19921117 TZHC Tabora

i:.FPJLL.tT:... JU2.IS:DIC TI Or; HIGH CCXJJ.:T CiillITIJ;J., ,:';.Pl':"J;·J, N0.190F 1991 l . OJ1IGDV:J, CI!.TI1IlliJ, Gils·J NOo 115 OF 1990 DI3TRICT COORT OF TlJ30IU DISTRICT _AT TABORL T.ITCTl'.iii.S MBDTDIGIIU ( 0:i:igi.11e.l Accused) Vorsuc TR.~ 11G1'UJ;.3LIO 1. 0 • • 0 . • • • • . • • • 0 Ge O O f"I 4 0 • • e O O illJSPOlITi:n:rT ( 0-.dgin:cl P~c0s::icut0r) -· JUDG~HBNT a•-------- !"'-=0-td - __ CRJJJ.C['Js .......... Robbery 1-1it.h. violcmo c/s 2e6 of the Pon.al C-..)d0 Cap 16~ In tho al 1Prna ti vc. R0ccivin3 st;.;lc11. property c/s 311 ( 1.) of the renal Ocd.o Cap. 16 af. tho La1-1s. K:.TITI.2...~ The Af~icnn G0spcl Ch1,,;roh, in Tabora Municipali t;I, had in tho yGar 1990 . started oc.:nstruction works, fca~ inf:rastuc tw.u s t,::i cnh.:..:nco the ovangolisa1;ion mission, fc,:;.• which thoy aro tllo:;.'on.t •. Th.:i c . mst:i'.'u.cti011. hn:;:_-d1.:ir:-.ro or oata:t'ials, ·wore being l;:.:)pt r.ind lcckccl in c-..,;.rtaiw:;,:,s, situato in th;:: promi~s, but g'Oll(:rcll;y op:;rnwd b;:,r I"t·;.1, Lk'.~\JII i:Jil2...:;.Nio Th:-, sr.'.ic1 PU 1 I:&11.HDf .llliUi.l'JilI,. looked tl1c s:..icl c ,,ntaincrs, ::.:~ ·c.'..l!:: c:nd uf tho 11,:;:i:ld:..1-:;• d.ay of ?.!;)/1/1990, and wont .?.1-r:D. T.!y; 11i,_:;31t vZ 29/1/1990 ·i:"'s ,,111 c;yc ili·c1~sso, t0 tho parted uith building 1:t,<J.:l:'clw,•'.::.'O, u ..:·:,t'.1 ShGo319,675/=, the property of tho said CJ1Ui:'ch. Tho

q_w~ti,)n, cs t . . . v1h<...- -bhG cu.lp:cita w::::1°0? 3C1~r2.t:::d C(..no0:r110d o nthu.sia$1;1~ 2.y,.J.1 tho P 0licc .~.ncl. 0-v::; n th".; o:x:ubc::.~a.,1t sm1,:_:;us1..mgu had tu sproa·d their invo stig11tivc cnc:.:•g.i.c s~ t ..., nll s,.1:i'.'ts ol :,)L':!cos, and at Mbucc:,,ni a1•c2.,, f.'..S found a:)/1l'lo.vl1.JC1 t .)v ::::t It::p .?,1.~:::2,, 1 ':f,::i"O a, gon;.z-2tvr, piposf -· ~ . • ...,..,.# pip0 oorJ:-,.s, locks, Pima ma.ji ·oto. Tl:.0s0 I.'GCOV?rod f:i:'.:.n Ifbu.r:r.<:ni and Itaga. · · ·· :e.roas, ~:r.•c colloctivnly_ t:::l'ldo:;:od as Exhibits Pl> 1. 0£ c,Al.l'sc, tho propcr-lzy' <2 ) of God, could nvt bo st...,lcn wH.1.1:.Jut a t;..·000 9 :;:.11.:1 '--11 the 10/2/1990 divil'P revelation, I'GWa.lod -:ithcr haJ:ch-m.:,:es th0ug!.1 n_,t :9e. rticularizGd, frCG thG bush about c, t1.1 ...,us2.11Cl feo t, f1•c.i;-.1 i.il10 2nd accuse a_ ts 1'.0us0. .ind fr:xi the third accua::idts place, ·wc,.:c J:.'Ocovo:;.