[2010] UGHC 45

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)}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13656804\charrsid5794911 REPUBLIC OF UGANDA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15279595\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13656804\charrsid5794911 IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA \par HCT-00-CV-CA-0033-2009 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6450008\charrsid5794911 (Arising out of Misc. Application No. 1008/2008 and Civil Suit No. 2725/2008)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14645910\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6450008\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14645910\charrsid5794911 FRANCIS WAZARWAHI BWENGYE :::::::::::::::::::::::::APPELLANT

\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14645910\charrsid5794911 VERSUS \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14645910\charrsid5794911 HAKI W. BONERA ::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::RESPONDENT \par \par BEFORE: THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE YOROKAMU BAMWINE \par \par JUDGMENT \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14645910\charrsid5794911 The appellant being dissatisfied with the ruling and order of His Worship Daniel Lubowa given on 10/07/2009 at Mengo in Misc. Application No. 1008 of 2008 appealed to this court against the said ruling and order on the following grounds: \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14645910\charrsid5794911 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx1080\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14645910\charrsid5794911 The learned trial Magistrate erred in law when he upheld the respondent\rquote s preliminary objection based on technicalities thereby occasioning a miscarriage of justice. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14645910\charrsid5794911 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}The learned trial Magistrate erred in law when he based his ruling on the extraneous facts. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid16664042\charrsid5794911 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid16664042\charrsid5794911 The learned trial Ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1783651\charrsid5794911 gistrate erred in law not to hear the application for leave to appear and defend on its merits. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1783651\charrsid5794911 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}The learned trial Magistrate erred in law when he entered judgment against the appellant. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1783651\charrsid5794911 \par It is therefore prayed that: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1783651\charrsid5794911 a).\tab The ruling dismissing the application for leave to appear and defend be set aside. \par b).\tab The application for leave to appear and defend be heard on its merits. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1783651\charrsid5794911 Counsel: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1783651\charrsid5794911 Mr. Bernard Tibesigwa for the appellant \par Mr. Protase Byarugaba for the respondent. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8732824\charrsid5794911 BRIEF FACTS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid4727943\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16262030\charrsid5794911 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4727943\charrsid5794911 he respondent filed Civil Suit No. 2725 of 2008 against the appellant at Mengo Court for recovery of Shs.15,000,000/=. The suit was preferred under O.36 of the Civil Procedure Rules (popularly known as Summary Procedure). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6685192\charrsid5794911 \par The appellant then filed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid6685192\charrsid5794911 Misc. Application No. 1008 of 2008}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6685192\charrsid5794911 seeking leave to appear and defend the suit. For some }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8204127\charrsid5794911 un clear }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6685192\charrsid5794911 reason }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870075\charrsid5794911 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6685192\charrsid5794911 appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870075\charrsid5794911 proceeded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6685192\charrsid5794911 under Section 98 of the Civil Proc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12870075\charrsid5794911 edure Act and O.41 rr.1, 2 (1) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6685192\charrsid5794911 9 of the Civil Procedure Rules. When the suit came up for hearing Counsel for the respondent raised a preliminary objection that: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9046396\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6685192\charrsid5794911 a).\tab The application was filed by Chamber Summons instead of Notice of Motion. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6711512\charrsid5794911 b).\tab That the law quoted by the appellant under which the application was brought was wrong. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14165333\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6711512\charrsid5794911 The learned trial Magistrate upheld the respondent\rquote s preliminary objection, dismissed t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14165333\charrsid5794911 he application and entered judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6711512\charrsid5794911 for the respondent for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14165333\charrsid5794911 sum in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6711512\charrsid5794911 claim with costs. Hence this appeal. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8848740\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8848740\charrsid5794911 Ground 1: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8848740\charrsid5794911 In this ground the appellant complains that the learned trial Magistrate erred in law when he upheld the res}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12605792\charrsid5794911 pondent\rquote s preliminary objection based on technicalities thereby occasioning a miscarriage of justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8848740\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12605792\charrsid5794911 \par Given that the other Grounds revolve around Ground I, I will concentrate on it in the hope that the answer thereto will dispose of the entire appeal. \par \par It is the duty of the first appellate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029120\charrsid5794911 court to review the record of evidence for itself in order to determine whether the decisio n of the trial court should stand. In so doing I must bear in mind that an appellate court should not interfere with the discretion of a trial court unless it is satisfied that the trial court in exercising its discretion has misdirected itself in some m atter and as a result arrived at a wrong decision or unless it is manifest from the case as a whole that the court has been clearly wrong in the exercise of a discretion and that as a result there has been a miscarriage of justice: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7029120\charrsid5794911 NIC vs Mugenyi [1987] HCB 28.