[2009] UGCA 8

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Justice C. K Byamugisha}{\operator jchemeri}{\creatim\yr2009\mo3\dy25\hr15\min11}{\revtim\yr2009\mo3\dy25\hr15\min11} {\printim\yr2009\mo2\dy27\hr15\min17}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages15}{\nofwords3001}{\nofchars17110}{\nofcharsws20071}{\vern24689}}\paperw11909\paperh16834\margl1440\margr1440 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace120\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow2\dgvshow2 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct\asianbrkrule \rsidroot2712645\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid462903 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid462903 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid462903 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid462903 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \psz9\linemod5\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid5530623\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634975 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs16\insrsid5402122 PAGE }}{\fldrslt { \cs16\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15797736 1}}}{\cs16\insrsid5402122 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid5402122 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15797736 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA}{\i0\insrsid5530623\charrsid15797736 \par }{\i0\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA \par AT KAMPALA \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15797736 {\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 CORAM: HON. MR JUSTICE S. G. ENGWAU, JA. \par HON. LADY JUSTICE C. K. BYAMUGISHA, JA. \par HON. MR JUSTICE S. B. K. KAVUMA, JA. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15797736 {\i0\ul\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 159/03 \par \par }{\i0\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 BETWEEN \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15797736 {\b0\i0\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 OYEE GEORGE:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::APPELLANT \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15797736 {\i0\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 AND \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15797736 {\b0\i0\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 UGANDA:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 RESPONDENT }{\b0\i0\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 \par }{\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 [Appeal from the conviction and sentence of the High Court of Uganda Central Circuit sitting at }{\insrsid10634975\charrsid15797736 Nakawa (}{\i0\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 Okell0 J)}{ \insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 dared 21}{\super\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 st}{\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736 July 2003 in High Court Criminal Session Case No.86/02}{\insrsid10634975\charrsid15797736 ]}{\insrsid10774633\charrsid15797736

\par }{\insrsid10634975\charrsid15797736 \par \par }{\i0\ul\insrsid10634975\charrsid15797736 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid2236974\charrsid15797736 }{\b0\i0\insrsid10634975\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid2236974\charrsid15797736 This is a first appeal from the decision of the High Court in the exercise of its original jurisdiction. \par The appellant }{\b0\i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 herein}{\b0\i0\insrsid2236974\charrsid15797736 was charged with one }{\b0\i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 Kidega (}{\b0\i0\insrsid2236974\charrsid15797736 now deceased)}{ \b0\i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 with murder contrary to }{\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 section 186 }{\b0\i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 and}{\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 187}{\b0\i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 of the }{ \i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 Penal Code Act.}{\i0\insrsid2236974\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 It was alleged in the particulars of the indictment that on or about the 27}{\b0\i0\super\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 th}{\b0\i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 day of May, 2001 at Namuwongo Makindye Division in Kampala District}{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 ,}{\b0\i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 the appellant }{\b0\i0\insrsid660104\charrsid15797736 and Kidega }{ \b0\i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 murdered Okidi Vicent. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid11344737\charrsid15797736 \par The case for the prosecution was that the deceased lived in Namuwongo. On 27}{\b0\i0\super\insrsid11344737\charrsid15797736 th}{\b0\i0\insrsid11344737\charrsid15797736 May 2001 in the morning}{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 ,}{ \b0\i0\insrsid11344737\charrsid15797736 Nekolina Akello (P. W.3), a resident of the same area went to the well to fetch water. She found the deceased in the water and pulled him out.