[2008] UGCommC 83

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\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery708\colsx708\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\footerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4728654 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\insrsid7345755 PAGE }}{\fldrslt }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\insrsid7345755 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7345755 \par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4728654 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\insrsid7345755 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid9387797 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs16\insrsid7345755 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7345755 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \par \par IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA \par (COMMERCIAL COURT DIVISION) \par HCT \endash 00 \endash CC \endash CS \endash 0818 \endash 2003 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 HYDRO ENGINEERING SERVICES \par CO. UGANDA LIMITED (HESCO) ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: PLAINTIFF \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \par VERSUS \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 THORNE INTERNATIONAL BOILER \par SERVICES LTD (TIBS) :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: DEFENDANT \par \par BEFORE: THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE YOROKAMU BAMWINE \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 J U D G M E N T \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 The plaintiff brought this suit to recover a sum of US $64,606.67 or its equivalent in Uganda currency from the defendant together with interest, general damages and costs of the suit. \par \par The defendant in its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12084359\charrsid9387797 written statement of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 defence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5259706\charrsid9387797 denies the}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 plaintiff\rquote s claim and contends that the contract price, including VAT, were agreed and fixed at US $139,105 and that the plaintiff was duly paid in accordance with that fixed price but plaintiff failed and /or neglected to complete the contract works with the result that the same had to be completed at the defendant\rquote s expense. The defence counter-claims from the plaintiff a sum of US $24,245.55. \par \par At the conferencing the parties agreed that: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 There was a contract \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}There were two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8980960\charrsid9387797 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 ills of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8980960\charrsid9387797 Q}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 uantities made at different intervals. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}The plaintiff performed the bulk of the contract. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \par Issues: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 Whether or not this was a fixed price contract. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}Whether the plaintiff is entitled to the sum claimed in the plaint. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}Whether the plaintiff caused loss to the defendant by failing to complete the contract. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}Reliefs, if any. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \par Representations: \par M/s Ntende & }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8980960\charrsid9387797 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 o. Advocates for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12084359\charrsid9387797 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 plaintiff \par M/s J. B. Byamugisha Advocates for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12084359\charrsid9387797 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5259706\charrsid9387797 . \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5259706\charrsid9387797 Issue No. 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8980960\charrsid9387797 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5259706\charrsid9387797 Whether or not this was a fixed price contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5078077\charrsid9387797 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5259706\charrsid9387797 From the pleadings and evidence, the plaintiff was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12084359\charrsid9387797 appro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10425993\charrsid9387797 ach}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12084359\charrsid9387797 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5259706\charrsid9387797 by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10425993\charrsid9387797 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5259706\charrsid9387797 defendant to design and build extensions at Kinyara Sugar Works, Masindi. In Exhibit P.6, an email from the Plaintiff Company to the defendant dated 17-06-2003, the plaintiff wrote: \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid10231588\charrsid9387797 \'93\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85

\par Find attached our quotations as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid2371849\charrsid9387797 per }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid10231588\charrsid9387797 our site visit an offer for the work at the sum of shs 362,352,730= (three hundred sixty two million, three hundred fifty two thousand, seven hundred thirty) or at the current rate US $181,176.36.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5259706\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid10231588\charrsid9387797 \par VAT is inclusive in this amount\'94. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588\charrsid9387797 In response to the offer the defendant wrote:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9515896\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10231588\charrsid9387797 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid10231588\charrsid9387797 \'93Dear }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8980960\charrsid9387797 Sir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid10231588\charrsid9387797 , \par \par Thank you very much for your highly detailed quotation for the civil work at Kinyara Sugar Works. \par \par Unfortunately your price is greatly in excess of our budget and also considerably in excess of another potential contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8980960\charrsid9387797 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid10231588\charrsid9387797 . We were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8980960\charrsid9387797 mos}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid10231588\charrsid9387797 t impressed by the detail and thoroughness of your offer but as things are at the moment we will have to decline. However, if you look again at your price and if you can offer some inducement by way of reduction, we may yet do business. \par \par This matter \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid4139795\charrsid9387797 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid10231588\charrsid9387797 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4139795\charrsid9387797 \par It is trite that a contract is a legally binding agreement. An agreement arises as a result of offer and acceptance, although a number of