°"'1c1 tw,J si1i'.cs, on:i toilet tank exhibit P.11, w.1.l..i.Ch tbc se,:i.C_ 3::_•e. ,;,,ccnsod clai::isc1, to .l.1.E1,VO obtr:dnJd from tho first s.ccu:ct.)cl,. 1.nd_ conccdi:nc .in n0 dvL.1btful -t:cr;_lG, "ilia first accusod SiliU111 s/o rsr11-~Q, SW·,Ji:'l1 iP str2()l1.i.cJ.J.;y· ne..intairf;d, thr.,t ho had bvught tt.c said s&-:1c lw,rdw2.:co :J:z-J.10 1)11, fI•v.:.1 arty arri;y can R:'.SSi;JJ rm,2, for Shs.23,r;oo/=, after boing so c,})J;iroached b3~

tho oe,ic1 p8rson, 0n tl:.o 4/2/1990~ ThG t.:j_al ].fogistra~, l::c:v:i.:1c; jnd.ici2.l by :fuuncl; i.;bc first and third 3COUsOds, 11-.)t gu.li;;;l c,:-,.c1 t>,C([LU.tt::c1 t.'.'.:(l:' ,_,::.:•:~c:::Gc1 -th::t.t, Dx:i. r.11, f;Jl)_J'.J..IJ. on thc;;i~ b8 x-c sti tL,tcd t0 thoi::. T:.i:Ls ":-dor h;::.s pr,__:,v,):~;)a_ tho wrath of th0 ccmplain-:,nts, and hGno:> tb.is 2-)r:c2.l a.g.J.J.n3t tho sauc sccdd urclcr, thr,.ugh tho Tabora baS(.)c, Sonior Couns::::l, ~t:-. 1:wikinn., who pos:::.cl two ,gTounc1.s of ccr,1plaints, namely,- ( i) T:1c CGV..'.i:'J~ o:;."'J.~ d.~ ill h0ldi11g the prop0rw wD,s not sv.fficinntly, identifiGd to oo the a.ppo llantse On tho c0n"w:-ar.v·, tbs suspect who ua,s awD,rdod it, adr.1i ttcd to have obtail1ec1 th0 pr-0p0rty frc.m a suspiciv"Lts oh-'1l?actoro ( ii) Thoxc was no cause, t,.:; awaxcl tbo aocuseds propc:e·tjr 1 l;hon h0 cJU.ld ha.vc lloon cunvic·iJ'.)d "Lli.ic:.c:r tl:c dc.-ctrin:. of :rocont p0ss::: ssio11.4 Al thou::{.2 Gocls p:':',,pcrt;;r, the :,):, u:9c:~.,,i;;;7 c_;f J.fricr:m Gospel Church, was 3t ...lun, 0 givins cnosv.x, 1-:~ct is c2.cs.:.;.::.."''s it ::i_s the la,·r of tho ln:nd that hes to appzy. In ordo2•inz, the re sti tu-;;ti-::.;.1 of ~?l~-Jpcrt;;,r.9 i.,oo t:J2.-t t:.:c p1.'·~pcrty b3 Gi.von to t>;:, r-ccc the accusoc1s~ tho trial Ifoc;:i.st.'n-b-) in Dy vi0w 1.J.:::cl tbJ p~.:-:Ivisions :..:,f soctio11 357, of tho

Ci"'i:1.inal :Fr-xoc".:L;.:,.'C Let 1985, in ::iinc~, - t:1,~s0 provisions speak thus,- ".So,s ti on ).1'20 Hhc :i:C 1,:;?0l1 tL:::i appre:.'.'Onsion of a po::..,c0n ol::;,:e;;oa.~ ui th an of'£D 110c 9 n.n;y p:L,0JJC1.