[2010] UGCA 12
The Court of Appeal found that the trial judge properly evaluated the evidence and correctly identified the first and second appellants as participants in the murder and aggravated robbery, based on direct eyewitness testimony, the confession of the first appellant, and corroborative circumstantial evidence. The...
Source-derived case information.
- Citation
- [2010] UGCA 12
- Parties
- Appellant: Nsubuga Alex; Appellant: Waneloba Fred; Appellant: RA. No. 144379 Pte Bamanya John; Respondent: Uganda
- Court
- Court of Appeal of Uganda
- Jurisdiction
- Uganda
- Case Number
- Criminal Appeal No. 178 of 2003
- Procedural Posture
- Criminal Appeal / Judgment
- Outcome
- Appeal of first and second appellants dismissed; appeal of third appellant allowed.
- Legal Topics
- Murder, Aggravated Robbery, Identification Evidence, Dying Declaration, Confession, Alibi
- Source Language
- en
Source-derived case record
Summary, issues, holding and outcome
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Parties
Nsubuga Alex
Appellant
Waneloba Fred
Appellant
RA. No. 144379 Pte Bamanya John
Appellant
Uganda
Respondent
Procedural Posture
Criminal Appeal / Judgment
Legal Issues
- 1 Whether the offences of murder and aggravated robbery were proved beyond reasonable doubt.
- 2 Whether the trial judge erred in rejecting the appellants' defences and convicting them on uncorroborated evidence.
- 3 Whether the sentence of death was properly imposed based on the conviction.
Ratio Decidendi
The Court of Appeal found that the trial judge properly evaluated the evidence and correctly identified the first and second appellants as participants in the murder and aggravated robbery, based on direct eyewitness testimony, the confession of the first appellant, and corroborative circumstantial evidence. The court held that the prosecution proved the offences beyond reasonable doubt against the first and second appellants. The court also found that the trial judge was justified in rejecting the appellants' defences of alibi, as they were contradicted by strong prosecution evidence. However, the court found that the conviction of the third appellant was unsafe, as there was no direct...
Court Disposition
Appeal of first and second appellants dismissed; appeal of third appellant allowed.
Orders
- Convictions and sentences of death against Nsubuga Alex and Waneloba Fred are upheld.
- Convictions and sentences against RA. No. 144379 Pte Bamanya John are quashed and he is set free unless lawfully held on other matters.
Full Case Text
Judgment text and source record
2 paragraphs
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G. Engwau, JA}{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 Hon Justice A. Twinomujuni, JA \par Hon Justice A. S. 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N0. 144379 PTE BAMANYA JOHN \par }\pard \ql \li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid9532462\charrsid13983089 }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 VS \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 UGANDA ::::::::::::::}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8403812\charrsid13983089 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{ \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 :}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8403812\charrsid13983089 :::::::::::}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 RESPONDENT \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14051591\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14051591\charrsid13983089 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\f0\fs24\insrsid9532462\charrsid13983089 The three}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 appellants were jointly indicted on two counts of murder and aggravated robbery c/s 183 and 184 and}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9532462\charrsid13983089 273(2) of the Penal Code }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6758227\charrsid13983089 Act }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 in}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 the High Court sitting in Mbale. They were tried, convicted and sentenced to death on 11/8/2003}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9532462\charrsid13983089 .}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 They}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 appealed}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 to this C}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 ourt against both conviction and sentence. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14051591\charrsid13983089 \par \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 The following were the brief facts of the case. \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 In }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 night of 6}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 January 2001 at Busamaga village in Mbale District, the appellants murdered one Kairu Alfred. During the same night in the same}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 house in which they killed the deceased, they}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 robbed Mutenyo Steven cash worth shs 422,000/=, a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 mobile}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 phone, a camera, (Polaroid)}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 , t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 w}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 wrist watches and a traveling bag all valued at shs 2,000,000/= and at or immediately before the said robbery used a gun. An alarm was made and neighbours came who found the deceased in critical condition. Some}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 people saw}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 the attackers armed with a gun and a panga. The deceased was rushed }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 to hospital, where he }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 later }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 passed away. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 \par \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 The first}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 appellant Nsubuga Alex was arrested by villagers who }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 had information that he had been }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 identified as one of the attackers. He was handed over to the police.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 In his charge and caution statement, }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 revealed his co appellants. \par \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 Appellant N0. 2}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 was arrested f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 ro}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 m the DISO}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 \rquote s home where he was on guard}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 duty as a member of the Local Defence Unit (LDU)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 . }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 An SMG gun N0.128134077 was recovered from him.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 Appel}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 lant N0. 3}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 a soldier was arrested from the home}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 of the RDC where he was also doing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 guard duties. }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 Also an SMG gun }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 N0. UE 7701-1998 with 89 ammunitions was recovered }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 from }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4542162\charrsid13983089 him }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 and}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4542162\charrsid13983089 was }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 exhibited in court.