other requirements must be satisfied for an agreement to be legally binding. It is not necessary to go into details of those other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12728019\charrsid9387797 requirements herein. It suffices to mention, however, that in general no particular formality is required for the creation of a valid contract. It may be oral, written, partly oral and partly written, or even implied from conduct. In the instant case, the offer and acceptance were in writing. The plaintiff\rquote s initial quotation was in the sum of shs 362,352,730= or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 its equivalent in Dollars US $181,176.36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12728019\charrsid9387797 . The defendant rejected the offer (Exhibit P.7) with reasons: it was greatly in excess of their budget and also considerably in excess of another potential contractor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4139795\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12728019\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12084359\charrsid9387797 Perhaps not to be out-done by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12728019\charrsid9387797 the potential competito}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 r}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12728019\charrsid9387797 the plaintiff responded (Exhibit D.3) saying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12728019\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 \'93 Having looked into the above subject again, we have found out that some areas needed attention as indicated in your email dated 10/07/2003. \par \par Please find attached, is our schedule of payments and we confirm to you that our prices are fixed and final for the described scope of work\'94. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 \par From the plaintiff\rquote s own correspondence on the matter, Exhibit D.3, the prices for the works described in the Bill of Quantities were fixed and final. \par \par Then in Exhibit P.9, a letter from the defendants to the plaintiff dated 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 July 2003 sealing the deal the defendants wrote: \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi720\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid2371849\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 \'93\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 Payment Terms per our email dated 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\super\insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 July 2003 as follows:- \par 20% with order \par 70% monthly against signed percentage completion Forms signed by both yours and our site Engineers. \par 10% one month after completion. \par Lumpsum Price USD 139,015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 (sic)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 (one hundred and thirty nine thousand and fifteen USD and forty cents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13137486\charrsid9387797 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5922539\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13137486\charrsid9387797 Payment \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'94 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 In relation to this issue, I cite from the standard text book on contracts, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 CHITTY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12084359\charrsid9387797 ON CONTRACTS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 , 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\super\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 Edition, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12084359\charrsid9387797 vol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9398711\charrsid9387797 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12084359\charrsid9387797 1, }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 para}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12084359\charrsid9387797 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 1399:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 \'93Entire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 and divisible contract. In an entire contract, complete performance by one party is a condition precedent to the liability of t he other; in such a contract the consideration is usually a lumpsum which is payable only upon complete performance by the other party. The opposite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 an entire contract is a divisible contract, which is separable into parts, so that different parts of the consideration may be assigned to severable parts of the performance, e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 g }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 n agreement for payment pro rata. It is a question of construction of the contract whether it is entire of divisible, but in the reported cases (only one of which is of recent date ) the courts have tended to the view that in every lumpsum contract there is an implied term that no part of the price is to be reco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 ver}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 ed without complete performance. In most modern}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 contracts of any size, however, payments by instalments are specified, so that the law on entire contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 is usually not rel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 evant to them\'94. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 One may find t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 he terminology }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 used here a little}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 confusing. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 Hudson\rquote s Building and Engineering Contract, 11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\super\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 th}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 Edition, by I. N Duncan Wallace (at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 . 420) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 makes an attempt to clear the confusion. He writes: \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 \'93Fixed Price\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 and \'93lumpsum\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 used in the present fixed price or measured price cont}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 ext}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 , are synonymous. In other contracts, however, \'93fixed price\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 is often used to indicate contracts (whether measured or not) where the price is not adjustable for some other reason, as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid2371849\charrsid9387797 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 or example, under a \lquote rise and f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid2371849\charrsid9387797 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 ll\rquote , \lquote Variation of price\rquote or fluctuations\rquote clause (as inflation adjustment clauses are variously called). Equally, \lquote lumpsum\rquote has been used by lawyers in the strictly legal and narrower context of the contractor\rquote s completion obligation and the rules of entire and substantial performance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 Both measured and fixed price or lumpsum contracts will usually all be \lquote lumpsum\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid8331351\charrsid9387797 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 this special legal sense.