[2023] UGHCCD 263

# THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

# IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA HOLDEN AT GULU

# MISCELLANEOUS CAUSE NO. 13 OF 2022

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$\mathsf{S}$

OPIYO JOSEPH OTIITI.................................

### **VERSUS**

# 15

1. NYEKO JOSEPH

2. TWESIGOMWE DORIS

3. SHAFFI AMURU...................................

### **BEFORE: HON. MR. JUSTICE GEORGE OKELLO**

### 25

### **RULING**

### 30 **Introduction**

The Applicant commenced the present action by Notice of Motion against the Respondents, proceeding substantially under various provisions of the Human Rights (Enforcement) Act, 2019. The first Respondent (Mr. Nyeko Joseph) is a Principal State Attorney, the 2^nd Respondent (Ms. Twesigomwe Doris) a State Attorney, while the third Respondent (Mr. Shaffi Amuru) is a Senior State Attorney, all working in the Attorney General's Chambers, Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, Gulu Regional Office.

HUADDAN

$\mathsf{S}$ The Applicant alleges violation of his human rights by the Respondents. The action stems from Mr. Nyeko's acting as counsel for a Judge of the High Court (Hon. Lady Justice Margaret Muonyi) in a suit lodged against the learned Judge for a judicial decision she took with which the Applicant was unhappy. The learned Judge was thus sued vide Civil Suit No. 002 of 2019: Opiyo Joseph Otiiti Vs. Margaret Mutonyi. The 2^nd Respondent is $10$ sued for appearing as counsel for Gulu Municipal Council in Civil Suit No. 08 of 2019: Opiyo Joseph Otiiti Vs. Gulu Municipal Council. As against the 3^rd Respondent, there is no specific allegation made but it is averred that he associated with the first Respondent in his legal pursuits, so he is being sued in a vicarious capacity. The 3^rd Respondent is joined in this action 15 apparently because he also works in the same Chambers as Mr. Nyeko.

### **Grounds of the Application**

The Applicant avers that; the Respondents are legally obliged to protect his human rights as a citizen of Uganda. He claims the Respondents failed in 20 their duties as Government Attorneys. The Applicant asserts that the Respondents are behind a Court order issued by Justice Ajiji Alex Mackay, J., of the High Court of Uganda, on 17^th May, 2019 in Civil Suit No.002 of 2019: Opiyo Joseph Otiiti Vs. Margaret Mutonyi. In that suit, the Applicant sued the Lady Judge for reaching an adverse decision against him in Civil

HUAVO.

$\mathsf{S}$ Suit No. 46 of 2013: Opiyo Joseph Otiiti Vs. Action Against Hunger, a suit the court decided on a preliminary point of law. In Civil Suit No. 002 of 2019, the Applicant also sues the learned Judge for allegedly not posting her Ruling on the Judiciary website. As Counsel for the Learned Judge, Mr. Nyeko appears to have applied to the High Court (Ajiji, J.) for an order of stay of all suits lodged by the Applicant in all Courts. Mr. Nyeko also $10$ appears to have sought for an order that the Applicant be mentally examined. The application by Mr. Nyeko appears to have been premised on the fact that, in his suit, the Applicant seeks for the hanging / beheading of the Judge as he claimed the Judge committed acts of war against the Republic of Uganda, by not posting her Ruling on the judiciary 15 website. Ajiji, J., granted Mr. Nyeko's prayers. As observed, Ajiji, J. stayed all suits lodged by the Applicant in all Courts and ordered for his mental examination, with a further directive that, lawyers for the Defendants in other affected cases may take further steps and apply for appropriate 20 orders.

The Applicant contends that, because of the High Court order staying all his suits, his rights have been violated by the Respondents. He also alleges that, the High Court order is forged, and that, the Respondents have criminally influenced a law firm (M. Oyet & Co. Advocates) and also criminally influenced a High Court Judge (Mubiru, J.) to dismiss the Applicant's two other suits against the Applicant's adversaries. The

Hussem.

$\mathsf{S}$ Applicant also alleges that, the Respondents defamed him by purporting that the Applicant is a person of unsound mind. The Applicant claims to have lost a job due to the allegations of unsoundness of his mind. He contends that, he has been denied a hearing by courts. The Applicant concluded by speculating that, this Court is likely to be bribed to dismiss $10$ the instant matter, which will be another affront to the Applicant's rights. The Applicant swore a detailed affidavit in which he reiterates the claims summarized herein above.