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1258595\charrsid13983089 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 \par The defences of the appellants which were general denials of non participations were rejected by the trial judge. \par \par In their latest memorandum of appeal file}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 d}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 on their behalf }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 by their counsel in court on 8/1/2009}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 , they}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 raised 3 grounds of appeal namely: \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13983089 { \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 That the learned trial judge erred in law and fact in finding that the offences of murder and robbery with aggravation had been proved beyond reasonable doubt. \par }\pard \qj \li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13983089 { \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 That the learned trial judge erred in law and fact in rejecting }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11999344\charrsid13983089 the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 appellant\rquote s defences and convicted the}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11999344\charrsid13983089 m}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 on incredible contradicting inadequate and uncorroborated prosecution evidence. \par }\pard \qj \li360\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin360\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13983089 { \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 That the learned trial judge erred in law and fact in sentencing the appellant}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11999344\charrsid13983089 s}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6184697\charrsid13983089 to death basing herself on wrongly passed conviction \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11999344\charrsid13983089 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11999344\charrsid13983089 During the hearing of the appeal, the appellants were represented by Mrs Kasande Mulangira on state brief. On the other side M/s Abodo Jane Francis, a Principal State Attorney represented the respondent. \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3497331\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid3497331\charrsid13983089 On ground one. \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3497331\charrsid13983089 Counsel Kasa}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3497331\charrsid13983089 de Mulangira dwelt on the participation of the appellants. She submitted that the prosecut ion in the court below did not discharge its burden of proof beyond reasonable}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 doubt}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 , because}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 the ingredients of murder and robbery were left out. In her view the judge wrongly evaluated the evidence and came to a wrong conclusion. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 For example}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 , she pointed out that it is not true that when Nsubuga was arrested, he said he was with the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 other }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 s}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3497331\charrsid13983089 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 \par She }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 complained about}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 the hasty manner in which the trial within a trial was conducted. The appellants were not given a chance to defend themselves. P. W.4 wa s not sworn when he was giving his testimony in the trial within a trial. \par \par }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 On ground 2 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 She adopted her submission on ground one. \par \par }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 On ground 3 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 She submitted that the l}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 earned judge erred in rejecting}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 the alibi of the appellants. For example in their defence they referred}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 to}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 DISO and RDC who were not called. The appellants should have been given the benefit of doubt. \par \par In her view the conviction was based on weak evidence which led to the appellant\rquote s being sentenced to death. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 She prayed that her client}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 \rquote }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 appeal be allowed, conviction quashed and sentence set aside. \par \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 In re}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid5654903\charrsid13983089 p}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 ly}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4854035\charrsid13983089 Counsel}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 Jane Francis Abodo opposed the appeal. She submitted that P. W. I knew appellant N0.1 very well. It was 9:00 pm. He was with the deceased and had a torch. The witness and the appell ants were 1-2 meters apart. He had known AI for 3 years and was staying in the same house with P. W.2}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 who is}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 his cousin and an aunt}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 to P. W. I. H}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 e also told Police }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13313539\charrsid13983089 that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 very night }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4854035\charrsid13983089 that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6495636\charrsid13983089 he had recognized AI. \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13313539\charrsid13983089 \par P. W. I saw 2 people but recognized AI. She went on to submit that P. W.2 who was in bed recognized Wanyera who was not arrested}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6453423\charrsid13983089 . It is A2 who had a gun. The witness testified further that they were in a corridor under strong light of a florescent lamp of 100 watts. In addition to knowing them, they were in t he house for about 30 minutes. They demanded for money. She heard and recognized their voices which she }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 kne}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6453423\charrsid13983089 w well before. Counsel went on to point out that P. W.}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 I made a statement that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 night}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 and mentioned AI }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 as having been o}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 ne of the assailants. AI}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 was arrested on 7/1/2001 while}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 A2 and 3 were arrested the following day prompted by the statement AI }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 mad}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 e to the Police in which he mentioned 3 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 people he}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 was with. Counsel }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4542162\charrsid13983089 argued}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 that even if AI had }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 not mentioned hi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 s co accused, P. W. I identified }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 AI }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 while P. W. 2 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 identified }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12021630\charrsid13983089 A2.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13313539\charrsid13983089 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 \par AI during cross examination corroborated the evidence of P. W. I and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4854035\charrsid13983089 P. W.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 2 that he was staying at the home of P. W. 2. She requested us to find no merit in the appeal and dismiss it accordingly. \par \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 After having heard both co}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 unsel for the appellants }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 and the S}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 tate,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 our duty as a first Appellate C}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 ourt to evaluate the evidence as a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 whole}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 and come to our }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 own}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 conclusions}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 in particular with regard to the complaints contained in the memorandum of appeal}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4854035\charrsid13983089 . See }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4854035\charrsid13983089 Bogere Moses Vs Uganda}{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 Supreme Court Cr. Appeal}{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid4854035\charrsid13983089 N0. 