[2008] UGHC 7

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\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\insrsid14497724\charrsid687999 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \par IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA \par }{\b\insrsid9265789 HIGH COURT CRIMINAL APPEAL}{\b\insrsid14497724\charrsid687999 CASE NO. }{\b\insrsid5653431\charrsid687999 0014}{\b\insrsid14497724\charrsid687999 OF 2008 \par }{\b\insrsid15155789\charrsid687999 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11021956 {\b\insrsid11021956\charrsid687999 \par }{\b\insrsid11869737\charrsid687999 KIZITO RONALD}{\b\insrsid1726494\charrsid687999 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\b\insrsid11229909\charrsid687999 \'85..}{\b\insrsid13455613 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{ \b\insrsid1726494\charrsid687999 APPEL}{\b\insrsid8017079\charrsid687999 LA}{\b\insrsid1726494\charrsid687999 NT }{\b\insrsid11021956\charrsid687999 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1726494 {\b\insrsid1726494\charrsid687999 VERSUS \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11021956 {\b\insrsid1726494\charrsid687999 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1726494 {\b\insrsid11229909\charrsid687999 UGANDA}{\b\insrsid13455613 \'85..\'85\'85}{\b\insrsid11229909\charrsid687999 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\b\insrsid1726494\charrsid687999 . RESPONDENT \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11021956 {\b\insrsid1726494\charrsid687999 \par }{\b\insrsid11021956\charrsid687999 Before: }{\insrsid13789472\charrsid687999 Hon. Mr.}{\insrsid11021956\charrsid687999 Justice E. S. Lugayizi \par }{\insrsid13044526\charrsid687999 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13044526 {\b\insrsid13044526\charrsid687999 JUDGMENT \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9712666 {\insrsid5144022 This judgment is in respect to}{\insrsid12931360\charrsid687999 an appeal}{\insrsid5144022 of}{\insrsid13789472\charrsid687999 the}{ \insrsid16192755\charrsid687999 above named}{\insrsid13789472\charrsid687999 appellant preferred}{\insrsid12009188 against a decision }{\insrsid618459 of }{\insrsid13450940\charrsid687999 a}{\insrsid16192755\charrsid687999 Senior}{ \insrsid13450940\charrsid687999 Magistrate Grade 1}{\insrsid16192755\charrsid687999 (His Worship}{\insrsid12009188 Mr.}{\insrsid16192755\charrsid687999 Boniface Wamala}{\insrsid13789472\charrsid687999 )}{\insrsid618459\charrsid618459 }{ \insrsid618459 dated }{\insrsid618459\charrsid687999 16}{\super\insrsid618459\charrsid687999 th}{\insrsid618459\charrsid687999 December 2005}{\insrsid14895232\charrsid687999 .}{\insrsid9712666\charrsid9712666 }{\insrsid13649909 Under that}{ \insrsid9712666\charrsid687999 decision the}{\insrsid9712666 learned trial}{\insrsid9712666\charrsid687999 Magistrate convicted the appellant of theft}{\insrsid9712666 of a sum of shillings 5,000,000/=}{\insrsid9712666\charrsid687999 contrary to sections 254(1) and 261 of the Penal Code A}{\insrsid9712666 ct (Cap. 120). He}{\insrsid12009188 sentenced the appellant}{\insrsid9712666 to}{\insrsid12009188 pay}{\insrsid9712666 a fine of shillings 500,000/=}{ \insrsid9712666\charrsid687999 or in default}{\insrsid14633840 thereof}{\insrsid9712666 to serve a term of 18 months in prison}{\insrsid9712666\charrsid687999 . In addition, }{\insrsid618459 the said Magistrate made an o}{ \insrsid9712666\charrsid687999 rder}{\insrsid9712666 under section 197 of the Magistrates Courts Act (Cap. 16) }{\insrsid9712666\charrsid687999 requiring the appellant to pay a}{\insrsid9712666 sum of shillings 4,200,000/=}{ \insrsid9712666\charrsid687999 as compensation to the complainant.