19940512 TZHC Dar es Salaam

.. ·- . ·- . , ·• 7 ,.._-. .· --~ - - ~ &I,EB]J '° • • • o • , • 0 D • 0 o • ~ • 0 0 • • • ~ 0 . ..... ' ".~ ~ ... vorSUD - ~-!ilil 'MW~J.;.U • • • t , • • · O O • 0 • 0 D e • 0 • 0 0 .t•. ~ s is a.n a.1):)lioo.ti.on by om ~-..Ow;,L•JED s::.:::::nTI soold.Ilt'; oxlte1-mo11 ·<.· . • ~- t'i~, a s ~ to t:us cow....-t t:n®:r. ;.EJ.!j.O_(.U of tho. ~lato· 0 J\;:Jadj:o1l,i.on Aot- No,15 of 1979, to filo ~ r,:,Jlioo.:tion for a oo~- .Qq,to that a poim of lan is inv"Blvod in bis into::1dod appeal aga;i.111J'f; ~ : 1 ~ Octp11.. . . ·. ~s.1.on of this ocr~-:.11; in i>os~oct of o,n ~:;;i;oc.l ozJ..:;i.na.ting fro~ e. . By -ti!J.a fnU113 ::.i.J?plioc:tion t:.io O.Dl:lliro,;.1.t also l?r"~ f~ .. ) j . . · / ..· ~ issu~ ef. e, ca~5.fioa:t'o th.at a. r,6i~ of lmr is i11vtlvod in u..~ah -·,,/ / · ~-inienatcld. a"QDaal ei., ·:i10~1ed undo~ .~~412thl of "!11:o ·li.:p:!.)ella:tia .rt.Wiadi~ · .. , }· j_ . Acfii.· oitad a.b(lVQ.' i. •- . !re bo in 'tiri,o, O'..to!l ajp;plioa.tion· ~ms, in to:-..'".lllS of ~-ti)~ I. ma.a.a, tf thG ~anza.niu Oc,.-,;.'4 of A:oDaal a,J.os, 1979, :ooqttU,ld io be · ..,... - · -~~ ~'"'ma.l.l;r t~~ etteJ. a.Jn.>lioe:tion to 1'1.o oou~ on tho w ju&... :: . St,lG!rlJ · ua.s pl.1tt.n(J-.noe d. c,;1 b;r ob.runbor summo:.1il Vi1'.'l.i,:i ~,.e.n . . ~~- ~-· :tho de~ tt· suit jv.do:.13.~ tho ~a.nt of t:.u.n oou:..-t a:p:poaled. SG'.;t11£rl :_., 1ma ooli~ on j/j,[Ji~. ,. -.~o

applioa°iiQn_b? O!l.Elmbo:r: & ~ .da.~.;\i,l~ R£ 0~~... -:¢8:. . ia ~ ~ 't:1!l- ~~~t. ·. ·1 -.. . ·... . !1 ·-. \'be. ~ ~:?G~ is ngaimt the d.OcrJ.s:i.e.:".. of cis CQt'J.~ in •· __ .• . •.Irjc (PC) _ciul ~. Mo. ~---1SP.C.,_ oonooor.!l.nc n. ilisputo ~ tho '(' ..... ·.. ~t'llffl"°':l? If o. hOUSQs bo'!iiroo:a t: ...:i <",:.::~::.icant c~1~ t::..1.0 Ras!)Ondent?· o~ AXcm: ~ • rn t::.o P::.."1!:l<::~~ Cotrl the ju<l_:7.1011t lra.s in fa:70t,13: of 'h:18 '·•.\·· . applicant upon a- ~::•.C:i:1c t::-..c,t thc;;.•c we,s a docr."..::101rtn;cy evidence, vl:iiab. .· waa a.&x1.tted by t::o lo-;10:;;, ~ot1,rt as .A.m1.e~•.J:1 t:~::i.-t t:1.a house il1 ~ e !· he.a 'bQSil sold oy t::o ~:.oaj?a..il.ont to t:t.o ..::.:;;-:?:i .::;:int i'o~ ~shft..4500/.. · -·- . . . . - ,·> ~'°. : ,~ . . ~ ola.im-'b~- t:,.a :los:pond.ont, 1.'!.!lm.'.:_;:)0...--'h-=>cl 'b:r 1:!.!JJ" dommo~""Y mdence . : .... p ~ W'J. tn.,sa, tb.t~t t::.::> :10uso had ci::~ly boo~1 ple;:.;,d[:;ed to tJ:e L.J?r1lioa.:rrlt: ...... :,. - 2 - flu appeal by tho RoSJ:X):1cJ.011t to t40 Die ·::-:!.ct Co...~:ii, tho decision of i!ie · , i ~ Court was :L"Ovo:;:.•aod i 11. f: iOW:- .< t:io :.;.o c:;.xm.dcmt u:pon doubting tlw Cll-"Odibili ty of tho i'T!10lo• o- ~ done. :Zo:-i.• t}..o Ll)_plicant e.nd tli.o Solllin3a nass 'df, the doownents (.t.i.1-u10.,::tu·!:. A) ·· ~J?Orti11t.; to bo a record of -fr.u.0 .· Sale.J.gooement bett-rcon the

l)cl: 'ios i.1 ros2oct oi' the house in d:i.s1JV.te. Against suoh judono11t of the J.l . sfa."ict CotU"t t::::.o .Applicant c..pi1GaJ.Gd to· fhis court, and this 001.,zl, 1 (:.c'.:pig~no, .To) c11 &,"'Ounds moJ.1G or·loss Simil.LU' t• those roliod upon ,.•y tho Dist:dct Co1..U't 1 dismi.ssod the ~alt . ~ this application in an · .ttompt to cliob to tho :pinaolo .of. ~ . 'hmpl.o. c,:f justi<>e - -t:10 ~anzr, :ii.a Com-t of lj,ppor..J.. At. the hea:i."inc oi' tho :ppoaJ. bofoz-a this oot.rl tho A:pplice.nt/ .· A p ~ was ~prosoniiod b;· U1• • .i:-J.lrajMho c.dvocato. ~ resl)Oitdan1 ., ·ap!:)8a:oo.s iio havo ap;pa~Xld in _porso~ ~oi'rovc:;.•, ful.~1u· the baari:r.g ~f this aPl)lioation 110:!..t.J,a~- _p~ty m:s 1'C~~se11tec!. end tho am>e~a.noa <'Jf ♦lie ileS]»ndam had to bo cliSJ?Ol'lSOd ld th ~)00:a'X!SO tho legal re~aenttl.tiVQ ~~ ~ bo Qaaily ~ood, after tao ~opo:i;'ted aaath of the 'Itospo1~ •. Ao~ng to tho llp:plicant• s .Affido,vi ~, 1tion. jud@Dant of this· ~ ha.cl boen ,ciGliVGJ.'Gd. 011 5t.n. day of Soptom'ber 19G9, the f ollorlil\:; ~ ; · :ill.at is, th.c Sth of Soptomb~ same yoa:c, loar~10d oounsol for ·th.Q .. ~plioa.?4 rtpplie.d fer,, .OG~f'iGd copies of jl:.c1cI;1om, but it iG 11>t ata:b'ad . :•·, 'Whon ~ $alllO we.,.--e tn.\itl)l:i.od. . . ' .. .. ·.· _··.. ' . ~ 1sSUQS »ciae4. $.dQe JE_a l ~ tho 1...f'!iQD.Vit. as ~ t\.tting p~:.t la.v 911 ~ch. tZu..e oourl is