### **Responses**

In their separate responses, the Respondents deny the allegations. The gist $15$ of the responses are that: the allegations are grossly false and geared towards scandalizing judicial officers who are persons of high integrity; the Applicant puts without basis, the character of judicial officers for malicious ends; the malicious motives are further directed at the Respondents for no reason; the Respondents were merely performing their 20 professional duties as public servants and Lawyers for Government and have been wrongly sued; the Respondents have no duty to protect the Applicant's alleged rights; the applicant had better remedies to pursue if at all he was aggrieved with the High Court order; suing lawyers who represent or represented an adversary against the applicant is not an 25 available legal remedy; the Layers were merely enforcing Orders of the High Court for which they cannot be blamed or sued; The Applicant should have

Herodin.

$\mathsf{S}$ appealed the High Court order or sought to set it aside, options he did not pursue; the High Court Order issued by Ajiji, J. is genuine and not forged; the stay of other suits before courts were predicated on the High Court Order by Justice Ajiji, given on 17^th May, 2019; the 2^nd and the 3^rd Respondents were not lawyers for Hon. Lady Justice Mutonyi but the 1^st $10$ Respondent was but he was merely performing his duty as State Counsel for the learned Judge; Posting court decisions on Judiciary webpage as Mubiru, J., did, is not defamatory of any one; the Applicant's affidavit is speculative, argumentative, and defective; the Application should not be determined because the Applicant's mental health status is yet to be determined; The Respondents have never purported that the Applicant is 15 a person with mental illness, as the impugned Court Orders were issued for the purposes of determining the Applicant's mental health; the Application should be dismissed with costs; and the Applicant should be restrained/ barred from suing the Respondents or any Government lawyer and Advocates generally especially those who appear as counsel for 20 adversaries, in matters where the Applicant is a party.

### **Representation**

During the hearing of this application, the parties represented themselves. At the time this court was assigned the case file in July, 2023, the Applicant had long filed his submission on 3^rd April, 2023. This Court notes that, in his letter dated 6^th April, 2023, written three days after filing

Hudrelen

$\mathsf{S}$

the written submission, addressed to the Senior Resident Judge Gulu High $\mathsf{S}$ Court, and copied to several offices within and outside the Judiciary, the Applicant requested that the instant application should not be allocated to this court, to save it from 'wrongful dismissal of cases'. He also insinuated that this Court connives with the Respondents, and would delay to dispose of the matter, which would prompt the Applicant to file $10$ cases to counter such threats.

Be that as it may, when the parties first appeared before this Court for hearing on 12^th July, 2023, nothing was raised regarding the Applicant's letter. This Court discovered the letter much later after the parties had 15 appeared. During the further appearance on 12^th September, 2023, this court was not asked by the Applicant to recuse itself from adjudicating the matter for any reason. The impugned letter was written even before this court knew the case had been allocated to it. Apparently, the Applicant had got wind of the allocation. This Court also notes that the Applicant, 20 by the said letter, insisted that the Senior Resident Judge hears all his matters pending before the High Court, including the present matter, a request the Senior Resident Judge flatly rejected.

The above notwithstanding, this court proceeds to consider the 25 application, guided by the law and evidence. This Court shall keep as it has always done, to the judicial oath taken, and shall determine the matter

Hurodu.

$\mathsf{S}$ impartially, without fear or favour, affection or ill will, and will do right to all litigants before it. I should add that, the Applicant's conduct showed he wanted to pick his own Judge, a course not tenable at law. See: **Uganda** Polybags Ltd Vs. Development Finance Bank Ltd, Misc. Application No. 2 of 2000 (SCU); Tinyefuza Vs. AG, Const. Pet. No.1 of 1997 (SCU); $10$ G. M Combined Ltd Vs. AK Detergents (U) Ltd, Civil Appeal No. 9 of 1998 (SCU).

### **Issues**

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- 1. Whether the Respondents violated any human rights of the Applicant? - 2. What remedies are available?

## **Arguments**

The parties addressed court orally at the hearing of 12^th September, 2023. The Applicant adopted his oral submission but amplified and made fresh 20 arguments in supplemental. The Respondents also addressed court orally. Court has considered all submissions, and is grateful.

# Determination

The gravamen of the complaint is that, the Respondents infringed human 25 rights of the Applicant, especially the right to a fair hearing.

HuroQm.

The Constitution of Uganda, 1995 provides that, the right to a fair hearing $\mathsf{S}$ provided in article 28 (1) is non- derogable under article 44 (c) of the Constitution. The right to fair hearing is, therefore, entrenched. This right is broad and the court attempts to expound on the right have always depended on the context, and the facts and circumstances of each case.

