19980806 TZHC Dar es Salaam

JN THE HlGH COURT OF TANZANIA A'f. .. Pf\R .._.F,:~_§/\i/~~t.1 (Original.ing from RM C.i.vi.1. C.:Jse No. 7.:12 of 1994 of Court, Dar es Salaam) · · Kisu t..u Resident· Magi::;.t ra l.es RA,JARlJ MUSSA . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . APPELLANT VERSUS RAHMA SF.t.EMENI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·. . . . . . . . • . DEFENDANT RAjnhu Mussa, Appellant, dissatisfied with the decision of l:111,i l<•i~;11t.11 HP.nicl<rnl. Magir;l.i'nl.l~'B court: (l.onywiiy; PHM) which .• 11phe 1d R;1hma Se le111,1n i; s cl ;3.i.1n for de.1 .i.very and possession of house Nd. 37 Waj_les Street built on plot No. 150 Block :n', Dar es Salaam, has come to this.court armed with 4 grounds of Appe;-il nilfnP.-1 y - t.1v1t there is no agreement showing t.hat he sold thP. tP.1.P.vrinl. hnus1:i P.xcept thr.lt he pledged it as security for shs. 1,000 . 000/= lH~ing U,e pun..:tP,se price of a motor vehicle which sum WAS to be liquidated through col.lection of house rents; that he h;-11.l offP.n~d I.he lloui-;e t.o the Respondent., Rahma, for shs. 8,000,000/~ supplemented with a '!Kibanda" somewhere else which l1r1ve tH-W<·H· bAP.11 givf.!11 l.o h.im; thr1I. Im d.icJn't know the sign.ifi.r:rlnce of t·he signr1!:11re he affixed on documents at: l:he 0 Chang' nmhe Po 1 ir.A Rtr1 t. ion un<let µoLi.ce duress and tha L the .agrP.P.tnent bet.wP.P.n U1~rn concerned motor vehicle and not: house as r:1 exemplified by the fact that .the Respondent sU.J.i possesses the Motor Vehicle Registration card because the debt of shs. 1,000,000/= has not been fully paid. He is surprised that his house has to be possessed by 1:he Respondent when conditions of thej r r1grfrn111ent havP. n0t ful 1 y been complied with. 1 i' ,' ,I J L, The Rei::pnnden·t:- sued. t.he Appellant for delivery and poi:;session of honse No . .37.- erected 011 plot No. 1.50 Block "H", whi,:h l1r-> cl.:li111P.<l In h;:ive bought from the AppeJJ;:rnt. on 29U1 Mar:·ch, 1')9 1 n11rl 1 /01· \-Jltich l,n ol>lr1i11Pd '1'.iLIA rl<-rn<J No. 4'.~50]. WltP.ll I.he l\pp1-ill;1t1! w,1::, p11sllf-'HI it·1lo ch1f,~11c:P. ltP. c~CJU111.P.t·FH1 hy n~ful'..ing t..he ex iF:Lence of any siwh SiJ:le qua] .i.fying .ii: however by an f·!Xpl;111,1l.io11 l.l1;il_ l1<~ t1;-1d bo11<Jhl. ;-1 l<IA 111\v HHgi_r-;tr-al.ion No. 'J.'SC 7.8~6 from Plaint-.iff\Respondent at l,000,000/=; pledged the re J ev,1n L ltouse as c1 r:;ecur .i. t y and on concH lion Urn I: the rnon thl y .H~n t. paym~n t therefrom I to he collected by Pla it1t if f \Respondent, w,rn l.o defray Rtlc:lt debt-. 1111l..il it.s 1 iq1J.idr1ti.on. Hf! ~ddP-d however t-. h,1 t I a l:<-H" lie d i.<1 h;:1 vFi :::;ome cl .i sc:11s s i.on with Hei:;pond E-Hl t concern .ing t:.he pos::.ih.ility o.f tbP. Jr.ltler purchasing the said house upon fulfilment of cert-..3.i.n conditions, that nevertheless the t. r ansnc 1. ton never srt il ed through alt hough at one point he was fot .. <:P.d In :;iqn somr~ cloct111H~11l.s l>P.forf-~ l.l1f-l polir,e. Hf~ insist~d t-.J;;1t. i.l 11~ ; 1 1 I , i 1,.1 M<I I. i 1. I t·! , I n i:-> , l \-J ; 1s ; , t >I" o d tJ c I of f h 111 <1 a n c1 f o r CJ c➔ r · y . 1n -r:·esponse the Respondent rn<1intained that there were t.-.wo different·. ;igreemFHJtR hetwe<-rn her and Appel .lan t. One co nee rned a nu,tor v1-Jliiclo for which thi~ p111·cli;1i,;r:i pt·icH, Rhn. 1.,000,000/=, w;Ht ftil.ly ;rn<l i111111P.di;ll.Hly 1:-,;1i<I ,1fl.1H exrH~lll.i.on, 1:md the othf!r so111fd.i111e .later:, concet."11ing snle of the disputed house. The Resvoncle11L\Plaint.iff called 2 witnesses apart from herself i 1'1ohamed Ismail; Advocate ( PWl) and Fauz Twalib, Acivocale (PW3),while the Appellant\Oefendant called 3 witnesses, Vincent Chandenda (DW2) and Maulidi Tddi (DW4) both his tenants and Rashid ,T111n,1 Knherna I hj s neighbour, npart from himself. the trial C!otJt."l.. tllJ<)fl hHarin<:_r l.hH t>at .. l:.Je~; and tht•!.Lr w.i.tne,;sea ~ believe~ \:he plaintiff\Respondent Rnd his witnesses and decided in his f;wour. 'T'he trin.l court observed and conr.:1ucled that there were two separr1te sAJe ~greements between the parties - one tendered aR Rxh. Pt, dated l.5lh December, 1993, in respect of the 2 motor vehicle, and unreJ.;:ited to the other tendered as exh. P2, dRLP.d ?.91.11 Han::h, 1994, i 11 rPspect of the d i.sputed house. Before thi.s court the Appellant defended himself while Mr. Mse 1.em, AdvocFl t.e, who ·al 1. ;:i long advoca led for Respondent, m,3 in La j ned same teprese 11 tat ·i ve capacity. 