19770808 TZHC Mwanza

IN THE HIGH COURT OF T.:;Hz.-.Nlf; ,lT HiI:.Nz.~ _ ;iPPELI.,;iTE JUR ISD ICT10N - · . . -~-:~-- ,.- .__ :u1aii-cotiRTiGRD,i:ri1.,;pp:z.:111rn •. _152_ op .. 19n . •~ { ;;· '! :! :•. ~ I' " . '.t' .,. ,. · .•· ! . ·. . -~-£ ·• -~ ,, _;•.:.,·_.·~ . · . t. -. . ··; •· :, •··" ·r;_,; . · i:_··-. cf; ~~ ~iPPs., _ I:J0:•·1-59,, _·i5_1 &::129__ OF ·1977-:-~., ,. ~- -·-: •r ·•· . . . . .,o1 • · ~ _ _.. '.~,:·, T!:.._·~ • '-..;-,tt•·--·1 ,• ·:~ ~ . : - \.-r:,··. ~·· ~ 'r"·:_- ' -,. L • .• - •• • : .;: : ;OTI l_G)~--~•'.1-'. '{jfli-i.!.:'<"; L- ·Co., _.I!_; ••rJq •..905. 01•., ,19}:;, . ·· ·, · · .· .-: _ ' "· ~'A~: :1:uf AlS'il~UCT: .CC•~tir.·.:0_1f >1-~_~1}ri~. '.In s•j;~\lCJ: ;,£1~:J1:Nz/':- ._: . · · · ·· B~io~-~- ·,\. :ci' I~ciri-ii-,'E~q~t.Res~tlen~·-.1r~~¥iii'ti•:3'·te· ,. ·.-. ··.-. •.• ·• ? • • i, . . . .•, =~ .: .. - ~ ~ ; .. :1 :. ·: ·.: .:: ·,, f·-: 1 .• ···"'··~·-· •. ~ ~1·:~··r::r~ ·.- ::: , · · ~· . . , .;· . ~ :.. · .: :, j J :_.u ~rr a 1iL E ~ T ,. , : · .. . : r . -·. ;:; ).- . , ... . •••o:.• ,, r-: ;~~:• . ! .~::J- V •:• . ':? . •~,.: : :. ~-. ;., 1.:\,:t·F,.:i ~ • · l : ~ .;iJ~i;:;,_ ~•;:;: •, •~ j • ••, . \ ,J~.·;:: i: i :. :--· ... .._ . K:ATIT-I,.:J .• : •. •~· .· : .,..,. . ! .. l ~ ·~ .1 . . :;::.r;::::·: · :· ·. ,_.,:-- ·::;, .. <' .....:. ,"··,., :.. .:; ·:: ~ • ., ... , = .j · .. ; . I - .. ,· . . ·: ·.~s . • 1._;~~:..:;. •• ••• •; I : .... f· .... r,,.....

·...... :-.:.-::-;;:..· 'i· .. ::-~ :··;J·t. Fourteen a cc uscii 'pc'r'so'ini-; 1i1.l·c1 ud;ing .j;J1.e:. f-~IB'.;'~J:,p'~'it-a~Jt:s·i·..: wh9,; 11~.J?~;: Cosmas .Lucas Tibaijlika 1st, Nestory -£.uh-..:Jmefr~.·-Ath:·, C:).:e·o~ha:·s·:,13yadha··nP=~¼, Idd· _ltluso'·.,,7'--th- .2cb_-uscd 9,,,' M,~,r_e jointly ch.:::rced with the oifrcrd:fe :1:>:f:· sxea 1i_n'& Raihfay:..go·od-s. ·in .transit;' contro.r.y to· '.'s.cc,tion· -.269.(P) of. the Penal Code Cap 1fr.;0f ·ahe :I,i:;i..ws.·., )rf{e :f~ t:tr. nbove ::mert tio~e·ci:ia:gef~'j_''f'Jlrit's ·:werci ''found to have been---6n·.:th8' wr~ng side "the. h,H· guilty.:nnd-¢onyictcq.: o.~'·.=ch'.i'r'gad, and sen tcnccd tci .seven yu~r·s. :impr lsonmon t .. DC: ch,. while ..'. the :.:¥s s,> tent' were acqu5.:~-t€~~•~:~_4ggri~veU:; \fl•\_t6ur. are c.?±Wi?·;tions,- ~n~ . ·c1ppe2Nn~-"·ii.~<t~§.t:-: sen tenc~ s.u.ffer;J4. by-}hem_.. ,:,rhey .::r'c· 2 PPP.f 1J,n~·_;:y~1.~- ~F\th. -~~t Criminal appac1ls lfos.- 12_0;: 150·, 151 and 152 of 1971.r?:spe.G,:t.:1;.1ely', ·118'f,,nn to be con so lidc-t.sd~·::; .Clc;0.ph2 S.,:By2stia lila·, c·osm2 s.- .:Lucas· i(:i't:o· :·Ti b'a'ij-·uka, Idd Musa, ~ ~~ ~ • ..L ., •' and I·lesto.ry .Bµh."?.moka, w 111 ·_hcr'c in; -be 'r·8f~:r:r 41 i;.o., .t·s ''1st;; :2nd, 3rd and .... , • • : ,,I,. ; . '. :· • • • •• •• •• • ••• 4th appeH~nts~ :r~spactiv~l$."~~-- · ·., . · .. _·.:;~.:-.";. •A' ,; _·,:,; 1' ,.,. of;.

t.he. ·size. 'of· '·t~.c-- C,'l. s~.,' ..~~d tl;~ ··:l').Ul:1b:.;r . of c:ppeL..:mts; ?. .. l.i. s!n.::_v.ic~l conve-ni,.,J-n:o.ia: U•!,::,:;;':!m.i.'i:i,•. .'tiw.'t'...tt ca pit ul::i.t io.l'il..£. o,f _:t.he .. s:::vi.i~nci!:l'·n s :ci who le, ·re be undTer-trJ<.e.-n;~ ba:j:'pr-0 :rcis t•int,"· t:h;;: s=:.:1i1-.3.. ~:Vi:<L~nc,o· -f)/ 't~-J_i°·· c·ppei°lant' s inJ.i-v·'ii.tun:l -m~mo. of. ~:ipj{qnl~!·· The' facts .:1re, the:\ J;hc' ..::;:J..:1y l1ours of the 19 /9/1915·•; ::s~,w-i_t;li.i :~;rr i\t{!' .a.t M\i.:rnza ..S:01,rt)h .~1 ,of ·'t?·er 'lin-"i:::mza Bx press y/rt\, tratn.,:ifrorn Dar .:is. Sa).:5nil'' ···~.s ':his dutt ·do1~,;;nd.s of' 11.'irfii' PW8 ·Joseph l11agesa a Railway::watchm.'ln, wh;~e dt.ties: inclU(.lu~- tile ·ch0cki'iig':·thc· w2gons arriving, disccvercd.;.that .· ;.bgon. ·¢,!_a~r3~:.:rw~: 53002, .: 1].~d. a:rri-i6d\with this train-, th;i had be·en. br.oJcon opE;:i.n• "'Ek:rut1ny·by·PW1O John Mos,µ.u; the·;off-loading clerk, and PWll B.84.~J.P/C :•!'~:~·?.?~:?f,;.R~ilw~,:y- .P.o.l).~,; 1~~;~? th~·:·~'~scovery of the fact, th.~~ ..q~;i.te,.ic1 numb;:;r of ·go·ods•.or-:·,9'°'.trs1gnrn.0n.ts, had--·been stolen therefro:ni.,,,, .. ".,_- :i. !.i • f ··., . : / ;, ;-<,.·, . . --~ . :::-:;~:.:.""- .. ~;. 0 . =- · .,· . . . ".~<- · · · ·, ... ~- , ... : • ... . ._..: • ..... _. . . . ·... .. :' . .: .. •.: ~. . . • This very .w?goii, ·had 'been loaded·.- w.i,.th

50;0.d.s, at "llala eoods shed, ., .. ,.. , ~der !he super.vision 6f"i?W6 -.~len '·MwinyijQ.m.~• ...~th~_.,g6~d~"loaded therent, '~: , · '/ had:··bcen.:re-cei ved::PY· PW5. Mi~hael Mrogo, whose :1 uty.. i t··w~ s· ·~o receive goods . :-;,~. !·froh{·cohs-ignors:.- The:.good_ifinter alia SOJ.-l~at.i.ed, we.re.(l) :50 packages • ·•.·. : .. _·: ,! of' cott.o.n, wool, rnea.n)t: f6r:., Jiifnnza Medi-ct-.rL.!3-:to.:r~·~ {,:i_d.e Consi:gnlil~t t '·"--:· ~:·~·~ 1io1/: '(cjN}: :7394·5 of'.. i2j.9,/(5 ,, ·(2} .Bfoyo10· ,-tu):2..3.~ iPh.a\npsi &' :-son.si•f,or the :t:ir2:m - .,.~ .;:. _~·: ·; : -~:}h::~ '~!:! ;!<T!:! ;·~11~~!~!1;;;~J~f ·~;~i.¢~i ~4yc?~J~1;,'!~~~r~~{~;:i~ 1 3 1 .,; · ... 'yide~ejN';lJO. 73934 of:"12/9/75-;' f6)'_3 ·panc~s of_,c~p-t.ti\n"{f.'11!ifter'fals··f11:01J1: :·: .. · ·:•· .Ka~saih :9Yi.aramsi Dar t\?i:< sc:1·faGI11 :vide ::c/n 73439 ef ~2}9]15~. ~(7} J· cart0ns , - _· ·9f'.shii>ts for' s·. R.. :1;3hat,t~:,.~ Sons Mwarizri. vid.e .c/n 71~5? 6f J.-3/9/75~ :'(8) · ~-,.· .· · ·two .. caa~t:o,n.s ..of .s:1ir~¥-,_·: :foi;-; ~: 'y. · si".iriann.:i11w.~J1:~n _vlcte c/ri. 73953 1.3/9/75, cf . ...· .·,.,. · ,(-9): ·2 -CBr-;tons· o.f s:i~r,ts, ;for. 1{.; J•iwnn· r:IWL\n'Ztl.. vi_d,~. c/n; J3.954-. -of 13/9/15, - .:· " · · ·(10}· Tvio. c::!r.t.on:s·. o.f;i·;frt~• ·ro-r· J~' ff~··'Kdtoc-h3. f4ympiiC;:l!i~e b/h· ifo,117'3B55 " .:·· ·.'\of' 1-3/9/75·,. :(1:1). pne.. cartc5;!?:·::0f

