[2001] UGCA 4
The Court of Appeal found that the trial judge misdirected himself by admitting the confessions based on their relevance rather than first making a specific finding on their voluntariness, as required by Section 25 of the Evidence Act. The judge failed to properly analyse the conflicting evidence regarding...
Source-derived case information.
- Citation
- [2001] UGCA 4
- Parties
- Appellant: Turahi Mugambe; Appellant: Nuwabika Stephen; Respondent: Uganda
- Court
- Court of Appeal of Uganda
- Jurisdiction
- Uganda
- Case Number
- Cr..Appeal No.48 of 1998
- Procedural Posture
- Criminal Appeal / Final Judgment
- Outcome
- appeal allowed; convictions quashed; sentences set aside
- Legal Topics
- Admissibility of Confessions, Trial Within a Trial, Doctrine of Recent Possession, Evaluation of Circumstantial Evidence, Voluntariness of Statements
- Source Language
- en
Source-derived case record
Summary, issues, holding and outcome
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Parties
Turahi Mugambe
Appellant
Nuwabika Stephen
Appellant
Uganda
Respondent
Procedural Posture
Criminal Appeal / Final Judgment
Legal Issues
- 1 Whether the trial judge erred in admitting the appellants' charge and caution statements as evidence.
- 2 Whether the trial judge properly evaluated the defence of alibi raised by the appellants.
- 3 Whether the doctrine of recent possession was correctly applied to the weighing scale found in the first appellant's house.
Ratio Decidendi
The Court of Appeal found that the trial judge misdirected himself by admitting the confessions based on their relevance rather than first making a specific finding on their voluntariness, as required by Section 25 of the Evidence Act. The judge failed to properly analyse the conflicting evidence regarding allegations of torture and did not provide adequate reasoning for finding the confessions voluntary. The weighing scale found in the first appellant's house was not sufficiently identified as the stolen property, and the possibility that it was planted or brought by someone else was not excluded. Circumstantial evidence was insufficient to sustain the convictions, and the items found...
Court Disposition
appeal allowed; convictions quashed; sentences set aside
Orders
- The appeal is allowed.
- The convictions of both appellants are quashed.
Full Case Text
Judgment text and source record
6 paragraphs
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\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid5012617 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012617 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012617\charrsid5012617 TURAHI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012617 MUGAMBE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 ::::::}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012617 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::APPELLANTS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012617 \par 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012617\charrsid5012617 NUWABIKA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 STEPHEN }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012617 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid5012617 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 AND \line UGANDA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012617 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 RESPONDENT \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5012617 (Appeal}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5012617 decis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 ion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 of the High }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Court \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5012617 (Musoke-Kibuuka . J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 .) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 dated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\super\insrsid5012617 st }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5012617 da}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5012617\charrsid5012617 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 of March. \line 1998 in criminal }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5012617 Sess}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 ion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid5012617 case No.210}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 of 1995). \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012617\charrsid5012617 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid5012617 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 JUDGEMENT OF THE COURT }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5012617 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1388188 The two appellants were on 31/3/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 98 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1388188 Mbarara,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 convicted by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1388188 High }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Court of aggravated robbery contrary to sections 272 and 273 (2) of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1388188 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Penal Code Ac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1388188 t and were sentenced to death. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Briefly, the background }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid1388188 facts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid1388188 are that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1388188 he complainant Patrick Mugarura}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid1388188 (now deceased) was a dealer in hides and skins and was on 12/8/94 travelling with others in motor vehicle No. UAA 371 towards Kikaga ti in Mbarara District to buy hides. On reaching a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1388188 t a place called Karama after Kitwe at about 9.00 a.m.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid1388188 they were stopped at gunpoint by three men one of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1388188 whom was armed with a gun. Reali}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid1388188 sing that these were robbers who had stopped them, the driver of the vehicle carr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 ying the complainant and others}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid1388188 immediately stopped and jumped out of the vehicle. His }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 passengers followed him. The all ran into the nearby bush where they hid themselves. Thinking that the robbers had left the complainant and his group attempted to return to their vehicle when the robbers fired three gunshots in their direction forcing them to scamper for the ir dear lives. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347\charrsid5012617 They}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 did}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 not identify their attackers. \par When they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 later attempted for the second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 time to return to their vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 their attackers had already left. The complainant and his group discovered however that the robbers had stolen from the vehicle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347\charrsid5012617 property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 which included money and a weighing scale belonging to the complainant. Thereafter, the complainant reported the matter to the Police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 naming no immediate suspects. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Upon investigations, the Police arrested the second appellant and recovered from the home of the first appellant a weighing scale which was allegedly identified by the complainant as his that was stolen in the robbers. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347\charrsid5012617 Subsequently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 he first appellant was arrested.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 It would appear that both appellants later made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347\charrsid5012617 confessionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 statements which were admitted in evidence after a trial within a trial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347\charrsid5012617 Eventually}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the appellants were jointly in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 dicted for aggravated robbery. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid7939347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 At the trial, the appellants set up a defence of alibi: the first appellant told court that at the material time he was in Tanzania visiting his sick mother. The secon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 d appellant, on the other hand}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 testified that on the material day he was for the whole day at his home repairing bicycles. \line The trial judge rejected the appellants\rquote defence and convicted them as stated earlier in this judgment. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Each of the appellant filed separate grounds of appeal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 The first appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Tu rahi Mugambe filed 7 grounds but only three were argued the rest having been abandoned. The grounds argued are:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 - \par (l) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 that the learned trial ju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 dge erred in law and fact when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 he admitted the}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 appellants charge and caution statement. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 (2) the learned trial judge erred both in law and fact when he rejected the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347\charrsid5012617 ap}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 pellants defence of alibi and \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 (3) the learned trial judge misapplied the doctrine of recent possession in thi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 s case to the prejudice of the appellant \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 For the second appellant 8 grounds were tiled though only 7 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 re argued in three batches of 1, 2, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 4 \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 6, 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 and 8. Ground 3 was aband}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 oned. The grounds argued are:- \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid4860827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 (1)\tab (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the learned trial judge erred in la}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 and in fact when he based his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 finding on the uncompleted and/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 r unconcluded evidence of PW4. \par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 (b) the learned trial judge was wrong in la and was irregular to have allowe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 d the assessor to put question }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 to PW3 before the en}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 d of his examination in-chief. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid7939347 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 (2) the learned trial judge was wrong in holding that there was corroboration and as a result arrived at a wrong conclusion. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid5012617 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 (4) the learned trial judge erred in and in fact in accepting the charge and caution statement \line purp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 ortedly made by the appellant. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 (5) the learned trial judge erred in law and in fact in holding a trial within a trial concurrently for both statements purportedly taken from both appellants and or in other words the lea}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 rned trial judge failed to hold/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 conduct a trial within a trial for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 /of each appellant separately.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 (6) the learned trial judge failed to properly evaluate evidence in the trial within a trial and thus a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 rrived at a wrong conclusion. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 (7) the learned trial judge was wrong in law and in fact in accepting circumstantial evidence and thus relying on same to convict the appellant. The trial jud.ge did not evaluate }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 said evidence and \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 (8) The learned trial judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 failed to properly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 evaluate evidence generally and as a whole and t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7939347 hus came to a wrong decision. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 The common complaint in this appeal as can be discerned from the above grounds is the admissibility of the confessions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 of the appellants. Mr. Tay ebwa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 learned counsel for the first appellant, criticised the approach adopted -by the trial judge in the trial within a trial to determine the admissibility of the appellants\rquote confessions. He argued that from the very beginning of the trial within a trial, the trial judge was set to establish the relevance rather than the voluntariness of the confessions as required by law. Counsel submitted that, that was a misdirection which led the trial judge not to e valuate the relevant evidence relating to the voluntariness of the confessions and consequently failed to make a specific finding on the point. He pointed out that the trial judge admitted the confessions because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827\charrsid5012617 they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 were relevant rather than that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827\charrsid5012617 they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 voluntary. \par Ms Lwanga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Principal State Attorney, who represented the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827\charrsid5012617 respondent,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 contended that under the Evidence Act, a confession is relevant only if it is voluntarily made. She argued that in considering the relevance of the confessions, the trial judg e considered their voluntariness. She pointed out that since the trial judge stated in his judgment thus:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4860827 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4860827\charrsid4860827 \'93I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 also have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 doubt about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4860827\charrsid4860827 their voluntariness.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 shows that he was alive to the need of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 voluntariness of a confession.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Ms Lwanga did not tell us the provision of the Evidence Act she had in mind but we think that she had in mind Section 25 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 amended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827\charrsid4860827 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 the Evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 (Amendment) Act No. 2 of 1985 which provides that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 - \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid4860827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 \'93A confession }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 made by an accused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4860827 person is irrelevant if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 making of the confession }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 appears }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 the court, having regard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 the state }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 of mind of the accused persons and to all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 circumstances, to have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 caused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 by any violence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 force, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 threat, inducement or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 promise calculated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 opinion of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 court to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 cause }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827 an untrue confession to be made.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid4860827
