19860122 TZCA Dodoma

-- IN TI1..Z :UGTI COUTIT OF' 'l1All"ZLL:2P.: AT i)O.vQJ,iA '•~ OIVIL Cj,SE NO 20 O:!' 1982 l\1PAJCAZI lJLJILJJD,l(l cmITRACTOR' .. • • •• PLADYTIFF '_, PAROKL\ YA KDfAHJ1\ CI.T.l, }T.ufilE versl.13 .JJ EI1'EN.,_/ANT ) JUJ.JGMENT LlGAICTlJG Ir..1\,t J • ) This wa.s un o.cti-::m f:::r v::i.rious dJ.sbUl.'Seoents follow:i.J:J6 the rescission of e, contrn.ct. It was rather involved.• The pla,intiff is a builr1i!J3 construction firn unr1.er the sole :;_1ropri;:;torshi:p of r,t:-. Gisla,r Hacarius Kib.aule an.rt the (1efendant is a oatLolic Chu.re:,. b::Y1y, both bn.sorl in Doc1-ooa. .,; ~ a, written n._,l"'.Teenent construct .::i, cl:.1.,:ccl::. imil-=tine on Plot No. ~/1445/7 at Area I C1 in ..., tho Mu.,"licipdit;y- cf ::Jo-:!.0:x~. In so far o.o tllis r1.ispute is co.ncernei'I. the ri~tori'.:l,l i1:Xts ,:;:f tho c.(Sro0r.10nt a.re: o•)ntoinerl. in Clauses 1 to 5 o,r,,1 st,:1,to a~ :follows i- 1. Tl~~,,t t~:,c contro.ct sb.o.,11 builrl tllo church on· tho :,_,lot ai"l',. in nocor"l.o.nco 2.- That tho contractor shall :;_,rovirlo all ·tho i:ntori.::i,l an'1 lalloux fer.- the buil- ~1.ir1..c; n.nr1 1fo tho o.ctual bu.ilr'l.iri..e ! 3. ~:c:,:b t~10 contractor shall cor:n:rnnce s:::.j_rl buil:7.i?U wo1lt -on tho 25th ,So:;_)t0::i1)eJ.~, 1981 an.1 cor.\ploto tl;l.e builr1.iri.:...; ·work by tho ,25th July 1 1982 the 1.::.to on whicl.i the c,;mtro.ctor r·. 1-- ' .., 4. Tho.t in oa.rryil:1[;' on tl.10 bui1i1.i,:n,g ·work tho contr:1ot0r s:'.:.aJl bo g 1,1i 1.ecl by the .Arc:1i t e,--ct Hr o IfhlG.r...::;oJie in so far as t:10 -:losi.c;n of the hu.il1in:;s .:;i,ncl rnte- ric.lc to bo usor'l in concor:10~. o 5• (:1) 'I1hcJ; for tho total nork to bo t,f;l.!l;':J;'!O"l <!lU'~ 'b,Y :tho S'.",il'l. O<:int:t&. ... c·tor in tho s::,i i. buL'..r1irJG ho sha.1.1 bO-):t.:i.r'l Shill:tk!CTS 0'.:C ci.llion (b) T',iat' the c;ffo:r-01:::o,ir'i. :,nynont sb.0,ll be :i_nirl to the -::oontrftctor wl1on he lns lJ1.,:.ilt tlL chm ch to ro.:1ch ,tllo roo.ch~ tl:o lovels ho:::-eunrler non- tiomil to the satisf::1,ction of tho _',rchi toot lwrcinbefore n::i,nod to be T:.ion f·::-llows ·,.. t:::·_'::lo of tvolve lovolo or sta,ges anr'i. the suns pcy-uble n.t o::i.c;: stn,::;o c,~;::_::;::.~ossocl in porconta,Sos :.;f the entire price. The sto,.3'0s n=:.terio.l to tliis c0,so aro (i) 0,n,1_ (ii) and sto.,to ~-- (i) Adv0,nco ~)a,ynont 15% . 150 1 000/= (ii) l~ounrbtion level 10% 1001 000/=. ) I , Thero is n,J.so Clauso 6 ·:rllich pro-virlos for retention noney ..,..., of 50,000/= :;;:ayn,blo ~0,t tho oX]?irJ.ti-::-:1 . :i:' tLJ.t pori::)d the chi.;..rch io founcl to bo:;tn that tho a..3-roer.10nt is. to be inter- .., protod in accorr:12.nce with tho lc:nrs of '::1 .1nzania with such terns anrl warranties ordil1t1rily npplico,bk to bu.il-1i:ne contrncts. , ··••0•••3!••··••0~• : 4 ." • 'I'llG :Jl::intiff was unn,Ud· to bri21G builrli:ne mterials as aereed. On 5 July tho rl0fc,mrlcU1t ,,_1_·ote (Ex .. P7) susponr1ine the contract• _In tllo sane nonth it m,arrforl tho contract to Messrs. (' ,:,• . 1tral Engir aering :r.vI.1'. M."'.!~.:1.:·wit ~i\.~tn.;r.i,, '!i,i l)V:\l,'1.,W,'b u tho exist:!.~ works. Mr._ Ma.ling a. arri vori at 316, 785/=, exclusive of th0 value of the unusor'l mt-e:rials at tLc sito. On G So:Pte,:11Jor t~.,c po,rtios wo-c. At tho conclusion of - - tho oooti:15 a rl_ocvD:mt CEx. P.10) '-i-m.s rlrawn up 2,Y1'1 si;s'nod by both r, :parties r0sci11/itl[;' t~10 c::mtr2-ct. Tllo rlocunont 3.lso stato'.3. that the plaintiff ;;-,oulrl take half the lJricks c1t _tho site. Izy· that tiuo tl:o l)l'.1intiff hail, "!Jo0n poi'1 as stipul:1torl in stnees (i) a.vid (ii) 1 that is a total of 250,000/=, anrl had bo8n :;:,ai'1. 