.called \U>Qll to ~ f y E;JO as folltwst (a) iihathe;;: 1 l(.ilOCi!C an ~omant fo~ so,lo of an immevablo ~1.,ty is ~duood in li'".dting orc:J. ovido~ ogul.d bo All~rod 'io oo~adiot 1tJ l ~ ~ beitl8 the allQc:,<od tll'i tten ~OmQ1td - the sale of tho bousa# fa.13$_ ~ , ? i4e ~ . of,~ '. ' .,e t h o ~ ~Aot 1972. . . . Wlwtho~ ip. tho .abse1~ c,f donial of oxoaution ef ttw~~ A by mbti.on ·;bo. :tt0futc it on his <)Wn bolmlf. Wha:t oomos ,,..,.,:t; oloarly ~ tha ;i:.o~ of t:J.o 1ow-e:c oourl ia 'ibti ~ . . ' .'tho ~ies aro ~~~ oooruon mon ot Th:-~ os Sala.am. -Ci.t.y Vho lla,d ~ ~ y tJOicbJ>oU,1'St ' - 3 - Looking at tho o-:-d. do:10O :.,G c,dc1i.;_ -;d bofo~" tlle tJ:'i o.l oom--t it is sv.Ldorxt that unlike tllo ov.i.denr ) f'o:r ;'.:.lo k_;;i::_,Jiori,nt/1.ppollant, tlw,t t~ tbe Respondent WM oonh>oc1 uix :, bis 101•0 asso:.•tion thd tl10 sum of -Pl~.•.4..5..9.9.f: so xoooived 1'".i. om t'.. il.p::_1~ici.~:r..t 1ras o. lom1 for which he 1 pla~~d as sooui"ity the hou.nc in di·;:JL!te. 1:10:;;- 110110 cf tho othoi- tdtnasses- who testified in SL"-1?l)O:!..-.t of l.; s case over 1ri.t11coscd tb.o o.otual ti-ansaot:i.on, but happeood to havo siri1J.)l3r 1 )Cr.. told b~- t~:o :teo:.;,ondcnt in lino 1-~ th bis allegation. ru::: is olo, ;.~~J.y born ou.t by t!loil• 01m admissit,n t.o that . · effeat befOl.'0 tho tl~.a-1 coui•·i 1-1'hon cross-o::r.;Ji11odo T1.uis, in my vie1-r, slw~Ld

not hD,vo been t.,ko:1 into aocOl.llrli 1 as -it· ap);?8ars to !lava 'beo~1 so c,0110, in assossinc-: t>.o lroight of tho ovid.Qnoo for tho Ilo:JDonc1ont. FOZ' in of:foot m.-...cll ov.i.donoo was m8;i:"G. haa.-r.~, _ .trbich, in law, is i11.;-,,fu:ti.o:::i'0le. .All tl~.r.,t t!:.o t~oo 1r.i. tncssos namely '.12.A'AJ ~ - (81(.2) · a. tozi.-coll 1O2.do:.~) and K.i:S-.U i-JQI:1'lJ,I.Ol]D (svi3) c llBJ?hew.· ·. _t .. ~. ' .f \ • . • . ·: • 1: .: • • •• .,fJ.the Respond.ant, n11d 0110 .L•.lOIIl-l·.iIW 1.(3'fffUU:. (Si,i4) 1 wo:oo oonr,petont: -fl'o__ t.ostify·. . sJ - upon was tho insib.1uoti.nn by.'.tho :.Res;orldont tl~t hel'llio forth his ·(RG~1 . . . t-onants had to pay :oon-b to tho l:..p;.):!.ioant. On tho other hand, o.11 the . .wi tressos who tos-bifiod fo~ the l:..J?rilic!:l,irl; ole.imod to have wi -tressed truf -~e tl-at1Saotion, and_ one of them, one MIOOKY '1"0SIW:I 1 (SU.2)', did, in:fa.oit; t-est:i.fy to have been 1ho one lm.o had e.ssictod the i,m~ies to the a,g:;:.-a•ntt · · · iio put, in 1T.ci.ting- sucll m,J.o a.g11Gcmont· in tho fird tuo pieces of tho . m±Ltiron ~ n t , ·u1u oh we :pa;t't oi' Anno:rlv.:l'O L. It: is ruse o1oar :.O:om -tiho l"OCol"d of tho "h.--ial oouJ1t that tha allaGCd selo ~emcnt is contained in tlu'co ser,a:ce:be pieces of tr.:i tings . · . __t~.1~ i~ one &,ted ~,l1.¥¼8• .12.li, t~\,w.420/=, 1ti.th a stated ~.om.:u~ng ··: . . · ba.J.anoo ~

shs.4080/a, wlri.oh is sho1m to h£tV'6 boon 1-r.i. tness9d by LIEC!g -·. JQS'EEH 'Who 1n-otc itj tll.~o is another 1:n.000 d,.;-,tod W,6/J.8 1 wherein iif ·i~ on~sed tlir.t all the ~ e:f ~clS.QQL~i cs tllo agtteed prioe f~ tho sale ef tho dispt.1t·ed hol'lOO had boon paid by t;.io A111>licant and :roooivod. by' 'ih~ Respondont m1d that what rona.ined was "bo ha,ve su.oh selo n&oamant. · e:z:e-ou.wa. a.t 'the c~ llt't1,11ah of-.fioe for tho Wwa., lttloh pieoo of .11.ci:ting-. 11as aJ..S6 o:ca.un by t:..O sc,id J;J;illCI(Y JOS)]pli, and 10. 1,nessed by SAlD:.: Slll1.Ji-i. · 11-WIDE and ~sr :J..D.J.DJ: .cf ili~ W.~osl1or.d. 6~§ and then tho~:-o is ., • 't . ~ ~ · · the. fim.:l-~eoord of anru. sale a@:'Oc.taent oxeoti.tM a.t the cru offioe "lo"Z: ·Ko...'m Ward, lil thin ~GrwakG Distrioto · 'I'lw,t is t:10 0110 dated .i4L10/19i3~ Suoh. final documorrn e.p~J3 m-s to bem· the signa:t1.u-os of 'both the wndol' a..11.d pw:-ohal3or• ~gethe:i:' with otho:a:- persons i-t'Ao 1-n.tnessod the oocecr..1.tio11 of tho alleged saJ.a' a{;.~omo11t of i-rhom lTc:ro tl:.e ('.'.]..I -To!anoh Chai:i.·-m..m ro1d tha :Wiw.d Soorcrta.i-7, oro _mr..WJIJ: ~S!IO KOll:'l. (SU .4) 1 f o-:c Koko lT~d. •ooo/4, .·..... 4 - !llli.o J!..u-ohLSO:i.' affi:md. Q, t:11..1.tl'::i 1:t~5.nt 0:11;/ wJ,ilo t:.:.o w~1do:.: is ab.om.1 110 he:vG o;c'·f'i.Jred 1)oth 1:0.s t:~.1.;u 1,:.>i1'f'.; m1d : _. w.i:'i tto11