}{\b0\i0\insrsid14444712\charrsid15797736 She inquired from him as to who had assaulted him and he told her that it was the appellant and Kidega.}{\b0\i0\insrsid11344737\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid14444712\charrsid15797736 The matter was reported to the police who visited the scene and took the deceased to Mulago Hospital where he passed away on the same day. \par A postmortem examination on the body of the deceased was done by Dr Linnet Kyokunda }{\b0\i0\insrsid11693806\charrsid15797736 Tumwine (P. W.1}{\b0\i0\insrsid14444712\charrsid15797736 ) and she made a report (exhibit P.1) in which she stated that the cause of }{\b0\i0\insrsid11693806\charrsid15797736 death was}{\b0\i0\insrsid14444712\charrsid15797736 diffused brain damage}{\b0\i0\insrsid11693806\charrsid15797736 secondary to assault. }{\b0\i0\insrsid14444712\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid11693806\charrsid15797736 The appellant was arrested on the same day wearing a blood-stained shirt. The shirt was later subjected to forensic tests and it was found by Mr Lugudo (P. W.2)}{\b0\i0\insrsid7874882\charrsid15797736 and Raymond Okumu}{\b0\i0\insrsid11693806\charrsid15797736 that the blood on the shirt did not belong to the}{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 same}{\b0\i0\insrsid11693806\charrsid15797736 blood group}{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 as that}{\b0\i0\insrsid11693806\charrsid15797736 of the appellant}{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 . It belonged to the same blood group as that of}{\b0\i0\insrsid7874882\charrsid15797736 the deceased. They}{ \b0\i0\insrsid11693806\charrsid15797736 compiled reports}{\b0\i0\insrsid7874882\charrsid15797736 (Exhibits P.2, and}{\b0\i0\insrsid5640840\charrsid15797736 P.8).}{\b0\i0\insrsid11693806\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid5640840\charrsid15797736 \par The appellant denied the offence and put up a defence of alibi. He stated that on 26}{\b0\i0\super\insrsid5640840\charrsid15797736 th}{\b0\i0\insrsid5640840\charrsid15797736 May 2001 he did not meet the deceased at all. He stated that in the evening of that day he went for entertainment at a bar in Soweto and had a dri}{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 nk. While he was there one Ojam}{\b0\i0\insrsid5640840\charrsid15797736 e started dancing and in the process he poured the appellant \rquote s drink. A fight ensued }{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 and they boxed each other. The Ojam}{\b0\i0\insrsid5640840\charrsid15797736 e boxed the appellant on the ear and he bled and }{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 the Ojam}{ \b0\i0\insrsid5640840\charrsid15797736 e bled from the nose. They were }{\b0\i0\insrsid3299046\charrsid15797736 separated}{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 . H}{\b0\i0\insrsid3299046\charrsid15797736 e}{\b0\i0\insrsid5640840\charrsid15797736 left the bar and went home at about 9 p.m. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid3299046\charrsid15797736 He called two witnesses, Ocheing Louis (D. W.3) and his wife, Margaret Akullo (D. W.4) to support his alibi. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid8007554\charrsid15797736 The evidence of Ochieng was that there was a fight}{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 between the appellant and Ojam}{\b0\i0\insrsid8007554\charrsid15797736 e in which the two boxed each other and both of them bled. He separated them. He left the bar with the appellant and he separat}{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 ed from him at about 8.30 p.m. T}{\b0\i0\insrsid5402122\charrsid15797736 he appellant and Ojam}{\b0\i0\insrsid8007554\charrsid15797736 e }{\b0\i0\insrsid1713474\charrsid15797736 both bled from the nose and ear respectively.}{\b0\i0\insrsid8007554\charrsid15797736 \par The evidence of Akullo was to the effect that her husband returned home at about 9 p.m}{\b0\i0\insrsid811413\charrsid15797736 in the evening of 26}{\b0\i0\super\insrsid811413\charrsid15797736 th}{\b0\i0\insrsid811413\charrsid15797736 May 2001.}{ \b0\i0\insrsid8007554\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid811413\charrsid15797736 He informed her that he had fought with a Mudama man. After that they went to bed and nothing else happened until her husband was arrested the following day. \par The learned trial judge rejected the appellant\rquote s alibi and in agreement with one of the assessors convicted him as charged and sentenced him to death- hence the instant appeal.}{\b0\i0\insrsid11344737\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid811413\charrsid15797736 The memorandum of appeal filed on his behalf by M/S Kunya &Co Advocates contains the following grounds: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid811413\charrsid15797736 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15797736 {\i0\insrsid811413\charrsid15797736 The learned trial judge erred in law and fact when she convicted the appellant on the basis of}{ \i0\insrsid2109206\charrsid15797736 }{\i0\insrsid811413\charrsid15797736 unsatisfactory dying dec}{\i0\insrsid2109206\charrsid15797736 laration evidence.