20 7 000/= .• .v to Mr. Nblinga 1 s w,l::i;,•.tion, the lJlainti:ff consf,1erorl itself to havo been un,l.erp.Jid by (.6 t 785/=• Tllo :i,Jlaintiff ::0.so w1,lu0·1 tho unuserl rntori,'.11s at tho cit3 :::.t 58, 220/=• It tLor~Jforo broueht t:.iis action cl2..ini1'B' in o,lJ. 105, 005/= on a g__u-:-~ntu:1 ocru:i.t. 'I1llo dofonrbnt ninilarly valuorl. tJ:o o:d.stir.c; -;,rorks. 'TI.10 plaintiff ho/!. subst::1,r1tially lc,i·:J tl10 ho,:d coro (i.e. stonos) in the floor but was yot to · l::i,y t]1c; concroto :flo,Jr sl::11) 1 tho fin.".l sta;_;-o in tho nakin:::; of' a fom112,tiono Accorrlii.JC to i:'.1:-::. i,Jalanenl.10 tho oristing works wero ti-,.:;no,J. c~lWJ.11s for wb.ic~1 it was pru,d 20,000/= Mr. Mc.llc1,n1ul10 osti □ated tho conplotc, work to bo w::rtlc. ~o, 000/= which also sug~ostorl an over-- • Tho flof::,m,.:i_:.,,nt, thoroforo, countor--claincr'l_ 50, 000/= as □onoy harl an'l rcooi vorl ofter rl.onying tho plaintiff's cloin. •·0~•5/•····~· Tho plainbif'f mw unroprosontorl 'but t.b.o.· a.c.fondo.m; was rep.resented by JYb:•. Guoffroy Aliuwiko. Tl..10 followir,e issues, which I have taken tho libort;y to restructure, were n,:;r:eed upong 1. ll1iotli0r tl:o :;?L:,inti:f:f 1 s fdlure }~ w1.c fo:;.~ ro,:2,sons boy-)ni its control. 2. ·vJhotl~ox· tho anonr'l.nc::its to the builr\ine :;;:12,...D.c cmtailorl. extre, work. 3., Tfuotll_or tlle plo,inti:fr' is onti tlod. to ftn:·t~~e:r :po,ynont on a quantun uorui t. loft at ·i:;Jio site. 5., whether tho 1)13,intif:f was ovor- 6 ci Rcli-ofs • T:10 first is3uc·· raises in1:iossi bili ty of performnoe or .frustration. The plaintiff :r',.,licrl on tlw r1efc:n·1 o,nt I s rfoloy in naking 0,pprovoci plans availo,"ble an''· )n its c.nm r'l_ifficul tios in obtaining builr1il'l8' mteri:: ls, o,n,s oven 00000?, ·';:; lJlX-JO tho r1ofenr'1.o,nt in "both as1x:,cts., I think the blCl.DClS shoulcl bo sottlo<'l first. Ii':i.rst of c1ll, I ,fo not soe what har□ HQ.S occaEi•,!lor'l by t::r.o absonco of ,1.p:;:r.roved J;ll0,11S. In fact, tho plaintiff' wont al100,-i with rli:_~,ing tho founr12, tion an-1_ rv:iki:r:ie ~)ricks b0fore c.sett~ tho ali:i:1rov0r'l plans. ·l1l10ro was tlwroforo .:i, l0t that coulr1 kwo been donG. without a.F;_:ceovor!_ plo.nD. Roc;o.,rr'l.in:;- rliffi0 .J.ltios in cbtainins 1 builrlin.s r:u.1,torL,,ls ci,nrl. tl10 iupli0cl "'...lL,:.:c foi· l~-:::L: of assistance, it -~ -,__ ....,., ,- ______: .,.., <J' . _ .: _ _ :.)_~, t .-., "~ .. ,1 ·.x,s not tc,k:o cocnizanco of Dattors, that are within tho partios 1 0 ~ ~ e;;)nt1."0l ~ (!11t:1·)11,;ll funza.ni~: lmnm,a spocifically rl.oclarerl applicable ·• tc t:,c oont:r:·act i 1 ]10,-.;ro founrl_ no authority- for aIJPrehonsion that it . O,;ulrl to rliffcront frou I:Jiiclish law on t~10 subject• I will therefore fool frco to i~ofor to JTo:1.:,)isL law anrl. rlocisions wll0re necessary.) lS In builr1 inc 0011tr~1cts i tLn.,t 11.::-:.rr'lshij_) or incdnvonionce or rnte:-._ial loss which calls tho ::c;rinciplc of frust:-er:tion into play z D.avis Contractt':1rs Ltcl& v. R>....rol:cn U.D.C. _ (1956) A.C. 6964 That wds a ·-' - .....,. co,so whoro tho J,lainti:ffs :ploo,io(l bad wc~1;':;~1or c:u1rl unforosoen shortage of lo,hJur I'csul tine in rfol::iy in porfori:nnco with a consequential rise, in cost:::. 