'T'IIP. A.ppe 1 J.;rn t preAe11 l".Ad hi A rn1-1mor.Rndum of a,t,pea l ln Kisw;:ihiJi in thP. form .J have transJ.ated and par~phrased above and wh i di hf1 ,1rJopl.ecl w i t.hou 1·. arJd it.ions { except. ,rnswer i ng a quest-.ioil l>y l.lu~ cn111 I) ;ii. I.hr-~ l1f'.\;11'itHJ of' I.hi:-. ;1µpeal, whi 1P. Mr. MHeJHlll ;uguecl l.h.:-i L F.xh. P7... t r;1ns fer iJgreement, was never contradicted, and nP.i.1:.her c:ould it be varied by oral agreement as that would be contrary to s. 100 (1) and 101 of the Evidence Act - citihg H2J.fi.ln ___y___J~.is.h_w_~__ jJ_9_!3_0J .....Tf,.F., _)_Q2,_;_ that. the credihi l.i.t:y of witnP.SnAS as found by t-.he tri.al cou.tt cannot be faulted; that: Exh. Pl does not refer to any rent or tenants hence was a separate agreement; that the Appellantis 2nd gtound of appeal involving shs. 8,000,000/= is an after-thought as it was not inclu<lHd in the p.le;icl.i11gR nor was any evidence offered in its regard; that:. the third ground can't-. have a base hecarnrn Appellant <l irJ nol. show r1ny ev i ,-Jenee U1r1t he was ever arrest~d by the police nor did hP bot:.l1P.1- l.o show which of thP. agreement was he al.legetlly .forcfHl to sign_: that if the ,1llegations c:oncernit1g i~ent t.o cie.ftay the p11rcha::;e price wP.rP. Lt1h~ t·.he Appe l.1.ant would have disclosed how rntich so f;n hAs been pFii<l; that the ~egisti:"al:.ion card of the 111\v is r.;t·. i I J. .in U,e hands of f-.he Respondent because t:he Appellant refused to take it on second thought.s - calling S. 20 and 30 of ~Rp. ~04, RRleR of Goods Ordinance, to his aid, and finally, r, i ten S_lu ice ..BroU,ers __ J F. ._A. __,,LtdJ vs Mathias, and Tawars ___ Ki tomali _{J. 980)......TT,_R,.. 294 to support. him on the proposition that Appellant did fully 11nderstFrnd the contents of the document he signed as t·.he i-H]vocaLeR fully AXplrJined the s;:ime l:o him. 3 ' ' ,,. i l .' ,, J.; " ·,, .. :,,/ /.-.,' .. - _if· '.i :r.n reply thA Appellant irisjsted that he did not refuse the • -~ %, ; ca rd hnt U1a t Responr11?.nt. m;:i i ntn i ned keeping it t .i. l J. ful 1 payment of U1P dflht _. r111rl t hr1t t.he Rr~spondt~nt Hired l1im int-.o goJ ng to the po 1 i f'.P :-.; I ;1 I ion. T l1 r1 v e c ,1 n~ .f 11 I 1 y p r1 i. d cJ u e ;-i L t e n t·_ i. o n I. o t: h e a r g u III e n t s pl'P.1->r~11l1-1cl; lhf) 1~vidP.i1<:<~ lf!!Hl~rA(l nnd t·.he nppl.ir.able l;iw ;:ind l li;1vH I.HJ!. r~onclt1<,fo<J I.hat·. thi::; appe-:1.l hnR no mer.if-.. T am s~1t-. isf i ed that t.hP. trial court propet.ly found th;.tt Urnre wen~ two c1.ifferen1". ;F,1ree111P.nts bet.ween the Appellah1:. and ResponrlenL r.1s F:xh i bi t·.e<l in t·lle respect-. i ve documents_. F.xh. Pl and P~. I will an~Jyse the grounds of appeal generally and togethet. PW:1., Mohamerl Ismail, ,rn Advocate, deposed how he drew up the two r1yrnH111P.11t·.R ,111<1 it ii:; sn indic;Jto,1 on fHlCh of them. HA t. ,.1: ~ t i r i n d II ow p ,·I r I i e i:; a pp r o n \'.I I r-i d 11 , 111 I o r I. It i A FHH1 hnw JH -· M,HI mt' y , Advoc,11.H_. wi.1.rH~8sP.d t.ln:i sign;1f.ories reg;:1t-d.i11g P.xh. Pl. He furU1Pr- rlPrH)Rf'ld how Advocate Fr111z 'T'wa i b witnessed the sr.1.me parties ' f'!XAc:111·.i.ng t.he ?.hrl i'!gt-eement, F.xh. P2. The witness showed that r..xli. rl c·nnce1'11P.c.1 r.;;:1te of ;1 11101.or vAhir:le wh:ile Exh. P?. c:oncf!rrli=H1 sale of n house. Mr. F'nli?.: TwFJ.ih, Advocate_. testified as PW3 in s11ppor1. f.hrHenf. 'l'h"! SF! i cl F.xhi bi t-.s support: these test.i monies. F:xh. r·1 wr.1s executed on l :1th Dec. 1993 while F.xh. P2 was executed on 29th Match, 1994. 