[2010] UGCA 4

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}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5582221 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect \linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\insrsid14892445 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14892445 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \par \par IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA \par \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 CORAM:\tab HON. JUSTICE L. E. M. MUKASA-KIKONYOGO, DCJ \par \tab \tab HON. A. TWINOMUJUNI, JA \par \tab \tab HON. JUSTICE C. K. BYAMUGISHA, JA \par \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.177/2003 \par \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14892445\charrsid5582221 MUSOGA GERALD\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 \'85\'85\'85\'85. APPELLANT \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 V E R S U S \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 UGANDA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14892445\charrsid5582221 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.. RESPONDENT \par \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 [Appeal from a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 and sentence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 the High Court of Uganda at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Masaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 (Hon. Justice Eldad Mwangusya) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 dated 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\super\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 August 2003 in Original C. S. C. No.232/2002]

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14892445\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT: \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 This is an appeal arising from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Masaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 Criminal S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 ession Case No.232/2002 in which the appellant Musoga Gerald was convicted and sentenced to death on an indictment of aggravated robbery c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 /s 272 and 273(2) of the Penal C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 ode Act. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 The particula}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 rs of the indictment are that Musoga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 erald}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 on the 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 day of A}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 ugust 2002 at Biyerima village Kirumba in R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 akai D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 istrict robbed Namuleme Mary of her travelling bag, dresses, 10 radio tapes, 2 pairs of female shoes, 2 shirts, 2 blouses, I pair of bed sheets, 2kg of salt, 1 bar of soap and cash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857548\charrsid5582221 of }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 shs.24,000/= all valued at approximately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 shs.180,000/= and at the time or immediately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 before or immediately after the said robbery threatened to use a deadly weapon to wit a panga on the said Namuleme Mary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2634167\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 \par Prosecution called 6 witnesses in support of their case. The appellant in his defence denied having robbed the complainant of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 property and put up an alibi. \par \par At the conclusion of the trial, the appellant was convicted of aggravated robbery and sentenced to death. \par \par The memorandum of appeal contains 3 grounds of appeal which are as follows:- \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 The trial judge erred in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2240872\charrsid5582221 fact and law and misdirected him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 self in finding that the offence of aggravated robbery was proved beyond reasonable doubt. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}The trial judge erred in fact and law in rejecting the appellant\rquote s defence and convicted him on contradictory, inadequate and uncorroborated evidence. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab} The trial judge erred in fact and law when he passed the death sentence based on a wrong conviction. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 Ms. Eva Luswata }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2240872\charrsid5582221 Kawuma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 , represented the app ellant on State brief while Mr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Kaamuli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 , a P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 rincipal}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 State Attorney with the D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 irectorate of Public Prosecution represented the respondent. \par \par Ms. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2240872\charrsid5582221 Kawuma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 argued grounds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3499713\charrsid5582221 No.1 and 2 toget}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 her and then grounds No.3 separately. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 Mr. K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2240872\charrsid5582221 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid790192\charrsid5582221 amuli di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11078916\charrsid5582221 d the same. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 Both c ounsel made lengthy arguments and submissions which we have studied carefully. We do not in this judgment, go into details of the arguments. However, we refer to them from time to time in the following re-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 evaluation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 of evidence exercise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 we are duty bound to carry out under rule 30 of the Court of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 Appeal R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 ules.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10752496\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 GROUND 1 AND 2. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 Counsel for the appellant argued that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 two of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 the ingredients }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 constituting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 aggravated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 robbery were not proved i.e. use of a deadly weapon and participation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 the appellant in the robbery. Counsel claimed that since there was no proper }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 identification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 parade done, then the prosecution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 never}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 proved that it was the appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 who}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 participated in the robbery. Counsel complain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 ed the fact that there was no identification parade carrie d out and that when the appellant was brought out to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 identified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 he came out alone which created bias in the mind of the complainant. \par \par Counsel further argued that since the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 e was only one-single identifying witness, her evidence needed corroboration and the ju}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 dge should have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 warn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 himself against the dangers of convicting the appellant on such evidence, which he did not. \par \par On recovery of the property, it was found in possession of another person named Galiwango who claimed to have received it from the appellant. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 , the trial judge did not consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 the fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 Galiwango was never called as a witnesses and yet it could have be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 en possible that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 he committed the robbery. A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 ll }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857548\charrsid5582221 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13857548\charrsid5582221 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 points to the fact that participation of the appellant in the robbery w as never proved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7041725\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 \par Secondly, counsel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 argued that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 in light of the appellant\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 of alibi should have believed it. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Thirdly, counsel argued that the deadly weapon used or claimed to have been used was never recovered at the scene. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 That there were no injuries inflicted upon the complainant and therefore no panga was ever used. In support of his arguments, counsel relied upon the authority of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 Kyomuhendo David & Anor. Vs Uganda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 rim. Appeal No.3/2003 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 proposition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 that failure to produce a panga at the trial left the court in doubt as to whether a deadly weapon was actually used. \par \par In reply, the learned counsel for the respondent argued and supported the conviction and sentence. Regarding participation of the appellant in the robbery, she relied on t he evidence of PW1 who actually saw the appellant. Secondly, on the issue of identification, still, the evidence of PW1 was of great importance because she is the complainant in this matter and was able to see the appellant. The witness said that light from the torch was bright enough to help her identify her attacker and also the fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 they spent one hour together}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 moving from one room to room}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 with the attacker. Her evidence was corroborated by that of PW2 (the boda boda rider) who transported him from the stage to his home with the stolen property. \par \par On the issue o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 f the deadly weapon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 , the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 panga, the Principal State A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 ttorney replied that actually the panga was used and it was evident because he had cut the complainant\rquote s door in order to run out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 of the house}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221 . Also PW4 claimed to have seen the panga at the scene of crime the following day. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13651171\charrsid5582221 After hearing both sides and reading the record, we have reminded ourselves of the duty of this court as a first appellant court. That is to say, to subject all the evide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 nce which was adduced in the tr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13651171\charrsid5582221 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13651171\charrsid5582221 l court to a fresh appraisal and come to our own conclusion. See: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid13651171\charrsid5582221 Pandya vs R(19570) E. A.336, Bogeree Moses vs Uganda SC. CR. Appeal No.1/1997 and Mwesigira & Ano. Vs Uganda C. A. C. A 221/2003.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13651171\charrsid5582221 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6949601\charrsid5582221

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13651171\charrsid5582221 \par The learned trial judge, in his judgment properly stated the ingredients of the offence of robbery with aggravation. That is to say, the prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt the following:- \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 there was theft.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}That it was accompanied with violence. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}That a deadly weapon was used. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}The participation of the accused persons. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 During the hearing counsel for the appellant challenged ingredient (c) (d). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 We shall therefore concentrate on only these ingredients. \par \par We shall first deal with the issue of a deadly weapon namely a panga. The learned trial judge, after stating the law that a panga is a deadly weapon stated that, the relevant prosecution witnesses namely PW1 and PW4 all testified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 they saw a panga at the scene. They had this to say: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 PW1 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 \'93He told me that he wanted shs.60,000/= or else he would cut }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 my neck}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 . He wanted to cut me but I held the panga. He held me by my left arm and led me to the sitting ro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 om. He pushed the panga in a f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 m and told me }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 if we went to the bedroom and I did not give him shs.60,000/= he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 come back and cut me\'85\'85\'85.\'94 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 It is clear from the above testimony }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 the complainant\rquote s assailant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 threatened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 to use a panga which is a deadly weapon and this satisfies the definition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 of s.272(2) of the Penal Code A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 ct. \par \par PW4 is also recorded to have said; \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 \'93\'85\'85. After reporting to the L. C., we }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 went back}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 to the scene. The remaining property was removed and kept at mine. We found a panga at the scene. We did not recover it from the scene.\'94 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 It is also clear from the above evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 the appellant used a deadly weapon in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 committing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 the robbery. \par \par Secondly, we will deal with the last ingredient which is whether the appellant participated in the commission of the offence. The learned trial judge carefully evaluated the evidence on this issue as follows:- \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 \'93I will begin with the evidence of identification. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 The law with regard to identification has been stated in numerous decisions of our courts and this is that although a fact can be proved by testimony of a single witness this does not lessen the need of testing with the greatest care the evidence of such a witness respecting identification especially when the conditions favouring correct identification were difficult. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 In such circumstances what is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 needed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 is \lquote other evidence\rquote pointing to guilt from whi ch it can reasonably be concluded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 the evidence of identification can safely be accepted as free from the possibility of erro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 r. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 (See Abdalla Bin Wendo and A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 nother V. R.(1953) 20 EACA 166 and RORIA V Republic [1967] E. A. 583).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 The factors to be conside red to determine as to whether or not conditions favouring correct identification were difficult include the length of time a witness takes to look at his or her attacker, the distance between witness and the attacker, the light and the familiarity of the witness with the accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 . I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 f the quality is good the danger of mistaken identity is reduced but the poorer the quality the greater the danger See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Abdalla N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11083088\charrsid5582221 abulele and A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 nother (1979) HCB 79. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid4595868\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 \par In this case the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 conditions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 there was light in form of torchlight which according to the witness enabled her to look at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 assailant and was able to observe a gap between his upper teeth and a scar on his clean shaven head. Court observed that the accused has these features. It was also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 her description}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 of her attacker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 led to the arrest of the accused. Her attacker took sometime as he was asking her for money}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 as they moved from the sitting room to the bedroom. So she did not take a fleeting glance at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 but had sufficient time to look at him and be able to describe his appearance. All these were factors favouring correct identification and the only factor against was that the assailant was not a familiar face because the witness did not know him before this incident. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 addition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 to these factors favouring correct identification the prosecution adduced \lquote other evidence\rquote to connect the accused with the offence and this evidence consisted of the following:-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6188525\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 \par First of all on the day following the night of the robbery Kiyimba Ronald (PW2) carried the ac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2240872\charrsid5582221 cused on his m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 otor cycle. The accused was carrying a bag which was later }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 recovered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 and the complainant identified it as hers. Both the complainant ant this Kiyimba identified exh. P as that bag which was robbed from the complainant and accused was carrying. The accuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2240872\charrsid5582221 d denied having used Kiyimba\rquote s m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 otorcycle or having carried the bag in question. But I believed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 Kiyimba did not fabricate this evidence as he had no reason for doing so. \par \par Secondly the bag in question, a pair of shoes and a radio belong}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2240872\charrsid5582221 ing to the complainant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 were recovered from one, Galiwango and one Joseph on the information of the accused. Neither Joseph nor Galiwango }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 called to testify and according to Mr. Sensuwas this weakened the value of this evidence because Galiwango and Joseph could have been the thieves. I do not agree. S.29A of the Evidence Act provides as follows:- \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Notwithstanding the provisions the provisions of S.24 and 25 of this act, when any fact is deposed to as discovered in consequence of information received from a person accused of any offence, so much of such information, whether it amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to the fact the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 reby discovered, may be proved.\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 The recovery of these items were as a result of information from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 and the fact is proven even without the testimony of Galiwango or Joseph. \par \par Lastly, according to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Manzi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 Emmanuel (PW.5) the accused led him to the home of the complainant and identified her house as the house from which he had robed the items that had bee n recovered. It is noteworthy that the testimony of Manzi was not challenged on this point and I believe it.\'94 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 We are unable to fault the learned trial judge on this analysis. We are satisfied that the evidence on record put the appellant squarely on the scene of this robbery. The judge was correct to hold that participation of the appellant in the robbery was proved beyond reasonable doubt. \par \par Lastly, we will consider ground No.3 which is that the trial judge erred in law and fact when he passed the death sentence based on a wrongful conviction. Counsel for the appellant argued that if the ingredients of aggravated robbery were not properly proved, then the appellant should have been acquitted altogether. Counsel asked this court to allow the appeal and acquit the appellant and that should the appellant be found guilty, then the sentence should be reduced.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7819064\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 \par Learned counsel for the respondent did not agree. He submitted that robbery is a very serious c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 rime which was proved at the tr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 l beyond reasonable doubt. He called upon us to uphold both the conviction and sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12726764\charrsid5582221 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 We agree with the learned trial judge that there was sufficient evidence to justify conviction of the appellant for the offence of robbery with aggravation. In the result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14892445\charrsid5582221 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 we uphold the conviction of the appellant for the offence. \par \par In light of the Supreme Court decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Kigula & Others vs Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 which was pronounced when this appeal was pending in this court, we shall defer consideration of the sentence till we have heard allocutus from the appellant and the response of the respondent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5582221\charrsid5582221 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5582221 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Dated at Kampala this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14768014\charrsid5582221 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid14768014\charrsid5582221 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 day of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14768014\charrsid5582221 February }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 2010. \par Hon. Justice L. E. M. Kikonyongo \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 DEPUTY CHIEF JUSTICE. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid14768014\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Hon. Justice A. Twinomujuni \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 JUSTICE OF APPEAL. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14768014\charrsid5582221 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11498878\charrsid5582221 Hon. Justice C. K. 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