S~-•irt·s ,£or :.B.,.Jirla l 1i:,'.7;._;qz.<1 vid·.e· c/n ·N:o._1m:r ''· •. ··'_bf-13/9/75 1 (12}> q:~f-t_o:1_: ,:JJ.s ~s.!frt-s '.f11r: :R~ V--., ~f~vi::-Ji'1{~,i>-·i1~~ ,/icle·-'b:/n· ·•'.-- ·· "l;d·.- 7-395'.),. ,:nd;·, 9~_:co::f.~-~~rftion -''6y_;_F;+6 ~he ~J,:'0::iti;i-iJ...pr~d -\~;~~t"f6_~~ng.,.cJe!k, ··•·•···•~. . . ,• . . - ·. _,•• ,~ ..:~:--t.'"·:~•~<2<1 ;·· .... -':.:.,, ... ·.- . • 1~ • - } ~· • • • • 2 the finding -tpa :t,, inter', alia, thd; r: ~o.ve. were-·-lo:ade d in .viagon C-C.B 53002 cannot be avoid-3<;1.. F."urther~ tg.a.:t:..:~t.h.cr.::very ,~ag:on Llf.:t.. Jwr es Salcia:n, well se~led and in tac,, _on the 14/9/75, is -confir11ed by Pi'J 7· Ali Kcdongo a Train guar<i, who WE\S h~nded over the train guarding du-t.y, c.:"i T'.'1bora.. Pw 7 further confir11s, that upl.to .BJlkw_j:nb_a_, .,!}:9_._wagon ·h."'d_ been· ~n_t~rfenod with, only to discover one .wagon broken op~n on .r·,-;i:iching ·111w..,iiza·. -11'-he···tibove findings of fao~,. as also found, by the _learn<.icl trial ""1agistr:.itc, defy any dispute or .· :~h~ltf1g_~;:_: .. ··: ·._-.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . The inves·t.ig.:1tions 1 ·11ounted ..i;t1·-·over·-'t'rie·p1acz, 1 ·ir1itiall·;y led to no__ clue.. It was Pw 20 :.j3.. 1916 Detective Corporal Julius, who on thtJ '.Nay, to o·r. :f-ro:n 'Lrnt,are. 1 ,and• along, tnG . railway. l'in<:!, . "\.o.~,. pi_cked_ five cotton wool _ bundles,

sc2tt·e:l"~d along ·-the. frnilwa;y line.· It w~s however 11ainly, the ~u.ri -curiousity of Pv; l~_Hebekc: "1ir1;::nbe, a '1'.A-lm ward ~.x.ecutive Secretar·y ·of ~ikuy-µni, the;:t'led to the prosecution_o~, and today, these appeals by the appellants. ~y position, in this·: case, does not afford :ne, a _platfqr11 ·to· do. -anythi.ng•in;praise-of,hu,-amd L:fe1;,l'.to.s9rew.:ny oo\li'i;ige., .to.:~-.--. acquire the liberty of doing so, lest I an ~ccused of i~~i6~e~ partiality. However, it is .a .feet, -well foµrid tiy-. ih..e.. tI'.ial. court, that in the ·. 19/9/75~ while hi 12 Rebeka 'hrenbe was on the Part;)' erran~-~• ..-s.he .. . 11_0tning of was attractEd by the -unusual nu11ber: of Taxis, at the house of i:1--'th-...a.c·c.:us-~ - 4th appella.nt, and by an .Asian,. w_ho wa.~ cc:q:-rying twines and sac):<s,· and running about, looking worried and urisefi-1...e~cf; Rebek~. ,vrir.e_11be· •w:erit to the scene, and, what transpired and she s·aw, '02.n 6?).ly be ·_appreciltici., if heard fro11 her_ own 11outh, and I quote her=~ .. . 1 ·.; . . .;: . !. ·. 1 ... 11 1· · · · · · ·:.t saw N~ story. :(4th .appellant) and Sosolisq '( 3rd accuse_d) . . : ,-·.;·. T ·1oading·a sa·ck in the·taxi .. l a_sked Sosolisc/what·was i1;._:_ i.J Sdsol:iso - tqlg., 11e· it was· the prope;rty of the ·o,wner of the ·• ,! ···· ··house ~.:'(Nestory)~ . I asked N.estory what'it ,was~: He saidi, .

\·;it•::waehis prop~rty;· he .W.:1S_.t<:1king·it ·outto sell.• · ,~t:· _·,·_ ,:': ... . ·.:•. :~ilJs·ti_oned ni11 to.open the sack; to ·se"' ·what it was'-'in:the·_·, . . . : . ~,···.·.-·o~g.=:- ..1~e·story .re-fused to aUow 11e to open the- _bcig. · 'l'll-ey . ; · went ·on .. loading the taxi with :other .·bc::gs:~. l · saw 8· of· ::tte:n.. l sent -:ny assistant to go to ring th~ Police. . ,· · \iihen Sosoliso he·.ard this,· he off-loaded. 'th~ btigs. ·.Later· _:,·-;. _,;, -·the accusi:!d ,l:,lo~ 3 and .No. 4"';;.r.tered ' ., . . th.-e house.and'.,,called :. \. . .. . '. . . . · 11e~ ·They told 118 to accept 'Tloney. 'Ihey sho~l.;;d :n.:: ihti· · 'Tloney, which was in tundlGs. It •was in °i1U.n.drecf shill:\.nta notes.•· 1 es~i:nat-~d. it ,to bG Shs.-_ 5,0..00/=• I :refused::to accept the ~oney. when I r~fused 1 Sosoliso w~lked •out, -~Ld ran ;;,wc;y wit:h his taxi. 1-lfte~, a short.vmi'le, i"he Police .... .appe~red .:nd_ .found t_h1a 8 bags outsid.e te_:S:tol'y 1 s roo:n,. _- _.. · • • -~ ••••.•••• .,;,Bef.ore, we r.::c:q.i:l~q .:th:J hou¥:·};her-3 were ;thre·e . r.olls o;f clo·:th .pu;tsidt3 t~;e__ ~puse~.. 'IJ:l,~Y. ;~~re for f<2 nale s · · and W(lr<:! printed in d;if:Le;rent col.ours. Before the · l. Polio,;; ca.11.~, r-u~he~ ~~_<_;ny of.f_i:;e,_.a,.i-i( ~;;i.{cd the· hard . . . ·'" - :· ·._::ch:.:1ir"llcm'· o.f;- TAhll. '1~uyuni1~· ~ ~he _.Qh-,;,~X1"0P~ c.~l.l:ed the. '

... .. -::Y ".-;· \:·.:, .. -; Putiiic to Qring a, Je-J:id.~er - - ~r.e q"li::nbe4. ·_µp -~o ce1l,ing,• .,'.,.; .: Th!=re. wel'e .3 rolls-of-.cloth _and :nany ..enpty case-a. _of._.·. shirts., about 90.- ~f'he public r.e'I\Q~ed· th;-s<.: c:npty · ·•.. •·,. · cases and the rolls of cloth outside Ne story's house~--"··-· _ t_. -fie beka '1ire·-~be, Ja bl s· _f O\.\lld .to b~ .a: ·wi tn_:: S$ _of 'uni 11pe_~,~-.h~·:a ci: :che;ra c_te rt :-. _an---hone s:t wo11an. wit!\ :iron spirit, _and _u,.n_susceJ>iiblP.· to c.o:r;.rupt. at.tra-ctions- On :_11y par~,- I ·a11 ·sati1?fied, th2i:t riot even ~he extr·.:-,ie·: do'u!:!·fang ·sp~cies-:·of !flan, br'; Tho:nas type,· would :defy this finc3_.ing ·of. :fo ct·. . Rebeka ··~i"re nbe_•--s·. tfsti '!lony, :.w~-s :·a;lao s~pport.e,d .-·by .P. \if;. 13 Kaslizo W~ni1:iuz3; ·a ten_ont in t.he very ho·use, who. :began wi tne ssirtg tha activities r12gsr~hng. _'the sa11e·, r.ight fron 6 a~.'"•, the ti_:ne,:-she·woke up, .r.a-n_q~~te satisfi•-~d, :::nd--happy .. to:_.c~mcur~ -~i'th the trial J::earne? ~agistrate·, -that.what :PW 12 ar,d.:Prll3 testif-iad: _9 bout.,· were-•found in ·- -- ~_he p:oss@,ssion 0 1L :ttie. 4th !3ppellant •. P$:rt.JculerfsGd, the ·evi·aence· of_:PvJl 7 -·_,.,_,-B~·~-31~ P~·c, :o.fortin anµ P.vi20,:!3~l916_D~t-ect-iye ·ccrporal-:Juliu;s who . ca:ne.'-to the _sce·ne .·as -a -res,ul t of :Fiepeka. "fi:J'.'e11..be. sho_WS;t-·

thit._ the .ii't appeiLrnt" hc1d in his t ·. :-'pos.s1fs!h:6i1: Ex·hi.~bi t :5, 6 1 . and :12.:· (:1-44 .:b~cycl:e tupe.s, Dhanant- a~d Di~11ond type), Exhibits 8, 13 45-·tK<0"ft~t.~~-t.sJ ·Ex:hib-iti;; 9;.10-;;-(26 rolls' of "khaki)• ·Exhibit 11 (Six rolls of ~011en cloth~ Exhibit 13 of Kent Shirts of 2775 brc1nd.or type and Exhibit_ ],ij Kent Shir_t cover· pieces (bUl'nt)~: :All tllese it:e'Tls we.re new. __ _j ~- •·-~ 3 It is here, t1.c:t I consider it conv,,mient to stop, and launch a relevant question - werE:: thesG guods pc:.rt of tn;.; goods consigned to , :..twanz& through the fic:ilways anci subsequently round stolen fro'll tho Wi:lgon, and how do ;.ie know? It is Vf!.ry crucial tr.c.t W'! know, thc.t tne goods were , consigned through th-2 r,.ilwbys, c:.nd stclen ;...s c.t.Lrg·2d in which cuse we will have to know) how the appell::.r.t c::.'ll•:.' by-th.::"11..· ·The prosecution hc.1s ell_,_ along ncintciined, that the gcods s~ized were the prop~rty consigned through the R..:.ilways; but subse,1u:::ntly stolen ir. transit. 'fh1s poses . a que_stion of identific:;;tfon, ..:.n ssp'.:!ct, th:..t :::ttr,.-,ctcd ric :.ttention 9f :the Counsel;. ··for the 1st ·nppdlunt, "'nd ev1.:r, the lei,;rned St;;;t.e P.ttorney, on ·app•2·2l~ I sh2.ll avoid, such ::.· co11pL.c::nt "'pprc:::ch en tnis ~spect. -· · However in. cc.ses of this kind, wr.2re consignors h::;v·1 tri:d'~