}{\insrsid9712666 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6713526 {\insrsid13649909 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6510756 {\insrsid3744963\charrsid687999 The}{\insrsid618459 above}{\insrsid3744963\charrsid687999 decision}{\insrsid618459 ,}{\insrsid10704247 sentence and }{ \insrsid618459 order}{\insrsid10704247 }{\insrsid6510756 aggrieved}{\insrsid618459\charrsid618459 }{\insrsid618459 the appellant}{\insrsid12017319 . T}{\insrsid10704247 herefore, h}{\insrsid618459 e appealed against them}{\insrsid12017319 ;}{ \insrsid16068867 and}{\insrsid12017319 in his Memorandum of Appeal dated 13}{\super\insrsid12017319\charrsid12017319 th}{\insrsid12017319 February 2007 }{\insrsid13182910 t}{\insrsid12017319 he}{\insrsid13182910 appellant}{\insrsid12017319 sought}{ \insrsid618459 this Court\rquote s o}{\insrsid12017319 rders}{\insrsid16068867 overturn}{\insrsid10704247 ing the}{\insrsid13182910 said}{\insrsid10704247 decision}{\insrsid12017319 and}{\insrsid6510756 set}{\insrsid12017319 ting}{\insrsid13182910 aside the sentence and o}{\insrsid6510756 rder}{\insrsid13182910 that followed that}{\insrsid16068867 decision}{\insrsid6510756 .}{\insrsid16068867 \par \par }{\insrsid16656338 However}{\insrsid5144022 ,}{\insrsid16068867 before this}{\insrsid6510756 Honourable}{\insrsid16068867 Court goes}{\insrsid6510756 i}{\insrsid16068867 nto the m}{\insrsid5452914 erits of the appeal it will}{\insrsid16068867 lay out the evidence}{\insrsid16656338 that the learned trial M}{\insrsid7610429 agistrate had before him}{\insrsid5452914 as}{\insrsid16656338 he made the above decision. Court}{\insrsid7610429 will begin with the}{\insrsid5452914 State\rquote s evidence}{\insrsid7610429 , which is briefly as follows: }{\insrsid6510756 \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6713526 {\insrsid9175367 S}{\insrsid7688990 ometim}{\insrsid9175367 e in March 2005}{\insrsid5452914 one George William}{\insrsid7688990 Kanyike}{\insrsid13845547 (PW3) obtained a loan}{\insrsid1580830 of}{\insrsid2950445 shillings 5,000,000/=}{\insrsid7688990 from}{\insrsid7688990\charrsid7688990 }{\insrsid7688990\charrsid687999 Pride Uganda Microfinance}{\insrsid6761812 . He kept}{\insrsid8601007 the}{ \insrsid7688990 money at his home}{\insrsid8601007 in }{\insrsid10703201 Masanafu}{\insrsid9175367 near Kampala}{\insrsid7688990 ; and}{\insrsid6761812 traveled}{\insrsid7688990 upcountry. }{\insrsid9175367 In his absence, t}{\insrsid7688990 he ap}{ \insrsid6761812 pellant}{\insrsid6776434 and another man called}{\insrsid6761812 S}{\insrsid6885732 s}{\insrsid6761812 ebavuma}{\insrsid10906754 }{\insrsid6761812 (}{\insrsid2438395 who were both related to}{\insrsid7688990 Kanyike}{\insrsid10377601 \rquote s family}{\insrsid2438395 )}{\insrsid10906754 visited Kanyike\rquote s home. }{\insrsid610035 They}{\insrsid7688990 duped Kanyike\rquote s wife}{\insrsid13845547 (Cissy Kanyike}{\insrsid2950445 }{\insrsid13845547 i.e. }{\insrsid10906754 PW4}{ \insrsid10703201 )}{\insrsid10906754 into giving them }{\insrsid6776434 the above sum of money.}{\insrsid7668225 This took place in the presence of }{\insrsid7668225\charrsid687999 Betty Namaganda}{\insrsid7668225 (PW5) - a house-maid to the Kanyike f amily.}{\insrsid6776434 L}{\insrsid2438395 ater}{\insrsid9466501 on}{\insrsid6776434 in the}{\insrsid2438395 day}{\insrsid9466501 ,}{\insrsid6776434 when}{\insrsid10906754 Kanyike rang home his}{\insrsid2438395 wife }{\insrsid10906754 told him about the incident}{\insrsid610035 .}{\insrsid2438395 Kanyike }{\insrsid610035 was surprised because he had not authorized the appell}{\insrsid2950445 ant and S}{\insrsid13845547 s}{\insrsid2950445 ebavuma to collect the}{\insrsid610035 money from}{\insrsid13845547 his home. Therefore}{\insrsid2950445 on returning}{\insrsid610035 }{\insrsid14642741 to}{\insrsid15353316 Kampala}{\insrsid13845547 ,}{\insrsid2950445 Kanyike}{\insrsid14642741 confronted}{\insrsid15353316 the appellant}{\insrsid13845547 in respect of}{\insrsid610035 the above sum of money}{\insrsid15353316 . The appellan}{\insrsid610035 t promised to refund}{\insrsid14642741 the}{\insrsid610035 money, but}{\insrsid13397490 ultimately}{ \insrsid15353316 failed to }{\insrsid7097730 honour his word. }{\insrsid15353316 Kanyike re}{\insrsid610035 ported the matter to the police. I}{\insrsid15353316 n turn}{\insrsid2950445 ,}{\insrsid15353316 the polic}{\insrsid610035 e arrest}{ \insrsid2950445 ed th}{\insrsid7097730 e appellant and}{\insrsid2950445 S}{\insrsid7097730 s}{\insrsid2950445 ebavuma. While in police custody S}{\insrsid7097730 s}{\insrsid2950445 ebavuma}{\insrsid15353316 confessed}{\insrsid2950445 }{ \insrsid15353316 that}{\insrsid8856737 he and the appellant got}{\insrsid4086126 the above}{\insrsid8856737 sum of}{\insrsid4086126 money from Kanyike\rquote s wife}{\insrsid2950445 .