[2003] UGCommC 13

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}{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid2131706969}}{\*\listoverridetable{\listoverride\listid2131706969\listoverridecount0\ls1}}{\*\pgptbl {\pgp\ipgp0 \itap0\li0\ri0\sb0\sa0}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid278104\rsid1179829\rsid3031357\rsid3832046\rsid6051527\rsid12870721\rsid13383984}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0\mnaryLim1} {\info{\title THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA }{\author Administrator}{\operator skivumbi}{\creatim\yr2010\mo3\dy12\hr11\min12}{\revtim\yr2010\mo4\dy12\hr12\min17}{\version4}{\edmins18}{\nofpages8}{\nofwords2658}{\nofchars13436}{\nofcharsws16062}{\vern32859}} {\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/word/2003/wordml}}\paperw12240\paperh15840\margl1440\margr1440\margt1440\margb1440\gutter0\ltrsect \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves1\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata1\grfdocevents0\validatexml0\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors0\noxlattoyen \expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct \asianbrkrule\rsidroot13383984\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\ilfomacatclnup0\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid278104\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (} {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9 \pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1179829 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \line IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 KAMPALA \line (COMMERCIAL DIVISION) \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 CIVIL SUIT NO. 410 OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829\charrsid3031357 2002 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi-675\li1035\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1035\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1179829 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 JOHN KAWANGA \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}REMMY KASULE both t/a \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1179829 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 M/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 S. KAWANGA AND KASULE \line ADVOCATES\}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85PLAINTIFFS \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1179829 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 VERSUS \line STANBIC BANK UGANDA LTD }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 DEFENDANT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829

\par \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1179829 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Before: The H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 on. Mr. Justice E. S. Lugayizi \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1179829 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 JUDGMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1179829 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 The plaintiffs sued the defendant for breach of c ontract and pray}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 ed for the following remedies, \par 1. General }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829\charrsid1179829 damages. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 2. Interest on general damages at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 25% }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 p.a. from 5}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829\charrsid1179829 /4/2002 till}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 payment in frill. \par 3. Costs of the suit. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 In its WSD the defendant denied the above claim and averred that it did not breach the contract. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1179829 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 At the scheduling conference the parties herein}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 admitted the following facts: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 1. That the plaintiffs are joint op}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 erators of current account No. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 01400027}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 89802 at the defendant\rquote s bank. \par 2. That on 28th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 March 2002 the plaintiffs drew two cheques on the above account, that is to say a cheque in the sum of shs. l13,934,675/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 =}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 that was payable to the National Union of Clerical Commercial Professional and Technical Employees Union (which Court will refer to hereinafter as the \'93Union\'94) and ano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 ther one in the sum of shs. 2m/=}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 that was payable to Mrs. Margaret Kyeyune. \line 3. On 3rd April 2002 the plaintiffs obtained a provisional statement from the defendant showing that the defendant had debited the said account wit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 h the above two sums of money. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 4. Subsequently, the respective payees of the cheques presented them for payment and the defendant returned them unpaid with the endorsement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 \'93drawers confirmation required\'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid1179829 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 5. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 On 7th April 2002 the payees of the said cheques approached the plaintiffs over t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 he dishonour of their cheques. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 6. The plaintiffs contacted the defendant which made alternative arrangements to pay t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 he sums under the two cheques. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 In addition to the above the parties herein also agreed to admit the following documents as exhibits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829\charrsid1179829 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 ithout formally proving them: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 1. The cheques in ques}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 tion, which Court marked as Exh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 . P1 and P2 respectively. } {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 2. The provisional statement in respect of the plaintiffs\rquote clients\rquote account, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 which Court marked as Exh. P3. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 3. The plaintiffs\rquote bank statements running from 27th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 November 2001 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 30th June 2002, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 which Court marked as Exh. Dl. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 4. The specimen signature cards of the plaintiffs, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 which Court marked as Exh. D2. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 5. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 The telephone call log sheet for the defendant\rquote s extens ion No. 434 running from 1st April 2002 to 30th April 2002, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 which Court marked as Exh. D3. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3031357 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 The parties herein further agreed that Court would decide the suit on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 basis of the following issues: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 1. Whether the defendant\rquote s dishonour of the two cheques con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 stituted a breach of contract. \par 2. The available remedies. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 At the time of hearing the suit the plaintiffs called one witness, namely Mr. Remmy Kasule (PWI). The defendant called two witnesses, namely, Ms. Susan Odoro (DW1) and Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 Paulo Mulyankolo Musoke (DW2). \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1179829 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 In very brief terms the plaintiffs\rquote witness Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 . Kasule testified as follows: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 That he and Mr. John Kawanga are advocates. They have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829\charrsid1179829 practicing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 law under the name of Kawanga and Kasule Advocates for a long time. Their fi rm of advocates has had two accounts with the defendant since 1974; and one of those accounts (i.e. account No. 0140002789802) which is the subject of this judgement is their clients\rquote account. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 On}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 28th March 2002 the plaintiffs issued two cheques in respect of that account to the Union and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829\charrsid1179829 Mrs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Kyeyune. On }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid1179829\charrsid1179829 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 April 2002 Mr. Kasule visited the defendant\rquote s place of work and inquired about the said cheques. One of the defendant\rquote s employees (a teller) advised him that the cheques were debited to their clients\rquote account on 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid1179829\charrsid1179829 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 April 2002. To confirm that fact the defendant\rquote s employee gave Mr. Kasule a statement (Exh. P3). Mr. Kasule went away and advised the payees of the cheques in question that all was well the defendant would honour the cheques. However, on 7th April 2002 Mr. Kasule was surprised when 50 Union members invaded their chambers. They alleged that the plaintiffs had embezzled their money because the cheque the plaintiffs\rquote drew in their favour had bounced. The Union members, then, threatened to take the plaintiffs to the police. However, Mr. Kasule managed to calm them down. Two of their representatives agreed to go with him to the defendant\rquote s place of work to find out what had gone wrong with their cheque. At the defendant\rquote s place of work its officers whom Mr. Kasule talked to apologised for the dishonour of the cheques and promised to put the matter right soon. Subsequently, they did so. They honoured the Union members\rquote cheque. However, the defendant later dishonoured the cheque the plaintiffs drew in favour of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829\charrsid1179829 Mrs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Kyeyune. Once again Mr. Kasule had to visit the defendant\rquote s place of work to put this matter right. Mr. Kasule concluded his testimony by pointing out that the plaintiffs suffered injury to their reputation as a result of the dishonour of t he cheques in question. For that reason they were seeking general }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 damages and costs of the suit. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 In essence, the defendant\rquote s witnesses testified as follows. The defendant dishonoured the cheques for good cause. Firstly, Mr. Kasule\rquote s signature on both cheq ues looked suspect. It did not flow continuously. Instead, it was divided into two parts; and that projection made it differ materially from the specimen the defendant took from Mr. Kasule when he and his partner opened the account. Secondly, the sums inv olved were big. This was not consistent with the normal trend whereby the plaintiffs drew onl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 y fairly small cheques of shs. 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 m/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 =}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 or so, against their clients\rquote account. For the above reasons, the defendant thought that it was necessary to obtain the plaintiffs\rquote confirmation that the cheques were genuine before honouring them. The defendant therefore tried to communicate with the plaintiffs to get the conformation but it did not succeed. Thereafter, it had no choice but to dishonour the cheques. In the circums tances, the defendant urged Court to dismiss the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 plaintiffs\rquote claim with costs. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Court will, below, resolve the agreed issues. In doing so it will take into account the relevant law and the evidence on record. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 With regard to the first issue, that is to say whether the defendant\rquote s dishonour of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 two }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 cheques constituted a breach of contract }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 the plaintiffs submitted that it did, but the defendant was of a contrary view; and both parties gave their reasons for their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 positions which are on record. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 The law is that if a customer\rquote s account has funds on it or the customer has arranged credit facilities before hand and the cheque he has drawn is in legal form, his banker must honour the cheque to the letter. If he does not do so he is in breach of contract. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 (See Hal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 sbury\rquote s Laws of England Fourth Edition Reissue pages 142-152.) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 However, the above is not exhaustive in addition to it a reasonable and honest banker must honour a cheque after ascertaining that there is no real possibility }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 (not amounting to a probability) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 that a third party is endeavouring to defraud the customer. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 (See Hal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 sbury\rquote s Laws of England Supra.) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 In short, if there were funds on a customer\rquote s account a banker would only be justified in refusing to pay a cheque if it is ambiguous in form, in that it raises in the banker\rquote s mind reasonable suspicion that a third party might be endeavouring to misappropriat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 e the customer\rquote s money. (See Hal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 sbury\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Laws of England Supra.) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 In the instant case, it is not in dispute that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 he plaintiffs had sufficient fu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 nds on their clients\rquote account when the defendant dishonoured the cheques in question. It may even be true that the defendant found Mr. Kasule\rquote s signature on the said cheques suspect. However, the crux of the matter is whether at the time of dishonouring the cheques the defendant, as a reasonable and honest banker, needed confirmation that Mr. Kasule\rquote s signature was not a forgery that could have resulted in the misappropriation of the funds on the account in question? If, Court answers the above question in the affirmative it would mean that the defendant\rquote s dishonour of the cheques did not constitute a breach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 of contract; otherwise it did. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 After carefully considering all the evidence on record Court is of the opinion that it must answer the above question in the negative; and these are its reasons for doing so. Mr. Kasule testified that a few days after the plaintiffs had given their clients the cheques in question he, personally, visited the defendant\rquote s place of work. He checked their clients\rquote account with one of the defendant\rquote s employees (a teller) and found that the defendant had debited the account with the cheques in question. As confirmation of that fact the teller gave Mr. Kasule a statement (i.e. Exh. P3) showi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 ng the above state of affairs. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 The defendant did not deny or contradict the above piece of evidence. Therefore, Court thinks that the said }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 evidence represents the truth.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Now if, as a matter of fact, Mr. Kasule visited the defendant on 3rd April 2002, inquired about the state of their clients\rquote account and, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829\charrsid1179829 without}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 raising a finger, went away with a statement (Exh. P3) showing that the defendant had debited the said account with the cheques in question what other confirmation did the defendant need from the plaintiffs to show that the said cheques we re not forged? Needless to say, the defendant did not need further confirmation from the plaintiffs that the cheques in question were not forged after }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829\charrsid1179829 Mr.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Kasule had visited its place of work on 3\rquote April 2002, for that visit had dispelled any suspicion sur rounding the cheques. But, perhaps the defendant should blame itself for having an uncoordinated administration. While part of its administration (i.e. the teller) had confirmed from Mr. Kasule on 3rd April 2002 that the cheques in question were genuine, the rest of the defendant\rquote s administration was in a deep slumber. It woke up after 3rd April 2002. Unaware of what had transpired in its house a few days before, it proceeded to dishonour the cheques and requested for confirmation of the drawers \rquote signatures, which was,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 at that point, not necessary. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 All in all, Court is satisfied that the plaintiffs succeeded in proving, on a balance of probabilities, that the defendant\rquote s dishonour of the cheques amo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 unted to a breach of contract. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 With regard to the second issue, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 to say the available remedies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 the fact that the plaintiffs have succeeded in proving their case under the first issue means that they are entitled to some remedies. However, it should be remembered that the remedies, which the plaintiffs are seeking were outlined at the beginning of this judgment. Therefore, Court will, below, go through those remedies with a view to deciding whether it will}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1179829 grant them to the plaintiffs. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 1. General damages: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1179829 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Mr. Kasule testified that when the defendant dishonoured the cheques in question the Union members were furious. They invaded the plaintiffs\rquote chambers, in a big number, and threatened to take them to the police because they thought that the plaintiffs had embezzled their money. In Mr. Kasule\rquote s opinion the dishonour of the cheques injured the plaintiffs\rquote reputation. For that reason, the plaintiffs\rquote advocate Mr. Mubiru, urged Court to award each of his two client}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 s shs. 6m/= as general damages. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 The defendant\rquote s advocate Mr. Wamala did not agree with the above claim. He submitted that the plaintiffs did not suffer any injury to their reputation. Alternatively, Mr. Wamala argued that should Court find otherwise, then it should award the plaintiffs only nominal d amages since they were not traders. Mr. Wamala cited, among others, the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Coker v Standard Bank of Nigeria Ltd (1976) ALR Comm 174, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 in support of that position. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 The ordinary remedy for breach of contract is general damages. (See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Hadley v Baxendale (1854, 9 Exch. 341)) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 It is also a settled principle of law that a plaintiff who cannot prove actual damage or loss for breach of contract is only entitled to nominal damages. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 (See Gibbons v Westminster Bank Ltd (1939) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 K. B. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 882 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 at 888 quoted in Essays in African Banking Law and Practice at page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 272.)}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 But the above principle has exceptions; and one of them }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357\charrsid1179829 is that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 banker has, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357\charrsid1179829 without}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 justification, dishonoured a trader\rquote s cheque the trader is entitled to substantial damages; and does not need to plead and prove actual damage. (See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Gibbons Westminster Bank Ltd Supra.) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 For it is presumed that the wrongful dishonour of the cheque automatically injures the trader\rquote s commercial credit. However, courts have consistently refused to extend the above exception to cover other businesspersons, who are not traders, whose cheques bankers have dishonoured. Such other businesspersons must prove actual damage or injury before courts award them substantial damages. For example, in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Coker v Standard Bank of Nigeria Ltd (Supra) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 after the dishonour of his cheque court awarded the plaintiff, who was a legal practitioner, only nominal damages. It did so because the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357\charrsid1179829 plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 was not a trader and did not prove actual damage. Uganda seems to have followed that line of judicial thinking in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3031357 Patel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 v National and Grindlays Bank Ltd Supreme Court Civil Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 No. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 14 of 1992 (Unreported). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3031357 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Be that as it may, Court thinks that the line of judicial thinking in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3031357 Coker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 v Standard Bank of Nigeria Ltd Supra; and Patel v National and Grindlays Bank (Supra) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 does not bind it. For it violates Article }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 1(1) of the Constitution in that it discriminates among business}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 persons in cases where bankers have dishonoured cheques. Indeed, that line of judicial thinking visibly favours traders more than any other businesspersons. In other words, it does not offer all businesspersons equal protection of the law in cases where banks have dishonoured cheques. To that extent the above decisions are unconstitutional; and Court will not follow them. That means that the plaintiffs being advocates who are engaged in commercial legal business are entitled to substantial damages for the dishonour of the cheques in question }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357\charrsid1179829 without}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 oving actual damage or injury. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 The above aside, the plaintiffs\rquote testimony in the area under consideration was that when the defendant dishonoured the cheques in question the Union members lost confidence in the plaintiffs and wanted to take them to the po}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 lice for theft of their money. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 The defendant did not deny or contradic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 t the above piece of evidence. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 In Court\rquote s opinion, the Union members\rquote loss of confidence in the plaintiffs (albeit short lived) represents damage or injury to the plaintiffs\rquote reputation. In the circumstances, Court agrees with Mr. Mubiru that the plaintiffs proved, on a balance of probabilities, that they suffered actual damage or injury to their reputation. For that reason, too, the plaintiffs are entitled to substantial dam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 ages. \par However, Court is mindfu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 l of the fact that those }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 damages must be temperate and reasonable. (See Essays }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 in African Banking Law and Practice at page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 273.) Considering all (including the plaintiffs\rquote standing in society as long term legal practitioners; the fall in the shilling vis-\'e0-vis the US dollar; and the big number of Union members }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 (50) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 who lost confidence in the plaintiffs on the dishonour of the cheques) Court thinks that an award of shs. 5rn/= for each plaintiff will be sufficient compensation as general d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357\charrsid3031357 amages for breach of contract. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 2. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 Interest: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3031357\charrsid3031357 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Court will award the plaintiffs interest on ge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 neral damages at Court rate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 from } {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 Ap}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357\charrsid3031357 ril}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 2002 till payment in full. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 3. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3031357\charrsid3031357 Costs: \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3031357 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Since the plaintiffs\rquote suit has succeeded it means that the defendant must bear the costs of the suit. \line In conclusion, Court has no choice but to enter judgement in favour of the plai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 ntiffs in the following terms, \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 (a) the defendant shall pay each of the plaintiffs a sum }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 of shs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 5m/\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid3031357 as general d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357\charrsid3031357 amages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 for breach of contract; \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 (b) the defendant shall pay interest on the above award at Court rate from 5th Ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 ril 2002 till payment in full; \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 (c) the defendant shall bear the costs of the suit. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13383984 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3031357 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 E. S. Lugaizi (J) \par 27/6/2003 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3031357 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984\charrsid1179829 Read before: At }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13383984 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3031357 Mr. I. Kyaruha \par Mr. Wamala for defendant \par Mr. Ziwa - Clerk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357\charrsid1179829 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3031357 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3031357 E. S. 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