'T'hete j s nothit1g in these documents wh.ich suggest the cont-.nny ]P.f". alone suggesting that they are ih't.et- reln1 ed. court fotrnd these wU·.1H"S8f'.R r1t1d Respo11dM1t. 1'hP. t·.rir-11 cn~diblP. ,-:ind t fine] ho c,Jro11nds f.o f;Hi'IL t:hat stand. nl)th hr~fnt--H t.lii➔ 'i.ri;1l coud. and in Ids 111P.morr'tt1<l11111 of ,1ppA;:il 1. he Ap!Jf·d ·1 ~ n t·. UtgHs to be believed t Im t .Exh. Pl not t e 11 i ng is t-.he truth - tha.t it is i;upplemented by 13n oral understanding between the two whi.ch had it that the shs. 1,000,000/=, ptlrch~se pr.ice_. was t.o be paid from the collectiori of terits from the d.i.i=;putP-d hous?. wh:ich had beAn pledged as security fort.he debt.. 4 ·,/_:r . )?' f Apru-t frnm being lhwi'irted by PWl ;;ind 2's evidence \:his argument f .I rr1nit 1Agr1lly ::;1·.nnrl and nP.if·her cnn it he bo11ght by common sense / ., ;ip;:ir·t. ft·om he.ing h111·t.rPssP.d by somFJ cn11l.r;1d1ctions ~nd :irr:econci:lable n,1,·r;:rt.i.ons :inhen~nt in his evidence including pleadings. Lega 11 y _. as r:ighU y argued by Mr. Hselem starting from the ttial court, allowing the alleged oral understanding to creep in the written agreement, Exh. Pl, would go counter toss. 1.00 (1) a n (l 1 o 1 o f t: he F: v i d P.11 r: P. !w t. s ,~ r. ti on 1 OO ( 1 ) p r o v i ,JEH~ , i n pa r t , "wlH!II I ltr-i l.,➔ t 111:.; of ;J conl.n3ct ... lrnve been reduced in a fonn of n dor;nment: .. no evi.dP.nce sha.11 be given in proof of the 1'.erms of sur.h contr:act ... except: the dnctrnH~nt-. .i tse l f, or secondary evidence'· of its contents in cases in which secondary eviden~e iR ,n1rnissible Under. the provisions hef'ei.n beforP. r:onbl.ined", "WIH-'!n Urn t·.enn::.; of Any si1ch contract . . . . . have heen proven ar:conU ttg to sect.ion l00, ho evidence of any oral ~greement or statement shall. be admitted, as hetWfHHl t.he p;irt i P.n t·.o FIily sm~h i tlRl'.tlllll(•Hlt . • . • • ' ' fo1· 1h,~ p11rt>OFH3 of co111.1·;JC1i.cl·.ing; v;nying, addi.ng to, or i::mhU·;.1cl ..1 ng from ,it~ t.erm:" and goes on 1-.n p.rovicle six exc~~pt.ions Which rJo not cover the pn~sent. :=; i t·.11ation. Authori.ti.es, both foreign and local abound, but a classical examp.1 P. .is t Ile f<h,11 frrn v I< j chw;1 c~se cited by Mr. Mse le111, Adv o ca t·. P. [ 1 980 : T . r1 • R . 1 O9 ] in wh i ch .. Lug;=, k .i. n git a , ,J ( as he then was), at page 311 nf the judgement had the following to say, "Tl·. is clear~ from s. 101 Urnt:. evidencP. may not b~ arlmi t.1'.P.d of Ah or·rll Agreement·. fm· Urn puq-,ose of (! <.HI 1'. r r1 rl i c t: i. n g , v ,n y i 11 g , rHM i n g t o , o r s u ht r F.l c t 1. h g from t:hP. h::\_t:·m!=l of a wd U·.en cont.1--ar.t. lt. f.ol lows, on t-.he r.0nvArr-;i:i, tlrnt. f:!VidP.ncP- m~y bP. rHlmitt:.ed of s1wh n1·:-1·1 ;1gn=Hrnu=rnl·. if it cloes l'lot· p11t·port· t.o c n n I t ,H1 i r • t , v ;1 r y , ;1 <1(1 l. o , o r m , b I. t' ;11 : I. f , om t-. It e -.I '.·· writ· f'.<-rn t.er·1ns of 1-l-1~ contract: c:entu.ry Automobiles v::; Htitch.i_ngs Ri.~mP.r E.A. 304. Proviso (h) (1(}65) l,o l·,l1P. RP.<'I in11 Urn 111al.. l'.P..t:fi Lo be taken itd:o falfll s out. ?1cco1111t in A<lndt1.·ing such ev.idr-mce. Tl1P.se ;n-P, two: f i n;t, t:hP. nl"rt l .c1gnrn111~11I gn1.1gh1·. i-.o hA prov~rl hy Stich / P.vi<lAncP. :-::;11011111 11nl· hP. i1H.:onr-d1..ent w.it.h the 1·.P.t:ms of r:n1rt·.n1r~t; iH•H~orHlly, n=-!g,Hcl ir; Lo be h,3d of U1P. dP.gn~e nf fon11r1li i y of l.hP. dnr:11111P.nl.". P,n-r1s 1 ,rnr1 ? of Pxh. P1 clr~arly, i:iild unamlii.g1im1Ftly HLi-11.P., "l. 1'11<-'! RP.LT.ER wi 1 l se1 l and THE BUYER will buy the said motor ~ehiclR for·a consjderr1tion of Tan~ania shillings nnR mil.li0n ~nly (TRHR. 1,000,000/=) (hereinafter callea ''1-he pnn-:lr,::isP. prier-'!"). 7.. '!'HP. RllV!rn i,hal 1 l,>,ly t-l-H-'! afnrAsr1ici tHln:lti;lF;P, pi::ir:<'! upon U,P. sig11i11g or this ;1gt·ee111et1t". Tt is t r11e t.ha t. PWl, Mohamed Ismail, Advoca. te, did not witness the money exchanging hands but it is not unusual that parties who h;:ive r.ommon ondersL=inrl i.ng, in most: hur.:;i ness Ltr1ns,H;l-. ionr-;, exec:111·.P. <lo1:11111P1tl_::; IH-!fon~ wlto<-~v,-ir i:, l<~g,1.l ly ,11Hl offici11ll.y al·lc,w,~d 1.o ;il.t.<.,sl, ;rnd pt·cwc-iPcl, at. t.hi=dr own pace and iH a diffetent ,=ne-,, t·.o I. ransact the exd1rrnge of hard casl"l from one to a hot her. This poi.nt WAS not pursued for cl;n·ity bot:. in my view the ornir~.c;in11 is not·. f;1L;1l t.n t.h<➔ R8spondent-.iFl Cclf.;8. 