tt~e,-r..,2:ttD:'o on to}? t2:.o~o·ot. ~ sic;11,1.tt1:i:'es on t1:.e t:;.l'Go j;)if t.:cs o? 1r:-i tine a.z,o vor~~ sirlill.'.L' hldeocl and. 'i.UJSe!ll1istioatoa., lot:.vi~J.G n; :..•co~.: 101• doubto Other ir.r,po:d,:.:.1t :t.:.ot -t.,, 1Jo born in ntl.l"..cl in t::,.at tho t:ca.11Sootion took l)la.oe a(notino botwo.:>:.1 d d-1977 2.nd 1970, c:.1.d. t:1.0 w.sx,u.to ~ t:1.0· houso oooe to OJ.'l'j_'l.1.J?t and t::-ioii_ in a oot:d of lrnr in 19C8, cJJot'!.t ten ~roc.U"s la.to.r, Hanoa tlw (;t'Oe..t J?OSf.Ji'<.li ty for vm•idio::.1 in tho ovido:noo. of' illio $ 1fi-bmssos to suoh ~2,~102,c, ti on. Equally uorllu10ili1u 2.na. sti'im Y¥J is t::o :loSJ;)ondont' s allec;u:ti.on that he had to ple~no to a:.1.c:. av.tho::i."'izo tl;.o Ll?.Dli 02.,nt to oolloot the :r.-Glrh· ., fl.ltn tho tennms on h:Ls 01T.n ,;olJ.DJ.f 'Without b..e.vil')[; 01rto:rod suoh ~~onomi with the Ax,::;:,µ.oc.nt in t:.:.e :;::,:.·oso1'lCo of E'.rv ot:10:.? J.)G:?son o:r ::rod:u.ainc sv.:ch .. ~ n t into WJ:'itil-icc Let us flff.T c;o 1;eck a...'1.d e::mr:uno w'.1.1ut t:Jis oourt (~allO, l!.) · had to fh~ a.nil. a~r it1 d.iom.i.ssil'.)fl tho l:1.ppJiocmti a a.j?]?{;}al. -· Ai DGo2 et tha ~tld. j,.,waont,. -the 1Da.1.~11Gd jt,A;-o mc"'ms tlw f o l l ~ ~~""'We.ti.on a;:il I quotG, •~t l'.laS "le bG 4b~d that Exl1ibii: Ji. ~~ te 11.aw ~ ~ tten ~1. JAL.1.0h..Q. 'v1ii3"L'OOJl -the event to wbioh it ;101:.·;tos

unciis1:.iuta'oly took J?lo.oe in 1977. It lmo to 'bo ebooz,vcd. also tlIDt t:--,.0 dooun.ent ~~a. ~ ~ t;JA sigm-.tv.1"G et the :i:'O si~1dont, but it wa.o not in a.ts1J'.Xbe tl19,t the :ros1,onde11t 11213 illi to:L-ate, l Fui--tJ.10j;> i "b has to b0 obse~d tho;t -tha d~ottmerrt • p l , ~ "bo 3l1(.)W thr1t the · e-rront "1-1'8.S 1iiimossod b~~ 1J:~-t00 ~SQJ.'1.0 1 na;-:1.oly, Musa ll.bdalla.h l-~tiln-rn., &.idi - ~ ~1.® and 11.. S, U.hon;a 1m.1i' !lO~ -0f them am~ 'a'.O.. Give. ~ e n o ( l " •••• ( •• ' a C • 4 • • • I11 daliWril'l(; tho jt\cl[:.;).".lel1t -blla l~nad I > r i ~ lli.~~ MaGL~e:ba ... sdd in fine, tlw:b ~ e W2.G a. ~ta:ri~l d i a ~ t r ~ ' l .mmi.bi t .A a.net -!Jl,.a ~~·-1 testir.10,,;y- of the l.i.IJJ)OlJ.r,nt and £.d.s 1-ti.t11os!S0a.; -is;.Ja-; ~ ~ riatGJl'tal 40l1fJ,icta in )?.i.-,;i..oo ~ ;.:>ai_d.J., "blul.t it: ll..9.d. rot bo;;m ax:olaimd. o•••o/5• - 5 - how t;::..O :l10Sl)Ol1c\ ,:.mt an j .Lli -to:i,x: fo mc~n, 00.-llO to su.osa:cibo 1ri.s s.:;.·;11.;:"'.tu.:l'• at tho foot of o.xhibit .AJ yol1"i'o fi>on 1981 ·~o 19 }7 1 tho ap:;;1ollcJ.nt· woold not oor.10 fo:ri·Tcs:i:'d t rJ3soJ· b his '.i."ir.:;ht. .L':..ooo;l:'clingly -line dizt:;."'d..ot om:o.:i...-t ·;hOUGht thnt tlio botto:.:, viow was iiha:t tJ.10::-0 w~s. 311 u "C:Orstt.ridinc 1::iot:wt,011 'b:.:co pc.:rties of ·on1;r tho iie;;.,;:1r 1~0001.mtod by iJho :-aodJ?onclont .. In JJJ'" j