relations, ,with consign''" cs· and consign good·s ori orders,: the ccnsigne•~ s n;.;y h;;.ve diffi6ui ty, in physio·ilty id•entifying the l'i~·rchandise consigned, unless reference . to invoices ·and ccnsign"llent.no1es; are of help. _·Sinilarly the consignors, : ~ay- be suc_h geographically pleced, ::s tc- 'llak;;"tn<:ir attendance_ to identify ·the· goods· difficul-t, expensive or involve a lot of deL:.y. Cert·dnly,. while I· 6ann6t swear, thc:.t oonsignc.:;s ci.nnct id~ntify th:: 'nerchun•dise oonsign~id to the'll apart fro'll their c~pacity to give a gen2r~l d~•cription the corisignors occupy a better ·position to do so. I have nevertheless to consider the issue of identifi~~tion • On thi:s respect, we have. Vi/I V.S. ·cha"llpsi of Dar es SaL:10"!1 testifying thi:lt he consigned ''Dhtnant c:.,nd Durilop" bicycle tubes to Popat., ar,d 1 ident1fied these ·s~ized at the 4th:~ppellant's place,· to be like the··6nes • he seni. -~W2 iziz Derap Singh did the sa'll~, in rispect of 179 khbki :drili :found at the 4th c:..pi:,dlant•a plc.ce, and so did Pvd B•K• Pattan .. in resp~_~t; · oi. ·13 rolls of. P,iyster Sh{rtimg 'llc.,terial - the _-invoice and. c/a No. No. 73940 being Exhibit 37 • . As for other witnesses, it is only consignees that tf!.stified·in atte'llpt to identify the go-0dst th~t they n~ver received by_tendcring order~, invoices and correspondeLc~s betwe~n then ~nd

the consign~\r~. Having exc111ined the sc docu'll~nta:ry· exhibits te1 .. dered in Uis case, I found~ .they• werc'"invofces, lettbs :rnd·.ordersf -tu~t nae: pcis.eed b.etwa,m the aons·i.ghe.ti.j:J and consignors,, arid 'Tly-fear waa, in particular,· as r;spects thE;' consignors who did not give evidenc·e, that such docu'ller.ts wer.". _{nad.'Tl'issible. unle.ss ·the·re" ~as 1!ateri'al, entitling the_ trial vragistrat1: ·to· apply, the provi'aions of° Sec:tfon 34(b) of tr.e· Evidence iict 1967 ._, that allows. or p;;rni·ts~· the ad~:i.ssibi1ity of sta'te'll;nts,. ·written o'r otherwise, nadc in the ordinary course of busin'2ss, by persons who cannot be call-:d ae witness.- Hoving exa11ined the "r,'.:·c·ord; .· I _an, satisfied thot tt,rJ trial '\llagistr,:ite in ad'lli tt-ing the said docu11enta·ry exhibits-, did not stop to appr<:ciate the cohd.,i.tions fo·r· their a~11i~~ib{iitj; under the provisions of Section 34(b) of· the. Evidence Act 1967. H6weve~t oral evidenc2 fro'TI consignees was sue~ that no prejudice· had be ,n occasiohed, by ·the·· i 'llprop,,r c1d11ission of each docu11ents. 1 would however sa~ tha-t·i wh:::rc consignors cam,ot be? obtclined, the consignees who had plac~d ordeis for the goodst that wcr~ sub~eqciently stolP.n, are entitled to give-oral direct evid.ence, of t11-e orders they had 11ade in Dar es Salaa~. and could even refresh thei~ 11ind~, bt

referring to oorresponcenc~s and inVoices:betwicn the~ and the consignors, to identify the goods• they would but foi thef"t rc.?oei<Je, Ir.. '-'!0EJ;·,;~D 1I'P.KI Vs. ii~ (1961) EA 206, in which the qqestion of identificatioL of inported, but stolen watches arose, ~nd in which tae ·exportets (coniignors) could not ~ive ev.idenca fro~ Switzerland, bLd wh~re provisions equiv~lE~t to Section 34(bJ above were ·applied, the Court... at puge 213 observ-2d, ar.d I quote:- . - "Tne cddre·s$i:s were_ f'un;y enti'tl!.!d ~c give . , eviaer.ce of_ orders~•. wr.;.ich. th::y h£td plciced ih Switzerland, ·aud_ to r~fresh their nenories :..before hand, .b'Y c9nsul-ting their 'files of corresponder.ce f::nJ invoic::s, wilet11er ·t11ese . docU'TlGhts were put ii1 hvidcr,ce. o'r not".· The significan-ce of tue· above cc:.~e~· v,ould not ci"'nge. ·sinply becciuse, · in the csse (supra), the go6ds were .bo'Tlin~ fr~n. ~witzerla~d.· It follows,· that kh0re th~ consignor. c&nnot, p~ obt~inc~ t6 f~Ve evid~nce of idcniificc..tion of th:; goods ·consigr.:.i:.:d, the: consign-:~ cc:.n so do•:· through oral '-'Vi.:Lnc-:; 1 by ·r·ii?r ·. shin& his- ·-:l<~ "'lor'y by r'2f ·; re Lee t:o' invoices received·, -~,. ., "'· . ·; • •.• .• • .• 4 ..... ,.... ' '.•.· by ref:re: s!!ing '11ado ..,. by . hi11,., .. -· .. ,: • ~ • -. • • . . . .-. • •. '-?l •' . Th;e trial \\iagistrc.te; "!e,;s tn,crffor.e HititJ0d· to

he.:,r ttic consie;nees .. ·of the· 'propsrty --- Pw23 Ch::ind1:i.1],c.1l )<;bJ..f _ri_· . who ··through. ir:voic~ s ond. .c/note ___ ,, d~ted 12/9/;5,Ex'J:i, 23: 24 ~.'101:.._,d ht; h:...d cir_d'er-:d for ,\.mt' sl:irts bl'bna.:. No. 2775; but never got any_ .::..ltµough lie 1·ec(;iT.:d consigr!':i11ent _note .. dateq 1·2/9/75" ·pw6 Jay;.·r1.dr:-:. .Bhi11ji; h:o.d ~1.so. oro.ir_,ic. IC:mt' shiI:ts br·~_ri_d No. 2775 ,11.de invoii,,'" E:x.'h. ··25 1: but n,J_v,;r 5 ot. ·;;;ny; lll°tho·u.e:h he· receive'ci ~/n~te No, 7395'7" H.27 ,"_b-;,ii:'c.l. S,,Ro Hhcdj._a/ ·:haJ -~~rcfo:,·:~d _Kt:nt shirts ... ·, 'l:i"rand 2775:- whj_~h 'i:i" ·ri_::.,1::-:r get: d.'.:.spi te his in110L.-: s ·::-;o.: 178J and :consJgn-nent .. Note Non 73952 _Exb.,. ~.S: p;~29 ir.,;...'. 'Popat g·ot or~iy _5_:_bales of bi~n~et.s, ·:while ·.•·· 10 ha'2i.' bee-n.consign-.~d 6S shc'wn-by.th·" invofce'-a1.d''c0n.sign-nen,t ,n-o{e ,Jx_h~ 29 '(., 'pw.30 Ki shore' K .. Kot,, ch.:; g·<;i't :r,t_O K_,:i'.nt sin;.' t's of 27.7 5: Ji/i.iid·, Q,i th9u.g_h ':iie'" ', r<2ceived invoice' '.a'na:· CQnsj_.gn·,irni ·note . .Ext_, 30.a ·Pv, J1. },i,ric;n'shi S::::i'nj:iq.i,d; got> not a singl_e shiJ.;t c·f Ke·n:t .~. 2775 bJ:'::.:nd 1 cJl tl1ough· ·he go{ ttie· i,rivcifq.e ·_1;1nd.co.nsign11entno.e ·Exhs. 31, .i:\n<l _Pv140 Henry "IJTad.0110,go\.o,nly 4.5 pack'ages, ..· .·!3.1,t:hough the consignr,ent ncite aricf cc,py of th.e

co-n.ine'a. ..R;Jgui'?i t_fon, she>\~ -· ·11.'e··shoul.d-·hcive .r.eceived 50 pack~gc;sn . . -~ .- , -'.. . ~ \ .•• t • ... • • • . • . . • ---viith.-tn-e ,above it-·,mst •be recc..llG:d,' that in th-.:: i:,os.s~ssion of tl,e · appellant No~ 4 1 were 11cny Ki:nt shi-1·ts: so112 of :2775 br-and~ He ·had also, khaki drills rolls: cf consid,2rcble quc.:nti ties, ::.1nd bicycle tubes ,,,,lof..i.Dha'liarft and DunJ.0p type.i not- inconsicte:ra-ble in a,11ount. • .1'111 -relcded to ths -<::vide1ice gi'ven arid t1.Jking t·hc consigm1e·n:t note I s descriptions .. e:,'f pr-ciperty., I a1i l:eft witri ·no doubt, th3t -foe goods found at the .. ·home: of 4't-h--a1,pellanti · were ·so,11B ,of the consi 6 n11en·-ts, tn::.:t were st·ole·n ·:as a ..·: re suit ·of b"r"r~ak.ing· op':!n wagon Q.,G,.,Bo, he fore -th.e 11orning of 19/9/75-• ... ' ..-.. , .,· .. ~·; Ii,, jis·v-e:r;_;y,'~i.ife to -coriclud•=,•'i.:f-S ciid the tr'ilil ~~ugistr"'tc, thi::<,t·the · .,i. appellant'.No~ 4, W8S .fcund in possession of :f?rc5pu'1:'-ty- stolt:n in trcinsi-t·.- 0 ,::The· 4th appellc,nt:: hci;e- b..:: ':n e ccn traf.:- f:i 6 ur,:r-in ·this -cas'.:, · b-t:: co use ,,\'L:--of- th~-pI''o'.I)e·rti-es f-c,un·ct -:On- .i:iin·.. 'l'ht., ist and :J:rd, --2:nd-e·ppdi'u:its, \•i'e-r'e·-- -ri'entti-cned .tO:,'the Fo1ice. by th-23rd-& l,t'h acclis•2d··a•nd·h<:?i'l-C€ ·their·t/rr·es:t. ··Fo~,, ,the•· f"i1-s ti _.:md.

