[1986] UGSC 14

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{\insrsid1004169 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid8549230\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1643385 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs17\insrsid1004169 PAGE }}{\fldrslt { \cs17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15166392 8}}}{\cs17\insrsid1004169 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid1004169 {\insrsid1004169 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9202611 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL \line AT MENGO }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line (CORAM: Manyindo, V-P., Lubogo, Ag. J. A., Odoki, J. A.) \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 CIVIL APPEAL NO.8 OF 1985 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line BET WEEN \line ATEKER EJALU}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 APPELLANT \line AND \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9202611 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 UGANDA RAILWAYS WORKERS UNION}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 RESPONDENTS \line UGANDA RAILWAS CORPORATION \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611

\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9202611 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 (Appeal from an order of}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 the High Court }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 of Uganda at Kampala (Allen, J.) dated \line 12}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid9202611 th}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 April, 1986 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line IN \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Civil Suit No}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 .}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 2O76 Of 1984) \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9202611 {\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 JUDGMENT OF MANYINDO, V-P. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line This is an appeal against the Ruling and Order delivered by Allen, J. (as he then was) on 12/4/85 whereby he struck out the appellant\rquote s suit against the respondents (who were second and third defendants respectively), on the ground that there was no cause of action against them. The learned tria1 judge held that there was a cause of action against the first defendant, a M r. Katabulingi, and ordered the suit against him to proceed. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Although in his appeal t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 he appellant cited only the two}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 respondents, Mr. Katabulingi filed, through his advocates, M/S Kavuma and Katureebe, a Notice of Cross-Appeal. He was cited as first resp ondent. However, when the appeal came up for hearing neither Mr. Katabulingi nor his counsel appeared to prosecute the cro}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 ss-appeal. \line \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1004169 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 The Notice of cross-}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 appeal was}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 not served on the counsel for }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the respondents in the appeal when is should under Rule 92(1) of the Rules of this court. Counsel }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611\charrsid1004169 for}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the res}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 pondents were therefore }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 surprised to learn of the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 existen}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid9202611 c}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 e}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 of the cross-}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 appeal from us during the hearing. No wonder then that they said nothing about it. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 I would certainly have liked to hear argument as to whether Mr. K}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 tabulingi, who was not a respondent, could }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 make himself one and then cross-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 appeal. In my view as this matter was not argued it does not fall for d}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 ecision. As counsel for Mr. Kata}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 bulingi was served with the hearing notice and as no c}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 ause has been shown for the non-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 appearance of Mr. Katabulingi or his counsel}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611\charrsid1004169 ,}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 I would dismiss the cross-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 appeal but without costs for the respondents as their coun}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 sel were not aware of the cross-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 appeal and were not bothered by it in any way. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611\charrsid1004169 Before}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 we could hear the appeal learned counsel for the respondents, Mr. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611\charrsid1004169 Sengoba}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 , made a preliminary point of objection. He did so with leave of court under Rule 101(b) as he had not made the objection under Rule 80. His point was that as this was an appe al against a Ruling of the lower court on a point of law raised in the pleadings under 0.6 r.27 CPR, no appeal lay to this court against that Ruling as of right. The appeal had to be by leave of this court or the lower court}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611\charrsid1004169 .}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 In support of this propositi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 on learned counsel relied on O}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 .40 CPR which lists the Orders against which appeals come to this court from the Hi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 gh Court as of right. Clearly, O}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 .6 r.27 is not included among those Orders. We overruled that objection and promised to give our reasons to which I will now address myself}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611\charrsid1004169 .}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 In their written statement of defence the first and }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 second defendants (Mr. Katabulin}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 gi and the Uganda Railways Workers Union) claimed, in paragraph 4, that the suit was \'93bad in law, frivolous vexatious and should be dismissed with costs.\'94 The third defendant Corporation took the same stand when it claimed, in paragraph 9 of its written statement of defence, that the Plaint was bad in law \'93for being frivolous vexatious and discloses no cause }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611\charrsid1004169 of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 action}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \'94 against it. \line It therefore seems very clear to me that the objection considered by Allen, J. (as h}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 e then was) was not made under O.6 r.27 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 which merely provides }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid9202611 for}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 points of law to be rais}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 ed by the pleadings, but under O.6 r.29 which provides thus:-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9202611 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \'9329. The Court }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 may, upon application, order }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 any pleading to be struck out on }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 the ground }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 that it di}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 scloses no reasonable cause of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 action or answer and, in any such case, or in case of t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 he suit or defence being shown }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 by the pleadings to be frivolous or vexatious, may o rder the suit to be stayed or }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611\charrsid1004169 dismissed}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 or }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 judgment to be entered accordingly, as may b just. All orders made in pursuance of this rule shall be appellable as of right.