvunt o.g'-:inst the appe-llc.n:: beyunJ rc~sun&ble doubt. hn~, consequently, th0rcfcre, I qu2sh tts Gunvictiun un the 1st count l-.Dtl set ~siCe fhe scnt~nce im11os 1:- :o UDln i the a~~~llant on this c0unt. ~h~ ·, 2n~ question is whether it w~s est~bl1sh~2, b0ycnC r~&scc:b~s uuubt, th.:... t tr,t:: .:.i.ppclh.. nt &Sf~ ul teLL hi .3, ·l'hc:: prus,.cut ion evil.ien,:;0 c :- this cuunt - thct is, count twu - w&s. given .by i-:,.3 himself. He- s·oid th&t .he sw.L.enly met the ctp:i:;elL:. . nt n1;&r th0 1,. 1'.C. g0Cc,wn ;_.nt: then 1 th(:; cppe1:;_i:rnt cLcught h1i_m (l-'\ri.3) by his h.:.,nc.. &111.i thcr. kn0ckecl him c.cwn. 1-'w .3 :;.iLL nu~ tell. th.:: tric:.l c uurt why th-=: :..·.ppell~nt sh cul.:.. hi.,',,_; juwped upun hirn so suu.u.<:::nly c..IlL'. stc..rtc:G. t,, u.St>u.ult him. P\,"3 Cescri·· 1,.;,f himself as a l~~uurer ~t rt.1.C. guc..own. ~hy shcul~ the ~ppell~nt, out uf the blue, emt~rk on &s~~u1ting this lab0ur0r (~w.3)? 8uch • questions were not answerGtl by thG prosecution. i.t w:,.s s_ut,g,8stecl by the: cuunsel fc.,r th"' e. p:;:,0llcnt i::nc, ccuns(::;l f0r the rbspon~ent th~t since it w~s unlikaly that th0 appc:Jl&nt ~1 •• ,- h~~e ast>ault~u ~w.3, withcut ~ny re~~un 1 the must prob~blE: theory iG thclt i-'1,.3 u1it,ht huve sustcincll bruises c..s & r sult of frtlling tlcwn folluwing th0 gun {ire, which PH.4 fired in the &ir. I c~~~e with these counsels th~t in the bbsence cf the renscn why th0 ~ppell~nt shuul~ DSB~ult ~~-3, unless w~s te~porLrily mctl 1 it is tluubt'{ul if the c.pp<::11£:nt, in f[<ct, E'.ss.s-.ult8tl h,e3 ■ I:b is most likely th~t ~~-3 might h~v8 sustuintd th(::; bruis~s on his kne~s an~ ankles, ~s n result 0f lyin~ ~cwn, following th0 shooting in th0 ;:;.ir by hi.4 • .. ln the li 6 ht \ o"f 1:,uc h clcubts, the ref ore, l fincl th,_,t the prof',e -- cut ion l.iici. nut eslc.-.blish bc:y0nJ n.:-sc.mi:.ble _1.\c,u,t, tl-,c: o.ft,;;;•nc0 1 &s ch.::.r._,e1..'. ip::,t:nc: 2nu. cuunte Ce,nse.CJ.Ui-'ntly, thvr8fure' 1 qu&sh the - cunvicticn ~nu s1..t ~si~e the sentence impusetl up0n the ~pp&ll&nt or ~ . this 2nc, c·currt--. ~in the finc.,.l c::.nc::..lysis, thGr~L.,re this uppv,.. l is ..:tllow"-0. ~nL<. the 1.-i.p 1)i:::Lu.:..nt is tu be: s"'t .:tt lib,.rty, unl"s~, Gth,.,rwise li..i-1fully helt: 7 -- ,-,:epublic (,l1:::S";_,,on<J.t:nt) unt.: in tlH:: absc:nc1:o, of th1:: nppeL &nt. I ! / i o ha Gbb ,·\ l · .r(1'i (LX~b1LDLJ JDhl~~IC11LN) 19/6/1989 ·.