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13776691\charrsid9387797 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 \par In the instant case, the plaintiffs visited the construction site. Thereafter, they made an offer for the entire work at the sum of shs 36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 ,352,730= (USD }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1840207\charrsid9387797 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 81,176.36), VAT inclusive. The defendants declined the offer for reasons stated. The plaintiff reconsidered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2371849\charrsid9387797 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 offer and came up with a revised Bill of Quantities. In a letter to the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2371849\charrsid9387797 again, the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 confirmed to them that } {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2371849\charrsid9387797 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 (the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2371849\charrsid9387797 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 s) prices are fixed and final for the described scope of work. On the basis of that communication the parties struck a deal in which the understanding was that the consideration was a lumpsum price o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15224395\charrsid9387797 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 USD 139,015. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 rom the evidence, it is clear to me that this was a lumpsum contract in as far as the prices stated in the Bill of Quantities were concerned. It was a contract for a fixed price which ought not to be conf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 d with doing of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15224395\charrsid9387797 additional works which were separately}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 quoted for during the performance of the contract and the prices for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15224395\charrsid9387797 them were separately agreed upon by the parties. Although payments were to be effected in phases, the parties clear ly agreed that the price of USD 139,015 was not adjustable on account say of the rise and/ or fall of the prices for the materials. I would in the circumstances of this case make a finding that this was a fixed price contract in the legal context already explained above. I so find.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10501872\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 Issue No. 2: Whether the plaintiff is entitled to the sum claimed in the plaint \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 Whether the plaintiff is entitled to the sum claimed in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 plain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 t is dependent on a number of factors, including a determination as to whether or not the defendant w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12659201\charrsid9387797 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 entitled to treat the plaintiff\rquote s request for the revision of the terms of contract as terminating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12659201\charrsid9387797 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12659201\charrsid9387797 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 obligations under the contract; and, whether the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12659201\charrsid9387797 had substantially performed their obligations under the contract. The m ain issue as I see it, is the question of substantial performance. For this reason it is right that I should again refer to the relevant passages in Chitty (ibid) which set out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2905807\charrsid9387797 the law on this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9398711\charrsid9387797 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11363466\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5186094\charrsid9387797 \par First, from paragraph 1400: \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5186094\charrsid9387797 \'93Where a party has performed on ly part of his obligations under an entire contract he can normally recover nothing, neither the agreed price, since it is not due under the terms of the contract, nor any smaller sum for the value of his partial performance, since the Court has no power to apportion the consideration.\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054861\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5186094\charrsid9387797 Then from paragraph 1401: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7171591\charrsid9387797 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7171591\charrsid9387797 \'93 Although nowadays building contracts of any size normally provide for payments }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7171591\charrsid9387797 instalments, the common law rule on entire contracts was developed in cases concerning building contracts or cont racts for work and materials. Where the builder under a lumpsum contract fails to perform some of the agreed work, then, subject to the doctrine of substantial performance, he can recover nothing for the work which was actually completed, despite the fact that the other party may have received substantial benefit therefrom. The building cases take the distinction between substantial no-feasance where recovery is de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1070756\charrsid9387797 ni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7171591\charrsid9387797 ed, and misfeasance, where recovery is permitted subject to a cross-action for damages. If, however, under such a lumpsum contract the builder is guilty of a serious misfeasance, so that the work is substantially deficient, he can recover nothing\'94. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7171591\charrsid9387797 \par And then paragraph 1402: \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1129537\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7171591\charrsid9387797 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1129537\charrsid9387797 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7171591\charrsid9387797 he main exception to the principle that the partial performer of an entire contract cannot recover the agree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7171591\charrsid9387797 price is the doctrine of substantial performance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7171591\charrsid9387797 by this doctrine a failure to complete only an unimportant part of the plaintiff\rquote s obligation does }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1129537\charrsid9387797 not prevent his claim for the agreed price, subject to a counter-c laim for damages which will go in diminution of the price.