1'hrtt said lt:. nt.andi~ rrnt cl(-'!;nly lh,1L i.egr1lly the allf~ged oral r1gu'!e111ent ca11 1101. llP. i111pnrlc➔ <l into exh. P1 as ,:lpart from it-.R fonnality w.ill cnnrpl.P-1:P.l_y r~lvrngfl i.fs :i.111port. That apart, even tteading on mP-re common s~hse, lhe .:lJ.lP.gnti.on As presented by the AppP.l 'l.:nd·., ftmdamehtal.1y mat.P-tin.1. :-tr~ i I·. w,,,,1 fl ::;P.r1rrr,. ;J:~:=;tuni ng it·. AVAr trH-,k t;>l ;,tee, r;an11c11·. lJe exclucled in any agreement .in rP.st;iect of the transaction of the nr1h1re H1r1t. lerl 1.o ihR for-rn;-il.ion o'f F:xh. P1. Wl,y shoul.d it he excluded .i.f tl1r11" w;rn l.hP. 1.trHfotsf.al'lcling bet:.ween PrlttiP.s? Appellant has not: P..xplrtined why, :i.f t·.r11e, was it h.i.dclen! A.lso i.t ii=; not of ins.ignifir.1H\Ce U1at'. there ;:ire cont.r·.,ulir:1 .ion8 and inconsisf·.ei1cen oli the part. of the Appellant 6 regarding t:he ;-i l .l 0ged or;-i l ngreement supplementing Exh. 1.. In his a f f i d av i t , f or. J P. r1 v e t·. o d P. f encl I: h F.l s 11 j t. , ~ ( a. d mi t 1-. e d a. s E x h . 7 ) i n p;:ir;i. 4. 1.hP. AJ.>rlf-!l lant·. SLll.P.<l: t1l~<-'!fn1·µ, w1~ Pt1l·.P.n~rl inl.o I hr-i r-;ald AgrP.f!lllfHil-. WA hnd nr;illy Agt·AArl that RinrP. 1 did not have the ~tirchas~ p,-i~e i.R shs. t_.ooo_.ooo/= requir.ec1 for the s;jid vAhlclR T wn111~ pledge my aforesaid ho~se as s~cLltity, ,rnd f-l-1e {)lr1ii1f·.i.ff wr1s to tAceive Urn n~nt ar.rid.ng f.tom t IH-'! s;l i cl l1t111:::;R 11n Li .1 U1R l i q11 i cl.:H. i.on of the debt. The rent is Rhs. 1.0,000/= per month". In tJrn written st.ntement·. of defence, patr.1 2 .. the A.ppel.lant:s,. fol lnwi11g u,(~ hH-1;1kdowt1 of UtA sa:irj kt A vehicle ti • • • • the defendant apptor1ched the plaintiff lo tegist~r his dissaUsfFJction tipon which it was agreed that on top of the s;:d.cl vehi~lP. the Plaintiffs would buy the t-.he Defend.:rnt n smal 1 house j n consideratioh of the nr~fe11rlm1t-. s11rt-r~ndP.i"ino U1P. snit housH t-.o Urn Pl,:1i_11t:iff. 'T'l11'-! t)wfPnrlr111I. iR i:;1:.-ill willitt<J i.o R11t·r-011chn i.hr:.-i S;Jic1 hr>11se to U,e P 1.n in U. ff upon fi·, l f i J.menl: of Uie ,if oresa id cond i t.i.ohs ... ". However,. ln his or~l testi~ony before the triai coUtt, the Appellant-. hringi::; in t·.oi.r-1.lly r1 hew f;:ict:.or· which he maint,:Uned befoi'e this court in gr·o1.1nd two of his rnemotandum of appeal. He " ..... it. (mv) worlu~d for one week only. T even told plaintiff that the motor vehicle had ceazed ehgih~. She gave me shs. 350,000/= for repairs. She told me that t shou i.d sell her the house. l dec.U.hed. t told hr~r that r would onJy sell fot 8 ini.lli.on shil.U.hgs. 8he said thi3t she would sell her. house .ih t.owh so t. hat she cr.1n huy my house. Plaintiff of :feted ine a r1 h;:rnrln ih l<P.ko nr Mtoni Ki ii.chi.. I dee] ihed. I to.1.d ltP.r U1at: LltP.rP- wr1s r1h;:rndi'i j r1 1'anrli.kFJ go·i hg for: l. 5 111.illim1 Rhilliny:-,; arnl T could rnove t.hP.re soon l: wni:; t>a i cl p11td1,rnP. vr i.ce 11 • Rhortly i:lfl:.er this Rtc1t·.f!ment he went ori to say Uvit-. he could Vrl<:A1-.e i-.he cl i R1Jiil.P.<1 hnttRA if !>rl i rl shs. A mi. l i i.ot-i Rt1d gi.vt:?h ;:'kt:,hrti1tl;1 worl:h ·j. !i tu·i l'I in11! 7 I From f' h8 i3hovP. contr;:irJ i.ct innR ;.incl pi-opmincling wn11J1I 11;1t.11r,-1Jly nivolt. ag;:iinsL common sensr➔• why q111i t I ltP r:nnl.~~nl ::; of 1:rnr,1. rl r-d: f'l ric: n fro III l'.I IP. a f f i <I ilV i t-. ( Ex Ii . r 7) if .i nr:onsish=rnGP.S what he is ?. nf 1.liA w,· i LI.en st.ril·.A111fH1I:. a t. rt 1 1 t-.Jrn y wA re First, of f-. r o A? SP.crrnd I y, !tow rln WP r·P.r:r.>11c: i le I.lie conl.P.111.s of para. ?. of Lhe wril.h.~11 sl;Jl·.P.111r~11t· of d,~frH1c~? wil.h thP. oral. 1.Ast-.imnny .in co11rt.? 'l'h i nl 1 y ,• <loP::; i I, tlln wi l h cnmmr:,n fH➔ nse 1·.h;:11·. the RASPotH1Aht. c:nuld 11.,ve pr1r1-.eo wil.h i:;trn. 350,000/= for repr1ir. of a VP.hir:J.e shA t1r1rl sold ,11·. r1 pr·ice nf 1,000,000/= just. ii week before, a price simply sP.r~11,·P.rl by 10,000/= r·P.nt:. monthly, when, by r.tl.1. means she harl not·. pnr~lu~t-P.d P.VP.n i'i 111ont·l1s' rAnt-. becnllf.H~ n month had not yet J.11psP.d?! Whr1t wo11l<l fhA shs . .1!10,000/= be for - a loan, i-l gr,3nt, or wh;:lf! Wn11lrl RhA bP. huying lrnr own pt·oper.ty! Only a d13r;-n1ged hAi.ng r::,H1 pArti.r.iprtt·.e in sw~h t·.ransaction. Fn1Irl lily,. ;i'll l1<itr~d1 l>l11od rnl;tl iot1i4 ;11111 f1·it~ltd:=d1ip ('.;:in J,➔ a<l to so f L 1 o ;ci II i., or y r il n I. ~ ( h 11 I no one h ~1 s s II g g P. s t e d th P. e x h, I: e n c e o f s11r::h rel.