'l1llc ~:.:,uso of :Wrrl_s :10lrl unci,nirxm.sly tk.it tho contract ho,rl_ not· boon fn1s·:.;:,_,atoc'l_ so ::i,s to onti tlo t:w palintiffs to clair.1 their extra. costu un a 5[i;;!;_antun IJcrui t. f'runtJ'.'ation :i.c, fc;:r inskincc, _tho '7 cstruction of ·tho wo:i::-ks by firo g - roliorl on :,s co,uci:nc::: f1:-u::::tr::rbi ·:n :mst 1Jo o:f c, no,turo which the pa.rties coulrl 1nt lJy o,n;y- rlili.::;onco L:.,70 foro;:,oen o,nrl. ~-Tovirl(::r'l for in thoir contracts In tLo '.'.J:1,so 1Jofc,ro 1:10, tl~c )12.intiff was o..ware :xf the short~1r~o of bui1,:1ir-1_; Go,torials in tho country, that boin::; c1 rotorious fact. It w::,s t1,c:ro:f0ro a f1,ctor -w-Lich a prur'lont contrc1ctor coulrl Lc.u.vo .,_.r J-Vi"lcrl fo::- in tho contru.ct.. I holrl that tllo contract wns H sli;:;1,u' inJ.oor:1 bo nontionorl t~1at tho oxtinc,;uislmont of this 1 contract r'lii nut :procoocl on aey n:Aion of frustr8.tion. What trcnspi:ccs is that 1Joth _;_}~J;rtios wore a:;:ipc::.rontly convinced of tho plaintiff's e ~ ,., • o • o a • 7/ o .o o • o • • J ., '- 0 0 7 . 0 inalcili ty ·co c~~:rrJ out tJ-.0 works .7J1'' ,foci ,fod to rescinc'l th0 contract• a no0tirr:; 11 ili au.wozo kucliki,'.l,.m ku-1~:usu ,:J::.,:i,rc-,Da zo, ujonzi ulicfanyika contro.ctor Lnorli:1-tcly aftorw:i,r-1 s.. :But t:_:)n cane the nootinc; of 10-) ·>:::.rul,0 6-9-1982 nQJrubaliano kati Tfr1 G :c i.1i ]~~E.,'1[)[1, N"l • Chapo.kazi ci nj enzi wa_ K::1,dsa iliy::t:~i,1a lw,_;;.,o juu (1:iy .Jnpho,sis), !,;::,,:Ja i h vy ~~ br_-1,j wa lrnenye :Jls:atabo, ul i owekwa 'L1liis woulrl noo,.n that tho contr1,ct W:J,a on that rl_o,to roscinr'leri.. But the socorj,c1. :rx:ira.~ra~)h c;oos on to stc1,tos LxJruo.J,li wa J;uwa ko,blo, yo, ku.futa r.lk:ataba hc.1-0 (r~y ou)lmsis)r 1T. 1u:w Cho,pak:.izi ato.chuku::1. nusu ya r:ntofali yo, r :l ,.:l:' yo,liyopo kwenyo Karj_sa limlojon_;wa. , I This W'.)ulrl. nean th:it roscisi•.n: of the contr:1ct ,ms in abeyance and contincont upon 1.;ho plaintiff's tak:iYJC half tho bricks. It is cor;1mn crounri., hci;mvor~ tllo;c tho 1nrtios r contr,1,ctual relations coasu'l. with tt.o si:;nin,:,; of Ex. P 10., I thorvfcrc tako the view that the contract g 8 0 0 ,.,....,s 1--.1. VVL.t, -,~lcd;er----11· :::; (...;.,.... d rosicndorl on 6 S:::_,_.it,.:cr::bor. ~ ' I c:,111:l in circunstnncos that anountorl. to : -~ tss-::,lution siDJ?liof·'.;-:;:r:_:,, _J.l in dl, I ao so.tis.fiefl that that tho o.r.:ondr_1cn0s to tho i)Uilrl.il'ic plc:.nc ontailon. oxtm, work. This is tiorl. UIJ with tho conpl2-int thc:t apo,rt :E'roo the riso in prices, tLc plainbiff h:1/1. -~o uso tho nore ,):([)onsi vo 25 Lu. hic;h tensile bars in liou :>i' tho 2Jr.F.! ?nrs stipulatG'", in the plans. The lator uor0 As st3,tc(1 o:,,rli~i~, tho ,l_ra.ft plans m"1e provision .for 18 coluons on.ly but tho o.,Jpr-:;vor1_ plans un,cle provisicn .for a .furthor 8 coluTJns. Tho:ro l·T'.1S o.,lso ,::,~-::-vision fl1r n boci.n skirti:ne tho foun"lation. Two :ioro cclur..rm iTO:i:'G o,rlrforl_ in I>/L.1,r-che It is settlecl. tho,t where a contra- ctor has ,1ono uork outsi,fo the cvntract ~::.o onn flocover for such co:.:::i_;loto,1 tho contr2.ct worki 3 IIALSBURY' S, LLUm, fico.,b:i.on c,:f :Lo ~•:r:j.. :;iim1 oohu;ms to a sr;nllor sisoo ,\:J .-\ r·usv.l-~, t:1oi~u.f,)re, t.::.o so.no anount of con.ore-to 0,.,.11•~ '.;::::::·:J ·. -~1icJ:, WGl?0 usor1. in the 26 colw:ms ·,ror0 the s::i.uo Cl.S ;r~ml.r'l /.':1.Ve bGon consu- Mr. 11•'::i.lan_;o.b.e i::.