[1998] UGCA 15

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Jessica chemeri}{\operator Wor. Jessica chemeri}{\creatim\yr2008\mo8\dy5\hr13\min29}{\revtim\yr2008\mo9\dy12\hr12\min30}{\version14}{\edmins72}{\nofpages8}{\nofwords1957}{\nofchars11159}{\nofcharsws13090}{\vern24689}} \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1800\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct \asianbrkrule\rsidroot5977868\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7235351 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7235351 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7235351 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7235351 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid13527011\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4992661 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs17\insrsid7235351 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10623824 1}}}{\cs17\insrsid7235351 \par }\pard \s16\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0\pararsid7235351 {\insrsid7235351 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5977868 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid7235351\charrsid7235351 }{ \b\ul\insrsid7235351\charrsid7235351 THE REPUBLI}{\b\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 C OF UGANDA}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid7235351 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line }{\b\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA}{\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\ul\insrsid7235351 \par }{\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line }{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 CORAM}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 : }{\insrsid7235351\charrsid1595181 }{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 THE HON. MR. JUSTICE S. T. MANYINDO, DCJ. \line }{ \b\insrsid7235351\charrsid1595181 }{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 THE HON. MR. JUSTICE C. M. KATO, JA. \line }{\b\insrsid7235351\charrsid1595181 }{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 THE HON. MR. JUSTICE S. G. ENGWAU, JA}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 .}{\insrsid1595181 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 \line }{\insrsid1595181 }{\b\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 CIVIL APPEAL NO.10/97}{\b\ul\insrsid1595181 \par }{\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line }{\b\insrsid1595181 FRANCIS RUTAGARAMA }{\b\insrsid1595181\charrsid1595181 BANTARIZA:}{\b\insrsid1595181 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 APPELLANT}{\b\insrsid1595181 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line }{\insrsid1595181 }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid1595181 -}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 VERSUS }{\insrsid1595181 \endash }{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid1595181 \par }{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 \line HABRE INTERNATIONAL TRADING CO. LTD.}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid1595181 :::::::::::::::::::::}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 : }{\b\insrsid1595181 :}{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 RESPONDENT }{\b\insrsid1595181 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line }{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 (Appeal from }{\b\insrsid1595181\charrsid1595181 the decision of the High Court }{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 at Kampala (}{\b\insrsid1595181 Hon. Justice I. Mukanza) dated }{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 3/11/95 in Civil Suit No.499 of 1992) }{\b\insrsid1595181\charrsid1595181 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 \line }{\b\ul\insrsid1595181\charrsid1595181 JUDGMENT}{\b\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid1595181 OF C. M. KATO, J. A.}{\b\ul\insrsid1595181 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2187065 {\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 This is an appeal against the judgment of the High Court dated 3/11/95. The appellant, Francis Rutagarama Bantariza, was the plaintiff in the court below while the respondent Habre International Trading Co. Ltd. was the defendant. For t he sake of convenience, I shall hereinafter refer to the parties as appellant and respondent respectively. \line The summary of facts of this appeal is as follows. There is a p}{\insrsid1595181 iece of land known as Kyadondo B}{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 lock 244 Plot 4805 situated at Muyenga in Kampala Dis trict measuring 0.309 hectares. The land was at one time vested in the National Water and Sewerage Corporation but when the appellant approached the Corporation he was told that the Corporation had no interest in it. The appellant then applied for it an}{ \insrsid1595181 d made the necessary payments }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 stipulated in the offer on 9/8/89. The appellant was however, informed that the land was too big to be leased to one person alone; it had to be divided into 3 portions out of which the appellant would get part. In the end the plo t was divided into two plots out of which the appellant got one which is the subject of this case. The appellant was eventually issued with a certificate of title on 31/12/91 for a period of 5 years starting from 1/8/89. Later on the appellant discovered that the respondent was trespassing on part of his land. He filed this suit requesting the court to order the respondent