[2002] UGSC 22

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{\cs37\insrsid15864348\charrsid2184197 \par }}{\footerr \pard\plain \s52\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\insrsid15864348\charrsid2184197 \par }}{\headerf \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15864348 \par }}{\footerf \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15864348 \par }}\pard\plain \s26\qj \li3845\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3845\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s26\qj \li3845\ri0\sb19\sa259\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3845\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs44\b\i\f0\expnd28\expndtw140\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 AND \par \sect }\sectd \margrsxn1957\sbknone\linex0\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12388832\sftnbj \pard\plain \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb10\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 1.}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 WILBERFORCE SEKUBWA:}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{ \cs51\b\i\f0\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 1}{\cs51\b\i\f0\expnd-2\expndtw-10\super\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs51\b\i\f0\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 }{ \cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 RESPONDENT \par }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 2.}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 ANGELA AMUGE:}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{ \cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 2}{\cs44\b\i\f0\super\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 nd}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 RESPONDENT \par }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 3.}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 PROSPER NJAWUZI:\tab }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\cs36\f0\expnd-4\expndtw-20\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 3}{ \cs36\f0\expnd-4\expndtw-20\super\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 rd}{\cs36\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 RESPONDENT }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{ \cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 4. AMIR NSEREKO:}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{ \cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832\charrsid12388832 4\'99 RESPONDENT}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid12388832 \tab \tab }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \sect }\sectd \marglsxn1742\margrsxn1742\margtsxn2096\sbknone\linex0\colsx60\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\headerl \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15864348 \par }}{\headerr \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15864348 \par }}{\footerl \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15864348 \par }}{\footerr \pard\plain \s52\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs40\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 \par }}\pard\plain \s23\qj \li427\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin427\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s23\qj \li427\ri0\sb34\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin427\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs41\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (Appeal from the decision of Court of Appeal of Uganda at Kampala (Mpagi-Bahigeine, Berko and Twinomujuni JJ. A), dated 21-07-2000, ir, Civil Appeal No. 32 of 1999, arising from the judgment of the High Court at Kampala ( Kania, J.) dated 19-02-1999, in H. C. C. S. No. 167 of 1995). \par }\pard\plain \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par \par }\pard \s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb115\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs34\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 REASONS FOR THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb202\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 This was a second appeal. In the High Court the 1}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent successfully sued the appellant, the 2}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 nd }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent, 3} {\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent and 4}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 th}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent for damages caused to his car in a collision between it and the appellant's motor vehicle. The cause of action was founded in negligence on the part of the 3}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd}{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent when driving the appellant's motor vehicle in the course of his employment as her servant or agent. The appellant appealed to the Court of Appeal against the High Court decision. She lost that appeal. Consequently, s}{ \cs42\f0\expnd-4\expndtw-20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 he}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 appealed to this court. We heard the appeal and dismissed it, reserving our reasons for doing so, which we now proceed to give. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb154\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx4661\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The circumstances that led to the High Court action were}{\cs42\f0\insrsid12388832 }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 briefly these. The 2}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 nd}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent and Martin Emakulat, her}{\cs42\f0\insrsid12388832 }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 husband, were the owners of Mazda mini bus 407 UAF, which}{\cs42\f0\insrsid12388832 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 was, in fact, registered in the former's names. They gave\line the vehicle to the 4} {\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 th}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent to repair and sell it,}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 recover his costs and give them any balance of the purchase}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 price. The appellant was also the owner of a Dutsan Pick-\line up UVY 185, which she wanted to dispose of. She agreed to}{ \cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 trade-in her pick up for 407 UAF and shs.2,000, 000=. The}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 appellant gave the 4}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 th}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent the registration book and}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 keys of her pick-up, plus Shs. 1,500, 000=, and took in}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 exchange the mini bus No. 407 UAF. The registration Card}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 of 407 UAF was to be given to her after payment of the}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 balance of Shs. 500, 000=.