10 For example in **Soon Yeon Kim & another Vs. Attorney General, Const. Reference No. 6 of 2007** the Constitutional court considered the aspects of pretrial disclosure in criminal trials, holding, among others, that, the right to a fair hearing envisages equality between the contestants in litigation.

# In <u>Mwanga Francis & 2 others Vs. Uganda, Criminal Appeal No. 88 of</u>

1999, the Court of Appeal of Uganda considered article 28 (3) (d) and (e) of the Constitution with a focus on the right of an accused person to appear in court in person or by a lawyer of his or her choice, and at the accused's expense. The Court noted that, in cases that carry death sentence or imprisonment for life, an accused person has a right to legal representation at the expense of the State. The Court also considered the right of an accused to examine prosecution witnesses and to obtain the attendance of other witnesses. The Court adverted to the important principle that, an advocate appointed to defend an accused person has a duty to ensure that his client's case is presented and concluded with scrupulous fairness and integrity in accordance with the instructions and professional ethics.

Hurrey.

As seen from the two cases, issues of a fair hearing are broad. Therefore, fairness is a variable concept and can never be reduced to a one-size fits all formula, as stated by Ssekaana Musa, J., in Stephen Mukweli & 4 Others Vs. Bank of Uganda & Post Bank Uganda Ltd, Misc. Cause No. 210 of 2019.

$\mathsf{S}$

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In the instant case, the Applicant has not clearly specified how the Respondent's acting for their own clients, that is, Hon. Lady Justice Mutonyi, in the case of the 1^st Respondent, and Gulu Municipal Council. $15$ in the case of the $2^{nd}$ Respondent, infringed the Applicant's rights to a fair hearing. With respect, it seems to me the Applicant does not well appreciate the legal duty owed by the Respondents to their clients, especially in an adversarial system of litigation such as ours. It also appears the Applicant does not understand that the Respondents were and are not his lawyers. The Respondents are deemed to have been instructed 20 in the public context, to conduct their clients' cases with scrupulous fairness and integrity and in accord with professional ethics. Lady Justice Mutonyi, in this context, had to be represented by the Attorney General's Chambers because the suit against her is not lodged on account of a private decision she made in a private capacity, but as a judicial officer 25 who was performing her judicial duties. Regarding legal representation of Gulu Municipal, by the 2^nd Respondent, I note that, as a Local

Husselm.

$\mathsf{S}$ Government, the Council enjoys a right to legal representation by officers of the Attorney General's Chambers, given the Attorney General under whom the Respondents serve, is constitutionally mandated to represent Government in Courts or in any other legal proceedings to which Government is a party, under article 119 (4) of the Constitution, 1995. 10 This role is expansive and covers Local Governments especially those that request to be so represented by officers from the Attorney General's Chambers. Thus, as lawyers who were acting for their clients, the Respondents owed the foremost duty to their clients and court, as officers of court under section 16 of the Advocates Act Cap 267 (as amended). They 15 owed no duty to the Applicant save for the standard expectations such as professional courtesy and sticking to ethical principles of advocacy. The Applicant has never shown that he is an advocate and therefore, a professional colleague of the Respondents who ought to have been treated in some special manner. In this regard, I can do no better than to quote 20 from case law.

In **Rondel Vs. Worsely [1966] WLR 950**, at page 962, Lord Denning M. R. observed:

25 "The advocate must do all he honourably can on behalf of his client. I say so because his duty is not only to his client. He has a duty to

HLANDING $\mathsf{S}$ the court which is paramount...an advocate owes allegiance to a higher cause. It is the cause of truth and justice..."

Regarding the duty of an advocate to his/her professional colleagues, the same is opined by some Learned Authors. Thus according to Francis A. Wazarwahi Bwengye in his Book entitled "Legal Practice in Uganda, **2002**, at p.94, he states thus: $\mathbf{2002}$

"An advocate must be true to himself. Then the duty he owes to his colleague will flow from it, for he must abide by his word and never betray confidence. The community of advocates is a closely knit one 15 and occasions on which it is necessary or desirable for opponents to speak to another in confidence are frequent. It is only because counsel are able to place implicit trust in their professional brethren both when they are in practice and when they sit on the bench that the business of the courts can be smoothly conducted, that the 20 interests of their clients can be best served and the proceedings carried out without the mistrust which causes the rancor and ill-will."

See: Richard du Cann: The Art of the Advocate, Penguin Books, England, 1980, pp 44-45.

HLADDu.