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid4860827 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 We agree that from the above provision of the Evidence Act,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 the relevance of a confession i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 s dependent on its voluntariness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Because voluntariness is the main essential to its relevance where }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827\charrsid5012617 admi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 ssib}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827\charrsid5012617 ility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 in evidence of a con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 fession is challenged, the court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 after concluding a trial within a trial must make a specific finding on the voluntariness of the confession first bef}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 ore considering its relevance. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 In the instant case, the trial Judge\rquote s remarks complained of started as follows: \emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 \par \'93Court: -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1078937\charrsid5012617 : -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid1078937 within a trial for proofs of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4860827\charrsid1078937 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid1078937 contents of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid1078937 two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid1078937 statements to commence,\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4860827 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 After concluding the conduct of the trial within a trial, the trial judge made the following short ruling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4860827 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1078937 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid1078937 \'93I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid1078937 am of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1078937\charrsid1078937 considered view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid1078937 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid1078937 that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid1078937 two statements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid1078937 are relevant and therefore admissible in evidence against both accused. I will give reasons for this decision in the final judgment in this case.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1078937\charrsid1078937 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid4860827 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1078937 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid10043081 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10043081 In our view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the above was, with respect to the trial judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10043081 misdirection. He admit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 ted the confessions in evidence because they were relevant rather than that they were voluntary. Section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10043081 25 of the Evidence Act above lay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 s emphasis on the voluntariness of a confession first for its relevance Ms Lwanga argued that the trial Judge had in mind the Importance of the voluntariness of the confession That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10043081\charrsid5012617 may}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 be true because later in his judgment the trial judge stated thus:- }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10043081 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid10043081 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10043081\charrsid10043081 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 \'93As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 required b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10043081 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 our }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10043081\charrsid10043081 Criminal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10043081 procedure,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 a trial within a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 had to be conducted to establish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 relevance of both statements within }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 meaning of section 25 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 Evidence Act. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 At }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 the closure of the trial within a trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 relevance of each statement was duly proved as their voluntariness was undoubtedly established.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10043081\charrsid10043081 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid10043081 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10043081 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 It is clear that the above passage still shows that the trial }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 conducted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the trial within a trial to establis h the relevance rather than the voluntariness of the confession He found that the confessions were relevant as their voluntariness was undoubtedly established. Unlike section 25 of the Evidence Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10043081 above, the trial judge though was a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 live to the importance of the voluntariness of a confession, he subordinated importance of the v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10043081 oluntariness to its relevance. \par \par Mr. Tay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 ebwa submitted that because of the misdirection, the trial judge did not evaluate evidence relating to the question of voluntariness of the confess ions. We agree. The record shows that the trial judge did not analyse the conflicting evidence for and against before he satisfied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10043081 himself that the confessions w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 ere voluntary. To drive our point home, we reproduce here the record of ho he dealt with the issue:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10043081 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid10043081 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10043081 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10043081\charrsid10043081 PW1 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10043081 AlP James K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 anvankore. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 In } {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 1994, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10043081 he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 attached to Mbarar4 police station. On 20 August 1994, he recorded charge and caution statements from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 Al }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 and \line 42. Each of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 accused was brought to PWI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 by }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 D. C. Mugarura for the purpose of recording their charge and caution statement. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid10043081 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li576\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin576\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13055195 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 \line \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid13055195 According to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid13055195 PWI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid13055195 Al in his charge and caution statement admitted pa rticipation in the theft which took place at Karama on 12th August 1994. Al had been admitting the offence since his arrest and detention at Kikagati and Kitwe Police Posts and at Mbarara before the statement was recorded. Similarly A2 had been admitting t he offence all the way from Kikagati, Kitwe and Mbarara. When he was charged and cautioned by PWI he emphatically admitted the offence. And like Al, A2 gave details of how the rob}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13055195 bery was planned and executed. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid13055195 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13055195 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid13055195 ough their counsel Mr. Katembeko, both Al a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13055195 nd A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid13055195 2 retracted the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13055195 ir confession during this trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid13055195 Learned counsel for both accused submitted that the two accused were tortured before making the statements and that they were made to sign pre-prepared texts who}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13055195 se contents they did not know. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid13055195 As require d by our criminal procedure, a trial within a trial had to be conducted to establish the relevance of both statements within the meaning of section 25 of the Evidence Act. At the closure of the trial within a trial, the relevance of each statement was dul y proved as their voluntariness was undoubtedly established. The statement of Al was admitted in evidence as prosecution Exhibit P1. That of A2 was marked as Exhibit P2.\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13055195 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 \line We think that it is incumbent upon the trial judge to analyse the evidence of the prosecution in the trial within a trial pertaining to the voluntariness of the confession against the defence\rquote s claim of torture before deciding one way or the other on the voluntariness of the confession. It is not enough to simply say that I am satisfied that the confession is voluntary. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 That would be window dressing. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 On the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195\charrsid5012617 authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid13055195 Pandya vs. R [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 195}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid13055195 7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 EA 336, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 as a first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195\charrsid5012617 appellate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 court, this court has a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195\charrsid5012617 duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 to re-evaluate the evidence to satisfy itself }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195\charrsid5012617 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the finding of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 the trial court can be upheld. \par \par In his evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 PWI who recorded the appellants\rquote confession statements denied that an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 of the appellants complained to him of h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 aving been tortured at Kikagati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Kitwe Police Posts and Mbarara Police Station. PW2 who escorted each appellant to PW I for recording their charge and caution statements also den ied that any of the appellants complained to him of any torture nor informed him of any injuries on him. He denied that he beat any of the appellants. He stated that even when he was returning them to the cells after the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 ir statements had been recorded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the appellants were in good health}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 None of them had any injuries. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Yet, the first appellant gave a grim account of how he was tortured at Kikagati police Post. Kitwe police post and even at Mbarara Police Station. He stated that at all these places his tortur ers used a wire w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 hip. At Mbarara Police Station }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 he was last beaten b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 PWI and P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 W2 in the former\rquote s office on 27/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 8/94. He sustained injuries on his body. The trial court confirmed the presence of a sc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 ar on his back. Then on 29/8/94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 he was brought to the sam e offic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 e where PW1 forced him to sign}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 pre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 prepared documents whose contents were not revealed to him. Due to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 fear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the appella}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 nt thumb-printed the document. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 The second appellant also narrated a similar story of his torture. He stated that on the day he was brought to sign a pre-prepared document, he was beaten by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 PW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 I for writing his name as Stephen Muwabire instead of Stephen Nuwabika which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 PW}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 anted. He sustained injuries on his both legs and later developed both}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195 swelling due to the torture. \par \par In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 our }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13055195\charrsid5012617 view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the allegations contained in the appellant\rquote s evidence are serious. It would appear there was no time for the threats imprinted in the minds of the appellants to clear before they signed or thumb-printed the statements. Their signatures or thumb-marks were secured b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254816 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 duress. These all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254816 egations called for satisfactor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254816\charrsid5012617 y}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 explanation from the prosecution. Mere denials b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254816 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the alleged torturers are not enough. Some kind of medical evidence showing the condition of the appellants soon after their ar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254816 rest and the approximate age of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254816 y scar found on them was in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 circumstances of this case necessary. Non e was made available. That left a serious doubt about the vo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16254816 luntariness of the confession. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Considering the above, we think that had the learned trial judge properly analysed the evidence available before him in the trial within a trial, he would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283362\charrsid5012617 probably}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 have found that the statement purportedly voluntarily made by each of the appellants was not voluntary within the meaning of section 25 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283362 f the Evidence Act as Amended by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the Evidence (Amendment) Act No.2 of 1985. We}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283362 find merit in this complaint.