1/1999}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 \par \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 In ground one}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 the appellants complained that the offences of murder and robbery }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4854035\charrsid13983089 with}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 aggravation}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 were not }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 proved}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 beyond }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 reasonable}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 doubt}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 . On }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 th}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 is }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 point}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 the learned trial}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 first considered the evidence o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 n the first count of murder. \par \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 This appears }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 ro}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 m page 2 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 to page}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 10 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 of}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 her judgment. She considered and evaluated all the essential }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 ingredients}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 murder}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 and the confession}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 of}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 appellant N0. I}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 . She }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 also}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 considered the defences of the appellants which were general denials and rejected them. We }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 have also}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 evaluated the evidence as is our duty as the 1}{ \f0\fs24\super\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 st}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 Appellate C}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 ourt. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 Appellant N0. } {\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 I }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 is a cousin of P. W. I. They lived in the same house for 3years before he}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 was chased away for theft tendencies}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9382185\charrsid13983089 According to P. W. I, }{\f0\fs24\insrsid535340\charrsid13983089 he and}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 his other members of the family }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9382185\charrsid13983089 were }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 in the house some watching Television. Suddenly they noticed that the security light had gone off. They thought that the bulb had blown. Their mother told them to go and replace it. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 The deceased was in front of P. W. I and flashed a }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 torch}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 . He saw and recognized appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 N0. I and }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 his fellow}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 attackers who were 1-2 meters away.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 The above evidence is corroborated by the 1}{ \f0\fs24\super\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 st}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 appellant\rquote s charge and caution statement which was admitted in evidence after being tested for its}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 voluntariness in}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 a trial within a trial. This is what appellant N0. I }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9382185\charrsid13983089 told Police}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 :-
\par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 \'93It}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 is true that on the 7}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\super\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 th}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 /1/2001 a}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 t}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 Busamaga I was with the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 me}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 n I knew as Fred}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 ,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 Alex}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 ,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 and another whom I know as a friend to Fred. I do not know t}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 he surnames of the said three me}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 n. Fred and his friend were armed with guns. The three picked me from my residence and }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 I went\'85 remove the fuse from the meter box and I did it. Alex }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 went and re}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 moved the bulb which was at the door way and Fred stood aside and I stood near him. Fred then asked me to show him Mr. Mutenyo\rquote s bedroom and before I did it someone flashed a torch from inside the ho}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 u}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 se. Fred fi}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 r}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 ed his gun through the door }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 and I}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 heard some }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 one }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 cry inside the ho}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 u}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 se th}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 a}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1866137\charrsid13983089 t he had been shot at. A voice }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 came thus}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 :}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 \'93I}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 have been killed, Nsubuga come and finish me}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 \'94 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 An } {\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 alarm was made inside the ho}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 u}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 se }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 and Alex}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 and Fred forced their way inside the ho}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 u}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 se. I and Fred\rquote s friend remained outside. Late}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 r I}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 saw }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 F}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 red coming out with a suit case }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 which}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 looked }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 heavy}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 . Alex carried a Television deck and we went towards Masaba garden. Alex, Fred and his friend with the loot}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 \'85\'85\'85.. The person who was shot at during the robbery mission died }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 at Mbale hospital. I was arrested on 8/1/2001 by the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 W}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 anainchi and handed to Police. That }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 is}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 all I can state. Statement }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 mad}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 e by me}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 ,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 recorded for me}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 ,}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2838451\charrsid13983089 and read back to me. It is found true and correct.\'94 \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 From the above statement, the timing in the removal of the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9987406\charrsid13983089 fuse from the meter box and the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 removal of the bulb}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9987406\charrsid13983089 by one Alex}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 tallies with the going out of the security}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 light}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 . Also in our view the dying declaration heard }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 by appellant}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 N0. 