}{\i0\insrsid811413\charrsid15797736 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid143254\charrsid15797736 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}{\i0\insrsid143254\charrsid15797736 The}{\i0\insrsid2109206\charrsid15797736 learned trial judge erred in law and fact when she disregarded the appellant\rquote s defence of alibi which was credible. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2109206\charrsid15797736 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}The learned}{\i0\insrsid143254\charrsid15797736 trial judge erred in law and fact when she held that all the ingredients of the offence had been proved beyond any shadow of doubt.}{\i0\insrsid2109206\charrsid15797736 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid143254\charrsid15797736 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 4.\tab}}{\i0\insrsid143254\charrsid15797736 The learned trial judge erred in law a nd fact when she failed to adequately evaluate all the material evidence adduced at trial and hence reached an erroneous decision which resulted into a serious miscarriage of justice. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15797736 {\b0\i0\insrsid11344737\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid936629\charrsid15797736 Mr Kunya who represented the appellant a}{\b0\i0\insrsid5781086\charrsid15797736 r}{\b0\i0\insrsid936629\charrsid15797736 gued grounds one and two separately and the rest of the grounds together.}{ \b0\i0\insrsid8871767\charrsid15797736 In submitting on ground one Mr Kunya}{\b0\i0\insrsid16402748\charrsid15797736 stated that there was no direct evidence of the incident.}{\b0\i0\insrsid13376799\charrsid15797736 He stated that the circumstances under which the deceased was attacked and by whom was not given. On the dying declaration, counsel submitted that the trial judge directed herself correctly on the law applicabl}{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 e but her application of the same}{\b0\i0\insrsid13376799\charrsid15797736 to the facts amounted to speculation}{\b0\i0\insrsid16647500\charrsid15797736 . He referred to page 5 of the judgment at which the learned judge stated that when the decea sed made the dying declaration he had no false hope }{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 of recovering from the injuries he had suffered at the hands of his assailants.}{\b0\i0\insrsid16647500\charrsid15797736 She added that although he was in a critical condition, \'93he was lucid, conscious and fully appreciated the nature of the information he conveyed to the two witnesses.\'94}{\b0\i0\insrsid11344737\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid16647500\charrsid15797736 He cited the case of }{\insrsid16647500\charrsid15797736 Uganda v Ssimbwa C}{\insrsid6372951\charrsid15797736 riminal Appeal No.37/95(SC)}{\b0\i0\insrsid12782438\charrsid15797736 to support his assertion that consistency does not mean accuracy.}{\b0\i0\insrsid16647500\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid12782438\charrsid15797736 Learned counsel submitted that there was no sufficient corroboration of the dying declaration and mista}{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 ken identity was not ruled out.}{ \b0\i0\insrsid12782438\charrsid15797736 \par He invited court to allow this ground. \par \par In reply, Mr Mulindwa, the learned Principal Attorney,}{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 who represented the }{\b0\i0\insrsid5402122\charrsid15797736 respondent,}{\b0\i0\insrsid12782438\charrsid15797736 submitted that}{ \b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 the}{\b0\i0\insrsid12782438\charrsid15797736 deceased knew the appellant and therefore knew the people he was talking about. He pointed out that the appellant was arrested with a blood-stained shirt. \par He supported the trial judge for relying on the dying declaration since she did so after warning herself. \par }{\insrsid15663580\charrsid15797736 \par Section 30 }{\b0\i0\insrsid15663580\charrsid15797736 of the Evidence Act (Cap 6 Laws of Uganda) governs the admission of dying declaration made by a person who is dead as to}{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 the}{ \b0\i0\insrsid15663580\charrsid15797736 c}{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 ause of death. The section provides}{\b0\i0\insrsid15663580\charrsid15797736 as follows: \par }{\insrsid15663580\charrsid15797736 \'93Statements, written or verbal, of relevant facts made by a person who is dead, or who cannot be found or who has becom e incapable of giving evidence, or whose attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay or expense which in the circumstances of the case appears to the court unreasonable, are themselves relevant in the following cases- \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\i\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid15663580\charrsid15797736 