.::~:_.;r,1ont tl:o dizt:::.'iot 001.:rl 1-ras right ii1 i 1m e.::ico::i□::io:;.r-: of tho cvid.o1100 a:ncl in roveraing iihe d.ooision o1 t:w tri2l timu-.to 11 As regwds tho twov-.: c"'.:;cc:;.--v"r,tions of tllo lcmmod jud8'0 it ;is to 1:>o not:od as pointed 01..1t Oa.1:'l:'1.0;;.~ thc.t tho 00so:i."Vdion •that o.xhi.bi t A 1:,lWJ?¥'S to ha.VO boon m"itton o:1~k[JoL1;1eJ whcroas t~1.0 avont to which it l:10J.o.io-s ..• Ul1.di.Sr,Lrliably took plo.oo ill 1977, dooo not soon to tr.kc irr!;o a.occn,.m -fl1m1t · • ecoo:t'clinc to th0 dom:r.1011ts f"llod: c..s o:x.:J:rl'bi t 1~, cuch SD,lo D.gl'Oom011t aj?J.)a~s •. tQ havG boon in tl!.'.i.~O ~ThGOO oon·,1onoil1£ on W/11 c,nd. finalizi...'lg 4:1. .. 1!1/lP/.1;21§. boi'&"O tho OJU offiooo is the:..-: tho J.oarnod jud€,-e1 s ~o.i.'"'O obsarvdion tlmt tho d,om,Jl,l0:1.t ~ s to bee.i:' t:1.0 m.cmtui"O of tho 1"8S'Q011.d.011t when it ucs not dis1ntod tb.c,t tho rc0po11d.on"" was ilJ.iteJ:c-,'4Ja, that is not really ~37201--toa. by tho oYidancc on ~o:x,rd which, a.o~di11ff to the 40spondontt s 01m in·o,tO,'lOi.'rt., shows t112t it 1ro.s in 1917 tl1c-:.t tha llo~ndcnit ro'i:!.l.--e<i ~ 1 lro:i:-k1 t}J.Ottc)). it is :not olm::i.~ wh0:rc ho had baen wGcld,1](;0 ~tS, as si1.ch uo:-ka~, it is nost ui1l:U:oJ.y tl.<.V,t in. tho light. · .ef the 00t,mt~ a 1i+.c~o.oy ·o:1rIQaign them r2-eir.c th•oti:_-:-;ha,,.t tho ~7 · the :tL~ndent stayed

1Joltl1'!d f-.;."on such olassos. O:a tlio l)ersons 111::.c> aa>~o.:::- t,n tho doetu:iont to ha-v0 1ntnossod tho sio:ri.11.(; of the exeet:tion of -tho all0t,1"10d seJ.a a..,?,?~r.1ont, it is true thclt tho tl~oo 1)0:i:'sons listed '. ~'ein, namely Mttsc. .£;.bfu:112..h J.:1-tibwa,, Sfi.i:di Scl:t'lm ~ndo and Ro S., Lihenga. did not te.s-ii~~ be.fore -b7:i.0 "b:..•ial cotu..;;. Yet tl10ro is cvldonoo as 1ostifiod on bQth aid.Qs tl1c'l.t Jil,.ac.._ J::lldr!JJ.ah J;~1,tibwa who is said tp have boo11 t:1011 . . ~ ~n.-cell ~~, lm.cl then l')allood. ~;tfa.Yo F\:t;i.,t:~~ bas:i.c1as ~ w.i. t.naesQs tho ,other !)O~no:1 -;f...:r:> wi ~mSSQ.d suo.tl. ~ti.on 2.nd si(J.1cd t:1.e do<Jt'O.On-h. is tho w~~d Goe::otn;;-;;,-, ono ~I¥1,A;1i>U i..:.:1.I1r;.0 {SU-4):. Yl1J> testifiod. b~ore -hh~ ~ii:J. coi.i:_.t a.:.1d. oonfi:L~a. the oxcc;L,:-h:~0:1 of such 8.{;l:'eettont ~~Jean tho ;pa:i.~ies. .Lu1cl on tho r.~J?l12.1:'011t lapsa o:? tino botwecn 1984. n~10n t1l0- .lleopOlldQnt Z-.O-OOOl.t:,."rl.Qd t:J.Q house 1 u.ntil 1987, ·lthc11, tho .lJ?~licaJ.tb bQgan ~orlinG his i'i.c;J.1t by 01,do=,:i~ out tc:x-~1to, i!ho:;;-o is ntll?lo ~donoe f'or. ~.Apl)JJ.or:rrt tJ:1;::t c~irl,'.:.; mi.oh l)Criod ho T1'2.S oink ~ ooeti!l{; e,11 ~oai-- ~~ GO th;.::t it is l'lOt t21,;:-;t i:lu.-01.,i.gl1m,1.t m.i..ch 1)~"'.i.oc. ho W£l.fl simply il18.0ti"1tl. eoco/6. 6 - It soons to L'.O t::.:·. t i i i ci:.•:Jtr:1

.tsncos o:.: t:.:.:Ls case, the bosi; t1w..t oi thc:i:- of tho ootJ2ts oo'.ud :·.avo a.one to 011Sctro t}·.:.;-e,t justice is dcno 11a.o ·· to ·ord.o:i.' o,nd seok lmnc1:;n:-i ti:'\'., c: .ct fil, ;or J;)I'int-a ~o::.-.t 001:ipai.,;j_son and. obto.in ov.i.donco of ox-..._,ei..-t o:?i:1:i.m on tl-:c0 sic11:),°trl'J.~ c,ncl finger :print a.J;>X,Oa:t'ing 011 tho d;Lspn.tod sc,lc 2,-'.:?-,oo:;1011t, Jtlloc.,-cd. to lu:.vo boon :o.f:i."ixGd by tho RoSJ.)ondont o ~ho fiI'st iss1.'.0 is ,i::.;·:,]J.or lrho:,_•o e.~1 a..::;;.•oo:-~ont fo-:,:, sale of -o:n itmio'va'blo p.i.----o:r)o1..-ty is :ood.nooc_ into w.d tine o:.:.·nl ov:i.donoc could bo o.llawod · to oontro.diot its rt soo;-,:s +c no tl1~:t £1.1.cll quor,rbion 11onld haw boon .·•. aj;,1~io:to had tho :::tos:oo:1.l.o:1t adrJi ttod to h2.vc eve~ onto::;."Od and a.olo:1.01tledged. '. suoh oJ.Jogod -m_,i ttcn sc,lo e:.__~~cc::10:c1t but 01-;J.y dia:;dod tho oontonts tl.a~eo:f'. . In this oase tho ?.0SJ?o:1do:nt not only v2.2iod tho ;_J.J.03od. terms of -bhe .8{;1!3enont but doniod n,lso iio b:-,vo ovo:i..' er2tc1--cd. 1::noli 1t:-i tten salo C3"0~ aent as allogcd. ~.10;;..--ofo:-o .Tu:9-J?..J.4. of tho !iir,e;i.£rbc.:bos Courts (:tlv.J.es of Evl.d.G:r.cc in Prim.'n'r Co1.'.i.tbs) ::~cc,ulc~tions 1964, 011.22/64 oould not bo imokod ·. · to ~ o tho RoS!)Ondont 011 the br.sir;j of thd ~c~w.101ru onl.y o Fo~ l1'..D.o 14 •ef t:ba