to remove his illegal structures from the appellant\rquote s land and to pay damages for trespass. \line At the trial, Mr. Hussein Abdala, who testified on behalf of the respondent company denied ever having committed acts of trespass on appellant\rquote s land. According to him the land belongs to}{\insrsid1595181 the respondent as it got the le}{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 ase in 1985 for a period of 5 years. \line The learned trial judge believed the story as told by the defendant/respondent and rejected that of the appellant. He dismissed the suit. Hence this appeal, on two grounds, namely; \line 1. In holding that the plaintiff had failed to prove his claim on a balance of probabilities, the learned trial judge erred in law and in fact in his evaluation of the evidence. \line 2. }{\insrsid10698600\charrsid7235351 On}{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 the basis of the evidence, the learned trial judge erred in law and }{\insrsid10698600 in fact in not holding that: \line }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 a) the plaintiff owns the suit land, and \line b) the suit land claimed is part of that referred to in the defence. \line Dr. Byamugisha who appeared for the appellant, argued the two grounds together. I will deal with them in the same manner}{\insrsid10698600 .}{\insrsid2187065 \par }{\insrsid10698600 }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 The substance of Dr. Byamugisha\rquote s submission was that the learned trial judge was wrong to dismiss the suit o n the ground that the land belonged to the respondent. He submitted that the minute under which the lease was granted to the respondent showed that the land leased to the responde}{\insrsid10698600 nt in fact had been granted to M/}{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 s. Mukalazi Technical Services. He further s ubmitted that by the time the appellant got the lease it had been discovered by the Land Office that the respondent had got its title by fraud and it had been called for cancellation. Dr. Byamugisha also contended that it was necessary to obtain the conse nt of the Minister in respect of the suit land, which consent the }{\insrsid10698600\charrsid7235351 respondent}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 had not obtained so that the lease was invalid. At any rate, Dr. Byamugisha argued, by the time the land was leased to the appellant the respondent\rquote s purported lease had long expired so the respondent had no claim over the land.}{\insrsid10698600

\par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line On his part Professor Kakooza who appeared for the respondent, submitted that the learned trial judge reached a correct decision after properly evaluating and assessing the evidence as presented before him . He, however, conceded that there were some irregularities concerning the granting of the lease to the respondent, but he argued that those irregularities were of administrative nature within the land office and his client should not be blamed for them s ince he was not even aware of their existence. As for the absence of consent from the Minister he contended that the Uganda Land Commission had power to grant a lease without such }{\insrsid10698600\charrsid7235351 consent}{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 . He further submitted that the respondent was unable to obtain an ext ension of the lease because the appellant had applied for the same piece of land and that made it difficult for the respondent to proceed with the process of renewing his lease for a further period. \line I shall first deal with the question of the minute under which the lease was granted to the respondent. According to the evidence of Mr. Paul Bukashabaruhanga (PW1) the minute under which the land was leased to the respondent referred to a different piece of land and a}{\insrsid10698600 different applicant known as M/}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 s. Mukalazi Technical Services. This piece of evidence was not seriously challenged. Hussein }{\insrsid10698600\charrsid7235351 Abdullah}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 (DW1) who testified on behalf of the respondent denied1 under cross-examination, knowledge of the minute under which the respondent got the lease. He however, admitted that the minute referred to M/s. Mukalazi}{\insrsid10698600 }{ \insrsid10698600\charrsid7235351 Technical}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 Services. \line }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid9726877 It}{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 can safely be said that the respondent\rquote s agent was all along aware of the true position concerning the lease but never took steps to rectify the situation. With due respect I do not agree with Professor Kakooza\rquote s contentio}{\insrsid9726877 n that this was a mere internal }{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 administrative irregularity. In my view the irregularity was the crux of the matter as it rendered the respondent\rquote s title void ab initio. It was definitel}{\insrsid9726877 y wrong for the learned trial \line }{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 judge to have ignored such an important matter. At page 4 of his judgment the learned trial judge made the following finding: \line \'93 It was submitted that the minute awarding the lease to the defendant belong to a different person a certain technical }{\insrsid10891078\charrsid7235351 organization}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 but no evidence was led to the effect that the original minute granting the lease to the defendant was faulty.