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid12605792\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7029120\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029120\charrsid5794911 In his ruling the learned trial Magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14112405\charrsid5794911 found that the appellant filed the application by way of Chamber Summons instead of Notice of Motion. He further found t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14682566\charrsid5794911 hat the appellant had cited O.41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14112405\charrsid5794911 which was wrong. Hence the finding that the application was incompetent and the dismissal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2693751\charrsid5794911 of the suit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14112405\charrsid5794911 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029120\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1517266\charrsid5794911 It is submitted for the appellant that the Magistrate\rquote s reasoning was based on mere technicalities which are prohibited by Article 126 (2) (e) of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10960894\charrsid5794911 . That applications for leave to defend ar e provided for under Order 36 rule 4 of the Civil Procedure Rules and that the Order does not provide the procedure for making such an application. I do not think that it is necessary to reproduce the arguments of Counsel on this point verbatim.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1517266\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14843676\charrsid5794911 \par Suffice it to say, first of all, that all application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2320546\charrsid5794911 s to the court, except where otherwise expressly provided for under the Civil Procedure Rules, are by motion to be heard in open court. O.52 r.1 of the Civil Procedure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11996561\charrsid5794911 Rules is very clear on this. Secondly, application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10225925\charrsid5794911 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11996561\charrsid5794911 for leave to defend are provided for under O.36 r.4 of the Civil Procedure Rules. The appellant\rquote s application }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6773394\charrsid5794911 was preferred under O.41 rr.1, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10225925\charrsid5794911 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6773394\charrsid5794911 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10225925\charrsid5794911 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6773394\charrsid5794911 (1) and 9 which governs applications for temporary injunctions. Clearly therefore the application was defective on account of being preferred under a wrong law. The issue as I see it is whether it was incurably defective to warrant the trial Magistrate \rquote s orders therein.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14843676\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6773394\charrsid5794911 \par Commenting on the law generally, the learned trial Magistrate did concede that in the interest of justice courts have moved away from strict adherence to technicalities in the spirit of Article 126 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5445457\charrsid5794911 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6773394\charrsid5794911 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5445457\charrsid5794911 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6773394\charrsid5794911 (e) of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7109978\charrsid5794911 Constitution. He then observed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6773394\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7109978\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li851\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin851\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid4876665\charrsid5794911 \'93 The purpose of this movement is to assist the poor, illiterate and lay \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7109978\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid4876665\charrsid5794911 Legislato rs did not, however, intend to protect the reckless litigants. Whereas the protection is for the uninformed, the level of recklessness demonstrated by the applicant is so gross that it indeed bo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1539872\charrsid5794911 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid4876665\charrsid5794911 rders (sic) fraud. Concerning an applicant Counsel of such high standing and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1007682\charrsid5794911 author of leading legal books, allowing this application would be condoning an illegality.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid4876665\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11296674\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296674\charrsid5794911 Whereas the application was indeed preferred under a wrong law which entitled the learned trial Magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12139606\charrsid5794911 to have it struck out or treat the def ect as curable, allow an amendment and proceed to determine it on merits, very respectfully to him, he exercised his discretion in the matter in a rather injudicious manner. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296674\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361065\charrsid5794911 \par His }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1205348\charrsid5794911 suggestion that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2632214\charrsid5794911 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1205348\charrsid5794911 e should be one law for litigants of high standing in society and another law for everyone else is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10164594\charrsid5794911 fallacious and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1205348\charrsid5794911 misleading}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10164594\charrsid5794911 . Under Article 21 (1) of the Constitution, all persons are equal before and under the law in all spheres of political, economic, social and cultural life and in every other respect and s hall enjoy equal protection of the law. It was therefore immaterial that the applicant before him was a lawyer of high standing and an author of leading legal books. He too was entitled to justice like any other litigant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361065\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16270520\charrsid5794911 \par There are two aspects to learned Counsel\rquote s objection to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6821962\charrsid5794911 appellant\rquote s application. Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948056\charrsid5794911 e first relates to the mode of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6821962\charrsid5794911 preferin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948056\charrsid5794911 g it, that is, by Chamber Summons instead of Notice Motion and the second to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2632214\charrsid5794911 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948056\charrsid5794911 citing of a wrong law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16270520\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948056\charrsid5794911 \par I have already indicated that since O.36 does not provide for the mode of prefer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13113324\charrsid5794911 ing the application, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948056\charrsid5794911 n under O.52 it should have been by Notice of Motion. \par In the application, the applicant had sought orders that: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948056\charrsid5794911 a).\tab The defendant/applicant be given leave to appear and defend the case on merit. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid948056\charrsid5794911 b).\tab There ar e bona fide and triable issues of fact and law in the case. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14686187\charrsid5794911 c).\tab The costs of the application be provided for.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3364059\charrsid5794911 \par \par Looking at the orders sought, there is no doubt that the applicant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13113324\charrsid5794911 intended to seek }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3364059\charrsid5794911 leave to defend the case on merit. There is no doubt also th at reference to O.41 was a mistake. The general rule is that where an application omits to cite any law at all or cites the wrong law, but the jurisdiction to grant the order sought exists, then the irregularity or omission can be ignored and the correct law inserted. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7885168\charrsid5794911 \par If any authority were required for this, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7885168\charrsid5794911 Tarlol Singh Saggu vs Roadmaster cycles (U) Ltd CACA No. 46/2000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7885168\charrsid5794911 would suffice. The court observed in that case, citing with approval the decision of the former East African Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7885168\charrsid5794911 Nanjibhai Prabohusdas & Co. Ltd vs Standard Bank Ltd }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid12661273\charrsid5794911 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7885168\charrsid5794911 1968}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid12661273\charrsid5794911 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7885168\charrsid5794911 EA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5907317\charrsid5794911 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7885168\charrsid5794911 670 that: \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li851\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin851\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7885168\charrsid5794911 \'93 The court should not treat any incorrect act as a nullity with the consequence that everything founded thereon is itself a nullity unless the incorrect act is of a most fundamental nature. Matters of procedure are not normally of a fundamental nature. \'94 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5142488\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13401547\charrsid5794911 The court also re-emphasized the Supreme Court observation in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13401547\charrsid5794911 Re Christine Namatovu Tebajjukira [1992 \endash 93] HCB 85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13401547\charrsid5794911 that: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li851\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin851\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13401547\charrsid5794911 \'93 The administration of justice should normally require that the substance of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid6885027\charrsid5794911 disputes should be investigated and decided on their merits and that errors and lapses should not necessarily debar a litigant from the pursuit of his rights.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13401547\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid6885027\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6885027\charrsid5794911 It is therefore clear that if the learned trial Magistrate had directed his mind to the law and authorities on this point, he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5142488\charrsid5794911 obviously}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6885027\charrsid5794911 would not have taken the course he did. He would have found that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949208\charrsid5794911 failure to cite the correct law was an error or lapse which would not necessarily debar the application form proceeding. He would also hav e found, as regards whether the application should have been by Notice of Motion or Chamber Summons, that no action may be defeated by use of wrong procedural mode and the judge has the discretion to hear it either in court or in Chambers: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11949208\charrsid5794911 Kinyanjui & Anor vs Thande & Anor [1995 \endash 98] EA 159.