3I'<l :~ppt:!11:.:r,t s 7 ths orily 2 vide'r" c:: · we hc;v e -is fro11· the ·.• ·-311tl••cihd '-4th ·accuse·d; 'l'ht! 3rd •i;:,.-cc'u·sed :wc.,;s a· ·co--iacclisc·d' sub·sequen·ify : .:·. ;_,~.·acq;u:i:t.t-:id;..: .. The 4th ·"&ccus!:!-d :i:i:f .·fh'i-3 4th a-ppell6;_, t: in· this ,c.;s~~-· ~- ·It is· the -3:rd .a-ccuse-d:s--e-vidtcrrce-:ti1c·t i11plic&tes th;;:rn, j·us·t as ·aoss the :,,,: ·-E.vi:-d:e'hce -tif ,th-e 4th appell'c,nt~· The 3rd c:ccu.se·,i' a· ·Taxi c}r'iver' now· acq:ui,tt'e,tr/· t.old the G()ur t .in ·his s-wor:n- def"·n·ce·: as foll'ows·':_, 11 1 r<211e11bsx U was in the night' of 19/9/75 · .--! •• betw~-n- 4.JO ·and 5 a.11. T w~~ ~eie~p at hone.· .I ·he~rd scn~bo6y kno,king at 11y ~indo~ I he~~d· sbne one· "S0S0LISO' l: 'IFT.l<:J;, '~i-'ni Zolo,. H.... '~HH. k\iha k~zV·. Because 1 I know Zolo I-wok~ up a'nd!open\id the·· door·o -I saw· Zolb bu:tside .. · He wr--s ·with 'two persons: Cos11c:s Kc.to 1st accus~d" •••• and Idd ,: (7th'""ccused)" - Zola's taxi· w·as outside. i·Zolo told ne that trierc was so=he·job t'c be dor1ei ·and · -- that h€ hi:id don-~· his trips, but· unfc:rtu.nc:itely · :t;he ,exh:mst pipe of his nutor vehich, h:!..'d broken ..'.' down. So: he- asked:ne tc do til-;! :·job. I asked Zolo wne=tricr•th~ •job was il di'.:1-gerous on·e, he :answered in-the ~eg6tive. The owner~ of.the ·gcods~ to be cc.tridd ~t tft~t ti11s were Cos:n&s k~to

and Idd Ins~~ ;r:weht b~ck·td jy hous~ to pttt on :ny clotneso Ther~~they tol~ 11e t6· t&ke than.to 1 1kohnL . 2clo ,L:ft ·with us, bu.t in his vehicle &nd he went )io11e~- Ou.r·sGlves· procLdG,d to 1'1kchni. vihen-'J ·re.:.c.a;!d 11Ik0Lni? i fow-~d two pBrs;ns m,:nely the 2nd ;,;ce;u.s,d, ·no now pr,o~~r;t_ in Co.u.r't,· und CLop.l:1as ·Byc.sl1&~ila · 6th ucl,.us.E:d;_ . 'lhe_y we.re standing near' the rciad si.d~, .c.nc.i on. the .ground .I. saw clotn.;s. IJ:'h-i:y ·s't.&r.ted to ··10~,d. thi1,gs in :ny .11ctor vehicle .• Yiy 11oto:.: v~i1icle is snL.11. ari.d coula not, carry: all ···of the·n .=it a go_:· · f.:1:U: I drc•;e Cosm.s KcJto c..nd Idd ~usa togiiD~r w~tQ ins goods t6 'town l~iving, the ..·.. . /5 • • l .a • • 5 .2nd accusect·\not in Court) c:,nJ tt1e 6th accu.sed at the sa-ne, place. vilien WE r~2>ci1ed '1kuyuni they tcld ~e to bri~g ioods"to one Nestcri 4th accused. ~'2 woke I~-astci-ry ,mu st,.rted to ur.lo::,j .{c.a gooc!.s. 'Ihe' 1st accu.se·d ctnd :7th ,iccuseG: a.sk,:i n•i tc rcturr.. theTl to \lfkolar.i, tc collec.t tn2 ·r'::"1oL,in. tl::.i1:..1::s in ths 'Tloto:r v;;•nicl•.o. This W6S tr.2 fiL"'l trip and £>11 acci...se~ p~rscns~ h~'1ely the first ~cc~sed 1 2nd accused, 6tn acci...s" ·aua.' 7th bcc .... s-::c, er.t-.:r,/j t.r,2 11otcr vehicle . ; aad drove tot~~ s~"'le place at ~estory's house •···•• ,,f te r that t.r.e y a sb-, d ,Jc to taKo:: t.ne "1

,::.en::." The 4th ·2ppe llc.rit,. whil1:: :not 'to'ticr'i.i.;:.g tne _ plcic~ 1 "the go·ods could have •o-rie· fro11, 11aintaine.J ·fn.::,t· tlle ;,:::LJ. cppelL.!i-t Co.sri2s L,to, 3ra. i:lCcused, w.hoke hi'll up ot 5.30 anJ. told hi''Tl, t.:..'-.t. tr,.e;;: r1 .... 0. cL.,t1.es, c.rd bicycle tubes tncit j.,:;.~y wuLt'3d to k2•.. p ..:.this ho-.,..,s~, p,;;Lcl:~n;~ tri:.nsportc,,:hon el~ewhers. He'suid- ne allowe·c::. ti-1e'D •. 'l'r1r·.:,; trips WJrt;; 'Deia.e, c.i.1.ct ti"1at the 3rd accused, lat 2r told··f1i11 thc:t the goods still in tht: ccir, were 0 for the 1st ;;a.d 2nd c:.ccused (lddi \fusa, "'.r~d Byashi...lila (6th accused - 1st appell.cm t) .. I,t is now, tnat I se·t off to consid,:r tne c;;se ,-,s a whole as touches each appellant. It behovcis 'llG ~o do this, in vi2w of the overwhel'Tling signs, that each accused, W,:.s tryir"t:- to throw tl1'2 1:il:...11,:: to the other, and trying to 'Tl;;iroon ec..c'h otl1;:.:r _&t a very L.te h0ur.,_ " The first appellaLt, •is ciiicp.ti.;is By&shalih in Cri'Tlinal /ippeal No. 120/19.77. His defP.ric·';;; Couns-?1 1 is. l'=arr;;,d ·~r. ~~ats11b:..:. The lat appellant, -t.old the ·court tr;.,d on d<.1tei charged, h: WciS on duty h"'ving reported on duty at 6 p.'Tl. Hi:! said; L-i:1t his ·duty_ wc::s to rGcord ~11, the inco11ing rail wagons :u;,d those lying Ed. t.iu1: P6rj; ( Twanza South). · He said, _this job is don..:: be

ti·J'>"n 6 Po 11. c.nci. 8 · .... -ii. Hs s~id 11e. did his job, till he sub11i tted his report 6 p. 'Tl .. '"t 8 i. n. . His defence witness Tit~s Rwes?ngira sort of confir11ed the job tn_t t~e appellant was doing and thought the c:ppelLrnt 11us"G lki'"' doDe J:-.is job p:~c;p:'!rly, i:.iS he reqeived no co11plaints+ altho~~h he did nots~~ tha 1st dppell~nt 6ri iriat dLly. The trisl ~~gistr~te beli~v~j tne story by the 3rd accused; 4th appellar.t 1 1:ind re~,cted tLe ~ppelldnt's ,jlibi ~Da convicted hi'Tl~ First 7 the first steppi~t·~torie, th~t l~d t~i trial ~~gi£tr~te into CJ rejc:ction of tne 1st .. pp_·lL. nt's J::f-:.:uc·.-, i!.~:5 b2c,..U:se'; l think- tne 1st 1:ippell;:.rJ.t <2lectec1. to ·n,,::.:.: ;:,:.n ut;swcrn st .... t-,n2Lt, c.ft"'r the ad.11inistrt.tion of section 206, of tne Cri'Tlinol r'l'CC'2dUr2 Ce.de. 'lhe tii~l 11agistri;Jte ~tt~cks tte ~Pr~11~nt, thus: "I woulJ · tnink p:3rsoL2.illy, tr1c..t c: ·trutJJ.iu~ ,.aid. unguilty witr,ess,.is one who gives.: sworr. ·st~te'Tlent 1 so tnLt ~e ~~y b~ ~roes ex~11ined .. to test his accw'c.c;y v,2r.:;city·or crcdi:,ilit;y., 11 With dui,.r)ep:ct, I think this was::. 11isd.ir.-:ctio1. o;:.. tl12 r~-rt of the trisil ~1agistrc;.te, tc c:s·su'TlG tnc 2;;:,;o:lL.x.t to be ,.::llinc lLs . . rJ.J tner"fore guilty, because ne elects to .:;iv·" an unsworn stc.i:::nent. 'Ine law, cannot give hi 'Tl ti:ut right und-ar ti".-1

i)rovisions of $'2 ction- 206 of the C.f•. C. and at the sa11;: ti11e, conde11n hi'Tl "' li;:;r: or i;-uil ty; b&caL..ss ll~ hss elected the saiQ right. Dn~er the previsions of 3ection 206, cf the Cri 11inal Procedure Cod~ C"'p 20, t11.:: :.ippell::,rlt is .JlloW•lJ. to el1.: ct to de;fend hi 11scl·f, s~rnrL or unsworn. It h::. s be n 11c.ld, in ;,IS'IOl~ ·-~BJ;fif, Vs R•.(1961 .lU, 274, that t'r1•:re is nc justificc.tio11, in drc.,dng adverse inference, fro'll th'; :..ccusecl ::.1 ction to give i,lrlS'il0rn st;:.t.e"1?nt. This is not to s::y hOW'2V~r, that the •rri..fistr:,te is net' '.:ntitle4, even to . infor'Tl the ~ccustd, or think, til~t toe w2iLht cif sworn ev~jehce, ~ay b heavi,~r, th.:::n the unsworn st<.t':'"1Crrt. B..:..t it -nust all the sa1'le be 0 clear, tt.-~.t while a 11:;.;gistr .. t 1:°. 1 is eLtitld to Lke into .:.ccount on accus d .p<3r,sor.'s rc,fus,-'l, to g,iv,:; evider,c': on o..,th, this does not go 0 to bolster up u we~k c~se, or, to reli vs tne prcs2cution, fro~ proving the case, beyond rs:..son-.:.:bl-2 dcu,)·t;, r,or, should. s1J.cD. !:.L.' cticr,, be considered evidence r,-quiring to b~ cor~sid.•!re.:1 7 tc the prejudice cf the c.ccu.B~J. - I snc.ll cc,nsiG.~r ths effcct cf tn-: .bcve 'llisdirf;ction ldter. . .... /6 6 ~ ~~- '~r. '1otcnb2, 11::.y__ing s~r.wr;. s-~V-c;r:.;1 -.isdirections, the :.,bove bein 6 on: of tnsn, pcint~d out, tn~t tL~