\'94 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9202611 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611\charrsid1004169 It}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 was in view that clear provision that I saw no merit in the preliminary point of}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 objection. I will now go on to consider the appeal on its merits. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 The facts of the case were, briefly, these. The appellant was at the material time the Managing Director of the Uganda Railways Corporation (the third defendant in the suit). \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9202611 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Mr. Katabulingi was the National General Secretary of the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005\charrsid1004169 first}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 respondent Union which is a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005\charrsid1004169 separate}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 legal entity from the second respondent. He had been secon}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 ded there by the second responden}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 t. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 In September 1984 Mr. Katabulingi wrote and published a letter, which wa s definitely defamatory of the appellant, to various persons. He signed that letter in his capacity as National General Secretary of the first respondent. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1004169 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 The appellant claimed that Katabulingi was liable to him in damages as he was the author and publisher of the defamatory letter and that the respondents were equally liable on the principle of }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005\charrsid1004169 vicarious}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 liability because, he alleged, that Katabulingi wrote the defamatory letter in the cause of his duties and within the scope of his employment both as an employee of the Corporation as well as an officer of the Trade Union. \line }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Katabulingi and the fir}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 st respondent pleaded immunity under section 19(l)(b}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 ) of the Trade Union}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 s Decree (No.20 of 1976) which }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 section states, }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 inter alia:- }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6827005 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \'93A suit against t}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 he National Organisation of Trade}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Unions or a registered trade union or against any member or officer thereof on }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 behalf of themselves and}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 all other members of the National Organisation of Trade Uni}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 ons }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 or a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005\charrsid1004169 registered}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 trade union in respect of }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005\charrsid1004169 any}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 tortious act alleged to have committed by or on behal}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 f of the National Organisation }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 of Trade Unio}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 ns or a registered trade union }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 shall no}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 t be entertained by any court.\'94}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6827005 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 The learned trial judge }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005\charrsid1004169 found that}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the Uganda Railways Workers Union was protected by the above pro}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 vision and accordingly struck }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 out the suit against it with }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid6827005 costs.}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 He }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 did so after finding as a f}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 act that Katabulingi had written}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 the defamatory letter on behalf}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005\charrsid1004169 of}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005\charrsid1004169 Union}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 , in his capacity as its National General Secretary. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 In }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005\charrsid1004169 respect}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 of Mr. Katabuling}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 i, the learned trial judge held }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 that the section offered him no protec}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 tion against the suit because }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the appellant, who was not a member of the Trade Union, was suing Katabulingi in his personal capacity which was in order. }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6827005 Finally, he he}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 ld that the suit was bad against the Uganda }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Railways Corporation because Katabul}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 ingi had written and published }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the letter not as an employee of the Corporation but a s an official of the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Trade Union. }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Four grounds of appeal were filed}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 and argued by counsel for the appellant. Th}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 ey are:- }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 \par }\pard \s15\ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid5577930 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \'931. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 THAT the learned trial judge misdirected himself }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid5577930 of}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid5577930 the}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 interpretation of}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 section }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 19(l}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 ) (}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 b) of the Trade U}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 nions Decree (No.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 20 of 1976). }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 2. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 \tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 THAT the lear}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 ned trial judge erred in not }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 addressing himself to }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 provisions of section}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 4}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 2 of the Interpretation Decree }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 (No.18 of 1976). }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 3.\tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 THAT th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 e learned trial judge erred in }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 dismissing the suit against the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 3}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid5577930 rd}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 defend}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 ant (the Railways Corporation) }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 without}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 having had }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 an opportunity to }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid5577930 receive}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 evid}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 ence on the peculiar circu}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 mstances}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 in }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 which the cause of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 action}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 arose and which h}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 could only }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 have}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 discovered when the suit was heard on its merits. \line \par 4.\tab }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 The learned trial judge erred }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 in law}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 in }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 dismissing the suit against the 2}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid5577930 nd}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 and }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 3}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid5577930 rd}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 defendants.\'94}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid5577930 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 In support of }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the first ground of appeal counsel for the app}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 el}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 lant submitted that in writing and pu}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 blishing the defamatory letter the first respondent \endash the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 Trade}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 Union -}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 was not a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 cting within its own legitimate}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 interests and duties but }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid5577930 was}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 acting as a mouthpi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 ece - of the second respondent -}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the Railways Corpora tion. It follows, \line argued Miss Kadaga, that the first respondent was not }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 immune from}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 prosecution.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Admittedly, the defamatory letter came from the Head Off}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 ice of the Uganda Railways Worke}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 rs Union. The }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 subject}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 matter of that }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 letter is stated therein as \'93THREAT }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 TO}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 KILL FOLLOWING ILLEGAL STRIKE\'94}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 and it is signed by Katabulingi in his capacity as National General Secretary of }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Union. The learned trial judge found that there was nothing in that letter indicating that Katabulin}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 gi}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 wrote it in his capacity as an employee of t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 he Corporation. I agree. There }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 can be no }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930\charrsid1004169 doubt}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 that he wrote the lett}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5577930 er solely in his capacity as }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 a Union Official.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 As was found by the learned tr}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 ial judge, the allegations }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 contained in the suit letter were very grave}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 .}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 The appellant was accused of incitement, conspiracy, attempted }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 murder, sabotage and }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 several other crimes. Clearly he was }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 defamed. The letter amounted }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 to}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 tort. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1004169 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 With respect, I think that the learned trial judge correctly interpreted section 19(l)(b) of the Trade Unions Decree (supra) }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 in that}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 it bars any suit against a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 registered Trade Union in }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 respect of any tortious act committed b}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 y it or on its behalf. In}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the instant case the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 first}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 respondent is a registered Trade Union. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 The defamatory letter }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 was}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 written}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 and published by its officer on }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 its behalf. It follows that the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 appellant}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 had no cause of action against t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 he first }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 . \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Miss Kadaga, relying on the decisions in (1) }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Vacher and Sons Ltd. v. London Society of Compositors and }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 Others}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 (1912)3 KB }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid14251991 547}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 and}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 (2) }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 J. T. Stratford & Son v. Lindley and Others, }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid14251991 (1965} {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid14251991 ) A. C}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid14251991 .}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 269, contended, quite rightly I think, that a Trade Union can be liable in some cases where it is }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 proved}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 to ha}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 ve acted outside its legitimate }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 functions. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 In t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 he }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 case before us the Union official wrote to the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 Chief}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Security Officer }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 of the}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Railways Corporation telling him inter alia, that some members of the Union who had planned and executed an illegal strike would be resorting to killing Union Officers. Like th e trial judge, I think that preventing illegal strikes as well as protecting the lives of Union officials is a legitimate function }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 of}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 a Trade}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Union. Accordingly, I see no merit in the first ground of appeal. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 With regard to the second ground of appeal, I should perhaps straightaway make the point that; during the hearing in the lower court section 42 of the Interpretation }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 Decree}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 was not mentioned by anyone -}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 not even by Miss Kadaga who was pre}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 sent. The said section states:-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14251991 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \'9342. Every Act or Decree, which}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 affects or }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 benefits some particular person or }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 association}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 or body }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 corpor}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 ate, shall be deemed to contain a provision saving the rights of}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the government, of all bodies o1itic and corporate and of all other persons e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991 xcept persons affected or bene} {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991\charrsid1004169 fited}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 by the Act or Decree and those claiming by or under them.\'94 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14251991