\par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid8283362 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Mr. Edward}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283362 Muguluma Ddamulira}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 learned counsel for the second appellant criticised the trial judge for conducting a joint trial within a trial for the confessions of the two appellants. He contended that that was irregular. He did not cite an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8283362 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 specific provision of the law to support his view. When we asked him whether that procedure occasioned any miscarriage of j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 ustice to any of the appellants,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Mr. Mugul}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 uma could not say that it did. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 We find no merit in this criticism as the question of separate trial is a matter of discretion of the trial judge. See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Pyaralal Meloram Bassam and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid12803495 Wathobia s/o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid12803495 Kiambu vs R [1961] EA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 521. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 It has not been shown that the trial judge exercised his discretion wrongly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495\charrsid5012617 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 that the procedure occasioned a miscarriage of justice. Each of the appellants was through his lawyer availed opportunity to cross-examine all the witnesses examined by the prosecution. They were also allowed opportunity to give evidence on their behalf and call witnesses in their own defence. No miscarriage of justice was therefore occasioned b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 at joint trial within a trial. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 The next is ground 5 of the fir st appellant and ground 7 of the second appellant. These grounds in effect raised the question whether there is sufficient circumstantial evidence to justify the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 convictions of the appellants. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid12803495 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 It is not in dispute that a weighing scale (Exh. P4) was found in the house of the first appellant when he was not present. It is also not in dispute that a firing pin of a gun was found in the home of the same appellant. It is further not in dispute that a gun without a firing pin was found in the compound of the f ather November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495\charrsid5012617 November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 is said to be appellant No.2 but he disputes that name. The firing pin and the gun bore same serial numbers. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 \par \par Upon the above background Mr. Tay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 ebwa contended that the finding of the weighing scale in the first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495\charrsid5012617 appellants\rquote }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 house when he was not present was not sufficient proof that it was brought by him. Counsel argued that the machine could have been planted there or brought there by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495\charrsid5012617 appellants\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 wife without his knowledge. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 \par As for the firing pin Mr. Tay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 ebwa contended that there is no evidence that the gun found in the compound of the father of November and which bears the same seria l number with the firing pin found in the home of the first appellant was the vet- gun that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 was used in the robbery of 12/8/94. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Ms. Lwanga submitted that the weighing scale was not planted in the first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495\charrsid5012617 appellants\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 home. She argued that in his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495\charrsid5012617 confessionary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 statement, the first appellant explained in detail } {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495\charrsid5012617 how}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 he left the scale in his house before he left for Tanzania. As for the firing pin, the learned Principal State Attorney conceded that there is no evidence that the gun found at the home of the father of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495\charrsid5012617 November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 and which bears the same serial number with the firing pin found in the first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495\charrsid5012617 appellants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 home}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12803495 very gun used in the robbery. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 The trial judge found that the weighing scale Exh. P4 that was found in the house of the first appellant was the very weighing scale that was stolen in the robbery. He relied on the evi}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 dence of No.25500 D/Constable Ay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 ibe (PW5) of Kitwe Police Post who identified it in court saving the owner, late Mugarura had ident}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 ified it at Kitwe Police Post. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid13724049 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 It is clear from the rec ord that the weighing scale Exh. P4 was not identified in Court by the owner because he died before the trial. PW4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the driver who had worked with him for some time and thereby came to know the weighing scale did not also identify or describe it. When the case was adjourned for him to identify the scale, he never turned up. The trial judge relied on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 the letters \lquote MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 \rquote stated to be marked on the scale. According to him, those letters stood for Mugarura Patrick, the name of the owner. It is not clear from where the learned judge got that explanation as PW4 did not give that description of the scale. The trial judge believed that the weighing scale was the very one stolen in the robbery because PWS told court that the owner had identifi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 ed it at Kitwe Police Station. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 We think that that was not sufficient proof tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 t the scale Exh. P4 was the very}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 scale that was stolen in the robbery. The fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 that the scale was identified by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the owner at Kitwe Police Post is not suffic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 ient proof that it was the very}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 scale found in the first appellant\rquote s house. That piece of evidence is hearsay. The only person who could hav e validly identified the weighing scale was PW4. He could have confirmed the evidenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 e of PW5 that that was the very}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 scale that was stolen in the robbery. As it is the scale remains }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049\charrsid5012617 insufficiently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 proved to be the very o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 ne that was stolen in robbery. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 If it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 Mr. Tayebwa submitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 that the weighing scale could either have been planted in the first appellant\rquote s house or was taken there b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 y }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the first appellant\rquote s wife without his knowledge since the first a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 ppellant was not at home then. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid12545533 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 The la}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13724049 w} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 regarding recent possession of stolen property was stated in the case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid12545533\charrsid12545533 Kantilal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid12545533 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid12545533 Jivraj }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid11757451\charrsid12545533 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid11757451\charrsid12545533 Anor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid12545533 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid12545533\charrsid12545533 vs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid11757451\charrsid12545533 R [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid12545533\charrsid12545533 1961]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid12545533 EA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid12545533 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid12545533 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 to be that a person in possession of stolen goods soon after the theft is either the thief or a receiver with knowledge of its theft unless he can account for his possession thereof To justify an inference that he is the thief and not the receiver from the fa ct of possession, the evidence available must exclude the possibility that he received the article. See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid12545533 Andrea Obonyo and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid12545533 Anor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid12545533\charrsid12545533 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid12545533\charrsid12545533 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid11757451 R [1962]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid12545533 EA 542. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\insrsid12545533\charrsid12545533 \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 In the Instant case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the evidence of the reco}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 ver-v of the weighing scale in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the house of the first appellant was give}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 n by D/Constable Ayibe of Kitwe }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Police }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 Post. He told court that on 17/8/94 they received information }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 about a robbery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 with a gun in the area. Upon }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 investigation they arrested }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the second appellant with items like, a w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 oman\rquote s bag, Kitenge (cloth), a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 new travelling bag etc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533\charrsid5012617 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 which they su}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 spected to be stolen property. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 Thereafter, the second appellant referred}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 them to the home of the first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 appellant. They did not find the first app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 ellant at home though his wife }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 was. They searched the house and r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 ecovered a weighing scale. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 witness conceded that no local council of}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 ficial of the area or any local }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 chief wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12545533 s present during the search. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 We think}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 that there is no conclusive evidence that the first appellant was in possession of the weighing scale. On D/Constable Avibe\rquote s words agai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 nst that of the first appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 the possibility of the weighing scale having been planted in the first appellant\rquote s house or brought there by his wife during his absence was not ruled out. The trial judge was per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 suaded to believe D\rquote Constable Ay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid5012617 ibe because of the first appellant\rquote s confession which we found was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 wrongly admitted in evidence. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid15235489 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 the second appellant there is evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489\charrsid15235489 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 y D/Constable Ayibe that he (2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid15235489\charrsid15235489 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 appellant) was arrested with certain}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 items which were suspected to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 be stolen proper. However, none of the items was claimed or identified by anybody as being his and that it was stolen in the robbery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 Those items remained suspected stolen property }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 without }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 any proof that they were infact stolen. Their being found wit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 h the appellant therefore does }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 not link the appe llant with the robbery. Apart from the confessions which we have found to have been wrongly admitted in evidence, there is not circumstantial evidence on which the convictions of both appellants could be sustained. In view of the above findings, we find i t unnecessary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 to consider the other grounds. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 In the result, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489\charrsid15235489 allow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 the appeal,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 quash the conviction of both appellan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 ts and set aside the sentence. \par \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 Dated at Kampala this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid15235489\charrsid15235489 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 day of May 2001 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid15235489 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 \par L. E. M. MUKASA-KI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 KONYOGO \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid15235489 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 EPUTY CHIEF JUSTICE, }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15235489 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 G. M. OKELLO, \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 JUSTICE OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 APPEAL. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 \line C. N. B. KITUMBA. \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid15235489 JU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 STICE OF APPEAL. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid5012617 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 \line \line \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5012617 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7696426\charrsid15235489 \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8 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