\'94}{\insrsid10891078 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line With due respect to the learned trial judge, the above statement seems to have been made totally in contradiction to the evidence of Bakashab aruhanga (PW1) and what Hussein Abdala (DW1) said when under cross-examination. To appreciate the position on this point, it is necessary to reproduce part of Bakashabaruhanga\rquote s evidence at page 10 of the proceedings which states as follows: \line \'93Basically this certificate was wrong. }{\insrsid10891078\charrsid7235351 One}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 the minute under which Uganda Land Commission allocated the land refers to entirely different plot this registrat}{\insrsid10891078 ion for Technical Services Ltd.\rquote \rquote }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid10891078 (sic}{\insrsid2187065 ) }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line In view of this piece of evidence it is difficult to see why the trial judge found that no }{\insrsid9974025 }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 evidence was led to show that the minute under which the land was leased to the respondent referred to a different person. Evidence was cert}{\insrsid2295327 ainly led to prove that fact. }{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \par Regarding }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid9974025 consent}{\i\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 by the Minister, there is a letter dated 13/4/8 9 (Exh. P2) permitting the appellant to develop the plot in question. I have not come across any document directly giving consent to the respondent as it is being said by Professor Kakooza from the bar. In my view this point was validly raised by the appel lant\rquote s counsel. \line In his last submission Dr. Byamugisha maintained that by the time his client got the lease the respondent\rquote s lease had expired and had been cancelled for fraud. On the other hand Professor Kakooza argued that although the respondent\rquote s lease had expired in 1990 he had in fact applied for extension as could be seen in Ex}{\insrsid9974025\charrsid7235351 , P8}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 . (Ex. P8 is a letter from Ministry of Land Housing and Urban Development}{\insrsid9974025\charrsid7235351 ). }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 He however conceded that there was no copy of the application for extension. \line The respondent\rquote s lea se would have ordinarily expired on 1/2/90 according to Ex. Dl. The appellant got his lease on 1/8/89 as per Ex. P3. It follows that had the respondent\rquote s certificate not been cancelled the appellant would not have got a valid certificate. What happened however is that the respondent\rquote s certificate was cancelled on 5/12/88 according to the evidence of Paul Bakashabaruhanga (PW1) and Ex. Pl. It follows that on 1/8/89 when the appellant got his title the respondent\rquote s lease was no longer in existence. Although the learned trial judge in his judgment alluded to the cancellation of the respondent\rquote s title he did not make any definite finding as to the effect of that cancellation. In my view this was a serious omission. The law is }{ \insrsid9974025\charrsid7235351 clear;}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 once a certificate of}{\insrsid9974025 title is cancelled it ceases }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 to have any legal effect as per section 76 of the Registration of titles Act which states as follows: \line }{\insrsid2187065 \'94}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 Any certificate of title, the entry, removal of }{\insrsid9974025\charrsid7235351 in cumbrance}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 , or cancellation in the Register Book, procured or made by fraud, shall be void as against all parties or privies to such fraud.\'94 \line In the instant case, PW1 in his testimony told the court that the respondent\rquote s certificate had been cancelled because it had been obtained by fraud. That piece of evidence was never challenged. It was therefore improper for the learned trial judge to hold that such certificate was valid. It may be pointed out that there was no evidence to show that the respondent ever challenged cancellation of its title in any way apart from its refusal to present it for cancellation. Had the learned judge addressed his mind properly to the provisions of section 76 and to the evidence }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid9974025 of PW1}{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 he would most likely have come to a different conclusion. It is trite law that once an illegality is brought to the notice of the court it should not be condoned (see: }{\b\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid9974025 Makula International Ltd v Cardinal Nsubuga & Another }{\b\ul\insrsid9974025\charrsid9974025 [1982] HCB 11}{\b\insrsid1792548 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 The learned trial judge unnecessarily put much emphasis on Ex. P8, which he said }{\insrsid1792548\charrsid7235351 favored}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 the respondent\rquote s case. Professor Kakooza in his submission shared the same view as that of the judge. \line Ex. P8 which seems to have been supplied by the appellant reads as follows: \line }{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \par \'93Ref :83 .13. \line }{\insrsid1792548 }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 16th June, 1992. \line The Secretary, \line Uganda Land Commission, \line P. O. Box 7096, \line }{\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 KAMPALA. }{\ul\insrsid1792548 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line Re: }{\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 P}{\ul\insrsid1792548 LOT 3779 BLOCK 244 MUYENGA, LVR}{\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 1380/14 }{\ul\insrsid2713600 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line Please refer to your letter of even reference ULC/122 dated the June, 1992 concerning the above property.