~'ti.st,.:~ C<ntL--t-.o {:.h.tl.Qs ,of Ev.!.d<ll~ in ~ " ' i l ' c ~ ) ~"'Ul..ations 1964,. ~a-dilesa 111.b.:u.o 14 ( 1) - Whel"O a.:n agt'Ooncnt io in 1r.;.~i tine nt,- Ol"C,l Q"'f'l.clo1'liJa nazy- 'bo ~ wn by "bho J?a:irhies to tho ~a;.1.a:1t ~ thoi:;., ;,o~aantc.tivos, in a. o:i.'Vil 00.ao, to cont~adiot o~ vm~~ tho 1r.ci tton te.i.'1:IS+" \ ~ho soooml iOS\'\a :i.s 1f.J.ot110:;:, mma.i::tw:.-e 1'-j -boinc tho allogod _. J 1-rritton sale ~oer.tmt f~ tho s2.,lo of t:b.o ho,:..se, f'1:slls ui1der tho a"1bi t,. •· _. · · e~: ..4.....4.€ of the S-tntll? :Ou:by l:i.at· 1972. ~15.. s i:w.'isos fi--on 'tho obso:i.•·n,;t:i.(111 mde by tJJD lia2~ned J;>i•ino:!.J.)cl Iti.s-briot ~Ic.c;i.stJ:12,to in his jud@:icnt which a.:w~, to ~ .llad ~'b ey::o~J. by this cou;.-.t. lT.o 11D.c1 tllirl to. sayt llQn ~v GG;i;'ioQJJ eol'.lEli~d;j.,0:.1 r on ~°t i·li th 3:l4 dotfut: o.t o.1.7. tl1:1,t gll tho ~cm aJJ.ococ1- t~ O'Vidonao of 02-J..o 2.ze:., fdto. And. tlso t:icy laokcd ,~., StDJ:ll?s dl.1ty ifaoy wo:;,,--o .. ,1r.1.~011e;;t.y adni -!rtoa. ~ ~ b i-ts. 'Vide e.~ et tho Star.m Duty Aot .... . - ....... .~· -,~,• ' ~ o ib.Gy were to bo held. 110 t'lQrQ "ol~"l.U,~()-~;~.t»W.:i-Gh ~ a •••o-e11oa100-o 7 JI.::v.i.1-:ic [:;o:--io tl::.•crJ.(). t:.:.c :c-'ov:Ls:,.onc of ·r.ic Skc.".l}? Duty ilct l'To.20 of 1972, it soons to "10 t'.'.:.-:-.:t t:ri.n .:i u '-· v-r.J.id qt,.osti.0:1 ~.cisiJ.1G a.

j;>oint of l~r £~ -t:-:,.,e oou:rt of Al")lX)t.1 to dotc::::j.no $ tl~.ou:J1 it nooclc to bo ro:t'xc•nod. to b:i.--oa&m its sooJ?O~ Po:;:- it :s.o uido21-t: tJ.lf:\t tl10 :[l:i:'O}?O::;- ooction of tl1.o scid Ji.oil, nJ:lioh cotti.nJ.ly cliffo· ·0 in to::.:-;:is and SJ)Ooifioa.lly cp111ios i;o doru.t:70nts Wl1.®..l.">O d ao ov.:.. clOJ.10: .in h"'inE'.J.'j'" C01.-1.1.~s is i~..5§ tu of -t:10 1:\.ot • T'.ao two so oti 0110 fc;,11 undor J>m..-t IV of tht) Aot wb.ioh :re.la:tos to - _ · - ~ ~ - lJO'tr duly S'tCr.Q'Jd Scotian 46 (1) of t:.:o Lot ;;,rovi.dos: U46 - ( 1) No i.:"J.stL'!..i.tlC:1t ohD..1:'gocl>lo ·with duty slw,11 be adl].i tJcod in ovid.01100 for 2,1v )?'LU:--~10s0 by any J.)Grso:1 hD.wr.;.:-i;; 'b~, 18:t-r ()2' coiwont of p~tics w.t:i.oz-:i:by to roooivo t>.o ov:i.donoo o:<} shrsJ.1 1;0 noted upon, ::izo[;Lsterod o:;;,• authonti~'.ti.011 by m1~;r s ..1.oh pe:i."zon 01: by ru1;r v$li.o oi'fiOOJ." \U'lleas fJlclJ., i.mrtl::ULlOnt is dlllj s.i~O<L Pi~vi doo tk.t - (~) ~v mi.oJ.1 i1wt:i."'Urlont, not 1J0inc a ~"OceiDt • .... sLcll, s-JlljoQi; to ru.1 ju.st OXOCl)tiens, 1)0 o.an.i:tted in Qvid.o:100 on rp,ynont of· the autr vr.i.. th wbioh t:10 a:'..170 is ohc~f.'02JJ1,J ~, in tho- oa1JO of an t:1St-.:..,.za1t inm.,.ffioie1rtl-y atcJ:rQed, of the r:.:.t1Q"..t:1t :UOQ,\'!i:..10 a. to r.1~'.1::0 up st1.oh &..1.ty,. te,::;othe1, '1-rl th o. J?O:"JAlt~~ of a su..':l. ~t

no110y oqv;:~1 to ton tines tJ:l.a c.uo-m?lt of the J?l."O}?Oj.." duty ~ detieiont J?e:L--iion <itho~oot c~ f ~ l~~od. shilli!loS, v h i ~ uo -t.c.o loooc:r s,.,i..:."1• •f neno~~., u • "58 - (1) 1Totwi thstc.uili.l'J.G mi;y- ~.i..si~1._..ct tbis J;).3J.."'t-~ froOiiion 71 - (a.}: -1r.i.1~,o c-~' il'l.SU"'t-'U:101'l"!i &1.r..-?r.,1J::-:blQ 1-n.tll &,".~r - io tond~cd in ovlde11,00 in a '.F.rina.r-J Ccr.:.:i.-v!i, :ti it in• _g§rn:;;.we t:,.o 'I),,".! mc,;i;-v oa_·u-.t mo.v_ E1M.• I ...............~_....~..._.-.,...,... .......... ~~ .-..........- _..:.a~ I .... ~ji~t~i:a~~Ra or ,,:Ji~ tho:· court. ~11.0s tho s,:,110 c:nd it, a.:_,weya tlmt it ~ ; iu· i1.0t.,, dul:~; oiEcyo<L, ~~ i~ad tf , t½ '.~_ - •'".Ja. <~. fl"-"~- s;::no oz-do::- thv.t it be . . c:rt:.~r..t_) 1-:c; 3 ,.:.~1y :cGfuso to r.fuJi t it in ev.id.o:n.o€!J ' (1.J) l:1.10~ ri, princJ.·7 001:?:i.-.-t lho afu.li ttod in o-v:;.d n.oo ar~r inst:.."U;-.1C1".t 1i:;ioll is not ifbampod.; .. a di ,t:;.":i.. ct 001.D:'t or: t:.1.0 IB. [)1 Cotuvt, in tho oxo:r c~sc of t:101r l"or::,ootive ju:L.,.lsdiotions ,._,_:1cl c P2.1,t Iil c:,f tho i~st:z'o.tos CoLu..-f;s !..ot ·;963 (:1ow- L.ot 1984), m.:i.y hwtead of Lt, )t:.nc1i11c; t'l.10 m:.no, o:ccl~ it tc bo :r;n'OSo:rtod fo:.:· culjudioc.tio1'.\ 2.1:.d if' 110ooss8J.'y, sii2lll,J?od1 ,r.. t::in such l)C:i.'iod e.s t1;.o oourl r1cy Sl)ocxi.fy c:'. c', i ~ i t :. n_ l"'..ot crt

