[2008] UGCA 15

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Justice C. K Byamugisha}{\operator jchemeri} {\creatim\yr2009\mo2\dy16\hr11\min1}{\revtim\yr2009\mo2\dy16\hr11\min1}{\printim\yr2008\mo2\dy15\hr15\min44}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages5}{\nofwords1300}{\nofchars7410}{\nofcharsws8693}{\vern24689}}\paperw11909\paperh16834\margl1440\margr1440 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace120\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow2\dgvshow2 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct \asianbrkrule\rsidroot6580559\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4457104 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4457104 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4457104 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid4457104 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \psz9\linemod5\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid5530623\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15947415 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs16\insrsid11035038 PAGE }}{\fldrslt { \cs16\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6241259 1}}}{\cs16\insrsid11035038 \par }\pard \s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid11035038 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6241259 \b\i\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\i0\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA}{\i0\insrsid5530623\charrsid6241259 \par }{\i0\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA \par AT KAMPALA \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6241259 {\ul\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 CORAM:}{\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 HON. JUSTICE L. E. M. MUKASA-KIKONYOGO, DCJ.

\par HON. JUSTICE S. G. ENGWAU, JA. \par HON. JUSTICE C. K. BYAMUGISHA, JA. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6241259 {\i0\ul\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 CIVIL APPLICATION NO.}{\i0\ul\insrsid14425331\charrsid6241259 98}{ \i0\ul\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 /05 \par \par }{\i0\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 BETWEEN \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6241259 {\b0\i0\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 THE ENVIRONMENT ACTION \par NETWORK LTD::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::APPLICANT \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6241259 {\i0\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 AND \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6241259 {\b0\i0\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 JOSEPH ERYAU:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::RESPONDENT \par \par }{\insrsid12985750\charrsid6241259 [An application arising out of Civil Appeal No.78/02] \par }{\insrsid8930051\charrsid6241259 \par }{\i0\ul\insrsid8930051\charrsid6241259 RULING OF THE COURT \par }{\i0\ul\insrsid8744150\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid8744150\charrsid6241259 This application was brought by Notice of Motion under the provisions of Rules 82 and 42(1) of the rules of this Court. It is seeking orders to strike out Civil Appeal No. 78/02 on the grounds that the subject matter of the appeal having been overtaken by events, no appeal lies. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid6702279\charrsid6241259 The application is supported by the affidavit of one Stephen Zimula sworn on 21}{\b0\i0\super\insrsid6702279\charrsid6241259 st}{\b0\i0\insrsid6702279\charrsid6241259 October 2005. There was no affidavit in reply.

\par \par A brief background to this application is that the applicant filed}{\b0\i0\insrsid200550\charrsid6241259 Miscellaneous Application No.39/01 in the High Court against the National Environmental Management }{\b0\i0\insrsid15800932\charrsid6241259 Authority (}{\b0\i0\insrsid16581744\charrsid6241259 NEMA)}{\b0\i0\insrsid200550\charrsid6241259 and the Attorney General. It was brought under Article 50(1}{\b0\i0\insrsid9376405\charrsid6241259 ) (}{\b0\i0\insrsid200550\charrsid6241259 2) of the Constitution seeking various declarations and orders. One of the declarations that }{\b0\i0\insrsid5660237\charrsid6241259 were}{\b0\i0\insrsid200550\charrsid6241259 being }{\b0\i0\insrsid5660237\charrsid6241259 sought was}{ \b0\i0\insrsid200550\charrsid6241259 that smoking in public places constitutes a violation of the rights of non-smokers members of the public to a clean and healthy environment.