[2008] UGHC 20

{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang2057\deflangfe2057{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f35\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;} {\f37\fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0603020202020204}Trebuchet MS;}{\f38\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f39\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\f41\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;} {\f42\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f43\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f44\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\f45\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;} {\f46\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f388\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f389\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f391\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}{\f392\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;} {\f393\fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f394\fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f395\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}{\f396\fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f397\fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);} {\f408\fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Trebuchet MS CE;}{\f409\fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Cyr;}{\f411\fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Greek;}{\f412\fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Tur;}{\f415\fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Baltic;}} {\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0; \red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \snext0 Normal;}{\s1\ql \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs32\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext0 heading 1;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}{\* \ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\langnp1024\langfenp1024 \snext11 \ssemihidden Normal Table;}{\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs32\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext15 Body Text;}{\s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext16 Title;}{\s17\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext17 Subtitle;}{\s18\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext18 Body Text 2;}{\*\cs19 \additive \b\i\f37\fs26 \sbasedon10 Font Style19;}{\*\cs20 \additive \b\f35\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10 \sbasedon10 Font Style24;}{\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext21 footer;}{\*\cs22 \additive \sbasedon10 page number;}{\s23\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f35\fs16\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext23 \ssemihidden \styrsid1905066 Balloon Text;}}{\*\latentstyles\lsdstimax156\lsdlockeddef0}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid1471863918\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2 \leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1584030262\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-180\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid69739736}{\list\listtemplateid-165917470\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2 \leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1584030262\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-180\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid220599256}{\list\listtemplateid-554370086\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2 \leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1584030262\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-180\li795\jclisttab\tx795\lin795 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1515\jclisttab\tx1515\lin1515 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2235\jclisttab\tx2235\lin2235 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2955\jclisttab\tx2955\lin2955 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li3675\jclisttab\tx3675\lin3675 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4395\jclisttab\tx4395\lin4395 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5115\jclisttab\tx5115\lin5115 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5835\jclisttab\tx5835\lin5835 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6555\jclisttab\tx6555\lin6555 }{\listname ;}\listid327826141}{\list\listtemplateid-98942838\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2 \leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid494610637}{\list\listtemplateid-1147269754\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698711\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li3960\jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listname ;}\listid684600635}{\list\listtemplateid1031307550\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1248331432\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-360\li900\jclisttab\tx900\lin900 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1333530141}{\list\listtemplateid-190429710\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1584030262\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-180\li1260\jclisttab\tx1260\lin1260 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1412392999}{\list\listtemplateid-2017054144\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-262220454\'03(\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\fbias0 \fi-750\li1470\jclisttab\tx1470\lin1470 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0 \levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0 {\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2520\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3240\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li3960 \jclisttab\tx3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4680\jclisttab\tx4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel \levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5400\jclisttab\tx5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li6120\jclisttab\tx6120\lin6120 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0 \levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6840\jclisttab\tx6840\lin6840 }{\listname ;}\listid1972124912}{\list\listtemplateid1914500742\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2 \levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1584030262\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fbias0 \fi-180\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext \leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703 \'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;} \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 } {\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698703\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0 \leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698713\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1 \levelspace540\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698715\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1983074110}}{\*\listoverridetable{\listoverride\listid1412392999\listoverridecount0\ls1} {\listoverride\listid1983074110\listoverridecount0\ls2}{\listoverride\listid327826141\listoverridecount0\ls3}{\listoverride\listid1333530141\listoverridecount0\ls4}{\listoverride\listid220599256\listoverridecount0\ls5}{\listoverride\listid69739736 \listoverridecount0\ls6}{\listoverride\listid1972124912\listoverridecount0\ls7}{\listoverride\listid684600635\listoverridecount0\ls8}{\listoverride\listid494610637\listoverridecount0\ls9}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid5566\rsid201111\rsid215235\rsid263475\rsid924291 \rsid1144984\rsid1524973\rsid1905066\rsid2061306\rsid2176538\rsid2690027\rsid2847630\rsid3998465\rsid5066255\rsid5338725\rsid5585904\rsid6043750\rsid9126423\rsid10372590\rsid10833907\rsid11084145\rsid11550047\rsid11665421\rsid12129969\rsid12137166 \rsid13198480\rsid14704460\rsid14759871\rsid15080105\rsid15270037\rsid16148641}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 11.0.5604;}{\info{\title SUMMING UP TO ASSESSORS}{\author USER}{\operator jchemeri}{\creatim\yr2009\mo1\dy8\hr10\min12} {\revtim\yr2009\mo1\dy8\hr10\min12}{\printim\yr2008\mo8\dy14\hr9\min33}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages13}{\nofwords3771}{\nofchars21497}{\*\company ***}{\nofcharsws25218}{\vern24689}}\margb899 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1800\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale150\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nojkernpunct\rsidroot12137166 \fet0{\*\ftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10372590 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\ftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10372590 \chftnsepc \par }}{\*\aftnsep \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10372590 \chftnsep \par }}{\*\aftnsepc \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10372590 \chftnsepc \par }}\sectd \linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9126423\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\pvpara\phmrg\posxr\posy0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs22\insrsid9126423 PAGE }}{\fldrslt {\cs22\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13198480 1}}}{\cs22\insrsid9126423 \par }\pard \s21\ql \li0\ri360\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin360\lin0\itap0 {\insrsid9126423 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s16\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid10833907 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par }\pard\plain \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10833907 IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA AT JINJA \par }\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par CRIMINAL SESSION CASE NO. 421 OF 2006 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 UGANDA::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\b\fs26\insrsid13198480 : PROSECUTOR}{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907

\par \par }\pard\plain \s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs32\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 VERSUS \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par BAGAMPAGIRE GODFREY:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\b\fs26\insrsid1905066 }{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 ACCUSED \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par BEFORE: }{\b\fs26\ul\insrsid10833907 HON. LADY JUSTICE IRENE MULYAGONJA KAKOOZA}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par \par }\pard\plain \s1\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs32\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 JUDGMENT \par }\pard\plain \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs32\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid10833907 The accused is indicted for the offence of murder contrary to sections 188 and 189 of the Penal Code Act. The prosecution called three witnesses to prove its case and the accused gave evidence on behalf his behalf in answer to the indictment. \par \par The brief facts are that the accused and the deceased were business associates and/or in a relationship of employee and employer. According to the accused, the deceased brought him from Sembabule, Mawogol a Distirct to Kayango village, Kapyanga in Bugiri Distirct to cultivate the deceased\rquote s rice gardens. Accused lived in the same compound with the deceased and the deceased\rquote s mother. On the fateful night the accused and the deceased had a fight in the deceased\rquote s mother\rquote s hut that resulted in serious injuries to the deceased. He died as a result of the injuries. Evidence was led to show that there had been a struggle in the hut where the deceased died. Further that the accused hit the deceased with a pound ing stick on the legs and a hoe on the head. The Post Mortem Report (Exh. P1) showed that the deceased died of excessive bleeding following deep cut wounds. \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par The LC Vice Chairman Kayango (PW2) testified that the mother of the }{\fs26\insrsid1144984 deceased}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 , Ajambo summoned him to the scene of the crime. He found the deceased still alive but lying in a pool of blood. He had very serious injuries and was in a critical condition. PW2 arrested the accused just outside the hut in which the fight took place and took him to Kayang o Local Administration Police. Accused was later re-arrested by PW1 Detective Corporal Masete and transferred to Bugiri Police Station. \par \par At the Police Station, the accused was alleged to have