~x..str.:rtorl t~1is "Liy roforonoo to the plans - 0 oo1 to t~w oyo 1:nt :1ut ,_j:J.L:y to ,1.ociphor - o,nrl_ IYI:e. Kihaule di,1 not challerJiSe 0 0 to 1~·0 t!1c boa,n i::1 t:10 fou.,_vy1 :1,tion. l-'1_eully .1,11rl_ acooril.ing to practice, this s:_J;cl•-1 havo lJoon t]:o sulijoct ,J:f a so:;;i.<:i.rate 2"'3'reonent ci,s was the issue ~)f ~.lULt.ntun nervi t., Tl1e quo::-s-cicm of ::_;rices ::i.ri--1 tho use of superior oatcrials will bost be oonsi-loroi c,ftor sottlin.J tho ru::i,turo o:f this contract• I will ther&fore _:_,:-cs::; on t.:i tllc tlliri issue, Tl1c tL.i:rr\. issuo ro,isos a r:1atto~:' ·:rf consirl_erci,ble iuporta,nce. Accoptinc t!1,:d; tho existing works ::1,s vo,luc/1- ;;y tho plaintiff' wore worth 316, 735/=, t:~o q-,_;_usti,Jn is wliot:~cr th:.: plaintiff can rocovor tho nature of tho contract e It is n-::;1-r o~,:1::,u:rtur.cc to stc:.to that there of c<mtracts enti.:'.__> ::.i.:-~~c listv~t the :i:'irst -L7iro of ,rlc.ich nro rolovant, 1.:'uil 11 ::."1(; or works in consirfora:bion of the i_)ay'.Jont of a~fixorl. su:.:1 of nonoy """""'••• often co.llor!_ 1 lu1:ip sun contracts' ( c;,nd) 0 contract to construct tho builrlirl(s~or narks in-c0nsirl0ration of a spccif'ied :i)rice na,il_e u::., ,i:f sopo,rato 1(11JE1Elnts for no:drn11 Contr:wts not ontiro :::.ro tL.oso 1rh;:irc there is no obligation on tho c::rntract n~ tc c0110truct tl:c wholo of a po,:rticula,r work,. : 10 0 0 It w.:1:3 c'"li:lijDn t_:;rou_-r1rl. that tho :9la,intiff wn.s Gl1Gw3'Grl.. to construct au .,1;mJ.;crl to a. c:..,1T0::J,ct 0ntiro~ The question is whetllor ·it fell un~er ca-c::,e:;01~y (1) or (2) 2,bovo;, TL,is turns on the con..struotion of Cln.use 5 (b) of tho a,~;1~00;1ont which ::Jilcos j_)rovision for :paynent in instaloel!rts. 11 It is Q'.:,;o.in stat::./!_ in IIALSJ3u1·ff 1 S LAWS, })c:.rn.. 824, that, In nost builrlil'.1£.:: anr1 or~incorii-JG contracts, :;_)rovision is narl_o for tho payocnt of instn.lnonts rl_u:rinc tho pro.·,ross .)f tho work. It rl.opcnrl.s on the constru.ction of -t:~o ~)o.rtic:D. -;_: oontrci,ct whether or not tho o:ffoct of such o, :,)rovis:~::in is to prevent .,_, ~ the oorr~roct beine ontiro. 11 Althoreh tho 1:-re;scnt contr:,,ct. ;,rovia.,d for })'JJ7T.1ont in instaloents, it will now be rooallocl th.'.lt tho instali:,ents wore not the :price for each sopn.rate sta:::;o 9 r-:-,k.0r, they wore percontQCos of the entire price. St;:1,;0 (i ), for_ inrr~:::.nccJ, wo.s an n.~.v:;,nco J;X1yi.1011t before a,ny constru- cti:.m corr~oncerl_. 11~10 .:1ctu..1.l i1rice f_;:;_~ o:,c:::. sopn.rato stx_;o coulil. im1oe'l bo 'hicho:r ,.,., lmrc,r th.J,n tlrn ii1staL.:onts sti:pul::1ter1... I an therefore of th:, vio~1 that -J:;:::.is 0:.111.tr-.ct ~-,::::i 11 c :mtract entire, or o, luop sun contract, vhich l::.,,lls un..:i or c~~-~ 030ry ( l). Whot~-~Gr or .:1ot a pl:.'.intiff cc.,;: recover on a 9,u.:mtu1J r:ioruit in 2, ll.1r.11; sun c:mtr3,ct lns lon3 been scttlon..o Generally speaki115, a p2.rty who l:10,s f:1ilor1. cooplotoly to perforn his p:1rt cannot r0cov0r :po,y(:8n°t l'or tho nGrlc ho ho..s :•~~1c, for his :ri{3'ht to paynent rl.oos not ariso u::.-itil he hc:,8 cC!Xriorl_ out his part of tho barG.::i.in. An exception to this ru.lo is tl:o:t waero, o.s in the instant co.so, :paynent is to be oo:'lc :)y instnlr.10~:ts, he can only rocovor those instalnonts but not tho cost of tho_ work actunlly "lone, unless there is evir:l.once of a. frost. a,__-~rooi.lo:i:it en·t:itli:ns hio to recover on a quantun □erui t. In con-cr.::,c·~od to i::.uil'l two hJusos n.n"l stables on the rlofenrlant' s land : 11 i .. for a luLlp s1..m,. 