~t~~ i;:; tc;.:;:c ~1 fr-.:.n him, :the cuurt, b'.:..f(;:·:0 u.U.c.:~ :1:::. is 0~1.a:rg:::cL: nny m•d.cr that, tl,..::; pr0pcr t;/, ~--l):1:rt_;:tm:rc, f vN _ be l'OstOI'Od tv tho :901•sun uh_ c:.ppc::u:13 to -tho c,:,L1--rt, tu ~JO in-t:L -tlo.cl t!...co:ro t_,, ( 3 ) and. if it 1Xl tho pJr:1011 c.'1ar:::.,ccl, that it oc ro·s-cc:i.')c1, oi thcr tv llir:1, or such iUl the subs,; ot~~on is sa;yinc;, if thct, wlls:."'G upA1 approhonsion of a :pGrson ohargod, 1-rl th an ..,ffenc,:;, p:. 0po:1.>-cy is ta];;:on f:i'.'-:..n sLwh :pcrs0n, tho ovlll't 0 bc:foro whU".1 such I)O:rs0n is c!:.c.1.rc,ccl, ric.;r v:::•c1.or t1:.2t sLwh pr~p0rty- bo re st0:r:od to tho p:irsGn inoJ.r/;Jnc;· tl;e :::oousocl, whv G-;?l)co.,rs t,J 1:x:. onti tlocl to tho sz,.mo. Tln trL:il lbe;ir::rcrL,to, clj.L: jL1st thc:it, upon his s·::itisfaotion that the :pJ:',):S::, cutivn1 did nut 11-o:.',~v~---~:L1at 9 _tll~l1m:L'O found un tt.:J fiI"st been p0s0c"',. fvr atiJ:lntiun. Mr. Kuik:i.r:1::i.s e,ppoal, is o1Jvivuly e,:c'ut:ndod cm t~1c pr.;,visiwns of Section 358 ( 5), 0f ths Crbinc,l J?r,)ccdm:'C .ict 0 1985, hereafter to bG 02110 d tl-:c sot$ secld.n::; tho mn'.iulling of the::. urdcr 1 and

re st~ring of tho se,id pr?pory, t,.,, t.110 c,.npL:,Linnt, unrlor tbo provisi0ns of tho said soctiori 353 of tho act., ~ath l"Csp.'::ct to l,1ro Kuiki.r.m, while ho may rightly boast of b.avin.J. a right of 2vpo;u ·u.nclor mcn·ci0mcl subs0ction (5), tho prvpcrty :rosti tution order, l111e:_:.,:r.• the s0otion, 358 ( 1) of tho r,,ct, is awarck,blc il1 ro spa ct of p1.•0:;:-:~r·4Y- cri1:1.inc:i,Jy inv0l voct, i.c o to be re st0md to 0wror, -;,;rk:ro tho aocLJ.sOcl y.o:cs0n is ;-'Uil ty of an offonce nontion~d, in chapters ;;gpJI to.XXXI (both i,E,:<ll.}~siw), - in .. thcr v;,..1:r\is whore tho aocu.sOd has· ooon p:rosocrU:-wd t,J c0:nvio-civ1).~ 1}y 0r, on 1:Jct."?.lf c,f tJ::.o ownor, of tho :re st o:ro ::le c.:mpl,:!,i,.nnts. In t):--.is c.c:.s;:;, I ::.:_,_-;-, . ..loli.;G:'.:.tlJ 0:::-;_,;:.,s0,~: t~io roc-1rd tu OwnipI.'O s0 nt U:Ql)Ortuni ~- 0f scz•(:tL:;:";i ,rd w:::.iL, it ~1,:,.s t:. bo conco do cl, th.at the .:~frio::rn G0 spGl Gb:L-cc:~ 00n,,;-::L1J:•3, we :ro "o:c._:l,:o n vp: n and gooc'Ls s tvhln, as did 0bso1·v'Dcl tho trL,l c0;_i;:_~tJ t>o ovi::-;:"oc is suffo:dng fr0n · twin problo:os, th.at aro intir.1a to ly ,r.,,:rkinc-; ::;:;.:,inst.. t~1:::: c L:1,l::i,i:!:12nts olt1i:1, 0f own:: rsLip ovor the s2.moo Tho first p:r~blcn is t.112 ::;, t:1j_s o:: JC ,,,2,s 1Jr:-,sici~lls, ,:inrl all its olomonts circL11nst2ntic1, ,Jj_t:,. :cut clir.:i ct .:cvillonc:::: 'J 2,s