}{\insrsid2187065 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 This office has made investigations and confirms that the layout does not contradict the approved layout for the area and is not affected by any other planning proposals. \line }{\insrsid2187065 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 It is therefore recommended on purely planning grounds that Mess Hebre International Trading Co. Ltd., be considere}{\insrsid2713600 d}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 for extension as the commission may decide. \line }{ \insrsid2187065 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 Deo K. Kajugira, \line }{\ul\insrsid2713600 Ag. CHIEF PLANNER.}{\ul\insrsid2187065 \par }{\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line The letter is silent about the validity of the respondent\rquote s certificate of title. In it the Ag. Chief Planner only recommends the respondent for extension of his certific ate of title. This letter is dated 16/6/92 which was about four and a half years after the respondent\rquote s certificate had been cancelled on 5/12/88. I cannot see how that letter could be said to }{\insrsid2713600\charrsid7235351 favor}{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 the }{\insrsid2713600\charrsid7235351 respondent\rquote s}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 case. \line Considering the fact that the min ute offering the lease to the respondent referred to a different person and plot, that the respondent did not obtain consent from the relevant authorities and that respondent\rquote s title was cancelled by the Registrar of Titles long before the appellant was issued with his title, I find that the learned trial judge came to the wrong conclusion}{\insrsid2713600 when he dismissed the appellant\rquote s suit . This appeal must succeed. \par Accordingly I would allow the appeal, set aside the judgment and orders of the high court and grant the appellant with an order that the respondent removes his illegal structures from the appellant\rquote s land forthwith.}{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 }{\insrsid2713600 \par Dated at Kampala this 24}{\super\insrsid2713600\charrsid2713600 th}{\super\insrsid2713600 }{\insrsid2713600 day November 1998}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line \par }{\insrsid8396692 }{\b\insrsid8396692\charrsid8396692 C. M KATO \par JUSTICE OF APPEAL}{\insrsid8396692 \line }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \par \line }{\insrsid2187065 \par }{\b\ul\insrsid10623824 \par \par J}{\b\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid8396692 UDGEMENT OF MANYINDO, DCJ}{\ul\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 . }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line I agree with Kato, JA. whose Judgment I read in draft that this appeal ought to succeed for reasons }{ \insrsid8396692 stated in that judgment just de}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 livered. As Engwau JA. also agrees, the appeal is allowed and the judgment and orders of the lower court are set aside. }{\insrsid8396692\charrsid7235351 Judgment}{ \insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 is entered for the appellant with an order that the respondent removes his illegal structures from the appellant\rquote s land forthwith. The claim for general damages was not pursued by the appellant. \line There will be an order for costs in terms proposed by Kato, JA}{\insrsid8396692 \par }{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 . \line }{\insrsid8396692 Dated}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid8396692 at Kampala this}{\insrsid8396692\charrsid8396692 24}{\super\insrsid8396692\charrsid8396692 th}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid8396692 day of November, 1998.}{ \b\insrsid5977868\charrsid8396692 \line S. T. MANYINDO}{\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \line }{\b\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 DEPUTY CHIEF JUSTICE }{\b\insrsid5977868 \par }{\b\ul\insrsid2187065 \par \par }{\b\ul\insrsid10623824 \par \par \par }{\b\ul\insrsid8396692\charrsid8396692 JUDGEMENT OF ENGWAU. J. A \par }{\insrsid8396692 I had the benefit of reading the judgment of Kato,J. A in draft and I entirely agree with it. In the premises I would allow this appeal with the terms made by Kato,J,A \par Dated at Kampala this 24}{\super\insrsid8396692\charrsid8396692 th}{\super\insrsid8396692 }{\insrsid8396692 day of November 1998 \par }{\b\insrsid8396692\charrsid12350560 S. G. ENGWA}{\b\insrsid12350560\charrsid12350560 U}{\b\insrsid8396692\charrsid12350560 \par }{\b\insrsid8396692\charrsid8396692 JUSTICE OF APPEAL \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2187065 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid5977868\charrsid7235351 \par }{\insrsid10825639\charrsid7235351 \par }}