=it-.ioni:;hip l)(-'!lween thP. two),. is it possH,Je that the Respori<hrnt co11ld part with h.i.r-; vehicle I at: a purchaRe price of 1,onn,000;::: p;iya1>1H in n:i11!.r1l r~oll.ectio11r-; nf i:;Jrn. 1.?.0,000/:: rJ year (10,000/= x 12 months) which transaction would take 8~ years befrn-e Urn whole sum is liquidaterl? Putting al 1 t. he above n.S i<ie, while before the lower court t-.he AppP.1 Lrnt. t.hrouglrnut. t-.al.ke<l of i'1 mor1U1l.y rent. of 10,000/= f r·o111 ret1 ts, on atJPfli'J l , wh i 1 e l'HSt>OtlrJ i ng l.o qt1es t-: ions hy co11t't; Im Hr1id I.Ital. it. was 1:i_.0()0/=! NnL oi1ly U1P. ;-1hovP., wtd Ii➔ i.n hiio; o,:-rl) l·fH;;L.imony AppP-llant RAirl 1.11;11. rffl'.,-H· U,A m\v fH1le l·.r·rinrrnc:i'I-.Jnn Im i.t1t·.r·oc1tlr.:e<1 ReRpondetiL f-.o l.hP. t·.i:rn,inl·i.- rtn<l U1P. Re.stmr11ient: r.ai.sed tents to t~coup her monP.y q11ir.kly,, nw ✓. ;HHl :l, who po:=rnd .is her t-.ettant.R si111ply test if i.F.ld to havi. Ilg been !:old to Pi'lY the rent. to mama f:;a.i.d i. ts i. t µoss i b 1.A Urn t: none r.011.1 d h;:ive t.es U. f :i.ed t:o such touchy i. f: not 8 7 I.. cr.ur.ir.11. h;:ippenit1g on t·.!JP.)r inc:mm~? tn f,,ct_. DW2_. deposed, "The rent.al remained al·. shs. 2.000/= per nionth", while DW4 sajd "from 1qqo T p;drl 7.000/:::.pRr room. T p;:iy !.hP. SnlllP. t.o d;:itP.'i. And yf:if· sU 11 w,:i h;1ve h.i 8 conl.raclicU.ons .regarding the r-;igni11g r,f t.hP. r1m·r-rn1t1P.t1I·. ln hir.; exmn-inati.on :in ch.ief, he s~id "! h;Hl no writh-rn agrP.emP.ril·. wil.h pl.:t:int·iff for· both the house➔ o,~ VP.h·ic:lP.. T rlirl not go to Tsmai.l. T rlo not know Jhe plar.e. I signed U1P. rJnr.umP.nf· ;it rh;:rng • orrthP. Po·1 i <:R 11nder tht·P.at.s. T do not know 11 wh,11. lhf! dor:111111'!111. l ::;ig11Pd w;1:=; abo11L • At. l.he r;;JmP. t-.i.mP., in t-.he :=;;lfllP. deposif·.ion_. wl1P.ll shown P.xh. P2 lrn ideni·ifiec1 it·. ;)S thR one which he sjgned under ci11res~ ;Jt·. the po.l icfl ::;tation. Surpr.i.si.ngly however, in re-examihation (the App~llant was then being defended l>y Mr . M11ga ndA, Advor:n te) fw had U1P. cotn- agfl of g iv .i.119 Lhe fo1·1owing 1•oili.rary ,'111HWP.r, "'rhe signat.1n-P. in Bxh. P?, is nd.nP.. J signed rJt pla:intif.f'R J1011RA. Tt was a motor. vehicle agreement". Nol of lP.ss signif ic;ltH~e 1r-; Ids de11ir1l i.hal. )1e is itol. R,ij;1h11 Muss;.i hul. H;:ij:-1h11 Yusuf ;:ist.rirling ·it ,is one oft.he factors that thP- hl/0 ;:iclvrn~;:il.P.s (PW1 ;rnri 7.) <lirJn•t know him, but his owri w i l.nPs~~Ps, his t:P.11::1111·.s and nP. i ghho11r .. nw?., ::i ,1n<1 4, r.onsi st.ent.ly idP.til;ifir-Hl ;,rnrl t·P.h~rrP.<1 Lo Jtim ,.,,r,:: RrJjr-Jl,11 M11si=rn. Tf Ji:;mr1i.l iJnd 'J'wnih r1ic1 noL knnw lli.111 r.1t1rl told 1 i.P-S, c:oncocl:i.ng AVetyLhing th~y :::rni1J ;1bo11t lhA ;1gtP.A1111rntF: l1w'lt1dU·1g hir~ rim11A how nhout". l:hese close t>r~r::;m,al ii'. ies he t.n,sted tn UH~ extent~ of r.:~·, ling them to his aid? Do they ~lso not know the name of theit ]_;:indlord? As Lo 1-.he question of tenants paying rent to a woman called mama S,1 id .i. on beha .1. f of Ra hma ( Respomhrnt) as na.rra ted by DW2 - 4: even if beJ.ieved does not affect the Respondent's story. Natur;:1J.l,y once ownership r.hr111gP-s, the r·ents h~d a.lso to ctrnnge Urn dP.sl.in;il'.i.on: l.o Rahmr1 1 s pu1se and not A!)pe1.·1a11t·.s. q .·,.·.;, . .· .. . .. ' ,t: 1 'J / /l/ 'T'hf'-11·P. ·is yP..t ;1noi·h';r -r.ont·,-;l(l,r:l· ion bP.tween AppP.1 lnnt anci his wilnr.>~~s: nw:=i: R,H,hid .111111;1 J<;!li;1111a. 'l'his wil:nP.ss c]p,posP.d th;:it hP. w i I II P. i:; s P., I :1 11 -· r1 v r ''! r~ mA II I. i 11 , P. ::, p P. r: I. of r1 v P. h i c l P. he i n g s .i g n e cl a t R;-1hn,,~•s n~::ddP.ncP..: U1;:it. hP. r1ls0 dirl sign rtnrl RO WP.n:i othP.rs prP.Rf!lll ..: that. hP. s;:iw RAhrna pr1ying l\ppell;inl. ?.00,000/= cr1sh with a J:)rnmi::;P t.u p,iy tnn . ooo/=. in :1 wi-rnk'i,; 1.imP. nnc1 U1wl: t.hi:::; monAy w~s for rP.pa·i.r of thP. n-~·lP.v,rnt. motor vehi.r.le wh.i.r:h was parked just 01.11.r:;idr~ :-md wh:ic:li nP.P.cJP.d 1-P.yairs to Uie injP.ctor p11111p, c:::Jutch Ann hr,1kP.s. On t-h1'! nlliPr l1aml however_. AppP.llrtnl". t·.nlkP.d of shs. ,.150,000/=: being t·P.t,r1ir cosl's of U1P. w~hir:le <1fter i.t. had worked fot· jw-:1 ;1 w1~<-'!k ,111d fW1'!n t.110.11 1101. fur the nefect.s P.Xplaitrnd by nw::i but c~P:.2~J.1rn ... 9C... U.1.~...~n9.i,ri_~ !. and inf P.rr1bJy not. ;:it respondent's p 1 a c P. . 'T' h P. t:.r i ;i 1 r: n, n t. r i g ht 1 y f on n a t-. his wit n As R not c red ;_ b 1 e and T. havP. founr'l no r:J11P. for- ;irrjving at thE! contrary viP.w. H,..