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In this case, the Applicant was not in the privileged position of an advocate $\mathsf{S}$ and thus should not have expected much from the Respondents, whatever expectations he had in mind. As officers of court who were performing their professional duties of representing their clients, the Respondents were of course expected to stick to the professional standards and codes of conduct. By so doing, their professional conduct would benefit the entire $10$ administration of justice and the Public in general. To that extent, the Applicant, as an adversary in litigation, would also stand to benefit. In this case, it is not shown that the Respondents as officers of court were not professional in their quintessential representation of their clients.

It should be recalled that, appearing in court for conduct of a client's case is one of the duties of an advocate under Regulation 5 of the Advocates (Professional Conduct) Regulations, S. I 267-2. Thus scrupulous and professional representation of a client cannot amount to infringement of human rights of the client's adversary's. With respect, to claim that by so doing, the adversary's right to a fair hearing is being infringed, defeats common sense and logic. It is a misuse of words. If the Applicant wished to enjoy equal status of legal representation as his adversaries, nothing stopped him from obtaining services of counsel.

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This Court notes the Applicant's claim that, by the impugned order of the High Court having been sought by the 1^st Respondent, as per his client's

HuroQu

$\mathsf{S}$ instructions, the latter thereby infringed the Applicant's rights. That argument is flawed and not rooted on any law or common sense. In the instant case, the 1^st Respondent was simply performing his professional duties as per his client's presumed instructions. If at all the Applicant felt aggrieved with the impugned High Court Order, it was open to him to $10$ appeal, or take such steps to have it reviewed or otherwise set aside. It was not open to him to sue the Advocate instead. To accept the Applicant's complaints and find fault with the Respondents' actions would be inimical to the Respondents' rights to practice their profession as such, in the Public Service and would be contrary to the provision of article 40 (2) of $15$ the Constitution of Uganda, 1995, which provides,

"Every person in Uganda has the right to practice his or her profession and to carry on any lawful occupation, trade or business."

In the instant case, there was nothing wrong with Mr. Nyeko's professional 20 conduct of his client's case.

As against Ms. Twesigomwe (the 2^nd Respondent), it is claimed she informed the Deputy Registrar of Court, before whom a case involving the Applicant and Gulu Municipal Council had come up, about the existence of the High Court order. The Judicial officer is said to have adjourned the case involving Gulu Municipal Council, on the basis of the High Court

Harson

$\mathsf{S}$ order. In the circumstances, the $2^{nd}$ Respondent cannot be blamed for acting professionally and drawing court's attention to a superior court order.

The Applicant argued that, the High Court order staying all his suits and $10$ directing for his mental examination, is forged. I find no basis for this claim. This Court notes that, the Applicant had raised the issue with Ajiji, J., by a letter dated 6^th June, 2022 (attached to his affidavit). There, he calls the order 'purported order of 17th May, 2019' and proceeds to complain about how all his suits have been halted. The Applicant does not, $15$ by the said letter, claim to the then trial Judge who issued the Order, that the court order is forged. Rather, he informed the learned Judge that, he would not be subjected to forceful mental examination as he has never been enrolled in any mental hospital. He asserted in his letter that, Mr. Nyeko is chasing 'tail of a ghost medical report which is nonexistent".

During the hearing of this matter, Mr. Nyeko (1^st Respondent) clarified that, he sued the Applicant in MC No. 26 of 2022, in the lower Court, pursuant to the Order of the High Court, which directed lawyers representing Defendants sued by the Applicant, to take further steps as may be appropriate. Crucially, MC No. 26 of 2022 was allowed by His Worship Kwizera who ordered for mental examination of the Applicant. That Order, according to Mr. Nyeko, has not been appealed by the

Hudodin

- Applicant. However, the Applicant appears to have refused to respect the $\mathsf{S}$ Order of the Court. Similarly, according to Mr. Nyeko, the High Court Order on which his Misc. Cause No. 26 of 2022 is founded, has not been challenged by the Applicant. - $10$ In his earlier letter dated 28^th February, 2022, the Applicant also wrote to the High Court Judge, referring to the impugned order, complaining that the High Court Order had lasted for more than two years, yet there is no proof that the Applicant is of unsound mind. There, the Applicant questions why his cases are halted by court yet court and some litigants $15$ had been proceeding with some cases against him. In another letter dated 21^st May, 2021, addressed to the learned Judge, the Applicant asked the Judge to clarify whether he issued the impugned order. He complained that, pursuant to the Order, other Judicial Officers stayed other cases from proceeding. The Applicant also had written to the Chief Registrar of the 20 Courts of Judicature and complained against a lady Magistrate Grade One who had adjourned a matter, pursuant to the impugned High Court Order. The Applicant further complained to the then Principal Judge (Bamwine, P. J) who advised the Applicant to appeal or seek for setting aside of the impugned High Court Order. Not satisfied, the Applicant complained to 25 the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs by letter dated 19^th December, 2019, which he copied to the Deputy Chief Justice, among others. There, the applicant claimed that the Hon. PJ's response to the

Hato Dem

$\mathsf{S}$ Applicant's letter was "a lazy and sick letter". The Applicant asserted that, the PJ's letter was arrived at on "a shallow few day's desk research geared toward concealing the truth of forgery" by Judges and other judicial officers. The Applicant, however, recognized in his aforesaid letter, that, the Hon. the PJ did not agree that the High Court order was forged.