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-390\li750\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx750\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin750\itap0\pararsid15797736 {\insrsid15663580\charrsid15797736 when the statement is made by a person as to the cause of his or her death, or as to any circumstances}{ \insrsid13435474\charrsid15797736 of the transaction which resulted in his or }{\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 her }{\insrsid13435474\charrsid15797736 death, in cases in which the cause of that person\rquote s death comes into question}{ \insrsid7147445\charrsid15797736 and the statements are relevant whether the person who made them was or was not, at the time when they were made, under expectation of death, and, whatever may be the nature of the proceedings in which the cause of his or }{\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 her}{\insrsid7147445\charrsid15797736 death comes into question.\'94}{\insrsid15663580\charrsid15797736 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15797736 {\insrsid7147445\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid7147445\charrsid15797736 The }{\b0\i0\insrsid15479\charrsid15797736 provision}{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 s of this section have}{\b0\i0\insrsid7147445\charrsid15797736 been judicially c onsidered in a number of authorities including the case of }{\insrsid7147445\charrsid15797736 Uganda v Ssimbwa}{\b0\i0\insrsid7147445\charrsid15797736 (supra).}{\b0\i0\insrsid1721453\charrsid15797736 In this case the Supreme Court quoted with approval a passage from the decision of }{\insrsid1721453\charrsid15797736 Okale &others v Republic [1965] EA}{\b0\i0\insrsid6294740\charrsid15797736 . The court said: \par }{\insrsid6294740\charrsid15797736 \'93In this respect we would quote the following passage from the judgment of the court in }{\ul\insrsid6294740\charrsid15797736 Jasinga Akum v R (2) 1954 21 EACA }{\insrsid6294740\charrsid15797736 at page 334: \par \'93The question of the caution to be exercised in reception of dying declarations and the necessity for their corroboration has been considered by this court in numerous cases, and a passage from }{\ul\insrsid6294740\charrsid15797736 Field on Evidence}{ \insrsid6294740\charrsid15797736 (7}{\super\insrsid6294740\charrsid15797736 th}{\insrsid6294740\charrsid15797736 Edn) has repeatedly been cited with approval: \par }{\insrsid15286135\charrsid15797736 \'93}{\insrsid6294740\charrsid15797736 The caution with which this kind of testimony should be received has often been commented upon. The test of cross-examination may be wholly wanting; and\'85\'85 .the particulars of the violence may have occurred under circumstances of confusion and surprise calculated to prevent their being accurately observed}{\insrsid4011294\charrsid15797736 \'85\'85\'85.}{\insrsid15286135\charrsid15797736 \'94}{ \insrsid7147445\charrsid15797736 \par }{\insrsid4011294\charrsid15797736 The deceased may have stated his inferences from facts concerning which he may have omitted important particulars from not having his attention called to them (Ramazani Bin Mirandu(1934}{\insrsid6251004\charrsid15797736 107}{\insrsid4011294\charrsid15797736 ) 1 EACA R.v Mugonya BinMsuma (1939 EACA 6 128)\'94 \par }{\insrsid15419444\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid15419444\charrsid15797736 The court emphasized the need for corroboration of a dying declaration before it can be used against an accused person. The weight to be attached to a dying declaration depends on a number of factors. In the first instance, it is necessary to determine whether the deceased was certain about the identity of the attackers. Secondly if the attack occurred at night whe n visibility is difficult, the court must be certain that there was}{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 no}{\b0\i0\insrsid15419444\charrsid15797736 mistaken identity. Further more the fact that the deceased may have told different people that the appellant was his }{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 attacker,}{\b0\i0\insrsid3439258\charrsid15797736 does}{ \b0\i0\insrsid11141800\charrsid15797736 not}{\b0\i0\insrsid3439258\charrsid15797736 necessarily mean that the deceased was ac}{\b0\i0\insrsid14777181\charrsid15797736 curate. Such evidence shows that the deceased was}{ \b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 just}{\b0\i0\insrsid14777181\charrsid15797736 consistent}{\b0\i0\insrsid3439258\charrsid15797736 .}{\b0\i0\insrsid15419444\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid3439258\charrsid15797736 \par In this appeal}{\b0\i0\insrsid16533897\charrsid15797736 , there was no evidence of the circumstances and the place where the assault on the deceased took place. When Akello found him at the well he told her that he had been attacked by the appellant and Kidega at midnight.}{\b0\i0\insrsid8144875\charrsid15797736 The conditions that were }{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 prevailing at}{\b0\i0\insrsid8144875\charrsid15797736 the time}{\b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 of the attack}{\b0\i0\insrsid8144875\charrsid15797736 that might have aided or hindered correct identification were not given.