1/" ~::on t110 builr'liri-e·s woro still in n.n un:finishon. r·ooovc::· ]).:,J!Jcnt :fc-:: -};~::.o work rlorw rx-,rt ly on a .9..,:::!P,ntun raorui t • Soi th11 -, '.f~--O 2-aw is th2-t ~ w~lC'O tl10l'--, is a contract to rl.o wo:::lc for ::i, lu:::1p s1,E1 1 "-.mtil tho work is- It io sU{;_:;·ostu-l however tL::t t:10 plaintiff was onti tlcr1 to rccovor f'or t~:..c-wor::.: ho ,uf!. on a q,w::,ntun ::::iorui t Q -But in OT"10r ::Lat tl1at r.ny bo so, th-:xo ,:n..:st 7Jc ovirl.onoo-- of __ o, free~::. contract to 1111,::.t e:nountc te; :,, :2:. 0sL contract to :;_xi,y f::ir the work alroarly rlone oay 0 I bo im':'02.'rorl frur:i, t~lC c.mrl_uct of tho_ ~ofonrl:Jnt, but not every conr'luct 1r01..11 7 ;:31.;_st::,in SUO~c an inforoncoo .Ar!"l,rossine hir:1sclf to this aspect ::->laintif'f h,:i,s o,~x:m·lonor'l the perforoanco of a c ~11::rcr':..ot, it is possi l)lo for l-1in to raise the inforonoo of o, 110w o.-:,ntr1,ct to :.~::i,y-for the work on .'.: - _: 1..untun nerui t fron tllo ,fof<,:mrlan-J; ts L,-:1vi11G· to,kon tho 1:0l1ofit _o-f _th'.1-i; work, but, in orrl or tlic1,t thc.1.t r:10.y bo 'lono, the circunstancos · uust lJe such o.s to &ive an o :::,tion to the defe- ni'l_ant_, to t'.11:o or not to toJ::o tho benefit of tho ,;;Jrk il.uno. It is Cl1lz,- wlloro tho circur.istancos ci,ro - :::;uch a;s tu ci70 L:·:t opt ion that th ore is any ovin_onco on whic~l to cround tho iriSoronco-of a,_ new contract ••••••• Tl.19 r:ioro f[',c·c th'.:'..t a r1ofenr'ly,nt is in possession of wlictt Le, 02,11r1c.,t--help keepi1'G, ' or ovoL lms --'Lone vork ,m it, =-ff ___;rds no 1:round for suc:_1 c,n in:foromo. Eu is n-.Jt rJoun'3.. to keep unfinishe,1-c. 1Juilr!.irt; w~-lic:: :~T: t:::,:1 inGcmpleto sk;to lL)ulrl bu o, nuis.1,noc, :m :.1i:J l::,,y-1,:1_ 0 . ·• .: 12 .. A'1ni ttor1ly 7 thG D}icve case wn.r~ one u:wro the plaintiff alx:i,nrlone, tLo work. In tL:i insto,:nt 0~1,so the pl,::,in-~iff' was willirc to continue wi tl: Vie work, its rlisabili tis:,;:; ns,twithstcm'lii:'JG, -;.;-ut tho contract was --- J..' lai'l_ ,fown in the :::bwo case O.i-'1:ily with CQU'11 for·co to tho case before r.10. Tho ::-,,_:;roor.10:,1t ,,-:ts to pay the plaL:~iff in inste:J.oents upon reach.in& cort::"in 0ta::;os :Jf tl-;.o uorks, c1 n:;rr.:13.1 pr:·,ctice oven in lur.ip sun cont-- racts. Thoro 11i1S :c10 · :;,.:~roor.iont to :x:,y f'o:r· tho work done basiric:; on th0 :;)lainti1'£' 1 s costs.. ~[lo inply such a tern woulrl bo inconsistent ·w:ith Jc!10 ux:pross tor,.1s of tb.o contract an<'l I an preclurlorl f'ron rl.oinc so• TL.c, :fa,ct th2t t:10 c0ncract was Lmtually roscin0.ori raisotl no inferonco o:f a now Q.Grooi~10:1t on :1.ny~1ont oi tl1Gr. lf it wore the intention of the 3_Ll'tios to ontor into such an cieroonont tllGy coulrl have_, done so in nt~. P 10a :t!'urtl:cr, such an aeroonont cannot bo inferred fron the fao-~ t~icct tl10 ,'lofon°nnt ·i;ook tho bonefit of the ~rork done. The r1-Gfo:1a.:.,,nt h:::/L no 0:Jtion to t::i.lrn or not to toke the benefit ·of that we:::.:k,. It coulrl not \:oop u:r.':'ini3her1 a. cb-:;c:ah which in an incooplete sto;to 1m1,1J_r7 }10.'rc ~ oen a vorJ unchristian ~1uisa.noe. The proviso to s. 70 of thG Contro.ct Qrrl_iri.alJCC':, Cc;,~:i. 433 1 is also relevant in this rc:::,;::J'.