t0 who stulon tho alleged p:reip:.,}:-t;y·. Of c,✓ u:rsc, ,,o \r;1..l1l L~vo wi..3l::~('., t:.·.-c:t t~:;; culpTi ts bD ido n tifio cl at tl-io se3 ra , :=.mcl o -,;c n b:::: , I\.: cl-hEm::1:J ('. d. t:1 t:::c l 00 t, 02. u.,gb. to Wisbi!lr5 is ono tl?J.ng, mrl roelising wl:.at Jue h:>.•iO ,·risl'..Oi, is ;yo t 2.1:10thor, - they hnrcl]y go hi:ind in lv::nc:. If c;c,d J.i,1 nvt h:-:v-:) it, in ro spoct vf his proporty; it is own boyoncl :ronlisation i:.1 ao fGr as :~12.xi':;:i111., .. a lo sS3r ooing, is ooncorrnd. Tho· fact who tho:r ,-;J lilm it ur 110·0, is th?,t n ..,b,":1y as a aulpri t 1 was iclc nti:fio d as tlic sco no of crino • ( 4 ) cf pr0pe :r:ty fc;und in pusse ssioE, .:;:f the first and. t1lird. accused. twv sinks and om t0ilet tank ~.:lxh,. P11• It has of baen hGld by this court 1 and no lw,xra is dJro by sayiP-C it e.&,-ainst;; tb.at in a m:·ir.linal case, owmrsb.ip of property, by the ccnplaimnt, if it is the subject r.wt-ro:r of the charge, must be proved boy0nd I0i:1svnz.blo clc.iubt as being the property uf t.b.0 ocmplc1int, in particular if there is ca:..mtcr 0vrwrship claio. And if it is nut a voice frcm the wilrl8rross 1 tbe held.in~~ in thJ case of, HJNRY C§RVASD VSo Ro ( 1967) HoCoDo :N'o. 129 9 is h0:re to ger:10n';tr"atc what is nvw trit:3 la.w. It 1',olds- 11The aoccpt2,11ce ,:;f tb.e se bland as:.::u:rance s by too o·JLLTt::: lays open, f0r ma:rzy-

da11t,oers, and suol: ic"..onti:i:ioa.tion would not ro in any 1·1ay acccp-~.;1.bk, 0ven in a .oi vil c0urt. In a c:rir-1i11.a.l C~\SC olainant sh,.,Lu.cl asked · f0r'm2,~clcs u.-:!. t:.~s:: ;_Jr.:,perty 1 bcfcro it is sh<.)1m t,:• ,:,j_n 1 f:;•,..:r:1 whio!.1 the 0r11n.:rship he idGnt:i_fioL°. tho sirl~, 2,nc,_ t,:,il::::t tenk 9 "b8c:.w.so -Jf their label !lGM, I'Tl 7 RIC:ru.RD ASI'Jl~S th0 uissi..,n lo:--..,:o:,: 7 g..JJ s t•J d.isc0w1t tho sane, saying that such marks or l2o1)lo s o ...,ulct >.r-.~;c ·L:c,;11 d.mo, subsoq_L;.o:1t t0 tho :i:.-o covary c,f the s3r.1O, by 3ungllsU'1.(sUo Sr.,o,:i.:..::L21c; -?ur hio;::,.:;lf, P:: 7 RICH;~ JLI:INS sDys, F01-1.ncl Tho :re we, s t: c'.2'.Y, 1-;0 i~ :re a sko cl t ,) take ti:or.1 tv ◊Lt..