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In light of foregoing analysis, I hold that the allegation of forgery of the High Court order is not proved by the Applicant against the Respondents. At any rate, such allegation does not come closer to the kind of matters that would constitute a human rights violation. All in all, the Applicant appears to blame counsel for decisions of courts, which, as I will expound, is not justiciable in a court of law. Judicial officers enjoy immunity from suits under article 128 (4) of the Constitution, 1995, and section 46 (1) of the Judicature Act Cap. 13, for judicial decisions they make. See: Misc.

Cause No. 15 of 2022: Opiyo Joseph Otiiti Vs. Kwizera Vian.

In my view, advocates and State Attorneys by whatever name called. cannot be sued for decisions of judicial officers, simply because a party is aggrieved. This statement, however, does not cover clear suits in professional negligence by clients against their own lawyers. In this case, the Respondents were not lawyers for the Applicant. To sue an officer of court in the circumstances such as the instant, would not only infringe the officers' right to practice their legal profession, but such a suit is also

Ahdvan.

$\mathsf{S}$ bared under the principles of international law. According to The United Nation Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, 1990, everyone should have access to independent legal counsel. Under Principle 18, lawyers shall not be identified with their clients or their client's causes as a result of discharging their functions however popular or unpopular it may be.

In the above regard, it has been opined that, advocates should not suffer, or be threatened with suits, prosecution, or administrative, economic or other sanctions for any action taken in accordance with recognized professional duties, standards and ethics. Therefore, suing advocates is an affront to their right to legal practice. And identifying Advocates with their clients or client's causes amounts to intimidation and harassment. This is at the heart of the rule of law. See: **Misc. Application No. 0671 of** 2022: Simba Properties Investment Co. Ltd & Simba Telecom Ltd Vs. Robert Kirunda, Noah Shamah Wasige & 2 Others (Stephen Mubiru, $J.$

I should perhaps add that, vexatious suits against advocates whether they be in Private Legal practice or Governmental service, or otherwise, would cause breakdown in the rule of law and thus a recipe for disaster as these learned friends fail to effectively discharge their professional duties, as they would act in fear of suits or prosecution by their clients' adversaries.

Hudodam.

In my considered view, officers of court should be able to act for their $\mathsf{S}$ clients without fear of reprisals in any form, by their client's adversaries.

In conclusion, I find on the evidence that the application lacks merit. No human rights of the Applicant have been infringed upon by the Respondents. The suit ought to fail. I dismiss it with costs payable to the Respondents.

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I also anxiously considered the prayer by Ms. Twesigomwe (the 2^nd Respondent) that the Applicant should be barred from suing State Lawyers and all Advocates who represent or may represent parties against him. $15$ However, Ms. Twesigomwe did not lodge a cross action. But on this court's own motion, and having noted a trend in this and other courts, where the Applicant has and continues to sue lawyers/ Advocates and State Attorneys who have or are representing his adversaries, instead of appealing, or pursuing acceptable route for redress, this court, in 20 the exercise of its inherent powers under section 98 of the Civil Procedure Act Cap 71, to avoid further blatant breaches of article 40 (2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, doth issue a permanent injunction restraining and barring the Applicant, Opiyo Joseph Otiiti from suing the 25 Respondents or any officer of Court, not being the Applicant's counsel, for acting as counsel in cases where the Applicant may be a party. It is so ordered.

Hurol.

Delivered, dated and signed in Court this 12^th day of September, 2023.

Huroem 12/9/2023<br>George Okello **JUDGE HIGH COURT**

Ruling read in Court

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$\mathsf{S}$

2:30pm

12^th September, 2023

## $20$ **Attendance:**

Applicant - self representing.

The 1^st, $2^{nd}$ and the 3^rd Respondents in court – self representing.

The 1^st Respondent is absent.

Ms. Grace Avola, Court Clerk.

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olm. 12/9/2023 George Okello **JUDGE HIGH COURT**