}{\b0\i0\insrsid6702279\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid12859910\charrsid6241259 The respondent as a smoker}{\b0\i0\insrsid5660237\charrsid6241259 filed Miscellaneous Application No.470/01 seeking leave to be heard in opposition to t}{\b0\i0\insrsid12859910\charrsid6241259 he main application. His application was dismissed. He lodged an appeal which is still pending before this Court.}{\b0\i0\insrsid9376405\charrsid6241259 After lodging the appeal, he obtained an interim order staying proceedings in the High Court which expired in September 2002.}{\b0\i0\insrsid5660237\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid9376405\charrsid6241259 The High Court heard and determined the main application and granted some of the reliefs that were sought. As a result}{\b0\i0\insrsid16581744\charrsid6241259 , Nema has since issued Statutory Instrument No.12/04- The National Environmental (Control of Smoking in Public Places) Regulations}{\b0\i0\insrsid8745927\charrsid6241259 .}{\b0\i0\insrsid9376405\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid8745927\charrsid6241259 \par When the }{\b0\i0\insrsid6438699\charrsid6241259 application came before us for final disposal, Mr Sembatya, learned counsel for the applicant, in his submission}{\b0\i0\insrsid13333002\charrsid6241259 s stated that the respondent in the appeal is seeking to be heard in a matter that has long been concluded. In essen ce the subject matter of the appeal has long been overtaken by events as the respondent cannot be joined to a completed case. Therefore the appeal is moot}{\b0\i0\insrsid8745927\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid13333002\charrsid6241259 Another issue raised by learned counsel was that the Nema and the Attorney General who were party to Miscellaneous Application No.39/01 have not been made party to the appeal and therefore the appeal is incompetent. He cited two authorities namely }{\insrsid13333002\charrsid6241259 Samson Nyine Bitahwa v Longino IsahyaNdyanabo Longino Election Petition Appeal No.14/02}{\b0\i0\insrsid13333002\charrsid6241259 and }{\insrsid13333002\charrsid6241259 The Environmental Action Network v Attorney General- Civil Application No.63/}{ \insrsid14500379\charrsid6241259 03}{\b0\i0\insrsid14500379\charrsid6241259 for that legal proposition.}{\b0\i0\insrsid13333002\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid14500379\charrsid6241259 He invited us to strike out the appeal with no order as to costs. \par \par Mr Ebert Byenkya, learned counsel for the respondent did not agree. He submitted that the applicant\rquote s claim that no appeal lies means that there is no right of appeal. The right of appeal according to counsel is cr}{ \b0\i0\insrsid7819743\charrsid6241259 e}{\b0\i0\insrsid14500379\charrsid6241259 ated by statute. He stated that the application cannot be brought under rule 82. \par He pointed out that in order for this Court to determine the issue it has to look at the memorandum of appeal. \par It was his contention that the first ground should fail. \par \par On the question of parties, Mr Byenkya}{\b0\i0\insrsid8072932\charrsid6241259 submitted that it cannot be raised because it was not made one of the grounds.}{\b0\i0\insrsid14500379\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid8072932\charrsid6241259 On the authorities that were cited by M}{\b0\i0\insrsid7819743\charrsid6241259 r Sembatya, he stated that they}{\b0\i0\insrsid8072932\charrsid6241259 were distinguishable. He stated that the appeal arose out of an interlocutory application and there were only two parties to it. He made reference to annexture A to the application. The annexture is an order which was extracted }{ \b0\i0\insrsid7673350\charrsid6241259 after the}{\b0\i0\insrsid8072932\charrsid6241259 respondent was granted leave to appeal. \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid7673350\charrsid6241259 The rule under which the application was brought provided as follows: \par }{\insrsid7673350\charrsid6241259 \'93A person on }{\insrsid13988445\charrsid6241259 whom a notice of appeal has been served may at any time, either before or after the institution of the app eal, apply to the court to strike out the notice of appeal or the appeal, as the case may be, on the ground that no appeal lies or that some essential step in the proceedings has not been taken or has not been taken within the prescribed time\'94.