confessed that he committed the offence to two police officers and two statements were made, one of them a charge and caution statement. In the charge and caution statement recorded by PW3, Detective Inspector of Police (Rtd) Mulobole, the accused admitted that he injured the deceased in a fight and that it was in a bid to defend himself from an assault by the deceased. The statement describes in detail how the accused inflicted the wounds on the deceased and the instruments that he used to do so. \par \par When the statement was tendered in evidence the accused informed cou rt through his lawyer that though the contents of the statement were true, but he was beaten up by the police officers before he made the statement. As a result a trial-within-a-trial was held in which the accused denied that he made the statement. The a ccused insisted that he was beaten up and that he made the statement because of the pain inflicted upon him by the policemen. Court disbelieved the accused and the statement was admitted in evidence as Exhibit P4. This charge and caution statement now a ppears to be the main piece of evidence adduced by the prosecution because unfortunately, the deceased\rquote s mother Awino who found the accused at the scene of the crime and called in PW2 the LC1 Vice Chairperson died before this trial could be held. PW2 did no t see the fight. Apart form the Vice Chairperson the prosecution summoned no other witnesses except the two police officers who recorded statements from the accused and who were of course did not witness the fight between accused and the deceased. \par \par }\pard\plain \s18\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10833907 After t he prosecution had called one witness, the accused through his advocate proposed to plead to the lesser charge of manslaughter. The prosecution withheld its consent because counsel was convinced that there was enough evidence to sustain a charge of murde r against the accused. In spite of his earlier prayer to plead guilty to a lesser charge, the accused gave evidence that on the fateful night he was not at Ajambo\rquote s house. He also denied that he lived in the same compound with the deceased and asserted that he lived on the deceased\rquote s other kibanja in Kisenge. The accused informed court that he did not know about the death of Batwawula until he was arrested from his house where he was found sleeping at 4.00 a.m. on 6/04/04. He denied knowledge of any fight with the deceased against whom he claimed to have no grudge. The accused further testified that residents suspected him of committing the offence and he was charged with it because he was a new resident in Kayango. That Batwawula (now deceased) was the only person in the village who knew him, which made him a soft target for a frame-up by other residents in respect of the offence. \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 In all criminal cases an accused person is presumed innocent until proved or pleads guilty. This is provided for by Artic le 28 (3) (a) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda. The burden of proof rests upon the prosecution, throughout the trial, to prove the charge and all its ingredients. The burden does not shift to the accused. This is the long established posit ion of the law since the decision in }{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 Woolmington v. DPP (1935) AC 462 }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 which has been affirmed by courts in Uganda in several cases including}{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 Oketcho Richard v. Uganda,}{ \fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907\charrsid14759871 Supreme Court Criminal Appeal No. 26 of 1995}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 (Supreme Court of Uganda Certified Criminal Judgments 1996 \endash 2000 at 148). The accused is also to be convicted on the strength of the prosecution case and not on the weakness of his defence (}{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 Israel Epuku s/o Achietu v. R [1934] 1 E. A. C. A. 166}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 ). \par }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par }\pard\plain \s18\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10833907 In order to sustain an indictment for murder, the p rosecution has the burden to prove all the ingredients that constitute the offence against the accused as follows: \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10833907 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 i.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-180\li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0 { \fs26\insrsid10833907 That Batwawula (the deceased) died, \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10833907 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 ii.\tab}That the cause of his death was unlawful, \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10833907 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iii.\tab}That the accused caused the death of the deceased, or participated in causing it, and \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid10833907 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iv.\tab}That he caused it with malice aforethought. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par Regarding the death of the deceased, the prosecution relied on the evidence of PW2 who testified that one Ajambo, the mother of the deceased summoned him to her home in the night of 6/04/ 04. When he got there he found the deceased who had been assaulted lying in a pool of blood, and in a critical condition. He was informed that the accused was assaulted by the accused so he arrested him and took him to local administration police at Kay ango. When he returned to Ajambo\rquote s home he found the deceased dead. Detective Patrick Masete (PW1) testified that he was summoned to rescue the accused who was likely to beaten up by a mob and who was being held at the local administration police. After seeing that accused was already safe in custody he proceeded to the scene of the crime where he found the body of the deceased lying in a pool of blood inside a hut. This evidence was supported by the post mortem report, which showed that the deceased di ed of excessive bleeding following deep cut wounds. Accused also agreed that the deceased died. There is thus no doubt that the deceased died and I find that the prosecution proved this first ingredient beyond reasonable doubt. \par \par Regarding the second ingre dient, it is the presumption that all homicides are unlawful except where they occur in the due process of law or where they are caused by accident. Article 22 of the Constitution of Uganda guarantees the right to life and it provides that }{ \fs26\insrsid10833907 one should be d eprived of life except in execution of a sentence passed by a court of competent jurisdiction in respect of a criminal offence under the laws of Uganda and the highest appellate court has confirmed the conviction and sentence. According to the post mortem