\par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1004169 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Miss Kadaga\rquote s submission was that that }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471\charrsid1004169 section}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 saved or preserved her client\rquote s right to sue bodies like the Trade Union (second }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471\charrsid1004169 respondent}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 ).}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 To that Mr. Sengoba }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471\charrsid1004169 retorted}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 that the subsequent legisl}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 a}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 tion}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 in }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471\charrsid1004169 section}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 19(1}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471\charrsid1004169 ) (}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 b) of the Trade Union Decree (supra) which specifically protects Trade Unions from being sued for any tortious }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471\charrsid1004169 acts}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 must be preferred, in accordance with the well established rules o}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 r principles of interpretation o}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 f statutes. \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 \par I do not see an}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 y real pr}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 oblem here. It is obvious that in its }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 own wisdom the legislature decided }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 to make a law specifically for }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Trade Unions. In that same law reg}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 istered Trade Unions, like the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 first respondent were exempted from being sue}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 d for tortious }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 acts. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471\charrsid4144471 I}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 do not see any conflict between }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 that law and section 42 of the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Interpretation Decree. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858

\par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 If there had been such a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471\charrsid1004169 conflict}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 I would have been inclined }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 to uphold the immunity }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471\charrsid1004169 granted}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 to the}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 first respondent by the sub}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 sequent legislation. And in vie}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 w of the weight he attached to }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 section 19(l}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471\charrsid1004169 ) (}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 b) of the Trade Uni}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4144471 ons Act I doubt if the learned }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 trial judge would have decided }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 the matter differently had his }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 attention been drawn to section.42}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 of the Interpretation Decree. I thus see no merit in the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 second ground of appeal. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 The third and fourth grounds}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 were argued together. Counsel }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 for the appella }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 nt submitted that as the appellant was claiming that }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the respondents and Katabulingi ha}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 d conspired to defame him, the}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 learned judge was wrong to reject that clai}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 m before hearing evidence. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 In short, that the dismissal was premature. }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 As already pointed out, the lear}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 ned trial judge had found that }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Katabulingi had written the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 Suit }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 letter on behalf of the Trade }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Union an d not on behalf of the Railways Corporation. Mr. Sengoba for the respondents contended tha}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 t that fact, together with the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 fact that as a registered Trade Union}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 .}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858\charrsid1004169 The}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 first respondent is a separate legal entity from the second }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858\charrsid1004169 respondent}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 , meant that the latter could not be liable for the acts of the former. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 I agree with Mr. Sengooba that the learned trial judge decided this issue correctly. Clearly, the Union is not an employee of the Corporation. In fact it was formed in order to }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858\charrsid1004169 bargain}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 with the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Corporation and thereby secure fa}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 vourable terms for the workers }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 of the Corporation. The Union is a separate legal entity. I reject Miss Kadaga\rquote s submission that the Union was an agent of the Corporation. It follows,}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 in my view, that the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Corporation could not be vicariously liable to the appellant for the tortious act of the Trade Union. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1664830 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 It would of }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 course be a different matter if the Corporation were shown to l}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 ive }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 published the defamatory}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858\charrsid1004169 letter}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 . The learn}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4945858 ed trial judge was alive to the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 point and }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 dealt with it quite comprehensive}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 ly in his Ruling when he said:-}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1664830 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 \'93\'85..