-Prell~ut's ~libi was c.lso rejected, first, bec~ .... s•c of tn~ preJu.dg'.'TI'.H~t, t.t,~t siric~ trn c.pp31L.ut ehcted to. 1lc..ke ::ir, uris,vcrn stc..te11~;{1t, i'l-~ Wc..S u li-~r,. die. bec- . . .s<c: for no coiisi~c:~~..:. re-.;scr.. E-Lvin1:, obsGrv"J.'tn;;"trj,c.l 't. iibtrc.te rc::.,,soning, in t,1,..:: jUue_:'211,:itt on_ tnis. ~sv·,c-t, l fi1;;..,. co11fort in the 8bOV<l sub'Tlissibns. I .fc.tho11,· tne tri::. l -~c...[istr_:.;te' s coi.clusions, c:s iL ctfect S.::iying, th:.:t sine::. tr1e c.,f,I;.;lLnt cii::; not s~ti_sfy hin, tn-c1t he: was on duty durint tne qu.-::stioned. hours, .:.nG :._.t..,s, he nust 11J.V~ been fi.l.iltl. If this b-l t11e c.:,se, ~nct I c.:ll convinc 12a· it is,· ~nen this is <in ·8ct of viol12r.ce, upon th-! l~w r·.::g,rding ::.libi. dthough the '-'PP•3lL:.nt tried tc-prov·2 his :.:.libi by c-olling i:.., l✓ it11ess; -t.fJ,.did ~o, not oec--use the l.,w r:~qui:r-:G hi11 so to. clo. F'or, :...lthoug.t; c.libi is CC'Tl1lO!lly' called a def,nc,:, i-t: i's n:ct t1::.;2 L.w of tnis ccLL:1try, tL.t t1.e accused r;~ising it;~• n:..:s fo. ":Stublist or pro;ve it. 'I'c furt..:1H ,;XphiL this, I cHI seeking a~fsist2.r;ce, in the c::;s,.::. of, - ii. Vs JOHi\SOI~ (1961) Q.B. 970 2t page 970 in which th, leisl status of elibi ~ the olibi we loosely cbll a defenc~, was expl;;;.insd. :It"was held:- ,. . 1··- . . . ",~libi. is co1111on,ly cc:.11.ed. ::;

def·,11ce; it nay be, the true vie1if :of _£:,n• dibi, is the Sc.ans t;s thot of self defenc~ or provocaticn. It is th~ an~wer, which the i:.lCcu.sed persor,, puts f-oward a~19- the burqen of proof, as will ,sppar in -~ mo'Ti_:::nt,- .in thi -~ens~ of estaolishing th~ guilt of the c:iC-cu.si::d, re ~:ts tnr0ugl1out or~ ·the· sld-= of the -p::rosecuiior,. If G 11'...L puts fow2;rd ::.n ~liS\•:er in- ( th-e sh,..;pc_ of . ;;;;r.-, .,libi, h,) GO•:S not irJ. L:w; there--:-:. b;y·:.,ssu:nl, Jp.s:b.;;.rei•rn of pfoving ti1c1t cWSv)er.'.'. . lt h8S si11iLrly; ur.u. wit1:i. e<uL\l fore.;, bec:n rieid. in '.D.h ~svl. .Ji-1.ll;S vs. R. (1970) H. c.1·. )o. 65. ·..;;11, th:..:t tl:lis 11e_2.ns,· i~ t1~at ~1~e stc.giu~ of &n di.bi. by th,_; ~cc:::u.s::: d, db\ s not s.inft tn':: bi..rci...:n of proof . to - hinself tci ptove tne s~id ~libi. It w~s tnereford inpropar, for-thi'. tribl l~Gistr~te, to req~ire th~ first appellGat to prove, ne waa o~ duty_ i.iu.rini:,. the y_u.estioneu pEriod. It wi::s for tn·J tri"'l court~ to - see if tue 71,.,teric:.ls for l!libi .rc:.is·ed '" rc:Lso,Lbl~ doubt on the c·cise in re;,p,:;ct of th<; c:.ppell:...nt'.s: c2se c,S:.. wnole.: .Th•-.: pr-::judic:...il.effect, if ~r:y, ,:wi;I.l be vJsi t•::d. s_u.°Q::;ec;u,..'.11tly.' ,~r. 'fot211ba, was wrnsuc:.lly v~b.--211,2'r.tly bi.dterir:.g·,· c:.r.c. ~~r. -Finda - the Std'-! Counsel bdr,f of' ido11tic:...il

-.-ie.w, th.:.it tiv~ trL:l ·.,-c..gistrate reli~d, on the ~worn evid2~a~ of tne 3id Llnd 4th appellant - all: co-accus~ds, jointly chargid ~nd tri~d, to convict tne ~ppellant, and that as th2 S-2. were 3CCO'Tlplic:;s to convict, corroboration should have b•J-n sougi1t. 'Tr. ··I1:1t211bs and ·~i'. Fiuju, w·~re· -of the view,· that it - wc:is uns;.;fe to uphold convict.ior:, ·that solely stood on such .testinony. :fr~ 'fate Tiba cited c.iL aut.aori ty- F'i.Bl..1-.lW OBEL & O'I'F.ilihS VS. UG.I,Di (1965) E_, 622 to show, how uppr2cLted ws:is the corroboration; wh'2re acco11plices, give ~vid2nce against the ~caused. In de~line witn thes'2 sub11issions, the use of sho~tcut tdctics, -nay oe d.:..ng':lrous, :Bir st to b-c: observed, is. the fact, t:C.:;lt bot~ the 3rd and 4th appellc:nts ;::,ef,;1.G.e-.l th,:,11selves sworn. ., nd, unler tne provisions of Section 13(3) of the Evidence ~ct 1967, an ~caused person chur 6 eC. with an off2r~c.2, is on his own 2pplic.:.tion, a c,011pe tent witr,ess tior tae def<;;r;c,:, Wll'3tL:.r l1e is jointly, 01' ,::lorie c11:...;rg-ed'. Where, he h-.;s so ~l-=cted to giv"' eviJ.d1ce on o:.ith, c:.i1d if in the course of ths sa11s, hf i-nplic~tes 3 co-~ccus;;J 7 sucn evidan~e is on the sane - footing, us inc.t of au.y ot11··r wi tn:iss; ,,w;i 112,y b ta.ke.t=i intQ 0 · consid~ration, against tni co-accus~ct, wn~tncr tn~ p~ison b{ving evictGnce i

11plicite s hi -nsclf or not. ' i ',voU:ld t.nerefor0 st1i:lre, th€ obsarvcition ori this Sb'TI~ ~sp~ct, iri tne sc1ne dirJtti6n abov~, in R. Vs ivdcJria (1945) 12 .fi,.C; . d4 at p&e,:..:,e 86.- · It wns obsi::rveci as follows:- •.•• /7 7 11 It at the trial n gives e_vidence, su.cil e.vide!lc_!! is on tne Sct1le fo~ti_~is· as t::~at ot· any ..2lli! wi tness.1..-.!:nd 110;-( be "t.<.iker; 'into -co:nside_rqti_££ ;~·ai;~t E·irrespe·ctiv-e of whetri.if-r-·'.+~4' i11pli- ~':'tes hi11se·lf o~ no·t 1 B 1 of cou.r§$:_, cai:, cro1::;s- exa11ine, a·nd t1.,:, questi·cn of a660111Jlice evidence again, hos to be borLe •. iL -nir.a in deciding how sate-, _it is to .:::ct upon this ~,vider;ci:J as agair.st · . B-." While tJere {~ no doubt, th~t tile 3rd'adc~~ed and 4th appellant, upon their· giving evidence, that also·i~plicat~~ tha lat and 3rd appellant ·th~eir .. status is ttiat of an ordirlar~y~ 1~':i~t;~e~s, aL.d therefore their evid-e.hce -riay--be •tak--.,11 into considsration_against othar accused i11plicated, i 1 e·., - 1st and 3rd ar;rellar1:t ·11ere, -t:1e ::;u.~stion, I pose here is wnether the' autnor'ity ·cited ·_b;y ·1r. ·-~&te.,,ba. stfictly applies. In the case of Fl\BI.iiNO OBEL'& J,i~O'lfllih V. uc:.Ai:n;J, (1!9_65) El\ 622, the. acco'Tlplice witness wa,s. a -,~.rosecu:tiori: wi tnes·s, w11ili.::· in' t·11i~ cc:1se. the 3jd accused ar.d 4th appella11t werg defence.