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid6885027\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11949208\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949208\charrsid5794911 Whether or not to correct the errors in the course of the hearing and proceed to determination of the application on merits was a matter within the trial Magistrate\rquote s discretion. As such court would be slow to interfere with that discretion unless it was not exercised judicially. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11949208\charrsid5794911 Yahaya Kariisa vs Attorney General & Anor SCCA No.7 of 1994}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949208\charrsid5794911 court observed that: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1710869\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li851\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin851\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14822221\charrsid5794911 \'93\'85\'85\'85 .. Discretion is the faculty of determining in accordance with the circumstances what seems just, fair, right, equitable and reasonable in the given set of circumstances.\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9832613\charrsid5794911 \par I believe it is. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9832613\charrsid5794911 In the instant case the respondent had brought her claim under O.36 of the Civil Procedure Rules. The applicant filed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid9832613\charrsid5794911 Misc. Application No.1008 of 2008}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9832613\charrsid5794911 seeking leave to appear and defend the suit. The application was accompanied by an affidavit which indicated that the intended defence related to the whole claim. Although the filing was by Chamber Summons instead of Notice of Motion and the application cited a wrong

law under which it was being preferred, these were irregularities which, as stated above, were not fatal to the application. What was important was that the learned trial Magistrate had jurisdiction to grant the order sought in the application. He dismi ssed the application because the applicant was a lawyer of high standing in society and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877640\charrsid5794911 he was an author of many legal books. I have already indicated that this was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1710869\charrsid5794911 misleading}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11877640\charrsid5794911 . On the basis of the irregularities he had the power to reject the application and order it struck out. The rejection of a pleading does not of its own force preclude the pleading party from presenting a fresh one in respect of the same matter. The trial Magistrate instead dismissed the application and proceeded to enter judgment for the respondent in the sum claimed in the plaint.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12387124\charrsid5794911 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9832613\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12387124\charrsid5794911 \par I have no doubt in my mind that this has occasioned a miscarriage of justice to the appellant who now stands condemned unheard thanks to a procedural error on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid398573\charrsid5794911 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12387124\charrsid5794911 is part. \par \par It is trite that courts do not exist for the sake of discipline, but for the sake of deciding matters in controversy. Unless the other party will be greatly prejudiced, and/or cannot be taken care of by way of an order for costs, hearing and determination of disputes should be fostere d rather than hindered: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid12387124\charrsid5794911 Banco Araba Espanol vs Bank of Uganda SCCA No. 8 of 1998. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid9110873\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9110873\charrsid5794911 By saying so I should not be understood to mean that rules of procedure should be ignored. Each case must be decided on the basis of its own circumstances. From the record of the lower court and the written arguments of Counsel on appeal, it would appear to me that the learned trial Magistrate erred in law when he upheld the respondent\rquote s preliminary objection based on technicalities which makers of the Constitution in their wisdom meant to remedy in Article 126 (2) (e) of the Constitution. \par \par Consequently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3108108\charrsid5794911 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9110873\charrsid5794911 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3108108\charrsid5794911 appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9110873\charrsid5794911 has been shut out from the judgment seat without proper considerations. The trial Magistrate\rquote s discretion was in my view not judicially exercised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15879443\charrsid5794911 .}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9110873\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12083082\charrsid5794911 \par During the pendency of this appeal the respondent filed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid12083082\charrsid5794911 Misc. Application No. 509 of 2009 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12083082\charrsid5794911 before this court seeking orders to strike out the appellant\rquote s appeal on the grounds that no leave was obtained by the appellant before he filed the appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 Learned Counsel for the respondent has in his written submissions sought to justify the respondent\rquote s application in that regard. He has submitted that the orders granted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 Misc. Application No. 1008 of 2008}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 and the suit from which it arose (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 CS No.2725/2008}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 ) were not appealable as of right but with leave of court. According to him, it is not in dispute that the decision of court was an order; that the appeal is against \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 the ruling and order\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 of the Magistrate\rquote s court; that it is only Decrees in law that are appealable as of right and according to Uganda laws orders are either appealable as of right or with leave of court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12083082\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 With the greatest respect to learned Counsel for the respondent, his argument is unsustainable. I am saying so because when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 Misc. Application