report (Exh. P1) the death of the deceased resulted from excessive bleeding due to deep cut injuries that were not self-inflicted. The inference from this finding is that the deceased was assaulted. The weapons likely to have been used were named in the p o st mortem report to be a hoe and a pounding stick. Assault is an offence under the laws of Uganda and therefore unlawful. Since the defence also conceded that the death of the deceased was caused unlawfully, find that the prosecution has proved the seco nd ingredient beyond reasonable doubt. \par \par }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 As to whether the accused caused or participated in causing the death of the deceased, there was no direct evidence linking the assault of the deceased to the accused. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidenc e to prove this. The main piece of evidence was the confession that was first made to PW1, the arresting officer and later to PW3, Detective Inspector of Police }{\fs26\insrsid1905066 Messhack }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 Mulobole in the processes of administering a charge and caution. The statement was admitted following a trial-within-a-trial as Exh. P4. In the charge and caution statement the accused stated: \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 \'93 I did not murder him but the deceased fought me, (sic) he found me preparing my super, (sic) he poured the white ants then held me by the neck an d beat me seriously, (sic) during the struggle to gain freedom, I got hold of a pounding stick (sic) which I hit him on his legs,(sic) he fell down but still holding me and beating me,(sic) I struggled until I got hold of a hoe (sic) which I hit him on hi s head and he released me.\'94 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par In his defence, the accused denied that he made this confession. He testified that the detectives had coerced the confession out of him by use of force and intimidation. Mr. Niyonzima Vincent, Resident State Attorney invited co urt to treat this confession as a retracted confession. Relying on the decision in the case of }{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907\charrsid5585904 Kasule v. Uganda [1992-92] H. C. B. at 39}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 , he submitted that a retracted confession would not normally be used to support a conviction unless it is corroborated b y other evidence. However, court might rely on it if it is fully satisfied in the circumstances of the case that the confession must be true. Mr. Niyonzima added that in the circumstances the confession detailed how the circumstances unfolded, including

offering a defence on the part of the accused. He submitted that such a confession had to be true and it required no corroboration. But in the event that it did require corroboration, he invited court to treat the prior confession recorded in the stateme nt of the accused to PW1 as corroboration to the confession. \par \par Counsel for the accused}{\fs26\insrsid5585904 ,}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 Ms. Birungi Monica}{\fs26\insrsid5585904 ,}{\fs26\insrsid12137166 also }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 invited court to treat the confession as retracted}{\fs26\insrsid15080105 .}{ \fs26\insrsid10833907 She submitted that the evidence of PW1 should be treated as hearsay evidence}{\fs26\insrsid15080105 and could not corroborate the confession}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 . She }{\fs26\insrsid15080105 contended that for the confession to be considered as evidence, it had to be corroborated by independent evidence other than that of PW1.}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par \par The law on retracted and repudiated confessions was reviewed by the Supreme Court in }{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 Matovu Musa Kassim v. Uganda, SC Criminal Appeal No, 27 of 2002}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 where the accused had retracted a confession that he made immediately after arrest because he alleged it was not made voluntarily. It was held, affirming the decision in }{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 Tuwamoi v. Uganda [1967] EA 84}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 that: \par \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0 {\cs20\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\insrsid10833907 "A}{\cs20\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 trial} {\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 court}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 should}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 accept}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 any}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 confession}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 which}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 has}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 been retracted}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 or}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 repudiated}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 with}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 caution}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 and}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 must,}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 before founding}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 a}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 conviction}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 on}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 