}{ \insrsid7673350\charrsid6241259 \par }{\insrsid13988445\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid13988445\charrsid6241259 The rule p}{\b0\i0\insrsid6238749\charrsid6241259 rovides }{\b0\i0\insrsid13777180\charrsid6241259 for two}{\b0\i0\insrsid13988445\charrsid6241259 instances in which a person who has been served with a notice of appeal either before the institution of an appeal or after the appeal has been filed}{\b0\i0\insrsid9249106\charrsid6241259 can}{\b0\i0\insrsid6238749\charrsid6241259 }{ \b0\i0\insrsid13777180\charrsid6241259 take to}{\b0\i0\insrsid9249106\charrsid6241259 have the notice or the appeal itself st}{\b0\i0\insrsid7819743\charrsid6241259 r}{\b0\i0\insrsid9249106\charrsid6241259 uck out. The first instance is where t he person claims that no appeal lies. The second instance is where the person claims that no essential step has been taken in the proceedings or has not been taken within the time allowed by the rules.}{\b0\i0\insrsid13988445\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid5924645\charrsid6241259 \par The case for the applicant as we understand }{\b0\i0\insrsid8724006\charrsid6241259 it}{\b0\i0\insrsid5924645\charrsid6241259 is that no appeal lies because the subject matter of the intended appeal has been }{\b0\i0\insrsid13777180\charrsid6241259 overtaken by events. The event or the events }{\b0\i0\insrsid5924645\charrsid6241259 in question are that Miscellaneou}{\b0\i0\insrsid15800932\charrsid6241259 s Application No.39/01 was heard}{\b0\i0\insrsid5924645\charrsid6241259 and determined}{ \b0\i0\insrsid8724006\charrsid6241259 by the High Court}{\b0\i0\insrsid5924645\charrsid6241259 so the applicant can no longer be heard.}{\b0\i0\insrsid13971060\charrsid6241259 No authority was cited to us in support of that contention.}{ \b0\i0\insrsid5924645\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid13777180\charrsid6241259 On the other hand, the respondent contends that he has a right of appeal which is a statutory one. \par \par This court has had occasion to judicially consider a matter where the subject matter of the suit has been overtaken by events in the case of }{\insrsid13971060\charrsid6241259 Uganda Electricity Board v Charles Kabagambe- Civil Appeal No.58/2000. }{ \insrsid13777180\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid13971060\charrsid6241259 The brief facts were that Charles Kabagambe sued Uganda Electricity Board in High Court Miscellaneous Application No. 928/99 for wrongful dismissal.}{\b0\i0\insrsid16744233\charrsid6241259 Before the said application was heard, he filed Miscellaneous Application No.1074/99}{\b0\i0\insrsid1201305\charrsid6241259 seeking a temporary injunction to restrain the Board from evicting him from the residential premises until the disposal of the main suit. The injunction was granted on 24}{\b0\i0\super\insrsid1201305\charrsid6241259 th}{ \b0\i0\insrsid1201305\charrsid6241259 August 2000. The Board was aggrieved by the decision and filed Civil Appeal No.58/2000.}{\b0\i0\insrsid13971060\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid1201305\charrsid6241259 On 19}{\b0\i0\super\insrsid1201305\charrsid6241259 th}{\b0\i0\insrsid1201305\charrsid6241259 December 2002 the High Court gave its ruling in Miscellaneous Application No.928/99 \endash thus ending the temporary injunction. \par When the appeal came up for hearing, counsel for Kabagambe raised a preliminary objection and submitted that there was nothing the appellant was appealing against as the injunction was vacated when the application was heard. \par Counsel for the Board did not agree. He submitted that}{\b0\i0\insrsid4419729\charrsid6241259 the appeal was against the whole ruling. He argued that the ruling sets a bad precedent which the court should reverse. He argued that there was no law to prevent the appeal from being heard. He implored court to hear the appeal for academic purposes.}{ \b0\i0\insrsid1201305\charrsid6241259 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid4419729\charrsid6241259 \par In upholding the preliminary objection this court said: \par }{\insrsid4419729\charrsid6241259 \'93According to the memorandum of appeal the order sought is: \par The temporary injunction granted to the respondent refraining(sic) the appellant from evicting the respondent from the appellant\rquote s property comprised}{\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259 in plot 8 Windsor Crescent Kololo be discharged.