~ churcho Tlo t<:;,,,l;: thee tb.cn:c 1 ;Jut lawr we ,-.c::co asli:ccl to xc fo.rn t:~o:,,, 2-11d h,1.ncl tb.CL1 tv tho h,lico., ------~----------- It is l)Ossiblc that mcr1-:::s vJO:ro put '!lL~~~,on ,=:.t uur o.hurol:., bofurc 1::.oinr:: t'::::::~1,?_d over t·..; tho p...,lio:::., This coulcl hnvo 1.>00 n tho cai:P, so as to ido nti:f'.r tLor.i. I will to 11 you, that tl1'J b::nhiil.--c bclGngs t·_; ·u.s, ovon wi t.~-:>.vut t.~-o :om:d<s of t!:-J.'_:; oanufaotu.1'0ro ' ( 5 ) oonsigmc nt IJ0l'"O ::..v(?.-rdin6 this knuwn thJ ic~c nti ·tzy- of b8rdm:1.lXl • 11 that the ti:-.1c ...f m¥l t>.oy cc.nnot v0uch that sL-.a.:,_ .11:--,rdw2..::i'.'O

cnjv.fOc1 c,::00poly of p0ss0ssi;)n by this African Gusp::il Cb:ill?C}:., r:mu tv use p-;;- 71 s .,,1;::. :•ro:rds, - ..'.!..1....!:_-y.1 sUi'.'O the Ccopgy: SJlls ) the hard,-m3;~ t0 others" ( w.dc:rlin.ing:---supplic cl) o Tl'.lls tu .c..01c1, as Mr.. Kwildma wants, tl.12.t tL<C, p1.'vpc1.'ty in q:t..Psti.:.m was in tho ciraumstanc0s idcntifiecl beyond r0a.s,jn;1.ble d0ubt 1 - ·c.'.:.c st:,._;_1:J.2,rd sot by law, t0 b: tho owror of th0 CUilplaimn-t, wuulc~ rlo;;ivnst:r:=.:dc i/:..:::-t, oithor tl-n ovi~1onco has ooon asS3 ssOd upside d,;t-m, 01.' th0.t tho 2.r5s) sr:r.:,.cnt scale· is nilfuntL,ning.. Sioply tho iclentificn.ti·.m of pr ... -pc:i:.·t-s i)~' iho ccrx;?lainent if ar-1/, left alot to oo do sired. Mro Kwikir.12., dic.1. alsv o(,ffJ'J:n-: thP.t, a.ftor all, t]:P first accused adni ttzd "i;·:., J.~.•::V8 obtairc,c'~ t~:.o pr-..,1:G:rt-J, fr ..m ,;1, su.s}?Oci<Jus charactoro 1 1lhilo I c.o n::it roally, get th:: tr.,:..:-r_pt uf this ccnplaint, ·I an suro t.1:'-.d.s dc.es 1 even if tJ:u.o, :lws .1ct 2,u:;;~r:1,:~·Gically by reason tl:croof, and or ipso 1 facto, r.12,}.o:; t:~ c(r.,pl::-,in:::-i:.t, -~:.::.::: 0wwr ~f tbc sc:.ic:. pr0:r;,crty. In arw cas8, i:f such was t)-1.Q n-s::c ssnont of H:s'• :l,d.;.;i.1:1a, of th8 s011c::: 0f p:r,;.i;,orty to th:l first. nccL1-~_,~, .it 1i.:::s cz.:,:-t::n'll.;; o::·G:i:'n-jur:',icial, f,::,1.'C11sically us::i1ess, in

th0 ca.spGct, -;;c 2,:i.-c doelinG wit.·--~ ~3-L;_t t.) !::.,TTO it ,1;::oplJ" JGl t wi thf is that tho f'irst accus::,d b,.ugI1t tbrJ s1:-::.;::'"', :-..·c ;3hs. 23,oeo/= fron .sm .';.:;_;r:i;y· Bcn1 cc.llcd Hassani Ig-wo, 2.::t,T,'.' ".,.J i11,; t.:,lC:. 1J~- "ul:f:: vor-.1 Enssr.-,ni Ig;,;a, thusg- eo u o On 4 t):_ lit ~:,:_--L::--:::.-:;.-, 1990 9 I :re c::.i.11 h;:ic:. 1:x:;o n t1.