such}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 a}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 confession,}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 be}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 fully}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 satisfied in}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 all}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 circumstances}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 of}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 the}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 case}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 that}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 the}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 confession}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 is}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 true. The}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 same}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 standard}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 of}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 proof}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 is}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 required}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 in}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 all}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 cases}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 and}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 usually a}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 court}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 will}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 only}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 act}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 on}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 the}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 confession}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 if}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 corroborated}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 in some}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 material}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 particular}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 by}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 independent}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 evidence}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 accepted by}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 the}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 court.}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 But}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 corroboration}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 is}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 not}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 necessary}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 in}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 law}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 and the}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 court}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 may}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 act}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 on}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 a}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 confession}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 alone}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 if}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 it}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 is}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 satisfied}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 after considering}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 all}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 the}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 material}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 points}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 and}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 surrounding circumstances}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 that}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 the}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 confession}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 cannot}{ \cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 but}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 be}{\cs19\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 true." }{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin0\itap0 {\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid10833907 The case of }{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 Matovu Musa Kassim}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 (supra) is almost on all fours with the instant case regarding the statement that was in contention. In that case, the learned }{\fs26\insrsid5585904 Justices}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 of the Supreme Court observed that the appellant made a detailed statement disclosing facts and events which only a person who was an active participant and eye witness to much of what occurred on the night of the murder could have been familiar with. Though the accused gave sworn evidence at his trial in which he repudiated the statement, a number of factors existed to discredit any claim that in any way affected the facts and events he disclosed. Court therefore concluded that any claims that the appellant was framed had no truth in them and up held the confession and the conviction that had been based on it. \par \par I am fortified by the decision of the Supreme Court cited above and I do ag ree with Mr. Niyonzima that the statement of the accused disclosed details that could not have been given by a person who was not a participant or eye witness of the events that took place in Ajambo\rquote s hut on the night that the deceased was assaulted. Beca use the accused was telling it all as it had happened, he was so convincing that he even offered the defence that he only hit the deceased because he was defending himself from an attack. There is no other conclusion that can be drawn from the surrounding