\tab In the meantime the 2}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 nd}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent retained the registration book of 407 UAF. The appellant took possession }{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 of}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 the vehicle and it was being driven by her driver, the 3}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent when the accident happened on 12-12-94, at 10.00 p.m. involving 407 UAF and the }{ \cs41\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 1}{\cs41\i\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs41\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent's Benz saloon car. At the time of the accident, the Benz Saloon car was bearing a garage number plate No. U170 DI/UPF922. The 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent was prosecuted and convicted for driving an unregistered vehicle with a garage number plate at 10.00 p.m. The 3}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent was also prosecuted and convicted of careless driving. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb158\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 After the accident the appellant tried to repudiate the agreement to purchase the vehicle 407 UAF and used the Police and an Army Officer to force the 4}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 th}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent to refund the Shs. 1, 500, 000= she had paid towards the purchase of vehicle 407 UAF and a return of her UVY 185. She maintained that at the time of the accident the vehicle 407 UAF was not in her possession. It was instead in the possession of the 4}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 th}{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent. She also denied that the 3}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent was her driver. At the trial, the following issues were agreed upon and determined: \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s29 \cs42\i\charrsid12388832 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \s29\qj \li0\ri0\sb475\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\tx634{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnb0\pni1\pnfs24\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 who owned the vehicle 407 UAF and was in control of it when the accident happened?}{ \cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s29 \cs42\i\charrsid12388832 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \s29\qj \fi-634\li634\ri0\sb235\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\tx634{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnb0\pni1\pnfs24\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin634\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 whose agent or servant was in charge of the vehicle when the accident happened?}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s29 \cs42\i\charrsid12388832 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (3)\tab}}\pard \s29\ql \li0\ri0\sb259\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\tx634{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnb0\pni1\pnfs24\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\faauto\ls2\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 was the driver in charge of the vehicle negligent?}{\cs38\i\f0\expnd6\expndtw30\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s29 \cs42\i\charrsid12388832 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (4)\tab}}\pard \s29\qj \fi-634\li634\ri0\sb250\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx0\tx634{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnb0\pni1\pnfs24\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnsp120 {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\faauto\ls2\rin0\lin634\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 If the answer to }{\cs38\i\f0\expnd6\expndtw30\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (3)}{\cs38\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 was in the affirmative, was the }{\cs43\i\f0\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 2}{\cs43\i\f0\expnd4\expndtw20\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 nd}{ \cs43\i\f0\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent entitled to damages and, if so, what quantum?}{\cs38\i\f0\expnd6\expndtw30\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb82\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In his lead judgment in the Court of Appeal Berko, J. A., suggested that a fifth issue should have been whether the driver was driving the car in the course of his employment. That would have clearly brought ovc the issue of vicarious liability. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb163\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In the learned Justice of Appeal's view, since judgment had already been entered against the 3}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent , issue }{\cs38\i\f0\expnd6\expndtw30\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (3) }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 did not arise. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb139\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The learned trial judge answered the }{\cs43\i\f0\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 2}{ \cs43\i\f0\expnd4\expndtw20\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 nd}{\cs43\i\f0\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 issue that the 3}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent was in charge of the vehicle in the course of his employmen t as the servant or agent of the appellant when the accident happened; and that he was negligent because he left his lane when trying to avoid a pothole in his lane and suddenly swerved colliding with the 1}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent in his lane. The appellant was consequently liable for the 3}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd}{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent's negligence. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb144\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Regarding the first issue, he found that the appellant was the owner of vehicle No. 407 UAF and that or 12-12-94, the vehicle was under her control when the accident happened. The answer to the 4}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 th}{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 issue was that the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent was entitled to damages from the appellant }{ \cs43\i\f0\expnd10\expndtw50\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 for}{\cs43\i\f0\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 the damage to his car. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb149\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The learned trial judge preceded to assess damages and made an award which was not challenged in the Court of Appeal. He entered judgment for the}{\cs46\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 1}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent against the appellant and the 3}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent jointly and severally for the sum of Shs. 11, 024,000= with interest at 8% from the time of filing the suit until payment in full. He also awarded costs of the suit in favour of the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 , 2}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 nd}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 and 4}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 th}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondents. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb149\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The appellant's appeal to the Court of Appeal was unsuccessful. Hence this appeal, }{ \cs42\f0\expnd-4\expndtw-20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 whic}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 h we also dismissed, reserving our reasons for doing}{\cs43\i\f0\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 so. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb163\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Eleven grounds of appeal were set out in the memorandum of appeal to this Court. The manner in which the memorandum of appeal was drawn offended rule 81 of the Rules of this Court. We nevertheless allowe d the grounds to be argued as they were. The first eight of the ground of appeal were repetitions in different forms, the substance of which was that the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent's cause of action was founded, and based, on illegality. The resistant judgment in his favour was therefore, a nullity, contrary to the principle of }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 exturpi causa non oritur actio. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb168\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The appellant's learned Counsel, Ms. Charity Nakabuye\line argued the first eight grounds together. \tab In her}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 submission, she criticized the trial court and the Court of Appeal for not having applied the principle of }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 exturpi Causa non oritur actio. }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 This was a case in which the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent was driving his motor vehicle with a garage number plate which was a traffic offence, for which he was charged in court, convicted and fined. The learned Counsel submitted that in those circumstances, the 1}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent was illegally driving on the road at the material time. He should not take advantage of his illegal conduct. His criminal act was in breach of a statutory duty. Learned Counsel criticised the Court of Appeal for holding that the l}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 ot}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent's cause of action did not depend on the fact that his car had a garage number plate. \par }\pard\plain \s26\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s26\qj \li0\ri0\sb154\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In support of her submission, the learned Counsel relied on the cases of }{ \cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Whiston -vs- Whiston (1998), All E. R.423; R -vs- Secretary of State for Home Department, Exparte Puttick (1981) 1, A11. E. R.778; Clunis -vs- Camden and Isling Health Authority (1998) 3 All. E. R.; }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 and }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Revill -vs-Nevbery (1996) 1 All E. R. \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb168\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Mr. Sam Njuba, Counsel for the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent submitted that grounds 1 to 8 of the appeal were all based on the issue of illegality. He said that he stood by his submission in the Court of Appeal, which he wished to adopt for purposes of this appeal. He argued that i f courts were to rule that any illegality, however remote, would nullify the liability of a party who acts in breach of its duty of care the result would be outrageous and cause injustice. Only an illegality relied on by a claimant should have that ef fect. However, if a party can sustain his claim outside illegality, then his claim should succeed. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li984\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin984\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li984\ri0\sb149\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin984\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Mr. Njuba distinguished the cases referred to by the appellant's learned Counsel from the instant case. He said that }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Whiston \emdash vs- Whiston }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (supra) was based on illegality of a marriage. So was }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 R \emdash vs- Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Puttick }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (supra). In the instant case, learned Counsel contended, the l}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent never went out to cause an accident and benefited from it. Regarding the decision in }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Clunis \emdash vs- Camden and Islington Health Authority }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (supra), the learned Counsel contended, that a distinction between claims for personal injury based on illegality and claims for other injuries based on illegality should not be allowed to stand. H e urged us not to be persuaded by Ms. Nakabuye's arguments. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li989\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin989\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li989\ri0\sb158\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin989\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In the instant case, Mr. Njuba submitted, evidence shows that when the 1}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent's car was knocked, he was not driving. He had stopped. The case of }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Revill \emdash vs- Newberry }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (supra) was clearly in the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent's favour. In the instant case, the 1}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent was not relying on illegality. Consequently, he should not be denied his claim. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li994\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin994\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li994\ri0\sb173\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin994\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In his lead judgment, with which the other two members of the Court of Appeal agree d, Berko J. A., considered at some length whether the principle }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Exturpi Causa non oritur actio}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 applied to the instant case. In the end, he held that the principle did not apply to the case. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li1013\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1013\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li1013\ri0\sb149\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1013\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Regarding one of the decided cases he considered, Berko, J. A. said: \par }\pard\plain \s32\qj \li1709\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1709\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par \par }\pard \s32\qj \li1709\ri0\sb14\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tldot\tx8669\faauto\rin0\lin1709\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 "The only case cited to us in which the cause of\line action was based on negligence is Ashton \emdash vs-\line Turner and Another (1981) QBD 1311\tab \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li1685\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1685\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par \par }\pard \s21\qj \li1685\ri0\sb48\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1685\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs47\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 