v;.woa. in oooordanoo 'ijj. th saoh adjudio2:.tion, t1~'", in its dism"Otion, o:x;oludo tlJ.O · inat:.."'C.tlOrrt ~r.1 ovidanoc in ti:.O p:;!Oooodil')(;S, and lf.w..o~o ·tho ooui--t so oxclo.t's tho instruDent ncy bo M..jt1.clioo;tod u:pon and et~Qd 1t.i.t!ti.n av.oh ~d.n: (Ui.1.d.C~Soo:i.~11,g SLl.l'.)l)liod) • 'XhorG ~~ ~1() i~aa_ uaod il'l seotion lQ...(jii4). of tho J~t vltldh. naod £', bit of ola;i.--if'i.oc.~Qn. l'hoy e~o 'tl:.o 'W'Ol'ds 11oxo.m:im tion" · and ·. 11 a.c\,-udioo.ti~'a-. ~ho u~d 11 ~11atien11 as usod in ..(_1.1.(g.~ 'bows p~ -lino moa.trl...'O{; ~ p;i:o-,'idod .f-0:;., U:.'l(l.Q;L' ~.LU of -t!1.0 i..ot, 11hich 1)1"0v.l,.da~ . ... 11A J;JL{blio effiooi' to w".J.on en i~.,.m.ont is :p?ofu..'I..OOd in tho o~·U:S'3 of tho IJ$~fo::,;omr.~noo 1Jr llin of 1'.lis J;t:~¥.L~.Ffi.-1~..l-:\12t~...:J...1~:-::fl9.tlt..l..o_~J?.0l1oil.,:'J i\u1Qt:i.Ql1D 1 1~-~?hj..n.s:b~l1!;,11t;._1?__~--a;b~~ and.·.almlli i:t Jl+,ia ~ti.a:i:"iod tl~d; it is not duly st"'J'Ilpod1 iIJl"i)WllCl tho i11.S"U1""~t;.:o:.-rt e? ow.so the sar.10 to :JO ir:11Jlll1ded by o:rzy- JJ,WliO Oificoo,c I' -\~i& -lli.'!,111)1.i.Qd.) i';.(j to the o.02.11i1.~; of. tho w~d 11 o.djuoicau'i.onu- :iho.t j.,s. ~dtld.. ~ ,.~ i~W ~ u . 1..o-& wbioh ~viaoa, 1 ··, .r ~~,c~ ~v'° ~so:n is in dovJ,t c.S ~o 1f.i1ot!10~~ ~ ,.'1a-b e:tW lwt..1:,.1r.1ont io l'Oq'lU.J:'Qd to st:.n:bpd as to t110 cnotmt 1)0 0~ of tl,l.c · ~

du~r I>~~:ilo in i10sroct ot an,r instJ.,t,.'"JOnt ha. mey, ~ l)a.Y!"!lC?lt;~ SUQ,l1 ~ 'flS 11,.c-izy- . .. ~,id. .. . · ~I'~ :£0::: o.n ~on.ti.on Jx:- ~- atar:o ~:r--o=e~.. " 9 Tho:ro is 110 d.ov."ut t:ir.t tho li:i."'7 ·it011 sclo 2,::;:roo:iont fDJ.ls in tho oa;to,.,,.t;,..r.of b~J' dJ.,t,,· .. ei o,~~ 0 ,,'0c:;; 7 0 i·:1rit.-;v2'0.;.."" OE n-•ov.ldocl fo~~ tmdmz .;iio~ 06·,of ~1..c. ..,,.,.,.~:._,,~_.:\•.., .!. ;_ ··• J.. ;,~ ..l:'.l ..... - .._ .=.,.... fl . . .~ · tlw scmodnlo to tho Sto.ro D1..1t;y- ..ct, ·:£01."D nontionod, As .1,ogc.1.~a.s tho t:,.i~cl : iSUO JI ·v~ltlch is u:i to i 1-f.J.oti1a~ in 'tho dbsonoo of' dmri..al. of o.xom.1.tio~1 of 0.::.:1 }:rlu:co tj,_i by motion to :oo:fu:to it 611_ lu.s _ow'!t be1wJ.f,' .ilho:t to r:10 a:.,:;.:,o~s t . 1JL:~1ro boon inoon;.?lofoly f:l:>m:1o"d. ru'l.d_ tlla::o- fo:ro it doos nbt :pose c:t:· Qu: ;ticn tl ;~t 0.:::1 J:Xi:'01?~'.Ly bo doru.t 1t.i. t1i. 0 I ik> not ~a:f'oro p:;:-ol)oso to doO..:-' with s1.'.ch isci:.o. Ik,1rove1~, we-:.: 2,:-:.d o;:o·,ro such isS"t.tcs, t:10:;:oo D.:t'o, in ey vii:nr im-o . .II.W1'0 points of law waoh 0.-2:· x~ to 00D.'.-:1i:md. t;::,_o o:ttontion 6f tho C.-r.,wf; of A];>;.102,L l1hoy eJ."O L1 :;:-o::.;:rc ot oi' t:~o c&:rl.srdon o::? t;1.o 0vidonoo of 111.0 t'.ir'z!Oc izi:tnossos, :fo1.~ t:io ~:~o:--;:::>o:1dc:1t wltlch, in rn;1r v:.ow, c1,r,:pocw: to l1.E!,V8 boon hewsny, rn.1c.l tho