·0. ,, I lnvo tLGrcfor0 rc·~,chorl tJ-1.0 conclusion that the pl.::i,intif:f is :10~ onti tlcrl_ t,:-, rocvvor on o, ,J_v.c,:-.itun noruit I but '.::ould possibly bo onti·flo,7. to :,_•Jc0vv1' t~rn instoJ.nonto in st~::;os (i) anrJ. (:j.i) which have Tho foro_::;oj.r-e..;.ctuoJ.ly rlispoaos of tl.:o question of tho rise in prices ::.uirJ. tho uso of supori()r DCl.tcrio.,1s 2 :mt sonethine nore coultl bo sai"L• J!7:i.r,::-'.:; uf ,:11, Mr·. Kihaulo' s cvi lcl100 on p~icos was nost w1s0,tisf:,,otory. J::o tonr1oro'1 rlocuuonts which he saicl were for ailluctr.::tion 11 ,:mly oxcoi,t for Exe 15 in relation to 200 bcl[5s of ~ oo:.1c;:1_Jc :;:iu.r·cho,3Jr1 .m 11 1'Tovc:-:::.:or,, But there was no evidence that 9- 11 0 •• 13/ e O O. G • e •• 0 0 13 .. 1ny, tlle case of Dans Con,tr::i.ctors oitocl. ,_1,l;-:>Yo is ulso -:;t::tb:.'rit;y- J':\~r tho.proposition that ..) o., 1:Juil"lor ·:r~u unc10rtdrns to porf:.:r~.1 ,'.1 hLiP 81.i.r.~ ccntro..ct w.:-1 ertakos the CO!JiJCrcicl risk t::~:.,.:t rlol,;1-y woulrl_ inc:r•er,so :·,.is costs,. })here it is int0:r:r orf. to cu::r·l ,:iJ2,inst tLis, tl10 norn:11 ~raotico is to insert an cvl.ju:,rtnont cl::1,us,~ in tho c,):::it:;;-r;,:::;"; to :.::,cconv1 o.,te any· fluctU3,tions in Ilrioos~ cfo Oti:J :1J.ovato:,;, C,. Ltr1.·. v~ Tuajan Sil:l[;h & Ors. (1967) E.A,, 78 o Tl::.c:.:o vTC!-S no :vljustuont clci,use in tho instant case o.,n1 it is net 0::.-,-011 to tl:e Court to v.,r1_r1_ an,ytlli:ne by way of an ioplion. 0011tr:1c·c. Thu co.,;_10 is true of the plaintiff I s use of tho 25or1. high tensile t::.ro tn s,,-::Jstitution for tho '20rn:il bars stipulater'I_ in tho builr1 irl{_:: plo.,nso- li'i1'st o:f ull, Mr. Kib..::1u.l0 -~irl. not know their price .:i,nr1 o:!..r1, ar c.:cn:1ut tell what tho price of tllG 250n. heirs was in 1982:r e :Most si._;·ni:L'io1.ntly io thc:t tl.1.8 uzo :;f th0s0 superior bars WD-S not a:;roocl u:;_:,s:::Q Clauso I.). ::if tho a3r-Jo~.1ent roquirorl tl10 plaintiff l'ilr· .. l(i~:;.::,uL.; wont :,Lv:v'l. :~11:l ncvlo use of the 25m.1. bars nithout roforonce wi t~::<:>ut autlLri ty ::::ro~1 tJ..o u .:_'l..;~·0r constructs tho works of bettor i::ui:torials thm t:.·.•,)8·~' st:i.:i_)U].n;to,1 in tho c;onc:::nct, • he c::,,tj. only rocover tb.o contr2.ct _;J:::.'ico wi tl.:•Jut ct,l1JT incro 1se ir_:_ ;,rice for the superior :.:a.tc:ci8,l;:::: use", I:: sl,-::rt_, the, rise L1 ::}rices 1J..YJ.<1. tho use of superior . no;torials n:r,) ir:.;:oolcT-:..'..nt in a. contr.:1o-t of t>is kiricl. L1 th0 f :-ur-tl, irn:::t,G wo :,,re roquj_ro,1. to rlecicfocl whother axiy build.ins n,1-tori2ls wuru left ~;t tho sito so as to entitle tho J?l.'.lintiff to P:J.y,.1ont of 5:.;, 22J/=o 02100 ~Jain, -tho ovirl.onco was uncertci.in as to tho ...., typo '.'..ni( g_u,_--1,n:l;ity o::: ::i.:-;,to:ric..ls loft :ct the site. J.1he quantities a,11.ogocl I •· " ,. • 0 " 14 . 0 • • by Mr. Kihaulc woro ~Toator than t:wso a'l_:-1itto11 ~y ¥.tr~ Snittar Si:n&h of Central Encinoeri:nc: Works,. I:xo SiJ:1.._)1 .::c--l;Jittor' Lvil.in.::; about 400 to 500 concrete blocks t a.bout ~ l'.:.1lf a lorr;r-loo/'l. _o,:f ..tonos, a, storo, one bo.g 5:f conont, scattororl sa::1-i, ono lorr;r-loa/1. ::._~ ,± 11 c?Cc;rogato, and scattororI l)iooos of tiubor i·f_ich :.:o torno"l 1'-tu.kata:.::~. 11 • Ile sairl that if oxry uoro uatorials woro ::..c:::t l,y the :plc:,inti:ff: ·:Loy r.ri.c;ht ho,vo boon stolon to:foro llo took over. Mr. Ki:...=.ule ~ntc·jectod to say 2 llQh yes; thoro was a lot o:f thefts,, I suf'for,..:,d "~' lot t•:::io. 11 It mitS then in ovi"lonco that tb.oro w::1.s n,: watchn:m o.t the si to .fro □ tho onrl of M:1y to tho r.rl.r1rUo of July whon tho socon,'l contractor took cv0r. If tho:fts coulcl. occur whon tl:o plaj_nti:ff was still at tho site, it uust havo boon a f'reo for all r'lurL':.::; that intoriu. On a balance of probabilities,_ thoro£orcs, I n.cce:.:,t tho CJ.U..1.lltitios anr:1. state o:f tho mterials as ar7-Lri.ttod by Mr. Sir:1GL0 Without c;oi:r:r; into t::,.c ~.