}{ \insrsid4419729\charrsid6241259 \par }{\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259 The appeal has obviously been overtaken by events. The relief sought was realized before the appeal was heard. There are no more reliefs to be granted by this court.\'94 \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259 On whether the court can hear the appeal for academic purposes, the court said: \par }{\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259 \'93It is a well known principle of law that courts adjudicate on issues which actually exist between litigants and not academic ones. }{\i0\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259 See }{\i0\ul\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259 Uga}{\i0\ul\insrsid5272203\charrsid6241259 nda Corporation Creamaries Ltd }{\i0\ul\insrsid739147\charrsid6241259 &}{\i0\ul\insrsid11035038\charrsid6241259 a}{\i0\ul\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259 nother v Reamaton Ltd. Civil }{ \i0\ul\insrsid5272203\charrsid6241259 Reference}{\i0\ul\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259 No.11of 1999, Court of Appeal(unreported).}{\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259 \'94 \par \par }{\b0\i0\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259 In the instant application, we have had the benefit of looking at the memorandum of appeal which the respondent herein filed in Civil Appeal No.}{\b0\i0\insrsid16056391\charrsid6241259 78/02. The appellant\rquote s major complaint was the refusal by the trial judge to grant }{\b0\i0\insrsid5272203\charrsid6241259 him }{\b0\i0\insrsid16056391\charrsid6241259 leave to be heard. He is seeking the following reliefs and orders:}{\b0\i0\insrsid11428888\charrsid6241259

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid16056391\charrsid6241259 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6241259 {\i0\insrsid16056391\charrsid6241259 The appeal be allowed and the appellant be heard on merits in Miscellaneous Application No.39 of 2001. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid16056391\charrsid6241259 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}Miscellaneous Application No. 39 of 2001 proceeds on merits before another Judge. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\b\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid16056391\charrsid6241259 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3.\tab}Costs of the appeal and the Court below be awarded to the appellant. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6241259 {\i0\insrsid3870775\charrsid6241259 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx6720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6241259 {\b0\i0\insrsid3870775\charrsid6241259 The reliefs which the respondent is seeking on appeal cannot be granted because ther}{ \b0\i0\insrsid7819743\charrsid6241259 e is no live dispute }{\b0\i0\insrsid11035038\charrsid6241259 between the}{\b0\i0\insrsid3870775\charrsid6241259 parties. Courts do not decide cases for academ ic purposes because court orders must have practical effect and must be capable of enforcement. The determination of Miscellaneous No.39/01 by the High Court drov}{\b0\i0\insrsid7819743\charrsid6241259 e the respondent\rquote s case into a}{ \b0\i0\insrsid3870775\charrsid6241259 limbo of legal mootness. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6241259 {\b0\i0\insrsid3870775\charrsid6241259 \par Considering the facts of the entire case we allow the application and strike out Civil Appeal No.78/2002 with no order as to costs. \par \par }{\i0\insrsid3870775\charrsid6241259 Dated at Kampala this\'85}{\i0\insrsid14232300\charrsid6241259 20}{\i0\super\insrsid14232300\charrsid6241259 th}{\i0\insrsid14232300\charrsid6241259 }{\i0\insrsid3870775\charrsid6241259 ..day of\'85}{ \i0\insrsid14232300\charrsid6241259 February}{\i0\insrsid3870775\charrsid6241259 \'85..2008. \par \par }{\i0\insrsid4598096\charrsid6241259 L. E. M. Mukasa- Kikonyogo}{\i0\insrsid3870775\charrsid6241259 \par }{\i0\insrsid4598096\charrsid6241259 Deputy Chief Justice \par \par \par S. G. Engwau \par Justice of Appeal \par \par \par C. K. Byamugisha \par Justice of Appeal \par }{\insrsid4419729\charrsid6241259 \par }}