}{\insrsid7097730 He further explained that the}{\insrsid4086126 appellant}{\insrsid7097730 kept the biggest portion (i.e. a sum of shillings 4,200,000/=)}{\insrsid9466501 and}{\insrsid8856737 gave S}{\insrsid7097730 s}{\insrsid8856737 ebavuma only a}{\insrsid7097730 small portion (i.e. a}{\insrsid4086126 sum of} {\insrsid7097730 shillings}{\insrsid4086126 800,000/=}{\insrsid7097730 )}{\insrsid7634848 that he used to purchase a few}{\insrsid4086126 household goods.}{\insrsid14238695 }{\insrsid6049227 Eventually, t}{\insrsid14238695 he}{\insrsid7634848 police took}{\insrsid6049227 the}{\insrsid14238695 }{\insrsid6049227 appellant and S}{\insrsid7634848 s}{\insrsid6049227 ebavuma}{\insrsid7634848 to the Magistrate\rquote s}{\insrsid14238695 court}{\insrsid6049227 where the State charged and prosecuted them for theft.}{\insrsid4086126 }{\insrsid7761129\charrsid687999 \par }{\insrsid16212303\charrsid687999 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3699242 {\insrsid8394835 In his defence}{\insrsid420709\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid420709 t}{\insrsid687999\charrsid687999 he }{\insrsid3699242\charrsid687999 appellant}{\insrsid3699242 }{\insrsid3699242\charrsid687999 denied}{\insrsid687999\charrsid687999 having }{\insrsid16253464 received a}{\insrsid420709 sum of }{\insrsid8394835 s}{\insrsid420709 hillings 5,000,000/= from Kanyike\rquote s wife}{ \insrsid7634848 in March 2005}{\insrsid6964183 . In addition, he}{\insrsid420709 questioned}{\insrsid12327091 whether Kanyike}{\insrsid6964183 had the capacity}{\insrsid1405655 to}{\insrsid420709 possess}{\insrsid687999\charrsid687999 such a huge sum of money.}{\insrsid687999 \par }{\insrsid420709\charrsid687999 \par }{\insrsid11105955 After}{\insrsid1376562 considering}{\insrsid8394835\charrsid8394835 }{\insrsid8394835 the evidence on record}{\insrsid8394835\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid8394835 t}{\insrsid687999\charrsid687999 he}{\insrsid11105955 learned trial M}{ \insrsid687999\charrsid687999 agistrate}{\insrsid11105955 was satisfied that}{\insrsid687999\charrsid687999 the appellant}{\insrsid11105955 was}{\insrsid687999\charrsid687999 guilty}{\insrsid8394835 of the offence of theft contrary to sections 254}{ \insrsid1376562 (1)}{\insrsid8394835 and 26}{\insrsid3099367 1 of the Penal Code Act (Cap. 12}{\insrsid8394835 0)}{\insrsid11105955 . Therefore}{\insrsid1376562 , he convicted and sentenced the appellant}{\insrsid11105955 accordingly; and hence the appeal}{\insrsid3948166 herein. }{\insrsid11105955 }{\insrsid687999 \par }{\insrsid6311475 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9769886 {\insrsid9769886\charrsid5182955 DECISION \par }{\b\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6691982 {\insrsid10884291 The appellant appealed}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 the judgment of the lower court on the grounds that the }{\insrsid15485031 trial M}{ \insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 agistrate failed to evaluate}{\insrsid15485031 the}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 evidence on record, failed to consider discrepan}{\insrsid1376562 cies and contradictions in the S}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 tate witnesses\rquote evidence, and relied on a confession which was retracted, to the effect of reaching a wrong conclusion.