\~J,tl'dii,9 lh,-: :11·1}1J,np11t lh;1I. 1·.h1-) lh~g. r:nr<l i!'l si.il.1 ·i11 possAssinn of RfH,ponrJr.:n1t- t-.his hr1s amply bP.P.n P.X!)l.r1inec'i hy thP. lr1t·t·P.r tlvtt. ,rn U1P. dupl 1c:r1h..\ hFtrl hEHHl SP.nt. to Ml-wrJt·a and had been in j o int n a rn P. w i t-11 r, Rn H w h i ch h r1 r1 ex 1-. P. n de d r1 lo a n t. o h P. r. i t.. t. o o k t i l!lf! I n !JI! I ;1 d11p 1 i c·,1 I (1 by wll i <:h I i 1tH-1 I. h,-1 J\pt,r-? I lilt! I. hail ii 1 t·1vHl y d1anyP.d hi::; ruinrl. 'l'hiH ;:::ilsn <"!M1t1ot: i'IRRist AppAllr1nl·.. 1 h~iv!'l th tough the var i.rrns contradict ions for 1 aho11n'!d clarity and also to establish the sounriness ot the trial coUtt's f .i ml i n gs on t J1 P. ch:'! d i bi l i t y o f w :i t. n P. s i=- es . Al though , g e rnH ;:i l l y , t:h,"! 1:ri;=tl co11rl: 1.R the onP. best plr1r.P.d to r1ssess t·.hR r.n~dibiJity of wjt-.nAssP.s who tRi=-ti.fy hP.forA it and r.arRly sho11ld the court on r1pper1l i.ntervenP. (,T. M. K;:isuka vs GAorgP. Humbr1, Civil Appeal No. 7.6 of ·JQQ6, CA, Mw;1117.rt RRgi:.:;1.t'y (111H"Rport.P.<1)) the conl·.rr.1dict.ions Axhildt·:fHl ar111 AX!>lninf-H] ~hnvA wo11'1cl h,,vP. j!IRl·.if iP-cJ Uii.R cont!. Lo .i nh-n-vR11P. .:th<l ovet·t:un1 the rlfir.i.sion j f t.he said t..r.ii:tl court. ha.d Ftt"t'"iVrHl ;'II, ;ir, nppn::{if.A ,~nn,~·111si.nn, for i:;Ur.h gli:ldng ·i ~-,·,,ir:onr:i lnhlt-1 m1-1t·h~l·R i11 ,-wirlAnce iHR U1i:-, nhP.R AhviR~gr-H1 11nrlAt 1.IIH 1ci)Wt'lpl i ni1. 1.0 T shnu l d 11v-1l<P. otH'? mot·P. nbsP.rv-3t. ion which somehow has some be,n-ing hP.fore touching t".hP. AppP.ll,rnt's cVdm thr:1t. he wr:1s forced I 1. o s i srn F. x Ii . Appe I L1nt r:li.d not r;;l"i.se P 7. foi wh i r '. h H 1· . Ms P. l 1-~ Ill c i I .1-~ cl K i I <rni;J 1 i c: ,rn F! • i I. i P so m,rny wonls hut ott look of 1:hinCJF;_. l.nrl;n,, ::;l,r... 700,000/= 111.qy r:;emn to be on the lowtH Ride rµ,garr.l ing VA l11e of r1 ho1rnP. s.::1 id to havP S roomg in the m-':l i.n parl: A n r1 s P. v P. n ·i n f- h e IFH: k y r1 rd . App ,~ 1 l A 11 f· 111 rl y , o o n s F! r. ti rl I· h o u g h t. i:; , hi'IVP. not.ed thiif-. trn hr:1rl t10t. spn1red the proper va Joe of h i.s house h e tw P. th P. f· 11 r n r o II n <'I a nrl rl i s p 11 t. i n g h ;i v i n g so ] c1 i t . Su f f i c e t o s i3 y t h ;.i t· 11 11 1 e i:: r-: f nm r'l , o r ;:i h s P. tir~ A n f f 1- e P. r. n n i:; e n t t. o ;i r. o n t·.r- tl c i-. r1 n~ prnv,~d, tliP. ;.1(lf-HJ11;.1r:y of r.n11:;;l,Jerr1Linn ·ls not-.;; 1nr1U.P-r tn be d1-?1:idr-id 11pn11 liy lhP r:0111-IH. 'l'l1i:,,; w;1r-~ wP1·1 :1q_1w-1d hy Mr. Hi:;µ,lr:1111 in t· h A t·. l' i rt l r'. n n r- t-. . S. ?.S (l)(r1) of n111· l.;1w nl Cnnf.r-.::icf: OrcHnrince Cr1p. 411 prov i.<'h'!R .: - "7.5(1 )(.i'i) At·, ;:.J(JrP.P.nlf~lll·. tn whir'.h the confrnnt. of Urn pn1misnr ir.; ft·r~P.ly givP.n is not-. voi.d mete.iy because I hf-) cons i<le 1· r1 f·. ·inn is i n;Hfoqua f-.e" . What the leatned r111U10r (Or. AV'fAR SINGH in his book, LAW OF CONTRACT 1rrl EDTTJON, 1980 at pagA 79) obgerved on a similar "'l'hnt1gl1 I Im liHl i ,H1 Cont 1·r1r:I. Act· <loP.s r,ol· it, i-.~nns pn,vicle th,11. 1~011::::irler;-it·.ion 1111181". be good or vr1ltrnhle l'.n sust·;iin ;1 cnnt;wt. i.t hr1s r1lwAys been On(letsf.-.ood U1r1t. consirler;:it-ion mP.r1ns somef-.l1i.na which i.s of somfl v a 1 i 1e i n ( h <-'! e ye o f tJ, e 1 ;:i w . T f-. 1111~::; t be re r1 1 r1 n cl not. i l l 11so t·y, whA t·_hP. r ,Hl1~<111r1 t-.e or nnt . . . . So 1 ong ;-is U1P. <:nni,irlet·r1t inn is tml 1111re;1l ii. iH suffir.ient. if if-. be nf slight-. v;::il11e t.orl.:=ty". "lf :, 1-i;1;-t·y 9f~f·.s wh;:il·. l,r::i has <~ont·.n:1r:b~cl for ;:ind .if ·it·. is nf ::;nm,~ vnli1P.,. whir'.h 111;:iy h~ great. nr sm.ql l I Urn coin-1-.R will noi:. enqidrP. wheth~r it wi-1.!=l a.n eq11iv::1let1I·. t-.n Urn ptnmi ~P. wh i r:h hA gr1ve in n~h1rn. 'T'he ad,~q1rnr:y of ll1A consi<1,~rr1l·inn js for Urn p;.1rUP.A l'.o considP.r ill. i.hr-1 t·.irne of 1H,ik•it1g t·.he r1gre(HTlfntL, not for i-he <;n111· I: R when .i. I:. j s r:;011yh I: t.n bP. e11 f o t·c~<.l . ( RT.ACR BURN, J. in Bolt.on vs Madden, 1873 LR 9 QB. 55)." ll 'rhA ::ii><>VP. ::,;pills nv,~r· ·int n yP.t. anot·.hi:ir· rirgnment by Hr. Hselem ~hat· I hP AppP.ll,rnf-. cr1n'.f·. hP. FJv;:d lAcl Hie <fofenr,e of non-Ast-fact.urn (whAn~ 1,,, r'.rin :~r1y,. 