}{\b0\i0\insrsid16533897\charrsid15797736 He did not mention the place where the attack took place. }{ \b0\i0\insrsid2188307\charrsid15797736 The prosecution seems not have}{\b0\i0\insrsid16533897\charrsid15797736 bothered to inquire from members of his family if he had any}{\b0\i0\insrsid8144875\charrsid15797736 ,}{ \b0\i0\insrsid16533897\charrsid15797736 or his friends about his movements on the day in question.}{\b0\i0\insrsid3439258\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid4876480\charrsid15797736 This means that the dying declaration must be approached with extreme caution because the deceased may have been honest but mistaken abou}{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 t the identity of his assailants.}{ \b0\i0\insrsid16126038\charrsid15797736 \par The learned judge after stating the law}{\b0\i0\insrsid14047640\charrsid15797736 applicable}{\b0\i0\insrsid16126038\charrsid15797736 and decided cases on dying declarations dealt with the evidence thus: \par }{\insrsid16126038\charrsid15797736 \'93From the evidence of N. Okello and B. Labeja, it is obvious that at the time}{\insrsid14711218\charrsid15797736 the deceased made th e dying declaration, he had no false hope about recovering from his injuries. Although he was in a critical state, he was lucid, conscious and fully appreciated the nature of the information he conveyed to the two witnesses}{ \insrsid876809\charrsid15797736 \'94. \par \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid876809\charrsid15797736 With respect}{\b0\i0\insrsid12012179\charrsid15797736 , we do}{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 not}{\b0\i0\insrsid12012179\charrsid15797736 agree with the trial judge that the deceased at the time he made the dying declaration, was lucid, conscious and appreciated the nature of information he gave to the two witnesses. There was no evidence to support that conclusion. This amounted to speculation. }{\b0\i0\insrsid4876480\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid1972118\charrsid15797736 There was also no evidence to prove that the deceased knew both Kidega and the appellant. Kidega in his brief statement to court stated that he did not know the deceased. P. W.3 stated that she did not know either the appellant or Kidega before this incide nt. It is only P. W.4 who knew Kidega and the appellant. \par With that ev}{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 idence, mistaken identity can }{\b0\i0\insrsid7874882\charrsid15797736 not be}{\b0\i0\insrsid1972118\charrsid15797736 ruled out since conditions under which the deceased identified his assailants were not given. The deceased could have been honest but mistaken. \par We would allow ground one. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid11219349\charrsid15797736 \par Ground two concerned the appellant\rquote s alibi. While submitting on this ground, Mr Kunya criticized the trial judge for disregarding the alibi because of the dying declaration. He stated that there was no evidence putting the appellant at the scene of crime. }{\b0\i0\insrsid16134782\charrsid15797736 He pointed out that the learned trial judge in her judgment stated that the appellant was }{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 involved in a scuffle with Ojam}{ \b0\i0\insrsid16134782\charrsid15797736 e}{\b0\i0\insrsid1707153\charrsid15797736 . Learned counsel also stated that}{\b0\i0\insrsid10970361\charrsid15797736 there}{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 was}{\b0\i0\insrsid10970361\charrsid15797736 confusi}{\b0\i0\insrsid1707153\charrsid15797736 on in the sampling of the blood by P. W.5.}{\b0\i0\insrsid11219349\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid10970361\charrsid15797736 He cited the case of }{\insrsid10970361\charrsid15797736 Bogere&another v Uganda-Criminal Appeal No.1/97(SC)}{\b0\i0\insrsid13050129\charrsid15797736 }{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 (unreported) }{ \b0\i0\insrsid13050129\charrsid15797736 for the legal proposition that the prosecution failed to put the appellant at the scene of crime.}{\insrsid10970361\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid10578163\charrsid15797736 The law is now settled that an accused person who sets up an alibi as a defence does not a ssume any burden to prove it. It is the duty of the prosecution to disprove it by adducing evidence that will put the accused at the scene of crime at the material time. See: }{\insrsid10578163\charrsid15797736 Sekitoleko v Uganda [1967] EA 531; Sentale v Uganda [1968] EA 365; Raphael v Republic [1973] EA 473; Bogere Moses &another v Uganda Criminal Appeal No.1/97(SC).