circumstances}{\fs26\insrsid5585904 ,}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 that the confession cannot be but true. There is therefore no doubt that it can be used as a basis for conviction of the accused. \par \par In the event that there is any doubt as to the truth of the confession the doubt would still be resolved agai nst the accused in this case because there is other evidence on record which corroborates the circumstances in the confession other than the testimony of PW1. During the trial-within-the-trial, the accused testified that the beatings that were inflicted u pon him by the detectives in order to extract the confession resulted in injuries to his left eye and loss of sight in that eye. On the other hand, PW3, DIP Mulobole testified in the same trial that on administering the charge and caution, he observed th at the accused had injuries. He testified th}{\fs26\insrsid15080105 at}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 accused had bruises on his face }{\fs26\insrsid15080105 and an}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 other injur}{\fs26\insrsid15080105 y}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 on his finger. According to PW3, the accused informed him that he got the injuries during the fight with the deceased. \par \par The accused was examined and PF 24 filled after his arrest. The findings on PF 24 that was filled at Bugiri hospital on 8/04/04, barely two days after the incident, show that at the time of his examination the accused had }{\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 \'93 healing wounds right orbital, neck region}{\i\fs26\insrsid15080105 and a }{\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 swollen right hand.\'94}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 These injuries are consistent with the struggle between the accused and the deceased that was described in the charge and caution statement. In the statement the accused disclosed that the deceased got a hold of him by the neck. This explains the find ing in the report that the accused had }{\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 \'93scratch wounds behind the neck.\'94}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 The swollen right hand is explained by accused\rquote s report to PW1 that during the struggle, the deceased got a hold of his hand and twisted it or turned it down causing his pain. The a ccused then retaliated by getting a pounding stick with which he hit the deceased. These circumstances disclosed to PW1 and }{\fs26\insrsid15080105 the }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 doctor\rquote s findings on examining the accused corroborate the contents of }{\fs26\insrsid15080105 the }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 confession in the charge and caution statement. \par \par }{\fs26\insrsid15080105 The }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 accused\rquote s testimony that he was beaten up by the investigating officer as he extracted the confession from him }{\fs26\insrsid15080105 is therefore}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 an after thought and a pack of lies. It contradicts the instructions that accused gave to counsel who disclosed to court that th e accused had informed her that the contents of the statement where true and that accused had narrated them to the police officer. It also contradicts his prayer during the course of the trial to plead to the lesser charge of manslaughter. The accused wo u ld have had court believe that he was tortured brutally by PW1, Masete. He testified that Masete hit him with a baton on the head several times and he bled from the nose and the eye. He described the baton as a hard stick the size of his arm that had a lump at the end. It is inconceivable that the accused could have been hit several times on the head}{\fs26\insrsid15080105 with such a weapon}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 and not sustained }{\fs26\insrsid11550047 injuries (most likely concussion) and/}{ \fs26\insrsid10833907 or collapsed from }{\fs26\insrsid11550047 such }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 beating. \par }{\fs26\insrsid11550047 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11550047 {\fs26\insrsid11550047 Regarding his participation in the offence, the accused raised an alibi. In }{\fs26\insrsid5585904 h}{ \fs26\insrsid11550047 is testimony the accused claimed not to have been at the scene of the crime. That defence was negatived by the fact that the confession put him squarely at the scene of the crime. The wounds he sustained during the fight wit h the deceased corroborated his confession. By the foregoing, the defence of alibi is negatived. }{\b\fs26\insrsid11550047 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs26\insrsid11550047 \par }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 I am therefore }{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 fully}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 satisfied in}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 all}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 circumstances}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 of}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 the}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 case}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 that}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{ \cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 the}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 confession}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\fs26\insrsid11550047 as adduced in the charge and caution statement }{ \cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid11550047 was}{\cs19\fs26\insrsid10833907 }{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 true. By virtue of his own confession, the accused was placed at the scene of the crime and he }{ \cs19\i\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 did}{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 have a fight with the deceased, which led to the serious injuries that resulted in his death. On the basis of the confession, I find that the prosecution has proved the third ingredient beyond reasonable doubt. \par \par The final ingredient that the prosecution had to prove to sustain the indictment }{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid15080105 is}{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 malice aforethought. Malice aforethought has been broadly defined in s.191 of the Penal Code Act}{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid15080105 . It is there}{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 provide}{ \cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid15080105 d}{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid10833907 that }{\cs19\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid15080105 malice aforethought }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 shall be deemed to be established by evidence proving an intention to cause the death of any person whether such person is the person actually killed or not; or knowledge that the act or omission causing death will probably cause the death of so me person whether such person is the person actually killed. It does not matter that such knowledge is accompanied by indifference whether death is caused or by a wish that it may not be caused. From this definition, malice aforethought is a state of mi nd, which cannot be established from direct evidence, but which can be inferred from the circumstances of the case at hand. \par \par }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 The formula above became law after the decision in }{\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 R v. Tubere [1945] 12 EACA 63}{\b\i\fs26\insrsid10833907 . }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 In that case and subsequent case, courts have con sistently held that malice aforethought can be inferred from the nature of the weapon used, the part of the body targeted, the manner in which the weapon was used, and the conduct of the accused before, during and after the incident. \par }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par In the instant case, the prosecution relied on the weapons used to inflict the injuries and the part of the body that was targeted}{\fs26\insrsid215235 to infer that there was malice aforethought}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 .}{\fs26\insrsid215235 }{ \fs26\insrsid10833907 According to the post mortem report, the accused had gush wounds on the }{\i\fs26\insrsid10833907\charrsid5585904 occiput}{\fs26\insrsid10833907 (part of the head) and on the legs.}{\fs26\insrsid215235 }{\fs26\insrsid10833907 In his confession the accused stated that he hit the deceased with a hoe on the head. On the basis of these criteria, the prosecution invited court to find that malice aforethought had been proved beyond reasonable doubt. \par }{\fs26\insrsid2847630 \par Counsel for the accused submitted that there was no evidence to show that the actions of the accused where premeditated; no evidence was brought by the prosecution to show that there was a prior arrangement or threats made by the accused to kill the deceased. It was al so submitted that the accused had not run away from the scene of the crime so that guilt could be inferred from such action. Counsel for the accused thus submitted that malice aforethought had not be}{\fs26\insrsid9126423 en}{\fs26\insrsid2847630 proved beyond reasonable doubt by the prosecution and the accused could not therefore be convicted of murder. \par }{\fs26\insrsid11665421 \par }{\fs26\insrsid11550047 In addition}{\fs26\insrsid11665421 , counsel for the accused submitted that }{\fs26\insrsid11550047 in his}{\fs26\insrsid11665421 confession the accused}{\fs26\insrsid11550047 stated}{\fs26\insrsid11665421 that he had been forced to hit the deceased with a hoe because deceased attacked him and held him by the neck. The accused added that after he hit him with a pounding stick on the legs, the deceased fell down but he continued holding onto the legs of the accused who was trying to run away to avoid imminent danger. }{\fs26\insrsid2061306 She drew that attention of court to the evidence of}{\fs26\insrsid11665421 PW}{\fs26\insrsid11550047 1}{\fs26\insrsid11665421 }{\fs26\insrsid2061306 that }{\fs26\insrsid11665421 there was evidence of a violent struggle between the accused and the deceased in the hut where deceased\rquote s body was found. }{\fs26\insrsid11550047 Counsel then prayed that in the circumstances court should find that the defence of self-defence is available to the accused and convict}{\fs26\insrsid11665421 him of manslaughter instead of murder. \par }{\fs26\insrsid11550047 \par The law on }{\fs26\insrsid2061306 the defence of self-defence was discussed in }{\b\fs26\insrsid2061306\charrsid263475 U v. Dic Ojok [1992-1993] HCB at 54}{\fs26\insrsid2061306 where the elements of the defence where laid down. Court was of the opinion that there are four factors that could be said to constitute self-defence:}{\fs26\insrsid11550047 \par }{\fs26\insrsid2061306 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2061306 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 i.\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid263475 { \fs26\insrsid2061306 There must be an attack on the accused}{\fs26\insrsid263475 ,}{\fs26\insrsid2061306 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2061306 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 ii.\tab}The accused must as a result have believed on reasonable grounds that he was in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm}{ \fs26\insrsid263475 ,}{\fs26\insrsid2061306 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2061306 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iii.\tab}That accused must have believed it necessary to use force to repel the attack upon him}{\fs26\insrsid263475 ,}{\fs26\insrsid2061306 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs26\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid2061306 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iv.\tab} The force used by the accused must be such force as the accused believed on reasonable grounds to have been necessary to prevent or to resist the attack}{\fs26\insrsid263475 ;}{\fs26\insrsid2061306 but in determining whether the extent of force used by the accused was reasonably necessary, regard must be had to all the circumstanced of the case. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid201111 {\fs26\insrsid201111 \par There is no doubt that the force that the accused used in this case \endash hitting the accused with a hoe was excessive. Although the deceased had at the onset of the fight gotten a hold of the accused\rquote s neck, when the deceased hit him with a pounding stick on the legs, the deceased fell down. Deceased was not armed and he was on the ground. The immediate danger to the accused}{\fs26\insrsid12129969 \rquote s}{\fs26\insrsid201111 life had been reduced }{\fs26\insrsid12129969 had}{\fs26\insrsid201111 it not been for the deceased\rquote s continued clutching onto his legs to prevent accused from making an escape. This in the view of the accused necessitated use of more force to get the deceased to release his legs so that he could escape.}{\fs26\insrsid11084145 It will be remembered that the initial attack on the accused was vicious. The deceased grabbed him by the neck and perhaps threatened to strangle him.}{\fs26\insrsid1524973 The scratch marks recorded in the medical exam report on the accused}{ \fs26\insrsid6043750 Exh. P2}{\fs26\insrsid1524973 attest}{\fs26\insrsid14759871 s}{\fs26\insrsid1524973 to this.}{\fs26\insrsid201111 \par \par In }{\b\fs26\insrsid201111\charrsid12129969 U v. Dic Ojoc}{\fs26\insrsid12129969 (supra)}{\fs26\insrsid201111 it was held that although a}{\fs26\insrsid12129969 person}{\fs26\insrsid201111 who is attacked in circumstances where he reasonably believes his life is}{\fs26\insrsid12129969 in}{\fs26\insrsid201111 imminent danger is entitled to use force, even deadly force to repel the attack}{\fs26\insrsid12129969 , the}{\fs26\insrsid201111 determination that the person is placed in such a situation where he m ust use force to protect his life is one of fact that depends on the circumstances of a particular case. Court concluded that the person would not be availed the defence of self-defence if there are no reasonable grounds upon which he based his belief th at the force u}{\fs26\insrsid12129969 sed was reasonably necessary to repel the attack.}{\fs26\insrsid201111 \par }{\fs26\insrsid12129969 \par In the instant case, the fact that the accused tried to disengage and run away from the deceased after he hit his legs and he fell to the ground deserve closer examination because it is his reaction after he removed the imminent danger and the accused \rquote s response to it that would determine whether the accused needed to use more force to repel the attack. In }{\b\fs26\insrsid12129969\charrsid5066255 U v. Ojoc}{\b\fs26\insrsid5066255 }{\fs26\insrsid5066255\charrsid5066255 (supra)}{ \fs26\insrsid12129969 court found that although a person faced with imminent danger of death may use such force as }{\fs26\insrsid5066255 he}{\fs26\insrsid12129969 reasonably believes necessary in the circumstances, he must evince a willingness to temporise or disengage and perhaps to make some physical withdrawal. If the opportunity to avoid conflict exists and instead force is resorted to , this may be used to determine whether the force used was reasonably necessary in the circumstances. \par }{\fs26\insrsid1524973 \par I find that the circumstances in which the accused was placed, }{\fs26\insrsid5585904 with }{\fs26\insrsid1524973 the deceased who had previously threatened to strangle him clutching onto his legs to prevent his escape}{\fs26\insrsid5585904 ,}{ \fs26\insrsid1524973 could have caused the accused to lose all sense of reasonable action. His immediate response was to get the deceased to release him at all costs. He got the nearest weapon that he could find to achieve this and unfortunately, the hoe was the nearest that he could use. As was held in }{\b\fs26\insrsid1524973\charrsid3998465 U v. Dic Ojoc}{\fs26\insrsid3998465 (supra)}{\fs26\insrsid1524973 the person in danger of a violent attack }{\fs26\insrsid3998465 \'93}{\fs26\insrsid1524973 is not expected to weigh to a nicety the exact measure of the defensive action since it is known that fear, pain and surprise can physiologically }{\fs26\insrsid3998465 so change a person as to literally take}{\fs26\insrsid1524973 him out of his normal self.}{\fs26\insrsid3998465 \'94}{\fs26\insrsid1524973 \par }{\fs26\insrsid3998465 \par }{\fs26\insrsid2176538 I therefore find that the instant case can be distinguished from that of }{\b\fs26\insrsid2176538\charrsid2176538 U v. Tur}{\b\fs26\insrsid2176538 w}{\b\fs26\insrsid2176538\charrsid2176538 omwe [1978] HCB}{\b\fs26\insrsid2176538 15 }{\fs26\insrsid2176538 which was cited by the learned Resident State Attorney to support the submission that malice aforethought is inferred where the accused hits the deceased with a deadly weapon such as a }{\i\fs26\insrsid2176538\charrsid14759871 panga}{\fs26\insrsid2176538 in a vulnerable part of the body like the neck. In the instant case, though the accused hit the deceased on the head with a hoe, he had been pl aced in a situation where he was afraid for his life. He could not in the circumstance}{\fs26\insrsid5338725 s}{\fs26\insrsid2176538 start considering which part of the deceased\rquote s body to disable. He had already tried the legs and the deceased continued to fight him, in fact to prevent him from making his escape from the struggle}{\fs26\insrsid5338725 and imminent danger to his life}{\fs26\insrsid2176538 . }{ \fs26\insrsid3998465 \par }{\fs26\insrsid2176538 \par }{\fs26\insrsid9126423 The assessors in this case gave a joint opinion. They opined that on the basis of the evidence that had been adduced before this court, the accused killed the deceased but he did not do so intentionally. I agree with them. }{ \fs26\insrsid2176538 In the end result, I find that }{\fs26\insrsid9126423 the prosecution did}{\fs26\insrsid2176538 not }{\fs26\insrsid9126423 prove malice aforethought }{\fs26\insrsid2176538 beyond reasonable doubt. The accused was clearly trying to defend himself}{\fs26\insrsid9126423 and unfortunately ended up killing the deceased. The defence of }{\fs26\insrsid14759871 self defence}{\fs26\insrsid2176538 }{\fs26\insrsid924291 shall}{ \fs26\insrsid2176538 }{\fs26\insrsid16148641 therefore }{\fs26\insrsid9126423 be }{\fs26\insrsid2176538 avail}{\fs26\insrsid9126423 ed}{\fs26\insrsid2176538 to him. The accused is therefore acquitted of murder and is}{\fs26\insrsid5566 instead}{ \fs26\insrsid2176538 convicted of manslaughter. \par }{\fs26\insrsid2690027 \par }{\b\fs26\insrsid2690027\charrsid5566 Irene Mulyagonja Kakooza \par JUDGE \par }{\fs26\insrsid2690027 14/08/08 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\fs26\insrsid10833907 \par }}