No. 1008/2008}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 was dismissed, that dismissal was a decision on the merit which gave rise to a decree. The learned trial Magistrate decided as he did after hearing the parties. A decree is defined under Section 2 of the Civil Procedure Act to mean: \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li851\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin851\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 \'93the formal express ion of an adjudication which, so far as regards the court expressing it, conclusively determines the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit and may either be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14512257\charrsid5794911 preliminary or final. It shall be deemed to include the rejection of a plaint or writ and the determination of any question within Section 35 or 95 of this Act, but shall not include:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11209199\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14512257\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li1571\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin1571\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14512257\charrsid5794911 a).\tab any adjudication from which an appeal lies as an appeal from an order; or \par b).\tab any order of dismissal for default. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14312068\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14512257\charrsid5794911 Explanation: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li851\ri851\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin851\lin851\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14512257\charrsid5794911 A decree is preliminary when further proceedings have to be taken }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid4524850\charrsid5794911 before the suit can be completely disposed of. It is final when such adjudication completely disposes of the suit. It may be partly preliminary and partly final.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14512257\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid4459971\charrsid5794911 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5794911 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4459971\charrsid5794911 As far a s the lower court was concerned, the dismissal of the application and the entering of judgment for the respondent in the sum claimed in the plaint conclusively determined the rights of the parties with regard to the matters in controversy in the suit. Fo llowing that decision, the appellant had only one option: to appeal against both the dismissal of the application for leave to defend and the resultant judgment in favour of the respondent/plaintiff. Under Section 220 (1) (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2247043\charrsid5794911 of the Magistrates Courts Act, Cap.16, an appeal lies from the decrees or any part of the decrees and from the orders of a Magistrate Grade I to the High Court. In these circumstances, I have not appreciated learned Counsel\rquote s argument that no leave was obtained by the appellant before he filed the appeal. None was required.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4459971\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2247043\charrsid5794911 \par All in all the interests of justice in this case demand that the appeal be allowed; the ruling dismissing the application for leave to appear and defend and the judgment in HCCS No. 2725 of 2008 be set aside; and, subject to correction of errors in the application by the appellant, the application for leave to appear and defend be heard on its merits. For the avoidance of doubts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5859526\charrsid5794911 the Chief Magistrate Mengo shall re-allocate t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7748272\charrsid5794911 he file to another Magistrate Grade One}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5859526\charrsid5794911 to hear and determine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7491391\charrsid5794911 the controversy as by law established.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2247043\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7491391\charrsid5794911 As regards costs, the appellant has prayed that the appeal be allowed with costs here and below. \par \par The usual result is that the loser pays the winner\rquote s costs. The practice is subject to the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7878777\charrsid5794911 \rquote s discretion, so that a winning party may not necessarily be awarded his costs.} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7491391\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7878777\charrsid5794911 \par In the instant case the appellant was responsible for the irregularities in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9706098\charrsid5794911 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7878777\charrsid5794911 is pleadings. He failed to seek amendment of the same with a view to correcting the errors before the objection was heard and determined. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15734447\charrsid5794911 He even appears unapologetic about it. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7878777\charrsid5794911 I am inclined in these circumstances not to interfere with the lower court\rquote s order for costs against the applicant/defendant in any event. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13642112\charrsid5794911 \par As for costs in the appeal, I am inclined to the view that neither party can be blamed for the lower court\rquote s improper exercise of its discretion. Accordingly each party shall bear its own costs herein. \par \par Orders accordingly. \par \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13642112\charrsid5794911 Yorokamu Bamwine \par JUDGE \par 19/05/2010 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid14512257\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7355731\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8470053\charrsid5794911 19/05/2010 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8470053\charrsid5794911 Mr. Bernard Tiibesigwa for appellant \par Mr. Protasa Byarugaba for respondent \par Both parties absent. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8470053\charrsid5794911 Court: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8470053\charrsid5794911 Judgment delivered. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7355731\charrsid5794911 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8470053\charrsid5794911 Yorokamu Bamwine \par JUDGE \par 19/08/2010 \par }{\*\themedata 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