witnesses and s·i11ce th-:: strict rul.es of corro- boration of eviden:ce by acco-npliqes, 21°:re applicc1ble, to evid,rnce of acco:nplicss given for trie prosecutio'n, · ·a·s e1 safe guard agair;st ··conviction based on-· $UctJ. prosecutior/. evider.ce without corroborc.1tion, stri6tly speaking tne n8ed for cotroborc:1tion, of an ac6011plice evidence-only c:1ris~s ¼here ac96~Plic~ ~y~deLce, ts given for tne· . : pr_ose cu tion.~ '!he above ca s.;, cto~ s· r;o t, the r 8 f" or 2 str ic Uy apply 1 , to .the sit.Llation we hav,;;, wtiera t.i.1c 1 e\rnrn defenc(:S, though l:lCC01'lplic;:,e:: evidence, .i11plic.:.ite a co..;aecus".)1~ .·, . . . . ., ., ~ : ~- . •·' , . ,- ~. ::,,, ·,.<.If W_E ~c~~pt; that tvJ pr·a'ctice· aross: to soifc gli:8.rd ac~-u.s_ed:~r:,fron · convf6.'ti~n-on:-ttt·bksis of_acconplice viitnesses call<.!d by the P.!-O~ecution, then strict rule'.s _of corroboration cont.enplated by the practice, that hc1rp gain;,d tne r•,spctability of h,w, ar:c not strictly required:wher,e . :the .acci-1....sfd-, thoµgh an ~acconplic~, _inplice1tes his co-accuse~, in hi~ . ·evidenc<=, _ in def<:i1c:·. Banner11an J'·;: es" h-, then was, in .. 'li~ifr,y.I DUp.O . V. REP.()BLJC, HIGri COLJF:T CJ!· iJ:.A1 2~,:.r.A ·cR: llpp. B. l,o. 332 of 1965 (not repo:v:t·ed}, was of tns sane ~ibw,. ~rneri I!-r ~ai~ ·c.r:i.d l ,quot~:- "Ther,:; is no rule ·ot lc.w, i-vhicn r •qu.ir;:s_

'the svidenc•, of tn':'. d•}i'·r~c'.i w1tr;,,ss, to b2 tr1ated with cautior. in tr1-.: abser.c\j of any corroboration. The rule ,as to corrcboratich of ths ~vid~n•~ of an acco-nplice, is,c:.pplicable, in ny opini£in, only _to ~vi'dertc,~' of acco-nplic~s givir:g svidcncc for the · JH:'OS-c_,c-ution, as a Sofu guar_d against conviction ,: on such pros-icution evid~nc~ without cotroborbtion • • • • • • • • • • • • Natuarally, evid~i:,.ce _givsn by a d_efe1ice witness, wno has &n acco'llJ;::li:2 ce would b:, subject_ to scrutiny, be.fora it is i.i_::c€;ted, but it _c;loes. not ur1d,:ir any circu'llstances require corroboratici'n' as~ rule of l~~ or pr~cti¥e, even, waare it tends to support t~e case of tne prosecution to prove tf-.e,gu.ilty of ,rn.acci..,S6d rer·son." From tne above, I a-n forced to 'Tl~ka ine necessary observ~tions. First, as I_ have .h_e],_d elsewhtfre~ :fierain 1 :,y_h>:!_r_~__ .::.n._:,q<;,i+s•~d 1,-.:.cson el~cts to 'give his o.d·:::rrc~ sw·o'~/i','_ :~·hs"··i:-via·~:r~_(?,·c:_$.9. 'ia.d':dJc!S'cf; ';e-n.j,ojs tne s::.l'Tla stc. tus as c.,ny .oth-=:r: ·011-:d:b:i'jry''\·iitrfafis·. Seco~/cffy, W.J:Ll'J sucn-ivid.:r1ce i11plic,des tha co-"'ccus-e-d·s, c.:r~o. ti':..L .::.c·c ... si::d wnos:: evid2nce .is .i111,licuting ihe otnti:r, is otaarwi~e an occo~tlic~, such cte±dLCd uqconplice evidtJnce, does not eith~r cu.t of pr8ctice or ~ny lJw, r~quire corroborution.

Ln~ thirdly the Jbove notwithst~n~in&, wn.re = swcrn ctefenca inplicwids u cb-~ccusdd 1 the Court nust su.bj-.:ct sucn i nplicat~r.g c:viC::;;nc'-', to sev,:re scrutiny, and such ~vidiDCt ~u.st b~ cr(dance reLdering, to otner ind~pcndent evidance, to founci. cor.viction. I .. s.1;;.ll tn-::rcfor,!-1:roc,.:d to scrutinis: t110 evidcoc_e. 1:ppelL,nts No. 1 "-nci 3 were convicted sol~ly, on tl10 0vit..::Lc\J by .... ccu.seds ho. 3 and 4. 'lhi;.t is, '-'f'<.Jrt f'ro11 disclos1.,.re_s, ti•. t tnc 3r:l c:Ld 4ti: ,.ccu.sed did 11ention tk,n to t.i.1<c Folic3, und in·tLoir j0f-:.,nce,_ th:-r~ is no·.otner €').'·id:~nce, to cor.n,ct the: lst,.-,,lf\i 3~d,_;,:::re1Lrits \·:ith t,1'.:, off- ncc. ~:cwe.v~r the tri<-ll 0 '-',,-cistr--.t·.,, _b2lLvins-. t.:1~ .. ]rd ,- . rd LitL ::.c,~· .... s ·Je, proc,!·:ci.eJ to c9Aviction. t ~ • • 1 jb 8 It se9'TIS to 118, th_,t tri'c trL.,l •~;.. gistr:,ts, ,..;·,.s b2inc lc:d by.;; 11isdir2ction in L,w trL.t, clcconplice E'vidcncs I one,! believe a. :.. coLviction is no t I ' illegul, b'~c..1use therc:·-h::,s· not b·-er. · corrobcr, tion. I h,,ve shown herein above, th~t this is ~pplic0bli wn~r~ suco :vi~cnce ~s si~en by the prosecution. Furtho.r·;·:...:tne tr:CJ·'~sgistrJtE;, if I Jl:,y _rut· it courteusly, :I~;} for got, ti.12 t t1e·--w-'":s·:.,€,f}f3-~-n t1ull5':~r-eIJiri{f:~,C?JtJ.~.. ~ Y.1-0.~Eic~i w:.. s gi Ven after the closure_ of the :rr cs2

cution' s"·c.0·s':2_, ...?.~---~rw t the -ju11ping of the provisions of _Section 205 of tile Cri'Tlin0l Proc,1urJ p~}i~- is nowhere to be j ustifia d. Even if, ttiia evict.e:..,ce by ti16 3rd :,rd 4t.i1 .iccc;.s<;J ;,e.re c..cco11plice svidence 1 on th~ prosecuticn 1 s side, the tri~l ~~gistr~te, s2~~s to hi:;Ve lost sight, of rie:c·,:sF:J:.,ry steps b2forc· c..-ctir.g on it:. :'l'he Court's ;first duty, in consiJering occc111lice evict,2r~c•J. is, iir.;t, t_o decide whether the •i.:lcconplice iis 2 creaibl<= .-,1tHess.· This is r,:;cess1-r.y because, if the Ccurt fe'='ls, it cc:nnct b'::licvt: such i;.Cconplice scvidencc, .it rej~cts it, c.nd. ur.L:ss tlv.:re is indep;.;ndent evidd1ce s.uffici:.;n"t _to justify conviction, tho 1rosecution n&y fuil. The seconJ stept is, wr.ere tho::: c.:C(;011plice is credible, the Colll't nust nor11c;lly proceed to loo~ for sone indepeudenci evidecri~, ~hich conn~cts th~ ~caused with the cri'Tle, :.il tnou,t:,t1 tlle conviction is no· 'illq;:.il for l;.,ck of such corrobor~tion. · If, wi·wera to tes\'.trie crEdibility of the 3rd accused first, I would definitely not, concur, with th,J tri::31 '~sgistr--,te' s ·finding that he.is i:Jbsolutely credibh. ]'irst, the 3rd accuseu 1v2is c l . person,._ who .s ccept, d to··do the transpor t,:.:tion of - goods, unde_r cov~r of darkness, cl fact :th-:i t tt.iht~ hi ii;:.· Secondly,· he- und the.' 4th

accus= d, tried to bribe Rebek8 ~hri211b-2, out cf her responsibility.to. report, "' the11to authorities. ]·urth:r,:·•cilthoug.ti,.:th<:l 3rd accused:told the· Court, that the first :1ppollont Wcd3 :.:.t th·c · ho-ne of the. 4th, 3ccused, FW 2 Reb12ks ~.i!ire'Tlbe said h,2 Wes ·not there. She testified thus:- "When I ::nt-~ret Nestory's house,.at the. inst~nce of ec~used-No. 3~ and Np. 4, there were nobody else ~xcept both · .·. of· the·11. JI Further Pvd3·1 did no-t s<!r. ·<the-: 1st app,.:lL,nt c'.l.tt1;.;r, not .. did the 4th ,fcc"used, nention tL:: 1st ap}'.el_Lr.t in .cii;:; :xtrr,.-j.~di-0ii,ei_l ..:!3te1tenent. Not only the above \. defici~noies 11atter, bu~ tn: 4th ~nd 3r~ accused, obviously .:.ipfc-ir to h,_;vu h:.:id .::rri -int2rest to s,:=rve, i_n _t11e giving of evidence, tn-2y did. vve ·should not f_or.,,,, t, oY1c: of the; .c ... ruial princi~les of justice, thut whare it .:.,pp~_rs tn_t d ~itness, wheiher · for tmi fros,!cuticn or· co-uccu.sc:J., n_y h:.iv?. so.11.: self i11terest to serve in ·giv:ihg eviJ.er~c:'::, it -is ·c.-::sir.c.bl:e .tll"'t :cc;nfirn""tory or corrobcrL>tive evidauc<j, thc.-f is crJilLrily SOUf.;1t ir•. c'-'ses of acco11:i:;lic-e 's evi-ctenc'~, b. c,1-:fli2 d, 1,ri:c tr1e r s.u.ct. wi tn;: s_s c,,r. bs:: cl"'ssifhd i:..S c.,r, :::ccc11r,licc or not - Si>-= -K.hi~1,.ii'lh:}.,hh,i,K. ·h1, 'I.ER Vs. 0 R. 44 Cr. Lpp. B. 83. 'I'he ir s woe