o-v-ci~ cJ.l c.fa.risDion of 2.nd. i-clia:.100 on the Oj;le.1 . av.i.denoo of tho Rosj?o:17 ont in dote:.•n.briri-c his claim for tho clis:rrv.tod hause, -much J."'Ot10d;;r is, in ::i;r ~now, G'OV'Ol'l'lOd by t:,.o Land (Law of ~ y · a.nd, ~ ' l C ) ~clinD..1100 JO..}?o 114• Nou, as regards t:1.0 cdnissabili ty of -tJ.i.o ovi donco of tho t}:;roo _ tdimoszos fo~ tho Ilos1xmd.o:1t thd I havo all.'C~· oomo1-ruod ,-,n til)cvev ·..As · Etl..u:fu o---r.ldanoo c',1)1)02.i,'IJ to· 1J.£i:v"O iJOOU heavllr :rol:l.od tJ:.1 in dot;~'"'min:i.ne isllo case in ferv01.u- of tho Jlospo:1.c10:1t, it. is d.osix-cblo t~,zt t:.10 ooL~t of l;t,roc.l i:Jliould · ~•ss its 01)ini.on on t~o o::.r.10, na to whotho:-..~ ~ not such ovidonoe i'o:-c tho I:.oap¢ndontrs oaao ~- tosi tifiad by ono T..tJ.tr SF.L1:!.J.'E (Si:-1;2), KJJ),{J· ... ,: _, JiQIIf,;.-.IJ];J) {SU.. 3) and ,.-.QE/.,.~ ~.JJWiJ:T.A (&J..4) Wc'..S hoo;;.•a~- rmd tho1~efo.1->o i'oo~ sai l>:1.a • On tho q1,1.eotio;.1 ~f &1rJission and rclicnoo 'UJ.)O:n tho oral evida1ioo o:f ~1.0 l?.cs~ent :i.l1 J,is oltd.!i1 :£'01• tho dis:0 xhod hor:..so~ I o.n of tho Qpi.ni.011 th..:1.t Ero.ch diar.t0s!. tio::i is c;ow:i:-me. by tho rand(Law -o:f P-.i.10l)Ol!'ty c1nd. ~ n g ) Ol'do IJi:.':,;? ■ 114, ~ tho l1ovisoo. W,illJ. In to~,.'1S of So2 '(1) ·. ·of t1:.o Oi'din:-moc, ~2.1;,QD,,otions 1•clati11(; to mwh r,.1atto:,;,s as the disJ.)osi ti.on of lc.nd and

arzy· into:i."Ost· 1:,.0::oin r~o to -tJo c'OV0;.~1wd bz.:- tho ~ 1..iCl-l' _o:£J?~"'tr attd. O~wa~wil'l{s :u.1 ~oe 411 1qt J.,S-....~ ~10 ~s..i.ons o:f tho English Lo.w that hn.d n. boa.i.-ing on thG, · -affoo-b ~f' oontrc.ots O!l die rosi iio:n of J?'."1.->el)Oi--ty ill §..!.4. of tho Str:.ttfu of liJ1&.1.do i677 (29 Car 2, 0,3). ~1.n,; soctiQn'litl.iiol1, inEnclandhas n.cm'boen . 1'elilo.ood. b,- :i~ (ti_.ct b E~sh !,~ U~~ IJPt - ~ ~dos . -· as- t ~ and. l quote, 10 - "ff o aot:i.0:1 D~' 1n b:,:-oucl,·'i u1xm a.:1;7 co~'It~D.oii fo~ tho se;lc · o:;_• otho:;:' cli.r.nosi ti·m of lr,nd o'...' v..:ri;r intc:1'Cst in lr..J1d, tuil.ono t:10 :-.'.:;1,.'Vo;.1ont upon 1i1.1.i.ol1 su.oh action is f:rouc;ht, o:;:, Go::i.o nono:;s1,ncltu.:i o'.f: note t:10::i:oof, is in l'l'l"i t:.11;; c.:ncl. o:Lc_;r: ..,d. 1Jy tho :Pm-.ty to 1Jo chc.rgod. or by sono o'tl;.O:.:> J?O:...•:::i >.i.1 tho::•01.mto by him lrorfully au.tho:cizod. •1 . · ./J.a notod by tho e,;ni}w: in )lo[,1.U"'.1."j_, o J,,J.,;.~-:n.i.al of tho Lri:w of Roal P~-rty 6t11 Ea.n., a.t 1>.136, j_'t np1)()r,:cs '' tha.t/1t52~ it lmc boon sottlod ' . thc'.t tho offoot of notr-ool?t,r,)li· .:-;.oo wi-th st'.ch p:;.:-oui.sion of tho sta:bti.im of Er01.tda is not to n.1ko t!10 ool"·b:c>2.ot void but noi>0ly to ::u1.ko it tme1Ifo:."COable by acti.011.0 LEROVX Vo R10~TlT ( 1852) 12 CoE 801 • In other woi--ds 1 -oho sta;btt"bo of ~cue.a doos 1wi; c:-vbl cl J?ro:'Ol contracts• 1r~,.:t 01il.y bOJ.:>s tl10 loJO,l rom3<1ios b;f ,Moh thoy r::i#i.c_;lrt ctl:..~1"tdso h...1.vo boo11 011fo1•ood~ Wi.DDISOlT W, .AIJJPTI-?SON ( 1883) 6 1~11. OC\O.

467. It shovJ.d. r.lso bo 110i;od tl1<.:-t tho E1,clish S'lm.tu.to of lirav.da 1677, is i1-:. -tl1.o- 02.toc;ory of D11ulial1 S-lintutos of gon::l:t'ol 4J?Jlio2-tion .:oo~wc. undor , ~~ e:f tllc Judioa:tt";i;'o c-.,11c1 .'l.p1Jli0t-\tion .of Lo,i'lil D:i.1clir1"'..1100 Cr.J?.453- In tl'.Jis ~og€'..l"d1 ii; ~-,.,y bo vrorth:I:tb:l.lo loold.1,g also at tho :D=i-~- l!l.i.QnS ~ .s,_. 1ffl J.:u cf the. Mdonoo .li.ot 't96i. ~~ ~ d o $ in 'tho f6llew.i.11G to.l~ "100 - ( 1) 'When tho torr.llJ of r, oont'J:te.ot o:r of u g;:>L:.nt OJ.:' of 2-l'JY athol' disr~si tion of J.)Z'O;,Xl:rty ha.~ boon :rofu.tood. -bo tho fol~ of a. docrt.t::1ont, .~iA .~l .st..~sA, :lJ.~_g.:f~.91:~.-~:L~ttqE. .i~ ,i'".9.~~~~o.A EX ,lp,1r.J.o 1,.o ,PO~o.o.,o.. !o_t]~~£9.rl4. oj'_~?¾:19E.l no ov.Ldonoc shoJJ. bo ciwn in ~oe:f' of tho to:s.--ns of suoh, oont:z:-aot, gi:-2.nt o;;., oi:.1.~;.:- clizl)os:i. tion of J.Xi.'OJ:)O:.·t~r, o~ of such mn.irtoz- o::oo:it t:10 doou.;i1ont i tsolf, o:z:, oooondc.;ey' qvi<l.onoo of its oontonts in onsas in 111'-J.oh seconaPJ..~J e:ilio.a~ i~ c.dl-Jissiblo undQr tho l?Z'Ov.i.sions 11.oJ?cin .,- ' . bof~o 00::.1.:-.inod. n (Undo~so~nc SllJ:ilioti.). In oy view, tho c7£D:;;iosi tion of tho ho-.,:.00 in g_uootion is 0110 ::t..toh. ··'·. m.a.ttor, 1l1ucl1, 1 . , ~ .l•l ¢' '1!!10 Ei-iglish St2:tu.vo .of' l~•nuds, aQ cp1,liod. .. ~ ~ti _'7 ~~ ~a.11~- (ki.w o:f Pi·o~)Oi-.ty r..nd