·:.lus ::f tho :vhti. ttor'l_ nate:ia,1s 1 tho contJ.'actor. Thero .+ ...L,i_ L'--•.• J tJ a. ,llrioa .,_, faoie inference tb:1t tho r.ntori:J.1.c loft at t~·~8 si't'-. :2o~uinerl. vqstei:,_ in tho plaintiff. Tb.is rl_ocunont not!honod b:ricl:s only 1 half' of which the plaint i:ff was to ta...1<o anrl rlin tako, '.i.1~:o onission to nontion other r.nterials was not acci0.ontal. In Hr. Kib.aclors worns, Ex. no talks o:f bricks only boon.use I was thon of tho viow that I coulr'J. rfomto the i~ost of tho mtoria.1s ::;rg,tuitously to the Churcl1, boliovinrJ I was rfoali?U w.i.th Chrietit:1.llf>• g 16 . 0 I 00:10 to the.; fifth issuo 7 tll~t is, whethor the :plaintiff was • )vorpn.yod anr1 ,i!:10t!:,~r the rlofcnrlant is ontitlorl. to ro90 vor tho ovorpoyn~mt • Tho rlofonr1ant alle,:;orl ovorpa.;ynont of 50, 000/= on ~ho uncon].)~otorl. founrl_o,tion anr'l tho unoo,:~nlotor1_ two extra. c ,1ti::..'J.1:::i. valuation was tho correct one, thoro CI.PPoars to bo '1 case of ovor- ])aynont. 1 l1l10 issue is whothor tho ovor:,Jayr.10nt is roce,'Voro,blo. can bo rocoveror1 by :i.n action for r.1oney liarl an•:. rocoivorl a But th.J.t is Gcnern.lly spoalci:r..~-;; c,t!:!.orwiso onu has to turn to tl1c class of - - tho contract o.n'l tho toros tb:D. 00:f. 0 In buil "1irJ8' contrc:cts t:'..-_1_ore is invariably a olauso for payuont u:;:,-on ;;Grtification by tho enp-- loyor1 s 3.l'Cl±f;oct. · In tb.o instant c:J.so, Glallilo 5(11) ctipub.,to"l that pey~.1onts wo1.,url_ be r.v:,/lo Uj)on cortific.::,.,tion 1Jy Il'f:r·. Ihl:,1·r;2.L'-O• <1rlent of his o..uthority. i archi toot Larl_ lini torl ,.mthori ty 1Jocau.zc1 '-i) :.io wo,o a:,;>~;ointorl_ without ~,as substantially cooploto ,:;,hr1 t:'..-,u r10,tG of cor:plotion hr:/l c1lnost ,JJ:Tivorl; c.nrl_ (3) llo 1ras not a . i:PCinterI ux1"cr tho torus of the contract, ::lloro .., boi:r:\3" no ::,rovision thoroin for such a:i,11)ointnont. Tlut co..se ~-z ovidontly rl.istircuishablE;, fron tho ~,Jrosent- 011.0. In tJ~is case ,:· ·Ir·. M;.:i,la11,3ob.o I s a~Jpoint :10nt was fron tho begi mri.11[_;' part o,nrl pare c,l .., f tho contract. Cltmso 5(7J) also :;:irovi .:ie,1 tll::;,t iJCi,ynont would be J.rl.o up::m "satisfc;ction of tl.io l~rchitect lloroinboforo rui,norl. 11 • This •••••••17/••~••e g 15 g " It is evir1.ont, thorofo:r-,:, 1 thD.t tho plai,1ti:ff' eloctorl to c;ivo up ~~ts rit3'hts over the ot: .er ,J.:;1,tcri.'.11s. 0 Bvi.t it is not correct to :10.y, as Mr. Kiho,ulo "l~-'1 1 t:.iat t~o electi.on was 3ratuitous. I tLink it was support,>-" by consicle:ration. In this case, tine w:1,s the c.,sonc o of the contr110t •. The , p1ai:rrtif'f was by Clause 3 requircn. to conplote anrl.. hanr~ over the clarrch by 25 July.. Th::.s rlate wc,s never vnrio11.. (AlthvU£,;h the rlof'on'lant awnrrlofl. tllo contract to another contractor 2-:,:;_;arently ~)o:fo:e that rlato, I think it was ontitlo,1 to a.o so -'.1s by no uiracle could the plaintiff 1:avo fulfillO"l th0 conrlition.) hen tine is tho 3EJsenc0 of tho contr.:--,ot .v 2)~forr.mnoo trust 1Jo con:plotorl u:;_)on tho ·bh~s ca~e, thorofo:ro, t:.io 11ofow'lant coulr7 have ro1::iurlia,to11 the contract That, in qy viow, c·Jn:2;-ci:tutoa. sufficioic-'.: o-:m,sir!