.the typ-2 . of. .·.,.v,iJ.e.r,ce. tn"' t could not safely be t~ke~ intc considJrution ug~inst tne Lst ~~pell~nt. I have gone 3.11 -\;, es8 distances., to .shoiv the misdirections the trial Court fell into. Consi<,ierin.s-, thot the evidence ciLDii-;.st the first appelhrnt, came frorr; t:1e 3rd ::::nd 4th c.;cu·c:ed, benrinc in mind, the status of such evid:::pce in re3c~1inc; qonvict1.on and considering how mishandled. was his ali-':,i 1 E,nd '.,ow his defence i,&s ignored I am left to say, there' Nos no suf'=' icion,t ,an6. dependa1JL, evidence age; inst him, tha.t could. found c01:viction of. the. Jct c1pp8llsnt. · H'is appc::l, is _therefore ·allowed 1 .conv.ic_tion, quashed 8.nd,_s,"'.i.1t.ence set asi,.,G unless the appellant is. :otherwise,· L:l,0;1:.: lly h0ld,. ' . I no,,, com-3 to Ei,:;-h CQurt Grimi~1,;l J;pp.J~i No. 15 of 1977 - Iddi Lc1s~: .the 3r<l 3pp,:;lJ.:1nt~ Jc.: in, t.;i 0Vl.l....;moe c,s :,:;hoim in the excerpt from t:n sworn te::;~-i1,,6r,y i~f the 3:r·d ·scci.:s...,d. sQppcrtecl by thc::t .- of t.l:c 4th appej .:C:.wt, v: ;s J.0p0r,,.1ed upon to cur1viOt, ·,(fi.is· E)pp0llan-\i. 0 I11r. Pin1in 1 the leo.:'.'n-.:,d 3t:.t.; fttoJ:ne.:· d.-:::clinJd +,o· sl~>port cofrviction, on the ground, tl:cot th0 ovic~0nc0 by co-.·~ccu~. _i,;_ ,·,.:::s 11ot enoL,,zh or s:1fe to.convict. ·,,hcit I __f~_id o.bov0, .,:b:,ut ~10 t-.;stimor:~.- oftlle 3rJ. F.lccused and t::0

4th 0ppolL;int, cippli,.::,J h,.cJr_:.:; t,·o. TL..; 3rd :;:p)u1.~8nt did deny ·his i1'lvolv0r:-,ont in ·k3 crirne, , b'{a~t l·rom t:-:..o GVi~t~nce ;r the 3rd - ........ ·-~. ~-~· f WK • 01/ ••' •''' • * ;'noJ o2xn' o: rIu: ° I 'XCI OTJTXPT ao uo 9T1Oj PTYPPt I. 09t10t{ (iO OWOO O. 9U114 BJt .Xt1L' EM t ?)U -'JOJQ tOA AUUYj ,.OU PTP I. U'9JC ICtju ZU Ut 4 .&Z?) uo mus I uosx ui oi on '' 6 wxj so UT uicin nnd pu 6 scs'o ujojj sxqs OTIn Jutiouii poqts rioj •wp woxt utct utt eto. j - sou ot Jq puut SOM pu".doIS SM --W• 1' piID i -( 2uTcLcLij jLJ oioi Saijq $umop DuTddo.ap pu xo i s) utpiotm O211 U 'tUtUOoil nfu 2Mt1IItj i '°M pIO- t10J •pOJLOdC uosiod aoqnouo tL iJ •uio .stt . sjiis aqq. UTJ2O Pionsoil pUflOJ puu 'ui'o 9 dri o)OM •woJs Roqsi on poouioi cxor ioqj, •op 0140,- U0 0J0 SG14qO0 0140, t OWI0 ..IOCU 141 )UO.IO1 SJI o. .xo •0St1014S ixoot: q.z Su xdcI 2uitVuo oos izoo nji oo Jw Ut 0,15 no.9 j- •JO0S0j 0,.St1t5 Oil 0t-Ot1 I 'd01S C J03 OtTO JOL0,OUU pt10 • utdoo1s j:o ouc'oq suioo.i or. oouoo. • —o.cri•b I puu plus 'uoIiidd0 Puz et. iq pOutwCxO s.so.xo •p-'dcft oqiu I . 0 :40qar ç;j U914M iOflO UII puz aT 'pJT EO 0IT3 S)0CS 00,U1 Ui5140,. Ulp0 pUS 4 8S5O xaoo. rtot. "io •sics iti'icx odd os 'cL/6/6i o a MOS 7XtUJ0tU a140,. Ut --:- iqtpao 'SUr 0,U0E0dd'O TjnV eTT 'stiot awus alln u - uouo. o t'i; ozt - o çp'd • tos dc-'op to ivic To nbo eio5J ot 'AJO0,J o. - otojo Tpn 00

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--t t:10 house of the 4th app0llant. Ho clue::~ .Lt 1.L:m 0· s•J.J:i.nc cl,i·c'.~os·,. crncl :·:l:Licugh he Llelibor~ tely ::,voids J.ot:::ils, h,-, d.oe:s !F.t -:;.') 2l: f::ir, '.}~ t::-. c·~·::fil'Jll 2).l ;1h2t PW13 S'."licl_. Of courso, thu COLll'SO ho 0L,ct0cl to f'JlL.,,j is un,l0r.s:t3-nclo.blo. However., If we may cr:.rnu t,-' th,_, r.i'"!rr,)w ,··f tho_--\ofcmc...: 1 ~::..J P'.'llJ hc:ving b.:wn ·credited highly, :rnd for nbvL-u::; r8°·::;cns·, 1_02/1{·1 ,t w1d.ur.c·:~~:12J. ,·Itq·, the 2ppoliant should hBV~ boc•~j;10 S(; ::~ctiv·~, • .:nj_ go -f:, t11~ ·~xGG11t- ci:' r;;,:i·!~~vin[S ohirts·, l"I. f._.ro!ll t .. ,~c-~·C"':I 01r C,.:_.,0,0 ...,··1 ..... _.. .. nu.. J.1 .. U.i.,lc; ,.1.: .. ·r:!t,··-:-.r".; t.n c•'j··~:1 ... ,...,_:·:·J_.., :~-. l ,..-,+),,· Ile;;,,! ... n ~ .. u.:..:,,:.;:,;_ ],.i. ·"·., , •.. '- lL a.i,lnG 1..,, t O d .0 rt" i,lith them. It\;, 'ocfii::.lly LU1USIJ.2l f,_:,r "- o·G.s2bo1.~.::;.r.,.:.-,s t:::.:: _2nd ·appellant w:rnts·us•t" beli0 1i'6, c;c:::ng to a pF1co·;:10 'i's li.11.l:n,.. wn,. 2nd.to ~-pcrs·on not known te, him, to.bEih:ive so f:-,db~ly; 1ncJ,.<:',ctiv.::l:r r);n·cvL:ig sh'irts f.rom their c2sas, nnd put them to s~cks, anti taliirig intin~t8ly, as if they had cordially mot before. Further, asEluminc, thu 2nJ ~ppclbnt'.tms unconn~cted, w0uld it not c1ppo.~r tn him ra~,lly awk-.nrd, to ::_;,::-J :-.ml pp,rticipnte in·th\3 · removing

of new sh~rts from thuir c.ov0rs, :rnd puttin1_; th.om 'into sacks; leave alone, being taken aback by thi ~u~ntity, 3nd qu2iity 0f thag6ods! Furthor on thG cvid.ance of. P~H3, we have her "The 1st :;ccUsti'd disG,)1,YJDreJ., ':S scc·n ::-is tho - ~fr~rd i;xocutive :3ocret-:-,ry, app8ared ond stopped the T~xi t0 b~ chackod. Even the other per~on I did nr.t iiahtify 1 ran away toeothor ~ith the 1st j ccuscd." This pi,200 (,f eviJ...)~lcc:,· w1s net r,d8r:c,.;;u Jcr., 1yj tl!G 2nd appellant, in his d::f.:once. · But ·,11 thu s2.1..o, it ~-s n-:;t us:.t:,l fc.i' ~;n int.;;nding innoc,:mt custt'ru0r, to ru.'1. a:;~,./ 2t tli.:., si._)1t .f L.,; on0.,..;rcei .. unt ,;fficers. i-lnd running 2-;,.,2.y, he is even quust:;.cn::J. ncr susp--..:ct'-'c.. smc,cks n gtiil ty mind. From the abovo uvilancc, tho ovi~Jnca uf the 3r~ accus~d 'cor~obo~ated by that of P'Jl3, .r nm G:iticfiu.l th:::.t tho 2nd 2pp0lL:rnt w:-.G ',no of those, who bruught the rnilwny gcoi:ls, at tho 4th :::c)polLnt' s pbce. Tho 'trio.1 magistrat~, had nc alt.Jru~tive,_ jut to ccnvict ~iw cs ch □ rg0d, ~nd the sent3nce e,f s0v0n yu_2rs, f1:,r ·fr,:.r!•. boin;_~ ;;d,Jqucito, I i:-isond not, to disturb the ssimo. Now, I come; to the 4th :1pp>3lbnt }J:;stc,ry Buhon:0knt vbO is even nt.. .. ,' pl0~ding guilty t~ thQ 6ffanco of ruc~iving c/s 311(1) -0f t~c Penal Code. :Sven if tho·h,o::,_vcms w.:ir~ to tumble J.c,1m, .cJrid