'tl1P. <lnc:ttmr>ril. ·is not 111it1P. 1 ) <!il·iny Ritomal·i r•;1:-;,-:!. J t· wi 11 t,e riol.f~cl t·h;1f. Appr-d L111t· is i1 ·1r1y111,1t1 nnd 1n11·epr:e- i=:pnt·.,-,d in t-lt is ;1ppP.,1l :in<l I h;it. l·1p r:0111 r1 poss·i bl y h;:ivp br011ght-. out·. 1·1tr1t· cJpfp1irA in i:;r) m.=iny words.: nevP.rt.hP.JP.ss hA is c:hrillenging lh;1f 111-! l-J;i:~ fot·c·,-\d In :~i~JI\ F.xlt. P?. ;-11 l·lt1-1 pnlicr-.. sf.;1l.iot1. Twill t·l111:::; r:.nn::;id,-:q· whP.l.hP.r.R11<:h clPfRnr:f~ cnllld bP. ;:iv;1ilP.cl f.o hi.in. T 1Hl A P. d f-. h A rl P. f r-H1 ('. A o f n n n - P. s t·. f r1 c f·. 11111 w a s rl A t a :i. 1 e d i y clis<'.11f~i=-~cl by t·l1e C:0111"1 nf AppP.al in T<if·.ornal j r:rtse when~ the pri,wip'Jp J;ll'()tlflll/1('.Pcl hy l.1.,,-cl J)fH11ting,. M.R,. in (~AT.t.1r. V f.F.P. (1.9fi9) :J. Cl-I. 1 '/, w;1g ;wr'.PJ.d.rirl as ;1 I 1·111➔ bro;trl pr i 11<'. i !) l A of f· t,p I nw g <w f! n 1 i n g i n o In: j o r i ::; cJ i c 1. i n 11 a s we .1 l ,. t. h ;:i f-. i R ,. "Whenever r1 man of full rH.JP- ::incl 1111dP,rst·.;:1n<lj ng who <: ;:i 11 n~ ,"! rl i'l n (1 w t"i h~ .' R i g n s ;f l Ag ;J 1 nI) C 11 lll fHl t·, w h i eh is put·. hP.for·r,, hi.rn fnr· r-dgnal·.nrP. - by whi.r:h T mAnn ;.1 rlnr·11111Pt1L whid, . if ir, r-tppill'f-'!111. nn Urn f;ir:,~ of ii i !", i 11 I f.ind,~fl In ltnvf--\ ·1 pg;1 I crn1sr-!q11<-in1:1~r.:;, I ltP.t1, i f ltr-> dnP.s nr>I. f·,1ke I hr➔ I t·n11hl P. to l'P.iH] if·.,. but-. R i gn::; r1s it: is, rPlying nn the word of rinothP.r AR to i.~R f'.!1;1r,,r:t-P.r or r.nnt·pnf s nr Aff P-ct, hP. r.annot hA l1P.;:ll"d In ~.,1y t·hr1l· it· is not his dor.t1mP.nt. Ry his conduct i n :::: i g 11 i n 9 i 1- h A h r1 :=; n-~ pre:::; en t. Ad t-. o ;~ ·, l t·. h n s P. i n 1·. o ,.,,111,~~f-'! l1;1nfh, ii m;1y <:nrnP., t·.Jrnt-. i t ii=: his <lrH~11mP.nl.; ;Htrl n11cp tlH"Y ;i,·I· 11pnn it·. ;ir,; lw,iny his 1lor:11111P.rd., hP. c ,11111 n t g n Irn 1 '. k n n i I, , ;) n cl Rn y i t· w a r:: ;:i 11 ti 1 l i I y f t" o Ill f '1{,.) IH><J i 1111 j ''~!". 'l'h<➔ <:111,11· t. of r1ppP;11. WPtJ I· nn l'.n 1.ny <inwn s i tw-1 t. ions wlHH'P. U,e prirwiplA r:0111,1 bP. t:A1 iecl 11prrn, iHH1 these at.e enumerated :ih the herirl nol.fH, f.o f-.11P. ci.1.erl Ci:lse l<:i.Lomal i in 1.9BO TT.R, " ( i i i ) I· h A p 1 P. ;:i o f n n n - e s t. - f a r: t u m .i s .. how e v e .r. , n v r1 i l ;:i b l e in a proper casµ, for the reljef of (a) PRRSONS who for pennahent. or t·.P.mtmPn·y rP.a:=rnns (not-. 1 i111ited t.o hlindness or il.l.iter.acy) ,HP. not cap.:1ble of r e a d i n g 1. h 1➔ r1 o c II mP. n t to be s i g" e <1 r1 n r1 :=; tJ f f :i c i. P.t1 t-. 1 y 1.Indf-1rstand it, t.h;:if· i.R un<1P.r:=;tandi ng i.t. r:1t least t·.o t.he point nf rlet.ec~t;ing-"' ft1t1dr1mental r:1:i.ffenrnce he tween the act·.u01 doc11ment M1d the document. ;,i,=; ;is the signP.r h;:id believed it to he. ( 1J) i ·1Iil,n;11.e nt· ::-mil i 1 A tH➔ nrnn:-: who r:ant1nt-. n~;1cl <ff r1ppn,ihe11eJ a l.P.gr1l <lncumenl·..: 1 /, (r'.) Pf~rsnni:; who pp1·n1Anr~.nf·.l.y or t:.P.mpornri1y ,:'it"P. unable t·.ht·n119h nn fA1i'I I nf i-lH-d n=~, t.o hnvP., wi thou!: r~xpli1n:1I ion, ;111y ni;-11 li!ldP.1·sl,-ir1ding of lhP. p11rpor·f·. ,,r ,I p;11ii1·11l;1;- drn·t1111,•1il, wfip_lhnt llt;1I ho frn111 dP.h~1:I ivf! Pd111:;-11 ton, i I lnPss or int111i.P i11c:;1p,H:it-.y. ( i V) U10. t"P.spnn<lP.nt'.s wl'tn r1 i fl nnt:, l'.n U1A knowi P.<lge of the 1:nmp;1ny, 1n1dP.r:.;;I i-lllfl I l1P. P.ng 1 ·i Rh 1 ;rng111JgP. m1<1 WP.rP., rJi:; ~;11d1, in nri po::;il.ion u, 11ndP.t·st·.r1ncJ .t:hA f1111 purpor·t·. ,HHl lP.g;=il in1pUr:nt.inns of U1P. tei:·1i1s r1nd r.on<1it.i.ons print.eel :in Urnt lnngur1gA w.i.t·hoot·. explrJ11at·.ion :i.n Rwr1 hi 1 :i lrn l nnt1 t·.n r1 r.1 ;i sr-; n f pe n=rnnl? i. n whose f r1vour. t.he oocLr i ne ;f nnn-P.sL-fr1ct.111n wo11ld opP.r.nt::e.; ( V) ;1llho11gh r·rntt·I~{ will nnl nonnr1lly ird.P.rvP.nP. t-.o protect· ,1 nrnlr;:wf ing t>;n·ty r1g,1inst. UtP. r:or1SfH!IHHICP.s of his own fnlly,. ihP.y will do so whRre Urn par1.y seflk.ing P.q11it:.able rAlief is~ oonr Rnrl iannrant oerson who hr1s been ovRrreRrhP.d 1n the ~bs;nre of 1ndepRndent a~vice. (vi ThP ;1hnvf~ p,. inr:i1J1,.1 rtppl i,~s In "r:111.ching h,1tg;lirrn" ;:in<] ill lltP r'.;11;11 nf' dn;ililt<J with tllHHlllc'.ill.nrl, iy11on11il !1tci11~111,:, .. 