my view the application of the maxim in }{ \cs41\i\f0\ul\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Ashton -vs- Tunner}{\cs41\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (supra) was justified on the facts of the case. Public policy would not permit one participant in a crime to maintain an action against the other participant in the same crime in relation to act done in connection with the commission of that crime. \par }\pard \s21\qj \li1714\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1714\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par \par }\pard \s21\qj \li1714\ri0\sb38\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1714\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The a uthorities I have referred to show that if the plaintiff can prove his case without relying, as part of his cause of action, that he has been guilty of illegality, then he can maintain his action and enforce his claim. The plaintiff in the instant case, n eed not, as part of his cause of action, rely on the fact that his car had a garage number plate in order to prove his case. \par }\pard \s21\qj \li1690\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1690\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par \par }\pard \s21\qj \li1690\ri0\sb34\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1690\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The argument of Mr. Mbabazi is that the plaintiff's vehicle was on the road illegally and unlawfully by reason of the fact that it was bearing a dealer's plate and therefore no duty of care was owed to him. I need only to give two examples to demonstrate the absurdity of the argument. Supposing a convict prisoner escapes from prison and whilst crossing the road to get to a get \emdash away car, he is knocked down by an over-speeding driver and he sustains injuries. On the basis of Mr. Mbabazi's argument the escap ing prisoner could not maintain action in negligence against the over-speeding driver because the prisoner, having escaped from prison, was not legally or lawfully on the road. Surely there is no connection between his escaping from lawful custody and h i s being knocked down on the road. He need not, in proving his case against the over-speeding driver, have to call in aid, as part of his cause of action, the fact that he had escaped from lawful custody. Again, it is an offence under The Road and Traffic Safety Act to drive }{\cs36\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 a }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 vehicle whose road licence has expired. If the argument of Mr. Mbabazi is correct, it would mean that if such }{ \cs46\b\i\f0\expnd-4\expndtw-20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 3.}{\cs46\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 vehicle is damaged through the negligence of somebcdy whilst being driven when its road licence was expired, the owner of the vehicle would not be able to maintain an action against the driver who damaged the vehicle because the damaged vehicle was not lawfully on the road. In my view that cannot be the law. With due respect to Mr. Mbabazi, I think the maxim was wrongly appl ied to the facts in the instant case." \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par \par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\sb197\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 We agree with the learned Justice of Appeal. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb173\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The appellant's learned Counsel relied on some decided}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 cases in support of her arguments. We shall now proceed to}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 consider them. In }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Whiston -vs- Whiston }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (supra), the}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent to that appeal was a bigamist. That was a fact\line she was not always ready to admit.\tab In wardship}{\cs42\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 proceedings, and in a defended suit when her offence of bigamy was in issue, she denied it; indeed she swore affidavits which we re untruthful. Eventually she admitted her bigamy and a decree of nullity was granted to the appellant, Mr. Whiston on that ground. The respondent then claimed to be entitled to orders for ancillary relief. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb149\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The District judge awarded a lump sum of \'a325,000. Thorpe J, reduced that to \'a3 20,000 on appeal and granted leave to appeal, and the issue which arose }{\cs42\f0\expnd-4\expndtw-20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 or.}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 the appeal was: }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 could}{\cs36\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 a }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 person who knowingly being married, had gone through a ceremony of marriage to another, subsequently claim ancillary reli ef by virtue of a decree of nullity which had been granted to that other person on the grounds of the claimants bigamy? }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The stack point in the appeal was, therefore, whether or not the rule of public policy which ordains that one should not benefit from on e's own crime was available to the appellant and whether or not the respondent should be debarred from pursuing her claim because of }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 exturpi causa non oritur actio. }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In his judgment allowing the appeal, with which the other two members of the Court of Appeal agreed, Ward L. J. concluded: \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par \par }\pard \s21\qj \li720\ri0\sb5\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 "Today we have this respondent seeking to profit}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid2184197 }{ \cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 from the crime. Her claims derive from the crime}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Without her having entered into this bigamy\line ceremony she would not have got to the judgment}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 seat at all. She should now be prevented from}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 going any further. I would therefore allow the\line appeal.}{\cs44\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \tab }{\cs44\i\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 I would accordingly dismiss her}{ \cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid2184197 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 application for }{\cs47\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 a lump sum }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 and make no award to her whatever." \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb53\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In our view the case of }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Whiston -vs- Whiston }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (supra) is distinguishable from the instant case. In the former the respondent's claim was based on her crime of bigamy whereas in the instant case the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent's claim, was based on negligence committed against him by the appellant's driver, the 3}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent.