_o.rc..tion fc·r tho to roscinrl it c;,t a- tine. _on oa,ch lms out- .Jtr-111-l_i1"(; ri_~:~ts u.n'1 or t. o contract n,~e,inst tho oi;hc,r. _Jn ;::uch o. c.:1sO 02,ch · po.rty e;·ono- rally 1,rc1vir1 os consi · ··ration for tho otlwr 1 s J?romsc to rolccso hin lly ::;i vi1-ic- up :1is own rich ts unrl er th.:, contrC1ct. ::~1ore W2.S ~lonco c011sirl or::--..t~:..on in this case. I tl10rcforo finrl. tho rtofon.rl_ant not :1..ia,1.;lo to Daleo PaJ"□ent for the nntorin.ls loft at the :,i to. It :follows ~-:2c;-:: tLo foro3oi.?B thq.t the whole of th0 pln,intifff s ob,in r:1ust f:1il,. -/ ·~··••o•••···--- •v••••••• ♦ . 0 0 17 stipu.11-tion wns not q_ualificfl. by any otb.or clause. In tho ci:r.·cw:.isto.nces~ -'~ .,J I fin'l tl1at tho '.1:ppoint,.Kmt of Ifrr. Mtlarr,..;·a.he was not a supcradrle1't PI\)- ~ tocticn to the ilof~_n,~ant, ;:r ', :.o wo,s clothe:~ with full ann unqualified c1.uthori ty to ,.1o,lrn rlocisions lJiff1 i11:~: on tl:o nofon,'lzJnt. In tl:.is view I ::m further stro:1,_·~·t·1onc,r1 by tLo f),ct th::.t wlwn 1 on 2 So:Ptar.illor, Mr. Kihaulo oot tLo rl_ofonr1.nnt Is :ro)rosencatiVGEl to •1iscuss ~.ciS valuaiion of the works, tl:i.oy rofuso,l. to •1 isouss tl~o ::1.:1-tt0r boc2,uso Mi~~ Mtl~ahe haPl)onocl_ to be absent., I ·: u thorofore o:f tl10 ,ricw t:-:.it. t~~o "',,fonrl.a,nt ,.. . bounr1 by its c..rchi -;; c ~t ' c ,..... - --- .. , ,- , '., ....... '. WQ.S \.J ...,~ .... _____ ...... __ .., :" ,..,.._,, tLc ::orc~:Litoot 2 it is l than the 1,laintiff, tl.10,t is lio."i..:+o to tLo '1oi'onr7.o,nt for any overpay- rxmt. th2,-c whon '111 nrcl1i toct issues int;:;rin co:r<;ificatos, o.s M:ro Mi:ll3:3'J'ru10 ,lj_r1, llo is n::,t '.lrl o.r1Ji trntor or q_i;.::1sio.rbi tro.tor but an a-.:,;ont an<'l wouJ_:i :o lio.tlo :for _·,11y nJ:_sli~\0nco in {sr:.,:1ti:rl[S tho certificates .. The u:::i,ttor !Ja] o.lso -~ic, vioworl froo. t:10 point of view of equity. Sooti 'Jn 72 of tho ◊Jnt:ro,ct Orrlinanco provirlos for the ropaynont of su.rJs :Pai•-l unrl.or o. nis-colco o,s to :J. r.nttor of fo.ot. This :provision ia i:n 1X1-ri ::i-'--,,teria wit~1 Se 72 of tho In-'1fo,n Contract lict, 1972}1it~e:r 10 a,pplio::i,1.;lo in this country. Tho l:1ttor l)r:)Vision was consinoren. by tho IIich C0m·t of U::::,,..,-yl_a in JG.r.nl Fqn,ji & Co. Ltrl. v. Lint Marketing Council in Sri Sb.ih1, P.r,-:i,sJ/l Si1-::;h v. MoJ.1~1r.J.j2. IoA$ 244, that it wo.s 11ot t::, bo iu:;:lior1. (fron tho section) that OYOr;/ SUi~: Sri sl:c Chan.r1ra Nanli ::.:iair1 unrl_o:r.' ,'J, r:ri.stako is rocovcro.ble no [latter what the (1949), 76 1 circuostc.ncos niy boo There r.1.:iy :.:o in c~ ):J.rtic·1.,1liJ.I' c:..1.so circuostcUlcos whicl:: r:ia;y :'lisonti tlo ~ 0l.'.1in2,nt by ostOl'~)cl or othorwis0. Siuilnrly I' of oquity in o:,::v1.or to ron·cr it in-coEi~- >lo., f 1$ I z 18 - of our s. 72 to bo subj cot t,.; cq_\:!it;y ::m,:i I 3.D o,cain of tho oi_)inion whou tJ:w j_)lc~irrtiff r1oal t in :_;o;__;cl :fo,ith. SocornUy 7 this was not a tion nor SUS:i.,icion tl:at ·the, entire nonoy was not utiliserl. in the oo- In the wor'ls of Goff anrl Jonos in TIIE LAW 0.:" .RESTITUTION (1966) at P• 25 2 004 ..... o., ... it is now csto.rJlisho"' tl.lat noney :;_,,o,ir7_ u.nr''tor a contr::;,ct lator~brYught to an onr'l. is rocoverablo, :"1rovir1orl. t~~~-,,t tho~consir'1.era- tion for tho :e:1yn0nt ll,1r:: wholl~r failoc1-. J!'or tho reasons I J..J,7;,; endoc1vourorl to ski,to, I-fir:.-l t~1.::i,t noithe.r tho clclin nor tho counto~clai::1 has boon ostahlishecl. I ,usoiss both • 'I1ho parties will bc:::e t::.oir costs. • l DO:UOJl/1'1. 2 2 · J anmry, 1986 • \