}{\insrsid15663580\charrsid15797736 \par }{\insrsid16545452\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid16545452\charrsid15797736 The Supreme Court in }{\insrsid16545452\charrsid15797736 Bogere\rquote s}{\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 }{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 case gave}{\b0\i0\insrsid16545452\charrsid15797736 guidelines as to what amounts to putting an accused}{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 person}{\b0\i0\insrsid16545452\charrsid15797736 at the scene of crime. At page 19 of the judgment the court had the following to say: \par }{\insrsid16545452\charrsid15797736 \'93 We think the expression must mean proof to the required standard that the accused was at the scene of crime at the material time. To hold that such proof has been achieved, the court must not base itself on the isolated evaluation of the prosecu tion evidence alone, but must base itself upon evaluation of the evidence as a whole. Where the prosecution adduces evidence showing that the accused person was at the scene of crime, and the defence not only denies but adduces evidence showing that the a ccused person was elsewhere at the material time, it is incumbent on the court to evaluate both versions judicially and give reasons}{\insrsid4935152\charrsid15797736 }{\insrsid16545452\charrsid15797736 why one and not the other version is accepted\'94 . \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid4935152\charrsid15797736 We shall use the above guidelines to determine whether the prosecution proved to the required standard whether the appe}{\b0\i0\insrsid5453521\charrsid15797736 llant was at the scene of crime on the material day.}{ \b0\i0\insrsid4935152\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid2846774\charrsid15797736 The appellant gave evidence and called two witnesses to support his alibi. He stated that on the day in question he went to a bar in Soweto and had a drink wi th Ochieng (D. W.3). They left the bar together and parted company at about 8.30 p.m. The appellant then stated that he arrived home at about 9 p.m and he never left his house again that night. He called his wife, Margaret }{ \b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 Akullo (D. W. 4)}{\b0\i0\insrsid2846774\charrsid15797736 who supported his story. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 The prosecution adduced}{\b0\i0\insrsid2846774\charrsid15797736 no evidence as to where the offence was committed and the time when it was committed except the testimony of Akello (P. W.3) who stated in her evidence that the deceased told her that he}{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 was}{ \b0\i0\insrsid2846774\charrsid15797736 attacked at midnight. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid8222926\charrsid15797736 In dealing with the appellant\rquote s alibi the learned judge said: \par }{\insrsid8222926\charrsid15797736 \'93The accused in his alibi defence (which he has no burden to prove), further shows that there no enmity between him and the deceased. Further, the defence evidence show that the accused was out of his home t hat evening. He went for drinks and was involved in a scuffle at the drinking place, or so he says. Definitely, some one\rquote s blood was split that evening and blood got onto his shirt that the accused wore that evening. In view of the emerging facts, I do not believe in the alibi although it was corroborated by Ocheng. The evidence of Akullo the wife of the accused does not change my finding that the alibi is a fabricated defence\'94. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 The learned judge\rquote s analysis of the appellant\rquote s alibi and his version of the fi}{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 ght in the bar was rather faulty.}{\b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 We say so because the appellant\rquote s version of}{\b0\i0\insrsid11936548\charrsid15797736 the fight between him and Ojam}{\b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 e was supported by Ocheng}{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 (D. W.3)}{ \b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 who witnessed the same. The prosecution had no alternative version of its own to contradict it. In the absence of any other evidence to}{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 the}{ \b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 contrary, his version ought to have been accepted. Moreover}{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 ,}{\b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 the appellant raised the issue of the}{ \b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 fight between himself and Ojam}{\b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 e at the earliest opportunity.}{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 The prosecution should have investigated it in order to disprove it.}{ \b0\i0\insrsid3488141\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 When he was asked by Bosco Labeja (P. W.4) in the morning of 27}{\b0\i0\super\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 th}{\b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 May about the blood on his shirt, he told the witness that he }{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 had }{\b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 fought with someone the previous night.