1 and put in his }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 statement }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8403812\charrsid13983089 \'93}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8403812\charrsid13983089 I}{ \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 have been killed Nusbuga come and }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 finish}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 me\'94}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 shows that the deceased had }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 identified}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 appellant N0. 1 with the assistance f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 ro}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 m}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 flashed}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 torch}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14180819\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1603886\charrsid13983089 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 We, like the trial judge }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 believe that P. W}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 . I properly identified appellant N0. I}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 who in turn named his }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 co }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 attacker}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 in }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 his }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 charge and caution statement}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10028647\charrsid13983089 quoted above}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 . \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 P. W. 2 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5332516\charrsid13983089 also}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5332516\charrsid13983089 recognized}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 appellant N0. 2 as the person who had a gun. This was }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 in a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 corridor under }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 strong}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 light }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 of a florescent }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 lamp. The}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5332516\charrsid13983089 y }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 were}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5332516\charrsid13983089 together for a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5332516\charrsid13983089 period of about 30 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 minutes.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 We see no where the trial judge went }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 wrong in}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 her conclusion that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 t}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 he prosecution had proved beyond reasonable doubt the charge of murder against the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10959454\charrsid13983089 1}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid10959454\charrsid13983089 st}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10959454\charrsid13983089 and 2}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid10959454\charrsid13983089 nd}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10959454\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14377480\charrsid13983089 s}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 . }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 Under the principle }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 of commo}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 n}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 intention, it does not matter who fired and}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 killed the decease}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 d}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 . They are both }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 guilty}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10317592\charrsid13983089 of murder. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 We therefore uphold her finding }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid10959454\charrsid13983089 against the two appellants }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 on count one. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10959454\charrsid13983089 Our view is however different with regard to appellant N0. 3. We shall deal with }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10959454\charrsid13983089 his case }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 after}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10959454\charrsid13983089 disposing of ground 2 below.}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 The judge equally considered the evidence which was adduced to prove each }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 ingredient}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 of}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 robbery offence which appears on page 10 to 12 of her judgment. We are unable to fault her }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 finding}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 on }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 at count}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4414747\charrsid13983089 also}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid553445\charrsid13983089 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6758227\charrsid13983089 and find}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 no merit in }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 the 1}{ \f0\fs24\super\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 st}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6635373\charrsid13983089 ground}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 of appeal. \par \par The second complaint of the appellants was in respect of the judge rejecting their defences.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 This brings in the issue}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11419494\charrsid13983089 of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 whether the appellants were properly identified. The evidence against Nsubuga Alex was that of P. W. I Abdulla Kawanga. He and the deceased went out to check why security lights had gone out. The deceased had a torch which }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11419494\charrsid13983089 he }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 flashed. P. W. I}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11419494\charrsid13983089 saw t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 w}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11419494\charrsid13983089 o people a}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 bout a meter f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11419494\charrsid13983089 ro}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 m the main door and one had a gun. He was able to recognize the appellant becau se he was a cousin. P. W. I and the deceased retreated}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11419494\charrsid13983089 b}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 ack in th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13583977\charrsid13983089 e house. As }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11419494\charrsid13983089 they closed}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13583977\charrsid13983089 the do}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11419494\charrsid13983089 or behind themselves, there was }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 gun fire. It hit the deceased who was behind the witness. He later died in Hospital. When the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13583977\charrsid13983089 attackers}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 entered the house and the bed }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13583977\charrsid13983089 room where P. W}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 .2 was she was able to identify appellant N0. 2 who was }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13583977\charrsid13983089 holding}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13583977\charrsid13983089 a g}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 un. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4090035\charrsid13983089 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7878902\charrsid13983089 \par In dealing with the defences of the appellants the learned trial judge had this to say. \par }\pard \qj \li1440\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13583977\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 P. W.2 said that actually he was living with AI when he was a student at Elgon }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8548090\charrsid13983089 School in S.4}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 . And she said that she } {\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8548090\charrsid13983089 chased}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 him away 2 months before this incident happened. I find the testimony of P. W.2 truthful and AI was merely conc}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8548090\charrsid13983089 octing the issue}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8548090\charrsid13983089 of a grudge}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 . In }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8548090\charrsid13983089 any case w}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 hen P. W. 2 testified as above there was no challenge or }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8548090\charrsid13983089 cross}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 examination on those material fact}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8548090\charrsid13983089 s}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 . So }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8548090\charrsid13983089 the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 only inference, I could draw was that P. W. 2 was speaking the truth. }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 See Otti }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8548090\charrsid13983089 Sebastian}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 VS Uganda [SCU] Cr. Appeal N0. 17/98 also James Sewabiri and Another Vs. Uganda}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 [SCU] App N}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 0. 5/90}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 .}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13583977\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 \par Besides all the three accused persons denied having known each other despite the strong evidence as on record and the confession of AI. T}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 his just showed that the accuse}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 d}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 persons were merely }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 lairs and I couldn\rquote t}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 believe them. Before I take }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 leave of}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 this case, }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 I s}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 hould mention that the presence of A1 at the scene}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 was heavily corroborated by P. W}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 .2 when she gave her testimony. She appeared very truthful and reliable. \par \par Firstly}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16128686\charrsid13983089 P. W. I had seen AI as he flashed the door. And indeed }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 when}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16128686\charrsid13983089 P. W. I and }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 t}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid16128686\charrsid13983089 he deceased went out, they had no ticed that the security lights were not on. AI in the confession brought it out that he was told by his co assailants to go and removed the bulb which was at the door way and Fred A2}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 stood aside and AI stood near him. That A2}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 asked him to show him }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 P. W.2\rquote s husband\rquote s}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 room}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 and that before he did it, someone (P. W. I flashed a torch from inside the house}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 that he had shot at. That he said, \'93Nsubuga come and finish me\'94}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8204574\charrsid13983089 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 (}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 See statement) it was tendered and }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 exhibited }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 and marked}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 E}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 xp 4. P. W. 4 said that when she went to the hospital where Kairu was she told them that it was Nsubuga who had killed him and it was in the morning hours of 7}{\b\i\f0\fs24\super\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 th}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 day of the material month }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 and year}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 as indic}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 ated. S. 155 of the Evidence A}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 ct in regard to the nature of }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 statements}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 is clear. This kind of }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 evidence }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 corroborated strongly the prosecution case in the material particular as to the presence of AI at the scene of crime in addition to the direct and circumstantial evidence already talked about in this judgment.} {\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid198659\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 P. W.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 2 didn\rquote t only hear immediately after the shooting of the deceased when the deceased told them that the assailants had left and wanted to be t}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 aken to hospital, but even when}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 she went }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 to}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 hospital}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 the deceased told her. This meant that the deceased was certain of his assailant who was doing it in concert with A2 and A3 as already stated in this}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 judgment}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 . And there is no doubt that A2 had a gun because the gun he had was that one }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 recovered th}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 ou}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 gh}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 there is}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 no evidence that the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 ammunition}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 was discharged f}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 rom that particular gun.}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 It is my }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 view}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 that this was not prejudicial to the prosecution case }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 because of}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 strong}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 evidence as adduced on record and summarized in this judgment. So the conviction will }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 not}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 be sol}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 e}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 ly }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 be }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 on a dying }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 declaration}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 as far}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 a}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 s count I is concerned}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 (}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 see Okwel }{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid6892731\charrsid13983089 Vs Uganda cr. Appl N0. 12/90 SCU}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 and Tindigwira Aulable Vs Uganda Cr. Appeal N0. 9/87 CA}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 applying }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 those}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 principles as embodied in those cases there is no doubt that the accused were criminally liable. I find even S.30 of the }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11419494\charrsid13983089 Evidence}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 Act equally }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 applicable}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 and relevant in the circumstances of this case.