}{\insrsid15485031 \par \par Be that as it may, this}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 Court finds that there}{\insrsid15485031 are two issues underlying the above grounds of}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 appeal. The first and most vital }{\insrsid15485031 issue is whether the State}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 proved b}{\insrsid15485031 eyond reasonable doubt that the appellant committed a theft against George William Kanyike}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 . In considering this}{\insrsid15485031 issue}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 , the second, less significant issue of whet}{\insrsid15485031 her the trial M}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 agistrate properly admitted}{\insrsid8272658 a retracted confession}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 and gave it the appropriate weight once it was admitted is also addressed. \par }{\cf6\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par }{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 With regard}{\insrsid15485031 to the first issue, the appellant\rquote s counsel (Mr. Kalule)}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 cited}{\insrsid15485031 the case of}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 }{ \b\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 Abdu Ngobi v. Uganda}{\b\insrsid8272658\charrsid687999 ,}{\b\insrsid8272658 }{\b\insrsid8272658\charrsid687999 Criminal}{\b\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 App}{\b\insrsid8272658 eal No. 10 of 1991}{ \b\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 ,}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 which states that: }{\i\insrsid6691982\charrsid15485031 \'93The proper approach\'85is to consider the strength and weakness of each side, weigh the evidence as a wh ole, apply the burden of proof as always resting upon the prosecution, and decide whether the defence has raised a reasonable doubt. If the defence has successfully done so, the accused must be acquitted.\'94}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 This reasonable doubt standard is aptly described in }{\b\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 Miller v. Minister of Pension}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 }{\b\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 [1947] (2) All ER 372}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 , which states that the pros}{\insrsid8272658 ecution proves its case beyond }{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 reasonable doubt only where the evidence against the accused is so strong that the possibility in his favour can be dismissed with the remark, }{ \i\insrsid6691982\charrsid15485031 \'93Of course it is possible but not in the least probable\'94. \par }{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par }{\insrsid8272658 In order to be able to}{\insrsid15485031 assess the State\rquote s}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 evidence}{\insrsid8272658 properly}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 ,}{\insrsid8272658 it is}{\insrsid6641604 vital to understand what amounts to}{\insrsid8272658 theft}{\insrsid6641604 under our law}{\insrsid15485031 . According to s}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 ecti}{\insrsid10295522 on 254(1) of the Penal Code Act (Cap. 120)}{\insrsid8061134 a}{ \insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid6756018 \'93}{\i\insrsid6691982\charrsid15485031 pers on who fraudulently and without claim of right takes anything capable of being stolen, or fraudulently converts to the use of any person other than the general or special owner thereof anything capable of being stolen, is said to steal that thing}{ \i\insrsid10295522 \'94}{\i\insrsid6691982\charrsid15485031 .}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid10295522 However, s}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 ection 254(2) of the Penal Code Act}{\insrsid10295522 (Cap. 120)}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 further distinguishes that in the case of taking money, a person is deemed to have fraudulently taken it where he}{\insrsid6756018 or she does so with }{\i\insrsid6756018\charrsid6756018 \'93an}{\i\insrsid6691982\charrsid6756018 intent to use it at the will of the person who takes or converts it, although he or she may intend afterwards to repay the amount to the owner.}{\i\insrsid6756018\charrsid6756018 \'94}{\i\insrsid6691982\charrsid6756018 \par }{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par }{\insrsid16067207 Thus}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 in order }{\insrsid15163972 to justify the conviction of the app}{\insrsid16067207 ellant in the lower court,}{\insrsid15163972 the State}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 must show that the evidence they presented to}{\insrsid16067207 that court proved the following things beyond}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 reasonable doubt: \par \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16067207 {\insrsid16067207 (a) }{\insrsid15163972 that in}{\insrsid12210778 March 2005}{\insrsid12284216 Kanyike}{\insrsid7619516 ,}{ \insrsid7619516\charrsid7619516 }{\insrsid7619516\charrsid687999 at his home}{\insrsid7619516 ,}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 had }{\insrsid12284216 a sum of}{\insrsid15428811 shillings}{\insrsid12284216 5,000,000/=}{\insrsid862070\charrsid862070 } {\insrsid15428811 that was}{\insrsid7619516 }{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 capable of being stolen}{\insrsid862070 ;}{\insrsid862070\charrsid862070 }{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par }\pard \qj \li360\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid6691982 {\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16067207 {\insrsid16067207 (b) }{\insrsid15428811 that the appellant}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 participated in fraudulently taking the}{\insrsid15428811 above sum of money}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 ; and \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6691982 {\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16067207 {\insrsid16067207 (c) }{\insrsid15428811 that the appellant}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 had no claim of right to the}{\insrsid15428811 said sum of money.}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6691982 {\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par }{\insrsid15428811 With respect to whether}{\insrsid862070 in March 2005}{\insrsid15428811 Kanyike}{\insrsid7619516 , at his home,}{\insrsid862070 had}{\insrsid15428811 a sum of shillings 5,000,000/=}{\insrsid862070 t}{\insrsid7619516 hat was capable of being stolen}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 the lower court re}{\insrsid15428811 lied upon the testimonies of Kanyike (PW3), his wife}{\insrsid862070 (}{\insrsid2438856 Cissy Kanyike i.e.}{\insrsid7619516 }{\insrsid15428811 PW4), and}{\insrsid15428811\charrsid15428811 }{\insrsid15428811\charrsid687999 Namaganda}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid15428811 (}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 PW5}{\insrsid15428811 ). According to Kanyike and hi}{\insrsid14249242 s wife, Kanyike had obtained a}{\insrsid15428811 sum of}{\insrsid2044419\charrsid687999 shillings}{\insrsid15428811 5,000,000/=}{\insrsid2044419\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 from Pride Uganda Microfinance in order to purchase a parc }{\insrsid15428811 el of land. Namaganda}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 further supported this clai}{\insrsid15428811 m by testifying that she saw Mrs. Kanyike}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 handling a large am}{\insrsid15428811 ount of money on the day t}{\insrsid2438856 hat the appellant allegedly went}{\insrsid15428811 to Kanyike\rquote s}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 home. \par \par The}{\insrsid4942913 learned trial Magistrate stated that Kanyike, his wife, and Namaganda}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 struck him to be honest witnesses because of their }{\insrsid4077645\charrsid687999 demeano}{\insrsid4077645 ur}{\insrsid9466501 , and that their}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 testimonies were sufficie}{\insrsid4077645 nt to support the claim that Kanyike}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 did in fact have}{\insrsid2438856 a}{\insrsid4077645 sum of}{ \insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid2044419\charrsid687999 shillings}{\insrsid4077645 5,000,000/=}{\insrsid2044419\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid8540201 at}{\insrsid4077645 his home i}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 n March 2005. However, because of the relationship of these witnesses to one another, a high risk of c}{\insrsid4077645 ollusion}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 renders}{\insrsid4077645 their testimonies suspect. Kanyike and his wife}{ \insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 , as husband and wife}{\insrsid4077645 ,}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid4077645 have an incentive to collude}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 in order t}{\insrsid4077645 o protect their shared interest; and Namaganda}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 has a stake in delivering a testimony consistent with that of her employers. D}{\insrsid4077645 uring her cross-examination, Namaganda}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 even declared: }{\i\insrsid6691982\charrsid4077645 \'93I have never been disobedient to my boss. I cannot annoy my boss if he told me to be against you.\'94}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par \par }{\insrsid4077645 While the risk of collusion}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 is not in itself sufficient to completely discredit the three witnesses}{\insrsid2438856 referred to above}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 , there is a reason for concern that the }{\insrsid2438856 State relied primarily upon their}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 evidence to}{\insrsid4077645 make the determination that Kanyike}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 did in fact have}{\insrsid4077645 a sum of shillings 5,000,000/= at his home}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid4077645 i}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 n March 2005. It is troubling that no documentation of a loan from Pride Uganda Microfinance was ever presented to the}{ \insrsid4077645 lower c}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 ourt. A loan of such a high amount would cert}{\insrsid4077645 ainly not have been given to Kanyike}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 without some contract of repayment. Furthermo}{\insrsid4077645 re, the fact that the State did}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 not give any reason for this lack of docu}{\insrsid4077645 mentation weakened their position and raised}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 questions as to whether such a loan was ever made. It was especially important for the State to corroborate the existence of the loan from Prid}{\insrsid12408236 e Uganda Microfinance because the State}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 failed }{ \insrsid10498777 to provide evidence that Kanyike}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 would have had the capacity to have}{\insrsid814637 a}{\insrsid10498777 sum of shillings}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid10498777 5,000,000}{\insrsid15621088 /=}{\insrsid2044419\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid10498777 otherwise. }{\insrsid12408236 \par \par }{\insrsid10498777 Kanyike}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 did not provide bank statements, and during his cross-examination}{\insrsid10498777 he}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 could not even estimate the range of his capital. }{\insrsid12408236 T}{ \insrsid10498777 he State}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 instead attempted to}{\insrsid10498777 substantiate the claim that Kanyike}{\insrsid13902076 had}{\insrsid814637 a}{\insrsid10498777 sum of shillings 5,000,000/= at}{ \insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 his home by using}{\insrsid10498777 a confession }{\insrsid13902076 that S}{\insrsid814637 s}{\insrsid13902076 ebavuma allegedly made}{\insrsid814637 while in police custody}{\insrsid13902076 .}{\insrsid11291998 That confession was }{\insrsid6038138 to the effect that}{\insrsid814637 in March 200}{\insrsid6038138 5 Ssebavuma }{\insrsid13902076 and the appellant went to Kanyike\rquote s}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 home}{\insrsid13902076 and took}{ \insrsid814637 a}{\insrsid13902076 sum of}{\insrsid2044419\charrsid687999 shillings}{\insrsid13902076 5,000,000/=. S}{\insrsid814637 s}{\insrsid13902076 ebavuma}{\insrsid7478246 later}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 retract}{\insrsid7478246 ed}{ \insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 the}{\insrsid13902076 above}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 confession, alleging that it had been extracted from }{\insrsid9466501 him through torture. The trial Magistrate held}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 a }{ \i\insrsid6691982\charrsid13902076 \lquote trial within a trial\rquote }{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 and admitted the confession}{\insrsid10959169 after finding that the confession}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 did }{\insrsid13902076 not support S }{\insrsid3157795 s}{\insrsid13902076 ebavuma\rquote s}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 torture claims.}{\insrsid13902076 \par \par }{\insrsid9920834 Since}{\insrsid6038138 Ssebavuma is not a party to the appeal}{\insrsid9466501 herein}{\insrsid6038138 t}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 his Court}{\insrsid8001766 is reluctant}{\insrsid9920834 to discuss }{ \i\insrsid15356440\charrsid15356440 \'93}{\i\insrsid9920834\charrsid15356440 the}{\i\insrsid6254392\charrsid15356440 trial within a trial}{\i\insrsid15356440\charrsid15356440 \'94}{\insrsid9920834 that resulted in}{\insrsid15356440 the admission of}{ \insrsid9920834 the retracted confession}{\insrsid15356440 ; and}{\insrsid2318627 ,}{\insrsid15356440 in}{\insrsid2318627 turn, led}{\insrsid15356440 to}{\insrsid5257983 the conclusion}{\insrsid9920834 that}{\insrsid475659 }{\insrsid15356440 Ssebavuma}{\insrsid9920834 participated}{\insrsid12668337 }{\insrsid10301463 in the alleged theft}{\insrsid9920834 . }{\insrsid2318627 I}{\insrsid15356440 t}{\insrsid5257983 will}{\insrsid2318627 , however,}{\insrsid5257983 suffice to say that this}{ \insrsid12744488 Court}{\insrsid8001766 question}{\insrsid12744488 s}{\insrsid8001766 whether the value and weight}{\insrsid9714085 that}{\insrsid8001766 the}{\insrsid15356440 learned}{\insrsid8001766 trial M}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 agistrate gave to th}{\insrsid475659 e above}{\insrsid9466501 confession}{\insrsid9714085 in}{\insrsid15356440 sofar as it related to}{\insrsid9714085 the appellant}{\insrsid15356440 was appropriate}{\insrsid8001766 .}{\insrsid10959169 \par \par }{\insrsid4987272 Firstly, the}{\insrsid9322120 learned trial M}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 agis}{\insrsid9714085 trate appears to have treated the}{\insrsid10959169 above}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 confession as}{\insrsid9322120 if it were a confession from the appellant}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 , and given i}{\insrsid4987272 t too much weight against the appellant. Secondly, a}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 ccording to }{\b\insrsid16127779\charrsid687999 Ezera Kyabanamazi v. R. [1962] EA 309}{\insrsid16127779\charrsid687999 statements not made under oath are not considered }{\i\insrsid16127779\charrsid9322120 \'93accomplice evidence}{\i\insrsid620695\charrsid9322120 .\'94}{\insrsid620695\charrsid687999 }{\insrsid2498284\charrsid687999 Consequently, they cannot be the basis for a conviction}{\insrsid4791644 ;}{\insrsid2498284\charrsid687999 and can only be taken into consideration to support an otherwise substantial case aga}{\insrsid16606467 inst an}{ \insrsid2498284 accused}{\insrsid16606467 person}{\insrsid12535980 .}{\insrsid475659 }{\insrsid4987272 Based on the foregoing}{\insrsid12281921 ,}{\insrsid4865329\charrsid687999 t}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 his Court fin}{\insrsid16606467 ds that }{\insrsid9322120 S}{\insrsid475659 s}{\insrsid16606467 ebavuma\rquote s retracted confession}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 i}{\insrsid9322120 s not sufficient to support Kanyike, his wife and Namaganda\rquote s}{\insrsid6244424 testimonies}{ \insrsid4987272 as}{\insrsid6244424 against the appellant.}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par \par }{\insrsid13853187 All in all}{\insrsid9322120 t}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 he State did not prove be}{\insrsid16136121 yond }{\insrsid9322120 reasonable doubt that}{\insrsid13853187\charrsid13853187 }{\insrsid13853187 in March 2005}{ \insrsid9322120 Kanyike}{\insrsid13853187 , at his home,}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 had}{\insrsid9322120 a sum of}{\insrsid2639126\charrsid687999 shillings}{\insrsid9322120 5,000,000/=}{\insrsid13853187 that was capable of being stolen. }{ \insrsid9322120 For that reason}{\insrsid5139422 ,}{\insrsid9322120 it follows th}{\insrsid5139422 at the State also failed to prove}{\insrsid9322120 that the appellant}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 participated in fraudu}{\insrsid9322120 lently taking the alleged sum}{\insrsid11800560 of money without a claim of right on it.}{\insrsid7812360 }{\insrsid16136121 \par \par }{\insrsid5139422 W}{\insrsid7812360 hile the appellant}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 also raised the issue of inconsistencies in the State witnesses\rquote testimonies insofar as the date of the all}{\insrsid7812360 eged theft was concerned, this C}{ \insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 ourt finds that it is unnecessary to consider the validity of this point in light of the above ar}{\insrsid7812360 guments in favour of the appellant}{\insrsid6111199 .}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par \par }{\insrsid7812360 In concl}{\insrsid5139422 usion, this Court finds that the }{\insrsid7812360 learned trial Magistrate}{\insrsid11800560 erred in convicting}{\insrsid7812360 }{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 the}{\insrsid7812360 appellant of the}{ \insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 offence of theft contrary to section}{\insrsid11800560 s 254(1) and 261}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 of the Penal Code Act}{\insrsid12535980 (Cap. 120). Therefore}{\insrsid7812360 it has no choice, but to qu ash the conviction}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 and}{\insrsid12535980 set aside the sentence.}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 It is so ordered.}{\insrsid7812360 Court further orders that if the appellant paid any m}{\insrsid11800560 oney in respect of the fine or o}{\insrsid7812360 rder of compensation such money must, without delay, be refunded.}{\insrsid5139422 In short, the appeal herein has succeeded.}{\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9769886 {\b\insrsid6691982\charrsid687999 \par }{\b\insrsid9769886\charrsid687999 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6379492 {\b\insrsid9769886\charrsid687999 \par }{\b\insrsid6379492\charrsid687999 \par }{\b\insrsid16065955 }{\insrsid6379492\charrsid16065955 E. S. Lugayizi \par }{\b\insrsid16065955 }{\b\insrsid8929094 }{\b\insrsid16065955 (Judge) \par }{\b\insrsid5338307\charrsid5338307 }{\insrsid5338307\charrsid5338307 25}{\insrsid5338307 }{\insrsid5338307\charrsid5338307 /}{\insrsid5338307 }{\insrsid5338307\charrsid5338307 7}{ \insrsid5338307 }{\insrsid5338307\charrsid5338307 /}{\insrsid5338307 2008}{\insrsid5338307\charrsid5338307 \par }{\b\insrsid11668703\charrsid687999 \par \par \par \par \par \par Read before:}{\b\insrsid16065955 }{\insrsid16065955\charrsid16065955 At}{\insrsid8929094 12.14 p.m.}{\insrsid11668703 \par }{\insrsid8929094 \par Mr. Bwanika Andrew for the appellant \par \par Ms. Tumuhise for the DPP \par \par Ms. P. Nsaire c/clerk \par }{\insrsid16065955 \par \par \par \par \par \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16065955 {\insrsid8929094 }{\insrsid16065955\charrsid16065955 E. S. Lugayizi \par }{\b\insrsid16065955 }{\b\insrsid8929094 }{\b\insrsid16065955 (Judge) \par }{\insrsid5338307\charrsid5338307 }{\insrsid8929094 }{\insrsid5338307\charrsid5338307 }{\insrsid8929094 }{\insrsid5338307\charrsid5338307 25}{\insrsid5338307 / 7 / 2008}{ \insrsid5338307\charrsid5338307 \par }}