}{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 D/Cpl Olupot (P. W.5) testified that he saw a wound on one of the ears of the appellant }{\b0\i0\insrsid7170651\charrsid15797736 and when he asked him where the wound came f}{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 rom he informed the witness of}{\b0\i0\insrsid7170651\charrsid15797736 }{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 t}{\b0\i0\insrsid7170651\charrsid15797736 he fought with some one. The story of the appellant\rquote s wound on one of his ears tallies with his own version of what happened }{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 in the bar. He stated that Ojam}{\b0\i0\insrsid7170651\charrsid15797736 e boxed him o}{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 n the ear }{ \b0\i0\insrsid5402122\charrsid15797736 and he}{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 boxed Ojam}{\b0\i0\insrsid7170651\charrsid15797736 e on the nose and they both bled.}{\b0\i0\insrsid14370974\charrsid15797736 Ocheng who witnessed the fight said:}{ \b0\i0\insrsid9447160\charrsid15797736 \par }{\insrsid14370974\charrsid15797736 \'93Oyee had boxed Ojambe\rquote s nose which was bleeding. Ojambe had boxed Oyee\rquote s ear and it bled. I separated them\'94. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid11086401\charrsid15797736 The appellant accounted for his movements on the night in question,}{\b0\i0\insrsid12604763\charrsid15797736 at least up to 9 p.m. It}{\b0\i0\insrsid11086401\charrsid15797736 was the duty of the prosecution to adduce evidence to prove to the required standard that the appellant}{\b0\i0\insrsid12604763\charrsid15797736 and late Kidega}{\b0\i0\insrsid11086401\charrsid15797736 met the deceased at midnight}{ \b0\i0\insrsid12604763\charrsid15797736 or earlier}{\b0\i0\insrsid11086401\charrsid15797736 and assaulted him}{\b0\i0\insrsid12604763\charrsid15797736 .}{\b0\i0\insrsid11086401\charrsid15797736 }{\b0\i0\insrsid1076460\charrsid15797736 The prosecution did not. In the absence of such evidence we are unable to agree with the learned trial judge that his alibi was fabricated}{\b0\i0\insrsid13640061\charrsid15797736 . Ground two would succeed.}{\b0\i0\insrsid12604763\charrsid15797736

\par }{\b0\i0\insrsid13640061\charrsid15797736 \par Grounds three and four would be handled together. The two grounds complained about }{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 the }{\b0\i0\insrsid13640061\charrsid15797736 failure by the trial judge to }{\b0\i0\insrsid14617892\charrsid15797736 evaluate e vidence as a whole and her finding that the prosecution had proved its case beyond reasonable doubt. Mr Kunya made brief submissions on these two grounds and contended that the participation of the appellant and who assaulted the deceased remains a conten tious issue.}{\b0\i0\insrsid13640061\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid14617892\charrsid15797736 Mr Mulindwa in his submission associated himself with the submissions of Ms Joan Kagezi at page 52 of the record of appeal. He supported the judge\rquote s finding that malice aforethought was proved beyond any reasonable doubt. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid10160613\charrsid15797736 In her submission Ms Kagezi had contended that malice aforethought could be inferred from the injuries that were inflicted on the deceased. She further stated the appellant participated in the commission of the offence because he was arrested wearing a blood- stained shirt an d the blood was found to belong to the same blood group as the deceased. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid12604763\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid9244001\charrsid15797736 The duty of the first appellate court has been re-stated in a wealth of authorities. In the case of }{\insrsid9244001\charrsid15797736 Okeno v Republic [1972] EA 32}{\b0\i0\insrsid9244001\charrsid15797736 the court had this to say:}{\b0\i0\insrsid11553384\charrsid15797736 \par }{\insrsid9244001\charrsid15797736 \'93An appellant on a first appeal is entitled to expect the evidence as a whole to be submitted to a fresh and exhaustive }{\insrsid10944580\charrsid15797736 examination (}{\i0\ul\insrsid10944580\charrsid15797736 Pandya v R }{\i0\insrsid10944580\charrsid15797736 (1957) EA 338) }{\insrsid10944580\charrsid15797736 and to the appellate court\rquote s own decision on the evidence. The appellate court must itself weight conflicting evidence and draw its own conclusions }{\insrsid5648581\charrsid15797736 , (}{\ul\insrsid5648581\charrsid15797736 Shantilal}{\ul\insrsid10944580\charrsid15797736 m Ruwalo v R (1957) EA 570.}{\insrsid10944580\charrsid15797736 It is not the function of the first appellate court merely to scrutinize the evidence to see if there was some evidence to support the lower court\rquote s findings }{\insrsid5648581\charrsid15797736 and conclusions}{\insrsid10944580\charrsid15797736 ; it must make its findings and }{\insrsid5648581\charrsid15797736 draw its own }{\insrsid10944580\charrsid15797736 conclusions}{\insrsid5648581\charrsid15797736 . Only then can it decide whether the magistrate\rquote s findings should be supported. In doing so, it should make allowance for the fact that the trial court had had the advantage of hearing and seeing the witnesses. See }{\i0\ul\insrsid5648581\charrsid15797736 Peters v Sunday Post [1958] EA 424.