1 IH-~ l,11rd1-111 ,,/ :.;l111w i 1111 I.hi-, f;1 i 1·ttA/'1R o/' I lie I f',111:~;1cl ion Ii,➔~ 11pni1 1.liP p,'!r~on who se,'!ks l.o obi.a.in U,e lHHIP. f i I'. of U1P. cnn I: r r1 rt ..: ~Vi. j ) • (v:i. i j) .... WhP.n one of t·Jir➔ p;nf:i.P.R l.o a vet·y oneroI.1s ,rnd nppr·esR i VP. <'.nnt.rr1c1'. pl.R,-=tds non--est fact.um,. thR cl eFirflst evi<'li'!t1re is t'eqll i.rAc1 to st1ow t.hi=tt the <1 i :=;µtll·. i ng p;.i rt-. y r l R,'lt" y 11nrl R rs t·.oo<l t hR hr1t.11 re of Uie rlocumen t. lie s i gr1FH1 . . . . . ". Tn Uli::; J<-it·.nmali.'s r~;-1~R f-"ft·mr➔ l"R\!H'lAR;:Jnt.s in whr1t. wa:=; known i'lS "c;,-owinu ,~n111.nH~l'.::;' 1 WP.t'P. hr-1i11g marlA Lo sign nn !=ll·.rJt1rlrihl cmd·.r;.,d·.s i-Jlt·c-!ildy 1Jt<·'t>;.1tP.d by :i 1)1Jfdt <'.llY, :111<1 it1 P.n(Jl islt l;.J11g11r1(JA whid1 I·. h P. y d i rl no I. u n r1P. r :=; f·. A n <l r P. cp 1 .i r i n g t h P. Jn t o r P. c e i v P. ' s t- or: k fn1· plant·ing ()ti r'.nnrlif·.fnn tJ1;1f. fhP.y \..,o,ilrl RP.11 f-.o u,,:i R.:=t.id cn111p,111y I h,~ hat·vP.si.P.rl r-;P.P.rlR fnr P.Y.pot·f·.. 'T'P.t'l!ls r1t1<l r.onrl i 1-. ion::; i rt H1P. rnnl r;wl. r;imply sAf· 0111: righi-.H nf U1e company on onP. hr1nd flttd out: i P.S ;rnd nh l i gi'Jt: ·i nni::; of 1-.hP. f l'J:r.mer \pP.r!RMttR on the other wil.houf·. irnpn:=;ing ohligr1l.ior1 m-- li;:ih:ili.t-.y on f:he compfiny or. <~nnfAn--ing r·ight.s on 1'.11P. £H-!<'rn,rnl.\frtrrnP.r. •r11~ c~o111pr1ny li;Hl RllP.<l LhP. 13 ,. ·17m· ;; 1im@:n•tt 7'.f71 I 1511. ! t:zrttm1Mac2a1 n z:::,s ·-•-=•-•-= • rt+ ,..:; r «· :,., ' . ' J b1·rdhflr f;n·mP.rR nn :=;11m:=; <l1H~ on I.hr~ gn)wit1g cont.r;1ct·.. DP.(~iding ;11,1,1 i 11:-;1 1 hr> 1·n111p.iny: ;1:~ :,nn,rn,H i ~Prl i 11 I hP liP.~rl t1ol.Ps, 1l1P r.n11rl. i nf 1'Jll'":rl hPld, "'l'hP. 'Grnwinr,_i Cont r·.:1ct' in lhiR r:nRP is An 111H~nn:.;r:ionablP. h,, t"(Jil i t1, f ;111 i rig w i t·h in 1 hP. r.;:i I P.gn1.. y of 'cr11:ch i ng h,"Jrga in' i II w h i ch 111 l! : n n ::w i P. n t i o 11 R ll s P. w a :=; Ill ;:i rl P. h y <Hl P. R i rl P. o f t h P. t hP pnwP.t" ;n is i 11~1 01,t nf Uu~ c<ml.r;wt in~ WP.A~,u~:=;r; of t.l,e ntliP.1· ::;idH: wltir·h llw 1~0111·l. shn11lcl r·P.fllSP. f-r1 P.nforr:e on Pq11it;:il,lr-1 ~Jrn11rnl" . ;111d .- , · I :11· i f y i lt(.J f hP. C:,1 ol,s1~ t·vpd _. "Tt is -'P!_>,,t·P.rlf t·llA 'C::r·nwir,g r:onl·.r;:ir.f' l.hr1t t.hP. from 11ndpf;1ki11v w;1:::; r:nmmnn vP.nt11n~ of holh par·t.ies, rt .,:, ' " " tP:-:p1!1trlPril (Jf'(lWPJ:; WPl'P tn l,H pairl only ir tl,i:~ f;1r111i1t<! vPttl111·,.• 111:tdf~ ;1 pnifil, ;-111<1 ii wrn,ld IH~ tlll<'.c>11s1:inn;1hlP t.n holrl n1tly OIIP. p;11·t.y li;:ihlP. for· I.IH~ risks ;:inn los:::a,>,::; nf fhP. common vP.rd.11rP.". l cnr11-:i1fo1· lhr~ lwn c:;lf~PH In l>P. <liffpn~td. in 1-.hAir Att1.it·Aty, Tn l<ilr1111;1li f'.ilSP fltP cl1~fptt1l;11d:,\Rf-Hll'OnrlfHilr-; cli(l llot rlrRplll.A Urn :,,i011i11CJ of lltf-! r•rntfr;.1cl. t1(0dl.lt1~r clirl Urny r1llP.yP. U1at·. l·_}IP.y rli.rl ::;o 11rnlP.r· 1]11t·p,r-;::;. Thr➔ <~ntn·t. wr1::; m;i_i n 1 y concP.rtH~<'I wi t-h f-he t1nP.q1Jr1l b;H·c_:i;1ining pnwP.t· of thP. p,"lrl·iP.s. Tr, t.hP. r.r1sP. Fit hr1nd hOWfWfH", thP. App P 1 l :i n t <l i r-; pt II P. ;-; h i1 v i n 9 s i <J n P. cl 1. h P. con I. r i3 c L , ;1 11 <1 , n r y t 1P. R i.11 r1 t· , i f 111~ r1 i <1 il w , 1 ::; rl n n P. 1J11 d P r cl 1 11 · P. s :=; ,. lH' op n :::d t". i n n :=; w h i ch rel n~ no t-. s11pporl·f1<l r1ncl an'! r.ont·.rn<l1r:tP.d by P.virlP.nr~e as alrFrndy fo1Jnd. 'T'he cn1tfr;1r:I::- ~F.xh. Pl ;H1c1 7.) ;11·p si111p·lP. r:nnt·.1·;:ict.r-; r.nt1CP.l·ning s<1lP. of fc,t1111l vpr·y r:r·rHlililp 1,y t.hr-1 tr·i11l cn11t•I'. a11rl thiR co11r·t·. ;JR WP.ll, in lltnit· fp::;fimonir~r.; lhP.y r1'-1lH>:...;P.d how U1P.y P.XplninfH] in 1<.isw;:ihi.li ll11~ <'.<1tilP.nf-:·, of t.lH°!:.:;P. r.ont.r:1r:lic; t.o ;111 p;n·t.iP.s bP.forP. P.:Xf~r.11l.ion. 'l'l1P. cLlim nf Ji;,1vin.g sig,,r:~rl lhP. r:otilnwt. (Rxh. P?.) ;jj- the pol ir.P. HI nt i n 11 m i 1 i I· ;~ 1. A::.:; 1111 r ,~:~A I' v P. cl 1 y n g ;1 i n :=; t-. I', h P. wP. i g h I. of I. hP. P. v i r1 fHl r. A ' I r1ncl r.Ptnnot: sl·;rnd. 'l'h11s the fAct-.s clo not bring this Cr.lFle 11ndP.r t-.he prinr:i1.>le of nnn-P.st·. f:::ict:mn. F'or .t·i:H:Hrnt1s cliRCtJRr-H-Hl Ahov~ Ure ;1ppAi:1l i:;i-.Rndt=i di.mn·iRRP.d i.n i f· R P. 11 f. j l"I"! t y .