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7171591\charrsid9387797 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1129537\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 I must stress the words \lquote unimportant part of the plaintiff\rquote s obligation\rquote and the case cited by the learned author, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 Bolton Vs Mahadeva [1972] 1 WLR 1009}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 in which Court observed (at p. 1013):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5186094\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 \'93In considering whether there was substantial performance \'85\'85\'85\'85. It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid6054861\charrsid9387797 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 relevant to take into account both the nature of the defects and the proportion between the cost of rectifying them and the contract\'94. \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 \par Those being the principles of law applicable, what then are the facts herein? \par \par The plaintiff has averred in paragraph 4 (g) of the plaint that for executing the works under the contract they receive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 from the defendant USD 125,003. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 urther, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 VAT payments, which are in principle a component of the contract of shs 49,916,608= and is ordinarily payable by a contractor\rquote s employer as part of the contract value, hav}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787441\charrsid9387797 e been retained by the defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7282711\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787441\charrsid9387797 \par From the evidence, that some money was retained by the defendants is not disputed. According to DW1 Howmans the amount paid to the plaintiff was USD 127,180.37 and not USD 125}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10425993\charrsid9387797 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787441\charrsid9387797 003 as the plaintiff claims. By implication the defendant retained USD 16,213.03 on account of the uncompleted works. \par \par I would think that a lumpsum contract is one where the client essentially assigns all the work to the contractor, who in turn can be expected to ask for a higher }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 mark up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787441\charrsid9387797 in order to take care of any unforeseen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8026180\charrsid9387797 contingencies. Doing additional work in construction contracts is in my view not uncommon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 Generally speaking}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8026180\charrsid9387797 , if the actual cost}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10976028\charrsid9387797 of the project is underestimated, the underestimated cost will in my judgment ordinarily reduce the contractor\rquote s profit by that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 margin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10976028\charrsid9387797 . An over}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10976028\charrsid9387797 estimate would be to the contractor\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 bene}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10976028\charrsid9387797 fit in that it would increase }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10976028\charrsid9387797 profit margin. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 A fixed contract can otherwise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10976028\charrsid9387797 can be varied with the express or tacit approval of the client. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10976028\charrsid9387797 In the instant case, there is evidence that the price}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2827103\charrsid9387797 quoted by the plaintiff included a component of VAT. I therefore don \rquote t understand their claim for VAT in this case given the presumption that it was part and parcel of the USD 139,015.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787441\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2827103\charrsid9387797 \par As regards the other claims, it is the evidence of the PW1 Oduor that in the course of performing the contract some unexpected difficulties arose at the site. The difficulties related to the designs. The plaintiff\rquote s officials then sought audience with the officials of the defendant in Masindi to determine the way forward}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 . \par \par The meeting was slated for 11-11-2003. Come that day, according to the evidence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 Oduor, the defendant\rquote s repres entative, one Jeavo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 s, refused to discuss any business with the plaintiff\rquote s officials because according to him (Mr. Jeavo} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 s), the parties ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16534026\charrsid9387797 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 agreed on the fixed price of USD 139,015. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16534026\charrsid9387797 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 told the plaintiff to pack up and leave the site. From the evidence, this ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 ked the end of their relationship. PW1 Oduor \rquote s evidence has not been contra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 cted by any defence evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 He impressed me as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 truthful with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 regard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 the manner of the termination and the reasons therefor. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2827103\charrsid9387797 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 In law breach of contract refers to brea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1971216\charrsid9387797 ing of the obligation which a contract imposes, which confers a right of action for damages on the injured party. It also entitles him to treat the contract as discharged if the other party renounces it, or makes its performance impossible, or totall y or substantially fails to perform its promises. In the instant case, according to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 the uncontradicted evidence of PW1 Oduor, upon the plaintiff\rquote s seeking a higher pay in order to }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 compete}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 the contract, the defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3765639\charrsid9387797 renounced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9518011\charrsid9387797 the contract and proceeded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 to get another contractor to complete the remaining work. This i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16534026\charrsid9387797 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 my view was an over reaction on the part of the defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3765639\charrsid9387797 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 They could have rejected the idea of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3765639\charrsid9387797 more funds being asked for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 and held the plaintiff strictly accountable under the contract. They did not have to chase them away to leave the works uncompleted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3765639\charrsid9387797 , more so when this was just a request.