·a:-isfo1.".L'O ,..1 tc. Npnnr:'..a, anc1.. lato:r t·:, H'bo3rc,, 9 but l10 J.v~d. builc.ing r.1:'.t.o :::::.2ls, w1.1i c:h ho was ( 6 ) then ~~ u • ., ~~o str.crtcc1.. t·-.1 r-P.;:;vtis.to ,.,, t.o price. I:,, first 2,sk·..,c1 Sl,.s.,25.,ooc/= bt:;t 1:.c l::·i7:~i· ,:::.,_;.,;.:..:..:i::l ,<t S!:.so23 1 000/= •o•• I 12,tc:L' tu._;l;: ·s.':.c. sinks tv 3:rc1 e.cous:::d. 1 s plno::..., 11 This RaBG2-n I[£,;O, ti.:..;:., :;l"r.W r.1~_:1 1·1::-s :"7c:C:--Y.) stc: ~'..y t .;:'::-tu.:r-cc:., but 2..-.:k,i ttc a: t-.1 have sole}: the s,:.id :c.-r--rc:::-tic:;;, tu -~:.,o f::..r:3t acouse:l., Ho.-JC-1/Cr the al.'DY 02,n, wns n;i thor pr_,sec;;_·a.:d n--r i,·:rp.::•:;.'·>nt ns he was, g::v--c ovic"..ono:i f·:Jr. tl'J!3 pr00300.tion, an <.X:1ission wl-:ich c1.ccs n,..,-t; OG:rn c.J.,..-t vf prail:P fvr t!:0 p1"01:Pcution f.U\Y 1fr1Y• But it is ·clc&r in cy cin:ls, thr•·c t.1.:::.. fi:rst ::icous:;::!. b0ue.tt tho pr;_.,pcrty fr,.:,m this 9,nay nBn, 2,nc:. t:.,cit l:o ga-vc n,., cvicle:nc,:; on the. silo

of tr,_o pr0sscution, is no fault ·-•f t;.::::: first i'OOL:s-:.:c:.? n . L' it uoan tho prt..• __ orty bcl-..:.,ngs to tho ocrapl2,in?,nt. the d,_,ct:cir:c ,,f :re cont p0sso ssL:-i., :llulo I shu:lclc:;:.• tho t!:ink, wl10 tho:r there should If 7 in pc.ssing I m,:1.Y Sq'), e.. we.rd in whicJ.-. t~~o .·:.ocu.sc!I c2r.:o ixr~v :_1033.)ssLn uf tl:.0 s·~:,l;;n go,.:,d.s, t:10 d0ot-.ciw of ro cent p.::i::-~so ssLn, b:,..s n-.:, ':'.J))J.ic:::tion - s-00 Re vso. BJ.!J)L:T.f ( 1979) 7e Cro Apl)o has not bcc::-i. :;;>:i:v,Tv-:l t., J-:2,vc iJ~:or.. ct,:;;lon - t1ru:l ,;1,t tl:':.-t roo::.ntlyo In t..his oaeP, I hnvJ vi si iP c1. tb.c c vir}:i nee s.' .. 1:in::;7 tb.2, t n0wl1c ro ~1,:-,s it s::•..1wn, bo yond reas0ru::-,0lc cl_ •.,ubt, t!.lat tho prc,::)S~'W 1"Cl ~%"°cl. t~ t.\c c:r.rplaimnto And.s if IUsa:rn IG::C: s-Jlcl tho s3no tc fi:l.~at accusvcl the dC,10·~:riw ,...,f recent pussc ssion ur- .. 1·,·1··;,. ( 7 ) cannot iXl inv~\:ocl at,-::1inst the fi:i. st aocusGcl. 0 Consoquontly, I haw fc.;und n:., gr·:,unc=t, or r;iato:ri2,l v:L,~.G ,rliioh~ I can :L□pugn am annul tho trir,.l 1,12,,2;istr2,to' s 0:cc\:.::,:0.9 - t>:d; the acousccl, crp:;:,oo.,_""'O,} to the trial rlnc;ist:r::t::: to 7-JO 011-t:!.."clc:~ t~Y.)l"D-toj ns to clcs):cv;;J a :restitution Tho a:p:poal /7 1;-J_C'O 2 ,s -'- '-r ";/)