}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 What must be }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 proved that the defe}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 ndant published }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830\charrsid1004169 the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 defamatory matter. In this case quite clearly the Corporation had nothing whatsoev}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 er to do with publication of }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the letter. Quite the reverse in fact. A copy of the let}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 ter was sent to the Managing }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Director of}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 the Corporation and so it was }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the 1}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1664830 st}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 defendant}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 (Katabulingi) who published }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 the document}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 to the plaintiff and the Corpo}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 ration. Thus the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 Corporation was the receiver }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 of the docu}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 memt, not the publisher of it. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 I cannot find any way in which the Corporation can be}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 held liable for the letter or its contents}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 .\'94 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid1664830 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1664830 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 I respectively agree with hi}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 m. Whether or not the appellant}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 could sue the second respondent was a question of law and in my view it was not necessary for the trial judge to hear all the evidence on the case before he c}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 ould determine that question. I}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 am satisfied, therefore, that the learned trial judge rightly struck out the appellant\rquote s suit against the second re}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 spondent for want }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 of a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 cause}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 of action.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 In the result I would dismiss this appeal with costs to the respondents }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 here}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 and in the lower court an as Lubogo, Ag. J. A. and Odoki, J. A. agree, it is so ordered. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 DATED this 12}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid11612411 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 day of December, 1986 at Mengo. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 S.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 T}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 . Manyindo, \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 VICE PRESIDENT.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1664830 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1004169 {\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par \par \par \par \par \par \par \par \par \par \par \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL \line AT MENGO }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 \line (CORAM: Manyindo, V-P., Lubogo, Ag. J. A., Odoki, J. A.) \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 CIVIL APPEAL NO.8 OF 1985 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 \line BET WEEN \line ATEKER EJALU}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 APPELLANT \line AND \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 UGANDA RAILWAYS WORKERS UNION}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 RESPONDENTS \line UGANDA RAILWAS CORPORATION \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411

\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 (Appeal from an order of}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 the High Court }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 of Uganda at Kampala (Allen, J.) dated \line 12}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid9202611 th}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 April, 1986 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 \line IN \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 Civil Suit No}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 .}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 2O76 Of 1984) \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 JUDGMENT OF LUBOGO AG. J. A. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line I have had the opportunity of reading in dr}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 aft the judgment of Manyindo, V-}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 P., I agree with him on decision for the rejection of the prelim}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 inary objection and also on the }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 dismission of the appeal and the order made as to costs. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 DATED at Mengo this 12}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid11612411 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 day of December, 1986 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }\pard \s15\qr \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 D. L. K. Lubogo, \line }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 AG. JUSTICE OF APPEAL.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1004169 {\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par \par \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL \line AT MENGO }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 \line (CORAM: Manyindo, V-P., Lubogo, Ag. J. A., Odoki, J. A.) \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 CIVIL APPEAL NO.8 OF 1985 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 \line BET WEEN \line ATEKER EJALU}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 APPELLANT \line AND \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 UGANDA RAILWAYS WORKERS UNION}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 RESPONDENTS \line UGANDA RAILWAS CORPORATION \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411

\par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 (Appeal from an order of}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 the High Court }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 of Uganda at Kampala (Allen, J.) dated \line 12}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid9202611 th}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 April, 1986 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 \line IN \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 Civil Suit No}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 .}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411\charrsid1004169 2O76 Of 1984) \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 JUDGMENT OF ODOKI J. A. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line I have had the opportunity of reading in draft the judgmen}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 t delivered by the learned Vice-}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 President and I agree with it. \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par DATED at Men}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 go this 12}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid11612411 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 day December, 1986 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }\pard \s15\qr \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 B. J. Odoki, \line }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 JUSTICE OF APPEAL. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11612411 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Mr. Sengooba assisted by Mr. Bwenje counsel for respondents. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11612411 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 Counsel for appellant absent. \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1004169 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14680668\charrsid1004169 \par }}