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2827103\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 \par In all these circumstances, taking performance of a contract to be the doing of that which is required by a contract or obligation, Court is satisfied on a balance of probabilities that the plaintiff did not full}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16534026\charrsid9387797 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 perform the contract as agreed. However, full performance was made impossible on the part of the plaintiff by the defendant\rquote s uncompromising and unreasonable inflexibility towards the contractor. Court takes the view that the parties could have discussed the matter and agreed or disagreed on the way forward in view of the opinion already expressed above that a fixed price contract is not necessarily immutable. It all depends }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3765639\charrsid9387797 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 n the facts and circumstances of each case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 Having said so, it is necessary that I now consider the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 rights }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 of the parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 in light of their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 failure to resolve the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 misunderstanding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9314183\charrsid9387797 amicably. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 \par The evidence on record }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 makes no case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 of any extra works. All we have on record is ev idence of unexpected difficulties on site encountered by the plaintiff in the performance of the contract. It would appear to me that i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16534026\charrsid9387797 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 unexpected difficulties on site or inadequacies of design are encountered during construction in a fixed price contract, the contractor\rquote s price is presumed to include any additional work or expenditure, including varied work, which may be needed to achieve completion, and which must be carried out by the contractor without additional payment in the absence of express provision}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 or successful negotiation of variation of terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 . \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 Court takes the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 view }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 no obligation exists on the client}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 \rquote s part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 to vary the work in order to assist him. For this reason the plaintiff w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16534026\charrsid9387797 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 in my view not entitled to any additional payment beyond the contract price of USD 139,015. I have already indicated that this amount included a VAT component. \par \par As regards the amount which the defendant withheld from the plaintiff on account of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16534026\charrsid9387797 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16534026\charrsid9387797 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 failure to fully perform the contract, that is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3765639\charrsid9387797 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 USD 16,213 according to DW1 Howmans,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6433039\charrsid9387797 PW1 Oduor\rquote s evidence is that by the time the defendant hounded them off the site, they had covered 95% of the work. And that with the said 95% they had not called for the revision of the contract, implying that the call for revision was in the last stages of completing the contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9909491\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6433039\charrsid9387797 \par According to DW1 Howmans, the plaintiffs had covered about 55% hence the retention of USD 16,213 to take care of the 45% undone work. Despite the indication in the records available that some site engineers would be assessing the performance, there is no independent assessment of this percentage. Neither party earns credit for this omission. \par \par There is also no independent evidence or at all that the end product was shoddy. The defendant ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16534026\charrsid9387797 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6433039\charrsid9387797 stated in the count er-claim that they spent USD 24,245.55 for the work which the plaintiff left undone but once again there is no independent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 valuation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6433039\charrsid9387797 . As between the evidence of PW1 Oduor and Dw1 Howmans on the value of the unfinished work, Court is inclined to believe the evidence of the former because he was at the site and therefore directly involved in the performance of the contract. DW1 Howmans evidence is hearsay since he was not in the country}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 to see what was going on at the time. Mr. Jeavo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 s who made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 performance of the contract impossible did not appear as a witness. In all these circumstances, the plaintiff is in my view entitled to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 order for recovery of the contract price }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 USD 139}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10425993\charrsid9387797 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 015 under the doctrine of substantial performance. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 n the balance of probabilities the plaintiff had done }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 over }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 90% of the work under the contract before they were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15598307\charrsid9387797 unreasonably }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 ordered off the site.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 They were not entitled in all fairness to treat the plaintiff\rquote s request for the revision of the terms of the contract, without more, as terminating its obligations under the contract.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6433039\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 Issue No. 3: Whether the plaintiff caused loss to the defendant by failing to complete the contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5843584\charrsid9387797 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3882375\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 The answer to this issue depends in my view on whether or not the plaintiff failed, refused or neglected to complete the performance of the contract.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5843584\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 \par I have already out-lined the circumstances under which the contract was terminated. From the evidence, the plaintiffs were just hounded off the site for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 requesting that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 the terms of the contract be revised in their favour. The defendant earns no credit for that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 unwarranted over-reaction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 . While the plaintiff also earns no credit for its apparent lack of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 appreciation of principles that govern }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 fixed or lumpsum contracts, the additional cost of completing the contract suffered by the defendant can only be blamed on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2777113\charrsid9387797 the defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 mselves because they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 made further performance of the contract impossible }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 when they ordered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 the contractor off the site. In the absence of any evidence that the plaintiffs failed, refused or neglected to complete the performance of the contract or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 merely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 abandoned the site, the cost was in my view self-induced and therefore unrecoverable f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 the plaintiffs. I would answer the third issue in the negative and I do so. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5843584\charrsid9387797 Issue No. 4: Reliefs, if any. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5843584\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3683988\charrsid9387797 From }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 the defendant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5843584\charrsid9387797 own admission, the amount withheld from the defendant was USD 16,213. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13389866\charrsid9387797 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16272246\charrsid9387797 view of the Court\rquote s finding that the plaintiff is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697999\charrsid9387797 entitled to recover the full contract price of USD 139,015 under the doctrine of substantial performance, the amount shall be decreed to the plaintiff.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5843584\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2259343\charrsid9387797 \par As regards the prayer for general damages, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697999\charrsid9387797 these are in law intended as compensation for loss occasioned to the plaintiff by the defendant and not as a punishment to the defendant. Court is inclined to the view that a person who sues for breach of contract is entitled to recover the amount of loss which he sustained due to the breach and that the defendant is liable to make good such loss. In view of the order for payment to the plaintiff }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6913585\charrsid9387797 of the contractual }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697999\charrsid9387797 sum of USD 16,213 and in view of the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6913585\charrsid9387797 \rquote s role}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697999\charrsid9387797 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6913585\charrsid9387797 the termination saga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697999\charrsid9387797 , I would not consider it just and equitable to make an award of gen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697999\charrsid9387797 ral damages, be it nominal or substantial. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 \par As regards the prayer for interest on de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6913585\charrsid9387797 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 retal amount at 30% fro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13389866\charrsid9387797 m }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 the date of filing the suit till payment in full, it is submitted that this will compensate the plaintiff for non-use of its money since contract performance time. \par \par An award of interest in a case of this nature is an equitable remedy. The principle that emerges fr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13389866\charrsid9387797 om}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 decided case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13389866\charrsid9387797 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 , notably }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 Sietco }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10425993\charrsid9387797 Vs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 Noble Builders (U) Ltd SCCA No. 31 of 1995}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 , is that where a person is entitled to a liquidated amount on specific goods which a wrong doer has deprived him of, he should be awarded interest from the date of filing the suit. Where, however, damages have to be assessed by the court, the right to those damages does not arise until they are assessed and, therefore, interest is given from the date of judgment. \par \par The plaintiff herein sought special and general damages. Court has had to assess them. In keeping with the above principle, interest shall be given at the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6913585\charrsid9387797 dollar }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 rate of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6913585\charrsid9387797 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 % per annum from the date of judgment till payment in full. \par \par As regards costs, given the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 defendant\rquote s partial success, which I assess at 50%, I would award }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6913585\charrsid9387797 half}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 the costs of the suit to the plaintiff. \par \par In the result, judgment is entered for the plaintiff against the defendant on the following terms:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4280216\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697999\charrsid9387797 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-720\li1800\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx1800\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 Special damages: USD 16,213 (United States Dollars sixteen thousand two hundred thirteen only).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16713068\charrsid9387797 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 ii)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 Interest on (i) at the rate of 8% per annum from the date of judgment till payment in full. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6913585\charrsid9387797 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iii)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6913585\charrsid9387797 Half}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2777113\charrsid9387797 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 he costs of the suit \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9387797 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 \par Orders accordingly. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16713068\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16713068\charrsid9387797 Yorokamu Bamwine \par J U D G E \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 30-09-2008 \par \par Order: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5012482\charrsid9387797 This judgment shall be delivered on my behalf on the due date by the Registrar of the Court. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16713068\charrsid9387797 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 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