.ProviJ.0:-ice,- to cl1c1ngc every- thing, th3t reminds him of his powors, tho f~ct that_ tho 4th appellint was found in poss);•sicn of ,],3 bicycio··tubes cl' Di::mcnd·, 106, bicycle tubes of Dh□ n □ nt, 42 siirt~ of K0nt, 3 sacks ,of-kh2ki rolls, 6 sacks of blue khaki rolls, by PW13, 25 bicycle tubes, ·J. 2775 brol)d Kont shirts, Kent shirt crvors ('p":rtly burnt), by p:;./20 co ..,lcl 111 t chc:nge. Thnt some of them, were hidclori at tho coL;_inc is too.obvjous to dcubt. Tho 4tff·B~t_,}J0l-1-;rn.t.. ..s:;;:v2s our J..2bour, ,.:n t.his r.sp,;;ct 1 in t:1at hu does not Lleny. · JI011~v0r I with ~-~ri-:iiist·;nc~- ,,,3,.tnos~_od. in tl10 t.;;stimony of the 3rd nccusecl ~ trw _prup,irty .in qu.JBtion w:rn br~Ju:i;ft' .th0re b~r tl1e 2nd appelbn·t, wi.tn b.is friGncls incluJ.inc; Gth 2qcus;,;cl Byash.s.lib in tho Tnxi of the 3rJ. .ciccus:id.. ·. Th8 4t::· :1p:)·011nnt' s cqntontion, is tl-:::1t h0 cl.id not d~b,t, th::.t tho ;'lroporty in quostion, iv,1s l;.;ge.lly :,cquir0d property. Wh2t is strik:incly siznific,:nt, in t:10 tGstimony uf bc,th 3rd accused and~ 4th ::1pp011.ant, is ti"'-' C'.:1sist:cnco ti1J.t t::0s0 goods w,Jro broUG;1t and dolivorod to him, ponJin= their trnnspottation to.some placa, so far unmtintion.:icl. I fin:l JviJ_;;nc0 1 r,.mJGring cr0donco to this, from PW13 w,.h_en in ro-ex:1min2ti•Jn sl:.,J s3ys I and I quote hcr :- n.l":ccusoU }J0. 4 t-v:is

a.1rvnk0r1.Jd ap_ bcfor8 1~00,1s sta.rt0cl to f1.lL It was still z:it :::;.it;ht. I ho2rd those p-6oplu c:::llinr, "H2;::;tori Nostori;', he qnsw.Jr;..:ld, who is he? '.i1!10n I did not ho,-,r ,nythin:':, 0ls0. 11 •••••• /11 11 V..;ry ·..:arl;:r in thJ liiOrnin,:;, 2 h..:;:~r~ SOli,.) p0c·plo ;,),:kine yc:u Uil• a Giving r..;sy.:..;ct tc t:10 t stirr.c-n:: ,._,, Vill3, ::!,.; JjcJ. th.J tri::-1 Court, and constcJerinc t.i:c..: ht:l)rc t1 f doJ.i.v ...·r:~ -:.f ,:'~\:'i.1ds, ::.:: t...:f;t.'i.fiod b;V 3rd accusod., it is r..ct pc!::sibL: to c,,nc- tc e fin;.;.:n~, t: ~t th8 4th .::i_pp0l1.,nt, w::7 lie: Vd 'b::: ;n ·.:it:1 t:ir-s-:;: 'i'.i:Cin~· hir.: u~:, r.c.:::.· ~ossibly conclude 1.1ith ~"'!.UY c~1'-ti•i11t;t, -t~.:.~ . t :.:--; ~11:::r :1·v.: 11::-'..;n cu.t f.--r tl·1-3 _.ur:.;·1c3e of thoft, b.cfor ~ h-..: ,,1c:s e;1::i!c:n•.;:.l.. l ·.;culd t)·!c:r;_;:f(,r:; i·icld> t11.,t t:1c ~viJ.ence, f i:l l ls f"'r sl·i :.rt, of ., st·, '.J} fr,!:. :ng, 8 ~ tl. Jr c i:.:'c u.mst-::.n t ic.l l ly, or directly, t:v.:t t:n .:';.th a::~),._ill.·r:t 1 i·1it:l o·:;rlcrt:: ctol..:i, t~:_, ~;~:id z.oc,cls, :,hiL.i the sn~d ~&rj irt tr2n3it • . Hc,;.Jv..;r, -I h::v.:.i 't.0 int•_)rvc113 ··::,t 't.:1s st·«GJ, tc: :t'c,rost::11 the 4th nppclL,nt; from soL.:::inc .hims.3lf ,· itith thu 01b:; 0;,., ccnclut:ion. ils he hims01f Gought, ::lthoilc_:;h even without iris- indulgenc0, n question of

'tuilty receiving, ~ould hive ~ttr~ctcd ~ttention, I shcil now consider, 1.-1i10th0r th<.l 4th .:i:)p0lbnt cc.n still b1.;, on thu wronc sicle of t_he le;,;, c::.s n -cuilty r.)coiv3r - c/s 311(1) of tl10 Penal Co...:.e. Taat ha r~coivad ti~ goods ~lrca~y sho~~1 ~bove, 0xcitcs no c6ntcntion. It is as clesr ::is J.-.y. li'irst, .h0 '.-Jas founJ. in possGssion of gooJ.s in qu!;ntity .:mJ. qu:;lity, that cannot tame surprice, in tho community tho 4th nppclbnt comes fri:-m. Further,- some of them were foL:nd hidden in the ccilinc, a f::ct. that :-locs vioL:mce, to l1is evidence that he innocently received the same. It ii net n9rm~l to hide, wh~t one has lcgitimat9ly acquired. Further I the -1th appellant with the 3rd nccusecl c:::llcd PWl.2 inside t:18 house, and triod. to offer ho'r.'a oribe of nbcut 5000/=, which is nr.,t smnll rncney, b0_c2-use she po'sod. qs a thre:::t, when ex<Jrcising her curiosity, to sao wht':~ wr.:s hn·p~,:.:ninc. With tho· ;::br.·Je buini:;,th?· :mdoni::ble c:rne, it bahr.vos ma t•J find out how, the uvilenc;:; ·2bf'Vj 2cc;·;r.iri10I~te the .;l~r.1i.rnts of receivinc stc-len prcperty c/s 311(1) cf tha P011nl '.;o.:::o C:-,.p 16 ,.f tl:e kwsi. I ne0d not travel ~:rent <list--.nc,.:::: :.c1 ·ti::i:, ·out r'.-;f..31' t,- t~1:, c;:se of IDI s/o WiZIRI v. R. (1961) E1\ 146 1 :t'cr the authorit :ive p:.:-r·;i•,;:::iti)nt t.h.,t the 0ffende Of r

nc"'1·v1·'1'" """' "'-' .. t.J str., J.. 7 •.,n p·,-;·,1·,.,+., V - 1 •.1.1. >J 1--.-,,~ t•,.,.. ...., ,...,~c-,..,n+1··...,~ v;. f . ··• ~.:. ....., ..., l v -... ,.::, ._. _,... .,lr->m-"n ...I., s·f n"mely (a) ~ 1,,;; ._. ..., 1..., i there must (!?Ve be-:m t:1.-::ft ,:f p~•f•y:-0:ty (o) pos::;e;s;_;frn uf sLi.ch. stc len pr0pcrty, by the ::-cc:us8d 1 ·rnd (c) -t~1-·t 'ih,:m ~no :::ocu::i.:.id r1.;ceivecl the property he :~new c--r :1;;d r;;;::s·.n t,:· ·:_:,~_j_:n"', t:.:·t j_~ :v::u. 0:.i.:m felcnicusly st,:lcn ,_,r obtc.ined. ::e G!itortc:in ~ - <l,: u'Jts ::,".; :-ill, t'.1, ~ th"' prr:p8rty found on the 4th r.:p.~ell::nt ,;,,\:; .:Jt, 1.:m, '1r!d, W,.; i:.-.ve n,: c.a.c·ubt :::t c::11 that the 4th ~ppoll2nt ;-us in _)css..;:;sicn ·.,i' 'tL3 :.:··.;1:.c. · The 4th appellc::nt' s unpursu-_)d tint, 'r!Q;,; 1 th~.t :1,.: diu. :1:'t '.me,,-, t.l1-..: s·:1;,._ 't.; bJ 2t0l1.m. ':rhe law docs ri-.:,t c)njc;,r, convictin;: ~_.-JopL.J en nc uv:;.. ..:.,nc-.::, ri:,r is it the spirit of t,ws.::: th?t :-:dminist0r it. It tllurJf•).cu "oJh·Jvus ii,..: tc cic.:;k, what the position is. T:1..:ra -iru f;..;w· in.;t::nc...is, w:,dn :,J<J h:::v0 :-,n :::ccusod person tdllinc; tl1e tr~_c1l Court, "0.K. I knew the prq,.:.:.rt:, ~,~s stolen."· The law does nst even c2st.,. the burd.en c.f ;)ru.:..f en :1im. lt is the prose_cution to do th:it, ::i1d guilty kno,vled~::;e, whil0 1 it

i,i<'.!J' n~t· be easily :;_)i'ov0d: by or through iir;:;ct uvid,mcc,' may be inferr.::id. fr,;;;, circumst2nccs, th::it .irrcsist~bl';y po.int in th;1t .d.ircctiun. Thus, invari:J.bly ~, rul.as of circU171st1nci2.l Gvi-1.encc must npply, and sctch circwnstnncos must irresistebly leau to 'the conclusion, th.::.t the poss.::ss•:-r cf st::l...m property, know, ,or had rea. son ta kn'm,1, the s.::mc t6 bJ str: 1·0n t ,-;hen he r occ i vod tho ·smne. It has been, so hdd. ·in IDl s/o :·rnZIRI (supr.::) e:nd KJANGI NJO:JOGE y. R. (1963) EA 624, a·nd I 111::.vc r:io recrots in f,<Llo'::ing the s::me. I h2.v0 shown above, tho 4th ::1ppellc:mt'•s circurnstr:nces cf ;_::Jsscssion of the same, ranging from recoivinc th0 s2mc .c:.t ni;-;:1t, to loaC:.in;-; t::em into sncks, and burning shirt covers, ti::, hiding sr.me in the coilinc, ~nd 2tt0mpto at brib~ry. .All this; ~annot be dcno by ~n~innccent minJ, and LlJ conclusion thit he know, the pame to lEiv0 ooen st::::lJn ;:it t:-i:o tit .. G 1 they were brr.uc;.t is in,~vit~ble •. Unu..a'r the provisir:-n's 0f Soctfon 187(1) of trrn Cr illlinnl Pro_c-Jdure Code Cnp 20, I find the 4th .:::p~x:iJ.:lnnt nd ::-:uilty ;:is c:1G~·c..:d, but guilty, under Section 311(1) of t:!e P;;;nel Codu Cc:p 16 .o:.':' r·..:c::Jiving str,lon pr.opetty•. - t ::. ,1,2· J •·.;. • r, •• ,.":Jn~.::v rt~;:: 6, ....) L.\ ~cl:.::.L:~,__.":; - ...; ...L:.~/ ... · .. ~:1

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