Co1m-,cnm.ng~ ~diZJaJJCO c~.114,. J.s -"OWU ~Qid. ~ ca: ~~dJ.:i.Olo. intQ. Cl, ~ cf dOOlJ..t:lC3l'lt, bcf~o e,,."'t,{ iV .,.._.,. O"llidonoo ~o.n bQ ~~ ~-ia. ~r.aoivo.d in Qny of Oi.,J., 0e-tti.-.'ts to osi;[:.bll® .I e. ~ '. . ii~. .:to,•iejld. L~!.~,~c.:fo:oo;s o0l1$~ ~ :t.b.c- i ~ . .·. ,. -- -· 11 - Ybo-hho~ o:-:- not tho dis:;0si Uon of ·1,mc. in 0..11 t"..l'lfJtu-voyod. a:rod, as 1-n;,s in_ • . · iiho-ilwtr.-,nt on::Jo, is OY.1..0 t::.a.t ~~i"' c~0-,.rc:·.:-~1ocl ~);f t:10 d;w.sh;_Lmv qf..lt,'722::"3~. and, i11 pa:i.---ticu.lm', E9.!~~.::1.._Lt :-~~ ~l~o&_t.c~t:1:\t_o_g_:r_Jt~~l.d?.J 1677: (29 Oal' 2 c.3), _as S.J?J?liod in this 00ti.:.):t:.:..~- u:"a ·~:! £Cti_<1_ll_.2. .l:U oi t:10 LG.nd (Larr o:f . ;,J;_.wvJ_~~ n.,..,.,.-=~ ".i,/.. "n··~.:i Co-,,,.,, '-1,J.J.U. •.,,,~c~... ~~") .:.~vvd•..:.~"- _"U Q·;" . ,,,.. ·,·er• r•~-) - ~---'~·-· \.J<..41 .o 1-14 ...1 • j 1·"' 0·· t'·..,.1. a~~-·ld.· b,..; ~ 1" .;.:.,.j J..U:.!,'1 JJ,.VU. ~ J3oil'(s sc.tisfiod t::::d:. tho il,kr..dod c.,l):;_~o,J. 1:-:...i.s 1:iori t and -that tno:ca · is cood che,noo fo:r it to aaoc 0od~ r-,nd in o.'bsc:r..oo o:f ccy ovido1100 i,11,:1,t tho --~2,.;.1i; hns bocn slo0Ji11r; rm his c;..--iovrmcos, r cJ.J.ow tho eppli.00,~-':'o~ _f'o.r -tho o:ittonsi.on of tii:10 10:1 f-lliric tho O.l)l)1icn:tio~1 ui th this ~ 111ui.t : .• . .· a lX)ilrl; ~ Lc1r is il'tvi:>lvod. L.nd oi~aa~ a.ooo:;:-c1iJ.1Gly. I

clso oortit'-J ilb:'.ii tl:.c folJ.ordnG c.i.--o t:10 points of la.w -t4:1t. ·med. to be. oonsi®J?Od. e;.:1.d d,3fo;;.Y.l:i..11.0d 1Jy tho Co-:.:~...;; of li:J720c.J., te 'Wi 1i',a (a) Whotllc::.~ mi not section 46 of tho Strz:-o •Duty Ac,t lfo.£0 ~ 1972 O-:i! o.rcy- otJ~.011 -provision thol-.,:,of I did a.p:ply to tho ru1110:rlt":j.~o 1 1..1 , boi11g tho alJ.oe,-od. 1-Qi&n Sa.lo ~t:ma11t; as to l"0~1do:-..~ it imdnisBibl<l 111 '8il'iclo:r..oo b.ef~o tho t':i.--iaJ. .. oou.i.-h fo~ iTt).j.'ib •f sta..1:lJ? clu~y o (b) Whutl1m:> o:;:- no-b 'tho evidonoo f~ tho :·:tos-20:nd.o:nt 1 s ®Se c.s test:i.fiod 'uy 011.0 'l'l~ SrJJ.'J..'E ( a . . , 2), Y.J.w;-iJ ~,~~..En (Si.;.1.43) .a:.ld. J.-4:}IJJJ.•iliID ,.•JJWJ& _(su~4), ~..a. hoa.i.---so.y ;nd tl--ioo:o-. f ~ i.~..asiillo ea b ~ ·~at:..e..1.0:f;' tho Sala .t~~nt'- . ' ' 'ho-ti-roe1-i tho pew."bj,oa, ' ' ., Whct~lOl' ;,;;' lMOt, this boi:nc _o. oqsoof d:.t1~sitlt>n ,of ;ooa1· ~~, i~1 cl>Qcnoo of wi,j.ttou·~onont, tho prCTll'isi.01'1.S . ' ' -~ s.4 of °bl:.Q D11(;1ish ~n.tuto of l~Ol.tda .1677, E:J$. eiP!il.iAd: · in tlu. s OQ'Lu1~.r undQr a, 2 . ( 1). o:I> tl'l.Q Lruld. (Law of I > ~ - r..:.ld. · J o i ~ ) OJ;><:l;i.1~ Qe,Jh114, W:-d/OJJ ~ ::, . ·-- ·'· .. rJ.so :-i."'OCOi~ u."'ldo~ s.2(2) of tllG .;l'i~oo.tu:i,--o•cn.a ii.pl)lio:;,~on' . . -.'.! ~ Laws Q:l:di.11;1.1100 C(),i:>•453~ a)?1">liQd ~to. thi_s oc,..so r,B to. ~sc1Tbi iio

iho _ll~spond.0~ t-o "Go he~~. pclJ.;r , ~ his ~ 4-.< '1- tio,. tQ t.ilQ.- ~SQ.,,iit <i:i.S,Pttto • · & . • ' It ia so ool'tifiod. .~UW..1Cl~, JtJJXlE l}.el:1.~ in Ch~o ' ,. t.u.o. 12th ..¾".J;-of· ~ , · 1994, in_ ' ,' •' . . the p~sonee ~i" 1fo.e . . .. . . . . Ap:plio.1l'tfJs ~ l.J:..'.O~•• cJJ ~~_AJ?!)lioant. h24- ~ ~ ~ w,Jki !JgJ ~ . i . l l g --On-<D,to]J<i~ . . .·· ' ' j~(!}2 /ii~ :' -. -~ -~- . ' ·. _ .. · . ~-~··- . 1.fi,]1; TTrA~:r ~ . .