\'94}{ \i0\ul\insrsid9244001\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid12872793\charrsid15797736 See also }{\insrsid12872793\charrsid15797736 Kifamunte Henry v Uganda Criminal appeal No.10/97(SC) }{\b0\i0\insrsid12872793\charrsid15797736 and }{\insrsid680339\charrsid15797736 Rule30 (}{ \insrsid12872793\charrsid15797736 1}{\insrsid680339\charrsid15797736 ) (}{\insrsid12872793\charrsid15797736 a) of the }{\insrsid680339\charrsid15797736 Judicature (}{\insrsid12872793\charrsid15797736 Court of Appeal Rules}{\insrsid680339\charrsid15797736 ) Directions}{\insrsid12872793\charrsid15797736 S. I. No.13-10. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid10160613\charrsid15797736 We shall now }{\b0\i0\insrsid11141800\charrsid15797736 examine the }{\b0\i0\insrsid10160613\charrsid15797736 forensic evidence. The evidence was contained in two reports- exhibit P.2 and P.8. }{ \b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid10160613\charrsid15797736 D/Cpl }{\b0\i0\insrsid4279442\charrsid15797736 Olupot (}{\b0\i0\insrsid10160613\charrsid15797736 P. W.5) gave evidence and stated that on 28}{\b0\i0\super\insrsid10160613\charrsid15797736 th}{ \b0\i0\insrsid10160613\charrsid15797736 May 2001 he went to Mulago mortuary with a white hand}{\b0\i0\insrsid4279442\charrsid15797736 kerchief}{\b0\i0\insrsid10160613\charrsid15797736 }{\b0\i0\insrsid4279442\charrsid15797736 and drew blood from the body of the deceased which was later examined by Mr Okumu Raymond}{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 ,}{\b0\i0\insrsid4279442\charrsid15797736 formerly an employee of}{\b0\i0\insrsid8865583\charrsid15797736 the}{ \b0\i0\insrsid4279442\charrsid15797736 Ministry of Internal Affairs Government Chemist Department. This witness also examined the blood- stained shirt of the appellant. He made a report (exhibit P.8). In the report he stated the blood found on the shirt and the one on}{ \b0\i0\insrsid7874882\charrsid15797736 the hand kerchief belong to group \'93O\'94.}{\b0\i0\insrsid9244001\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid4816655\charrsid15797736 The second report (exhibit P.2) was made by Mr Ali Lugudo (P. W.2). He examined the blood which P. W.5 obtained from the appellant with the assistance of a nurse at Upper Prison Luzira. The appellant\rquote s blood group was found to be \lquote AB\rquote }{\b0\i0\insrsid4279442\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid16468562\charrsid15797736 It is these two findings which the learned trial judge relied on to find as she did that the appellant must have come into contact with the deceased on the fateful day. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid10896843\charrsid15797736 The appellant in his testimony in court stated that he was not sure whether the blo}{\b0\i0\insrsid7874882\charrsid15797736 od on his shirt was his or Ojam}{\b0\i0\insrsid10896843\charrsid15797736 e\rquote s since they both bled.}{\b0\i0\insrsid12005969\charrsid15797736 P. W.5 however}{\b0\i0\insrsid7749499\charrsid15797736 ,}{\b0\i0\insrsid12005969\charrsid15797736 testified that the appellant told him that the blood on the shirt was his.}{ \b0\i0\insrsid10896843\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid7749499\charrsid15797736 The forensic evidence established that the blood which was on the appellant\rquote s }{\b0\i0\insrsid7874882\charrsid15797736 shirt was human blood of group \'93O\'94.}{\b0\i0\insrsid7749499\charrsid15797736 This evidence did not establish that the blood in question exclusively belonged to the deceased. Blood groups unlike DNA are shared. The possibility of the deceased sharing the sam}{\b0\i0\insrsid7874882\charrsid15797736 e blood group with Ojam}{ \b0\i0\insrsid1987162\charrsid15797736 e cannot be}{\b0\i0\insrsid7749499\charrsid15797736 ruled out.}{\b0\i0\insrsid2430184\charrsid15797736 In the circumstances we are not satisfied that the prosecution proved its case beyond any reasonable doubt.}{ \b0\i0\insrsid7749499\charrsid15797736 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid2430184\charrsid15797736 \par In the result, this appeal succeeds. The conviction is quashed and sentence set aside. The appellant should be set free unl}{\b0\i0\insrsid7874882\charrsid15797736 ess he has other lawful charges to answer.}{\b0\i0\insrsid2430184\charrsid15797736 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15797736 {\i0\insrsid2430184\charrsid15797736 Dated at Kampala this}{\i0\insrsid10450703\charrsid15797736 3}{ \i0\super\insrsid10450703\charrsid15797736 rd}{\i0\insrsid10450703\charrsid15797736 }{\i0\insrsid2430184\charrsid15797736 day of}{\i0\insrsid10450703\charrsid15797736 March }{\i0\insrsid2430184\charrsid15797736 2009}{ \i0\insrsid10450703\charrsid15797736 .}{\i0\insrsid2430184\charrsid15797736 \par S. G. Engwau \par Justice of Appeal \par \par C. K. Byamugisha \par Justice of Appeal \par \par S. B. K. Kavuma \par Justice of Appeal \par }}