}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3437067\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 \par I}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 am alive to the fact that there is need for caution to}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 be }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 exercised}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 in }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 the reception}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 of dying declar}{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 at}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 ions and the necessity for their corroboration. In the}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 case of }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 Jasinja Akumu Vs R [2]}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 1945]}{\b\i\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 21 EACA}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 , }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 it was said among the need for caution is because the test of cross examination may be wanting and the particulars of the violence may have occurred under }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 circumstances}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 of}{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 confusion and surprise calculated }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 to }{ \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 prevent }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14947970\charrsid13983089 them }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11347345\charrsid13983089 being accurately observed\'85..\'94 \par }{\b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 The trial court correctly and adequately in our opinion, considered and disposed}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 of the defences of alibi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 advanced}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 by the appellants N0. I and 2}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 . }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 We agree that there wa}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 s suf}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 fi}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 ci}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 ent justification to reject their defences. They could not }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 have been }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 properly }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 identified}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 at }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 he }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 scene}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 of crime and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 at }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 the same }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 time}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 be}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 elsewhere as they claimed}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 The 2}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 nd}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 ground of appeal would also fail. The 3}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 rd}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 ground would consequently fail too. \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 \par However, the case against the 3}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 rd}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 appellant appears to be different. None of the witnesses who }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 testified in court }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 mentioned him or pointed at him as having been}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 identified as }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 one of the attackers. }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 In appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 N0. 1\rquote s statement, he mentioned himself, Fred, Alex and }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 another he}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 knew}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 as }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 Fred\rquote s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 f}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 ri}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 nd. The prosecution did }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 not}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 attempt to establish who}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 Fred\rquote s friend was}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9716281\charrsid13983089 . }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 The only clue is from}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 P. W.3 the investigating officer who said that he interrogated Nsubuga appellant N0. 1 who told him tha}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 t he was with Waneloba Fred an LDU guarding }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 DISO\rquote s home and a soldier guarding the residence of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 Deputy }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 R}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 esident Dis trict Commissioner}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 . Although this witness }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 recovered}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 an empty cartridge from}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 the }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 scene}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 of crime}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 and an SMG gun N0. UE 7701-1998}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 from}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 appellant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 N0. 3 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 at }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 t}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 he }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 deputy }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 RDC\rquote }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 s }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 resi}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 de}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 nce,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 no}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9909956\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 expert evidence was led to establish }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6758227\charrsid13983089 that }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 the empty }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6758227\charrsid13983089 cartridge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 was fired from the gun that was recovered }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 from appellant N0. 3 so }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 as }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6758227\charrsid13983089 to connect him to the scene of the crime}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12799874\charrsid13983089 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 \par For the a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8721118\charrsid13983089 bove reasons we find it very un-}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 safe to allow the conviction against him to stand. His appeal therefore succeeds. The convictions on both }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13776863\charrsid13983089 counts are quashed and sentence}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 of death set aside. He is set free unless he is otherwise lawfully detained on o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7040279\charrsid13983089 ther matters. The appeal of appellant No}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12275001\charrsid13983089 . 1 and 2 is dismissed and the sentence is confirmed. \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13983089 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 Dated}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 at }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 Kampala}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 this }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7040279\charrsid13983089 3}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7040279\charrsid13983089 rd}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7040279\charrsid13983089 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3871349\charrsid13983089 day of}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7040279\charrsid13983089 May}{\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 2010. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid7040279\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 HON S. G. ENGWAU}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 JUSTICE OF APPEAL}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 \par HON A. TWINOMUJUNI}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid8926868\charrsid13983089 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4135195\charrsid13983089 JUSTICE OF APPEAL \par \par HON A. S. 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