\par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb154\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 R -vs- Secretary of State for Home Department, }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 ex parte }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Puttick }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (supra) , the applicant was a German Citizen who had committed serious crimes in Germany. She obtained entry into the United Kingdom on a false passport in the name of ano ther German Citizen and, using that name, went through a marriage ceremony with a United Kingdom citizen at a Registrar's office and signed the marriage certificate in that name. The German authorities discovered her real identity and began e x tradition proceedings. In order to avoid extradition the applicant applied to the Secretary of State in her real name for registration as a United Kingdom citizen under s 6(2) of the British Nationality Act, 1948. The Secretary of State refused her applic a tion and on appeal the Court of Appeal refused to grant her leave to apply for judicial review of the Secretary of State's decision. The applicant then applied to the court which determined that the marriage was valid but exercised its discretion by refus i ng to make a declaration of validity. Subsequently the Secretary of State, although accepting the court's decision that the applicant's marriage was valid, affirmed his refusal to register her as a United Kingdom citizen unless the court directed otherwis e. The applicant applied for an order of mandamus requiring the Secretary of State to register her as a United Kingdom Citizen on the grounds that she fulfilled the express terms of s 6(2) of the 1948 Act for registration. \par }\pard\plain \s30\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s30\qj \li0\ri0\sb168\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The court held that where }{\cs41\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 there w as a statutory duty involving the recognition of some right, then, notwithstanding the mandatory nature of the terms imposing that duty, it was nevertheless subject to the limitation that the right would not be recognized if the entitlement to it had been obtained by criminal activity. }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Since the applicant had achieved her marriage, and therefore her entitlement to registration under s 6(2), by the crimes of fraud, forgery and perjury, and could not claim to be entitled to registration without relying on her criminality, the Secretary of State was entitled, despite the mandatory terms of s 6(2), to refuse to register her as a United Kingdom citizen. The application for mandamus was therefore dismissed. \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb139\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Clunis -vs- Camden Islington Health Authority (1998) 3 All E. R.180. }{\cs42\f0\expnd-4\expndtw-20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 On}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 24-09-92 the plaintiff, who had a history of mental disorder and of serious violent behaviour, was discharged from the hospital where he had been detained as the result of an order under s.3 of the Mental Hea lth Act, 1983, and moved into the area covered by the defendant health authority. Under s.117 of the 1983 Act, the health authority was under a duty to provide after care services for the plaintiff, and a psychiatrist employed by it was designated as the p laintiff's responsible medical officer. However, the plaintiff failed to attend appointments arranged for him by the medical officer, and his condition deteriorated. On 17 December, in a sudden and unprovoked attack, the plaintiff stabbed a man to death a t a tube station. He was charged with murder, but at his trial pleaded guilty to manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility and was ordered to be detained in a secure hospital. Subsequently, he brought an action for damages against the health

authority alleging that it had negligently failed to treat him with reasonable and responsible care and skill in that, inter alia, the responsible medical officer had failed to ensure that he was assessed before 17 December, and that if he had been, he wo uld either have been detained or consented to become a patient and would not have committee manslaughter. The health authority applied to strike out the plaintiff's claim as disclosing no cause of action on the grounds }{ \cs41\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (i)}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 that it was based on his own illegal act which amounted to the crime of manslaughter, and }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (ii) }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 that it arose out of the health authority's statutory obligation under s.117 of the 1983 Act and those obligations did not give rise to a common law duty of care. The deputy judge dismiss ed the application and the defendant appealed. It was, held inter alia that the rule of public policy that the court would not lend its aid to a plaintiff who relied on his own criminal or immoral act was not confined to particular cause of action, but on l y applied if the plaintiff was implicated in the illegality and was presumed to have known that he was doing an unlawful act. In the instant case, the plaintiff's plea of dimished responsibility accepted that his mental responsibility was substantially im p aired but did not remove liability from his criminal act, and therefore, he had to be taken to have known what he was doing and that it was wrong. It followed that the health authority had made out its plea that the plaintiff's claim was based on his crim e of manslaughter. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb139\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The case of }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Revill \emdash vs- Newberry }{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 (supra) was another case on which the appellant's learned Counsel relied for her submissions In that case the 76 year old defendant was sleeping in a brick-shed on his allotment in order to protect valuab le items stored in it when he was awakened in the middle of the night by the sound of the plaintiff attempting to break in. He took his shot gun, loaded it and, without being able to see whether there was anybody directly in front of the door, fired throu g h a small hole in the door, wounding the plaintiff in the arm and chest. The plaintiff was subsequently prosecuted for the various offences which he had committed that night and pleaded guilty; the defendant was also prosecuted on charges o f wounding but was acquitted. Thereafter the plaintiff brought proceedings against the defendant claiming damages for breach of the duty of care under section 1 (a) of the Occupiers' Liability Act, 1984 and negligence. The judge found that although the de fendant had not intended to hit the plaintiff he could reasonably have anticipated that he might do so and was thus negligent by reference to the standard of care to be expected from the reasonable man placed in the defendant's situation. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb149\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The judge further found that the defendant, had used greater force than was justified in lawful }{ \cs46\b\i\f0\expnd10\expndtw50\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 self}{\cs46\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 defence and rejected the defendant's submission that he was relieved of all liability on the basis of the maxim }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 extrupi Causa non oritur actio }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 since the plaintiff had been involved in a criminal enterprise at the time of injury. On the question of contributory negligence the judge found the plaintiff two-thirds to blame. The defendant appealed. It was held that a plaintiff in a personal injury c l aim was not debarred from making any recovery by the fact that he was a trespasser and engaged in criminal activities at the time the injury was suffered. The duty of care owed to a trespasser by an occupier under s.l of the Occupiers Liability Act 1984 a n d by persons other than occupiers at common law, namely to take such care as was reasonable in all the circumstances of the case to see that the trespasser did not suffer injury on the premises, applied even where the trespasser was engaged in a criminal e nterprise. On the facts, the judge had been justified in finding that the plaintiff was a person to whom the defendant owed some duty of care and that the defendant, who had used greater violence than was justified in lawful self - defenc e, was in breach of that duty, and in finding substantial contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff. The appeal was accordingly dismissed. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb149\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In our view, the case of Revill -vs- Newberry (supra) actually supports the decision in the instant cas e that the maxim does not remove the duty of care. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb149\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 The claims in the cases on which the appellant's learned Counsel in the instant case has relied were cases in which the causes of action were inseparable from illegal contracts. The claimants had to rely on illegality to prove their cases. The instant case, in our view, is distinguishable. The 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent did not have to rely, on the fact that his car had the dealer's number plate, in order to successfully prove that the appellant's driver owned him a d uty of care. His case was based on the fact that his car was damaged by a breach of that duty of care, not because he was on the road in a car with a dealer's number place. His case was based on negligence by the 3}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent for which the appellant was vicariously liable. The 3}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 rd}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent's negligent act was independent of the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st }{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent's being on the road in his car bearing a garage number plate at the material time. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb130\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In the circumstances, we found that there was no merit in the first eight grounds of appeal. They failed. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb144\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Grounds 9 and 10 were abandoned by the appellants' learned Counsel. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb53\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Under ground 11, the appellant's learned Counsel said that the complaint related to the evidence of the 1}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent that the name of the owner of the Benz Car which was damaged in the accident was Simon Kibule. These were what No. 23095 Ouma Joseph, Cpl. had extracted from the third party insurance. The learned Counsel contented that it is the registered ow n er of the Benz Car who should have sued for damages. In reply, Mr. Njuba submitted that whereas the registered owner of a motor vehicle is entitled to sue, any person in possession or control of the vehicle or property can also sue for recovery of damages caused to it in an accident. In any case, the l}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent testified that he was driving his Mercedes Benz bearing a garage No. UI 703D/UPF922. He was using a garage number, because he had already removed the Registration number in order to get a personalised number. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb158\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 We wish to observe that the ownership of the Benz car by the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{ \cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent was neither challenged in the pleadings nor at the trial. The evidence of the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent, to which we have just referred in this judgment, was not challenged. The appellant is therefore taken to have accepted that evidence. The issue was raised for the first time in the Court of Appeal \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb144\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 This is what the Court of Appeal, in the lead judgment of Berko, J. A., said: \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li710\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin710\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb38\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 {\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 "The arguments in support of ground 5 can be g rouped into three segments. The first segment was that it was not proved that the plaintiff was the owner of the Me}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid13252940 rcedes Benz car that was }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 involved in the accident.}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid13252940 \par }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 My short answer is}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid13252940 }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 that in a claim of negligence ownership of the subject }{\cs47\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 matter is irrelevant. It is }{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 possession that matters. At the time of the accident it was the plaintiff who was in charge of the ve hicle. He could therefore maintain the action against the one who caused the damage." \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb43\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 As we have already pointed out unchallenged evidence showed that the 1}{\cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent was the owner of the Mercedes Benz car. However, even if he was not the owner of the car, we agree with the Court of Appeal that possession thereof conferred on the 1}{ \cs42\f0\super\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 st}{\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 respondent the right to claim the damages in question. In the circumstances, we saw no merit in ground 11 of the appeal. It also failed. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb158\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 {\cs42\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 In the result we were satisfied that the appeal had no merit and that the Court of Appeal rightly dismissed it and upheld the decision of the trial court. It was for these reasons that we upheld the Court of Appeal's decision and dismissed this appeal with costs. The appellant shall pa y the costs of the first, second and fourth respondents. \par }\pard\plain \s32\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2184197 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard \s32\qj \li0\ri0\sb77\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 {\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 Dated at Mengo }{\cs44\b\i\f0\expnd-4\expndtw-20\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 this }{ \cs44\b\i\f0\expnd-4\expndtw-20\insrsid13252940 23}{\cs44\b\i\f0\expnd-4\expndtw-20\super\insrsid13252940\charrsid13252940 rd}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 day of April}{\cs49\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 }{ \cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 2002}{\cs44\b\i\f0\insrsid13252940 .}{\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid12388832 \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\insrsid13252940 \line }{\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 A. H. O. ODER}{\b\f0\insrsid13252940 \line JUSTICE OF THE SPREME COURT}{\b\f0\insrsid13252940\charrsid13252940 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 {\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 \par \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 {\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 J. W. N. TSEKOOKO }{\b\f0\insrsid13252940\charrsid13252940 \line }{\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 {\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 {\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 A. N. KAROKORA }{\b\f0\insrsid13252940 \line }{\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 {\b\f0\insrsid15864348 \par }{\b\f0\insrsid13252940\charrsid13252940 \sect }\sectd \marglsxn1843\margrsxn1699\margtsxn2095\sbknone\linex0\colsx60\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13252940\sftnbj {\headerl \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15864348 \par }}{\headerr \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15864348 \par }}{\footerl \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid15864348 \par }}{\footerr \pard\plain \s17\qj \li1829\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1829\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs47\b\fs22\insrsid15864348 PAGE}}{\fldrslt { \cs47\b\fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13252940 17}}}{\cs47\b\fs22\insrsid15864348 \par }}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 J. N. MULENGA }{\b\f0\insrsid13252940 \line }{ \b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 {\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13252940 {\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 G. W. KANYEIHAMBA }{\b\f0\insrsid13252940 \line }{\b\f0\insrsid15864348\charrsid13252940 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }}