[2002] UGHC 80

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\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0\mnaryLim1}{\info{\title THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA }{\author Administrator}{\operator skivumbi}{\creatim\yr2010\mo3\dy17\hr9\min58}{\revtim\yr2010\mo6\dy16\hr12\min25} {\version7}{\edmins27}{\nofpages7}{\nofwords2617}{\nofchars13002}{\nofcharsws15588}{\vern32859}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/word/2003/wordml}}\paperw12240\paperh15840\margl1440\margr1440\margt1440\margb1440\gutter0\ltrsect \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves1\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata1\grfdocevents0\validatexml0\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors0\noxlattoyen \expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 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(}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9784905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \line IN THE H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 IGH COURT OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 CIVIL SUIT NO. 659 OF 1996 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9784905 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6100077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 HENRY MUNYANGANIZI \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85..\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.. PLAI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 NTIFF \line VERSUS \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 ATTORNEY GENERAL\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85. DEFENDANT \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9784905 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6100077 THE HONO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid9784905\charrsid6100077 URABLE MR. JUSTICE P. K. MUGAMBA \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9784905 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 JUDGMEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid9784905 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10050536 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6767925 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 The plaintiff, Henry Munyanganiz}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 i, filed this suit against the Attorney General on July 1996. He sought special and general damages resulting from malicious prosecution by the defendant in the Criminal Court at Mengo for abuse of office. When heari ng of this suit started the defendant did not comply with an order for discovery and its defence was struck out under order 10 rule 21 of the Civil Procedure Rules. Hearing proceed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 ed ex parte thereafter.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 In his testimony, which was detailed, the plaintiff narrated how he had risen in rank from a recruit constable commissioner of Police Force in 1963 to the high rank of Assistant Commissioner of Police in April 1990. He has served not only in the Police Force, where at one time he was Director of the Speci a l Branch Department, but also in the Ministry of Co-operatives and Marketing as a Senior Marketing Officer and in the Immigration Department where by the time of termination of his services he had attained the high office of Commissioner. The academic exp loits of the plaintiff are equally impressive. Through his own resources he had obtained his \'930\'94 and \'93A\'94 level certificates while at work. He had gone on to get a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics and Rural Economy in 1976 and in 1982 he acquired a Maste r of Science degree in Agricultural Economics from the University of Dar es Salaam. He also got a post graduate diploma in Business Management from Makerere University in addition to several other certificates. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 On 1st August 1991 the plaintiff received a letter from the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Internal Affairs, sending him on forced leave in connection with some irregularity in the processing of an entry permit for one Prakesh Sharma. Thereafter the plaintiff was prosecuted for abuse of office at the Chief Magis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 trate\rquote s Court regarding Sharma\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 s entry permit in Criminal Case U 915/91. That case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 started on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 11th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 September 1991 and terminated in the plaintiffs acquittal on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 10th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 November 1993. Criminal Case U 177/93 was brought against the plaintiff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 4th }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 March 1993. It too charged the plaintiff with abuse of office, contrary to section 83(1) of the Penal Code, but this time it concerned issue of a work permit to one Hasmuklal Duhyabhai Patel. This case, which was instituted while an earlier one was still }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905\charrsid9784905 ongoing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 , terminated on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 18th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 July 1995, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905\charrsid9784905 also in the plaintiffs favour. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 Subsequently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905\charrsid9784905 on 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 January 1995 the plaintiff received a letter dated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 18th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 November 1994 retiring him in pub}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905\charrsid9784905 lic interest. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9784905 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 The two issues framed for resolution by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905\charrsid9784905 counsel for the plaintiff are: \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9784905 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 1. Whether the prosecution o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905\charrsid9784905 f the plaintiff was malicious? \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 2. To what reliefs, if a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905\charrsid9784905 ny, is the plaintiff entitled? \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid15477348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 Regarding the first issue, I have indicated above that the plaintiff in his evidence testified to being prosecuted in two cases, namely U 915/91 and U 177/93. In original plaint paragraph 4 mentions the plaintiff being charged with a criminal offence on } {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 24th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 February 1993 and paragraph 6 thereof mentions dismissal of the charges on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 18th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 July 1995. Clearly what is being related to in that plaint is criminal case U 177/93. Particulars of Criminal Case U 915/91 are nowhere apparent. The amended plaint filed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 311 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 October 2000 also does not refer to U 915/91. It is \lquote Further Ame}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 nded plaint\rquote which refers to U }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 915/91 and seeks some relief on score of that case rather belatedly. Counsel justifies inclusion of events in that case on the fact that the plaintiff had brooked details of it in the course of his testimony. Surely counsel should have advised his client that the first plaint left the d etails of that case out deliberately}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 because having terminated on l0th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 November 1993, at the time the plaint was filed it was already time barred in light of the Civil }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Procedure and Limitations (Miscellaneous Proceedings) Act, Act 20/69. It was no longer go od currency and the latest amendment sought to be a back door entry f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 or what was already unwelcome. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid15477348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 See: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Epaineto }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 vs- Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid9784905 Commercial Bank [1972] EA 185, \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9784905 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid9784905 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 vs- Makerere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid9784905 University [1972]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 EA 65. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9784905 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid15477348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 In the circumstances only events surrounding Crimin al Case U 177/93 merit consideration. There must be four ingredients in place in order for an action for malicious prosecution to succeed. The plaintiff should prove the following on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 the balance of probabilities: \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid15477348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 (i) That it was the defendant who instituted }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 and continued the proceedings. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9784905 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 (ii) That the defendant acted without }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 reasonable and probable cause. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 (iii) That th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 e defendant acted maliciously. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 (iv) That the proceedings terminat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 ed in favour of the plaintiff. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 See: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Kagane & Others }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid9784905 vs- Attorney General & Another [1969]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 E. A. 643. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9784905 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6767925 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Exhibits P.20 (the charge) and P.23 (the ruling of court) show that the proceedings were instituted and continued by the state. I have no doubt in my mind therefore that this ingr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 edient is in place and proved. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9784905 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Concerning the second ingredient, Clerk }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 & Lindsell on Torts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 (12th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 edit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 ion) at paragraph 1712 states: \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9784905 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 \'93 What is reasonable and probable cause. As has been already seen, reasonable and probable cause depends upon the information and belief of the defendant. There must be a reasonable cause in such as would operate on the mind of the party making the charge otherwise there}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 is no probable cause for him: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 I cannot say that the defendant acted in probable cause, if the state of facts was such as t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 o leave no effect on his mind\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid15477348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 See also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Kagane & Others }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 vs- Att}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid9784905 orney General and Another [1969]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 EA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 643, 646 (dict. \line At E, F, G). The charge brought against the plaintiff was consented to by the Director of \line Public Prosecutions and prosecuted by State Attorneys. Their professional c ompetence should not be in doubt. They would of course take heed of the words of Justice B. J. Odoki in his work }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 A Guide to Criminal Procedure in Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 2 Edition at page 61:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15477348 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid15477348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 \'93 The decision to prosecute or not is important as it ensures that those reasonably suspected to have committed offences are brought to trial while those suspected upon baseless and unfounded allegations are not put to unnecessary inconvenience of going t}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 hrough the ordeal of a trial\'94. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6767925 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 The plaintiff was acquitted }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 under S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid9784905 125}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 of the Magistrates\rquote Courts Act after court found no prima facie case had been made out. But that was not all. The plaintiff was never interrogated, let alone asked to explain, concerning allegations which resulted into his prosecution. Not a statement was taken fro m him according to his evidence and police was never involved in the matter. In order to have reasonable and probable cause attend the act of prosecution it behoved the defendant to gather the pertinent facts and information first and weigh their probity. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 I find that was not the case. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Then there is consideration of whether the defendant acted maliciously. To my mind this is akin to lack of probable cause accompanied by zeal to accomplish the task at any cost. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Clerk and Lindsell in Torts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 (12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid90615\charrsid11159466 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid11159466\charrsid11159466 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 edition) at para 70 states: \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid15477348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 \lquote Malicious prosecution. In the tort of malicious prosecution malice must be shown as an additional requirement of proof separate from absence of reasonable and probable cause. \'93The term \lquote malice\rquote in this form of action is not to be considered in the sense of spite or hatred.... but ... actuated by the improper and indirect motives.\'94 And mere anger at the plaintiff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 is not malice, because this is }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 natural and proper where he was believ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 ed to have committed a crime.\rquote \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6767925 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Criminal case U 177/93 was al lowed to be instituted against the plaintiff despite the fact that Criminal case U 915/91 premised more or less on similar facts, which had supposedly come about later in time, was mak}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 ing no headway. Needless to say}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 no statement had been taken from the pla intiff regarding the allegations in the criminal case. Indeed the plaintiff, a senior officer of state, was subjected to investigations by remote control, if any. All these are pointers to malice. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 The last ingredient was, of course, satisfied when on 18th July 1995 the plaintiff was acquitted and the proceedings ended in his favour. This in combination with the preceding ingredients lead me to the unavoidable conclusion that the plaintiff was maliciously prosecuted by the defendant. \line The next issue relates to relief the plaintiff is entitled to. The plaintiff craves for several but I find some outright misfits so far as this action is concerned. The last amended plaint and counsel\rquote s arguments make mention of money the plaintiff would have been entitled to as a salary for November 1994 to April 2005. At page 15 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 the submission counsel states: \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11159466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 \'93 In his testimony he said that he claimed this because if he had not been prosecuted maliciously he would not have been retired in public interest. He would have served up to April, 24, 2005 when he would be e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 ntitled to normal retirement.\rquote \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6767925 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 I am at sea for the nexus! Indeed I find this proposition unconscionable for nowhere is it hinted at that his prosecution was designed to snatch from him his entitlements. To my min d his eventual retirement was an act independent of his prosecution and that is what available evidence shows. Of course one is entitled to speculation but one should not taint facts with speculation in a case of this nature. I do not find his projected s alary estimates and other claimed entitlements relevant to the case at hand. As I have pronounced myself earlier, I do not find claims relating to Criminal case U 915/91 in any way related to this case either. However those claims relating to Criminal ca} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 se U 177/93 deserve attention. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6100077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Robert Cuossens }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 vs- Attorney General }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Supreme C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 ourt Civil Appeal No. 8 of 1999 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 (unreported)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 , Oder J. S. C. had this to say. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 \'93The object of an award of damages is to give the plaintiff compensation for the damages, loss or in jury he or she has suffered. The heads of elements of damages recognized as such by law are dividable into two main groups: pecuniary and non-pecuniary loss. The former comprises all financial and material loss incurred, such as loss of business profit, l oss of income, or expenses such as medical expenses. The latter comprise all loss which do not represent inroad upon a person\rquote s financial and material assets such as physical pain or injury to feelings. The former, being a money loss is capable of being arithmetically calculated in money, even though the calculation must sometimes be a rough one where th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 ere are difficulties of proof. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11159466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 The latter, however, is not so calculable. Money is not awarded as a replacement for other money, but as a substitute for tha t which is generally more important than money; it is the best that a court can do, damages have to be measured in order to arrive at what compensation should be aw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 arded\'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466\charrsid6767925 plaintiff\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 claim of special damages should be addressed first. This is such a claim as I have not declared inapplicable in the cause of this judgment. I have to state that the law required that special damages must be specifically pleaded and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 specifically proved. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11159466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 See: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Eletu }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 vs- Uganda Airli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11159466 nes Corporation [1984] HCB 39, \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Masene }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 vs- U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid16056775 ganda Transport Co. [1992 \emdash 1993]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 HCB 209. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9784905 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6767925 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 The plaintiff claims he travelled from Kisoro to Kampala on 129 occasions to attend court. Fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 r each return journey he used 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 80 litres of petrol. } {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466\charrsid6767925 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 claims, and that the cost of petrol per litre fluctuated between Shs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid11159466 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466\charrsid11159466 950/=}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 and Shs. 1,020/=. He claims Shs. 47,368,800/= as money expend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 ed on fuel in his submissions. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 The pleadings, however, showed the same claim to be Shs. 38,532,000/=. The difference is owing to the variation in the occasions attended which ar e said actually to have been 129 rather than the 104 mentioned in the pleadings. The plaintiff testified that he used to commute between Kisoro, his area of birth, and Kampala in his Peugeot vehicle number UPN 150. He proffered nine receipts and on}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 e invoice (Exh. P.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 31) in evidence. The total amount involved in the documents so tendered is Shs. 824,600/= (this inclusive of the invoice Shs. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid11159466 56,050/-).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 It is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 puny sum alongside the Shs. 47,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 368,800/\rquote earlier claimed but while I concede that proof of special da mages at times need not be supported by documentary evidence in all cases (See. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11159466 Amos Sen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 yakazana }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 vs- Attorney General }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11159466 [1984]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid11159466 HCB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11159466 48}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 the amount yet to be proved, besides that on the receipts, is in comparison gigantuan and cannot merely be wished in. In any case given the plaintiffs circumstances at the time he would more probably than not have used public means of transport which are more pocket friendly. I am inclined to grant the Shs. 824.600/ as special damages on petrol to the plaintiff but for noto rious want of proof the claimed cost }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 of service I decline to grant. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Concerning expenses on legal fees the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 laintiff claims Shs. 2,500,000/=}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 as money paid to his counsel in Criminal case U.177/93. Exhibit P.32 is a receipt of payment of a deposit to his Advocates. It is for Shs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid11159466 1, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 200,000/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid11159466 = }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid11159466 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 is dated 4th July 1994. The plaintiff testified that he had lost the other receipt bearing the balance on the amount. I am inclined to believe his testimony given the long period of two years the case took before com pletion and of course the authority in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11159466 Amos Sen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 yakazana }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 vs- Attorney General, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 which would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 be relevant on this occasion. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 In all special damages awarded would be Shs. 3,324,600/= comprising of Shs. 824,600/= awarded for petrol expenses and Shs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 2,500,000/ as legal expenses. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 The plaintiff was a senior officer in Government. He was Uganda\rquote s Commissioner for Immigration. He had also served as Director of Special Branch, not to mention other responsibilities in the Police Force. He is well heeled in the circl es of the educated in this country and prided himself in an unblemished reputation he had built over the years as a person who was incorruptible and trusted. Prolonged criminal proceedings put an end to all that even through these came to nought in the en d. He comes to court seeking redress for the pain and suffering he was let to undergo. Damages cannot be adequate as relief but a sum of Shs. 50,000,000/= as I award shall go}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9784905 some way towards his redress.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11159466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 The plaintiff sought exemplary damages also. Exempl ary damages for tort may only be awarded first where there is oppressive, arbitrary or unconstitutional action by the servant of the government and, secondly, where the defendant\rquote s conduct was calculated to procure him some benefit, not necessarily financi al, at the expense of the plaintiff. As regards the actual award, the plaintiff must have suffered as a result of the punishable behavior, the punishment imposed must not exceed what would be likely to have been imposed in criminal proceedings if the cond uct were criminal, and the means of the parties and everything which aggravates or mitigates the defendant\rquote s conduc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 t is to be taken into account. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11159466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 See: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Obon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11159466 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 o }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 vs- Mu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11159466 nicipal Council of Kisumu [1971] EA 94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6100077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Rookes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 vs- Barnard & Others [196}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11159466 4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 A. C. 1129. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6100077 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6100077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 I find present in the circumstances of the plaintiff properties envisaged in the authorities above, particularly the first limb a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 nd I shall award Shs. 10,000,000/ as exemplary damages. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11159466\charrsid6100077 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11159466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 Consequently the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 laintiff shall be entitled to: \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid11159466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 (a) Shs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 3,324,600/= as special damages. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 (b) Shs. 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 0,000,000/= as general damages. \par (c) Shs. 10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 000,000/= as exemplary damages. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid90615\charrsid6767925 (d) Interest of 20% p.a. on (a), (b) and (c) from the date of j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 udgment till full realization. \par (e) Costs of the suit. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid15477348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15477348 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid6100077 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11159466 P. K. 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