[2007] UGHC 20

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KA}{\f36\fs32\insrsid8353566 G}{ \f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 YEND}{\f36\fs32\insrsid8353566 A}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 MOSES \par A2. TUGUME HERBERT \tab \tab :::::::::::::: ACCUSED \par }\pard\plain \s6\ql \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f36\insrsid2772352 A3. MUHUMUZA JOHNSON \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f36\insrsid2772352 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 BEFORE: }{\b\f36\fs32\ul\insrsid2772352 HON. MR. JUSTICE PAUL K. MUGAMBA \par }\pard\plain \s6\ql \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \b\f1\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f36\insrsid2772352 JUDGMENT:- \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 A1 Kagyenda Moses, A2 Tugume Herbert and A3 Muhumuza Johnson are jointly charged with aggravated robbery, contrary to sections 285 and 286 (2) of the Penal Code Act. Six witnesses test ified for the prosecution. D/C Gumisiriza Nathan was PW1, Twesigye Onesmus was PW2, D/C Mugisha Gordon was PW3, Nuwamanya Dinah was PW4, D/C Eliphaz Turyahikayo was PW5 while Tuhaise Dick ASP testified as PW6. The exhibit slip was received as exhibit P1 , the two photographs of the motorcycle are P2, the extra judicial statement of A3 together with its English translation was exhibit P3 while the extra judicial statement of A2 in Runyankole together with its English translation is exhibit P4. \par \par }{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 All the accused persons gave sworn statement in their respective defences. They called no witnesses. \par \par It is the prosecution that on 17}{\f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 2002, at Kamukuzi, Mbarara Municipality, all the three accused persons robbed a motorcycle Yamaha Mate Registration Num ber UDC 924M from Onesmus Twesigye, using a panga and a stick. With the assistance of A2 the motorcycle was recovered in Kyamuhunga two days after it was stolen. A2 and A3 made extra judicial statements in which they admitted they participated in the of fence. Both A1 and A3 were seen with the motorcycle the day after the robbery. In consequence the accused persons were arrested and charged with the offence. \par \par It is the duty of the prosecution to prove the charge against the accused persons beyond reasonable doubt. See }{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 Ssekitoleko Vs Uganda [1967] EA 531}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 where the charge is aggravated robbery the following ingredients ought to be proved: \par \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs32\insrsid2772352 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 That there was theft. \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs32\insrsid2772352 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}That there was the use or threatened violence; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs32\insrsid2772352 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}That there was use or the threat to use a deadly weapon; and \par {\listtext\pard\plain\fs32\insrsid2772352 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}That accused participated in the offence. \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 \par It was the evidence of PW2 that motorcycle number UDC 924M was stolen from him on the night of 17}{\f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 202. Evidence of theft is also corroborated by PW1, PW3, PW4 and PW5. It is nowhere contested that such theft occurred. I find this ingredient has been proved beyond reasonable doubt. \par \par PW2 testified that three men empowered him and took away the motorcycle he was riding away from him. It was his evidence the men told him to choose between handi}{\f36\fs32\insrsid1209334 ng over the motorcycle to them }{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 or loosing his life. He said he offered no resistance after that. This piece of evidence which was nowhere disputed shows there a threat to use violence. This ingredient been proved beyond reasonable doubt. \par \par \par There is no ev idence PW2 was assaulted on the occasion of the theft of the motorcycle. It was conceded by the prosecution even that it had not proved that there was use of a deadly weapon on the occasion. PW2 himself stated that his assailants had a panga and a stick. However, PW2 stated that he was able to see the alleged weapons. This ingredient has not been proved. \par \par PW2 testified that he never recognized the men who stole the motorcycle. The motorcycle was not exhibited in court. }{\f36\fs32\insrsid1209334 According}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 to PW2, PW1, PW3 and PW 5 the motorcycle recovered at Kyamuhunga answered to the description of motorcycle registration number UDC 924M. It was on that score the machine was handed back to PW2. Motorcycle number UDC 924M was recovered at the home of PW4 on 19}{ \f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 2002 \endash two days after it was stolen. It was the evidence of PW4 that the motorcycle had been taken to her house by A1 and A3 together with her brother-in-law yet to be arrested. PW4 stated that the motorcycle was taken to her home on the night of 18}{ \f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 2002 and left there ostensibly because it lacked fuel. Pw2 in his part testified that he was attacked and robbed of the motorcycle at Kamukuzi. The evidence of PW1 that is while he was interrogating A2 concerning another case of robbery A2 had admitted t o him that he (A2) had participated in the theft of the motorcycle in issue and had proceeded to lead PW1 and PW3 to Kyamuhunga to the house where the motorcycle was recovered. The evidence of PW1 is corroborated by that of PW3. Indeed PW4 admits the mo t orcycle was recovered at her house where A1 and A3 had taken it. The doctrine of recent possession of stolen goods is an application of the ordinary rule relating to circumstantial evidence. Where a person is in possession of goods soon after they are st olen, there is a presumption that that person was the thief or that that person received the goods knowing them to be stolen, unless there is credible explanation of innocent possession. See }{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 Andrea Obonyo & Others Vs R [1962] EA 452}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 , a decision by the Eas t African Court of Appeal. Consequently the doctrine is applicable only where the inculpatory facts, namely the possession of the stolen goods, are incompatible with in}{\f36\fs32\insrsid12278153 nocenc}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 e and incapable of explanation upon any other reasonable hypothesis than that of guilt. Court must also be certain there are no other co-existing circumstances that weaken or destroy the inference of guilt. See }{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid1209334 Simon}{ \b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 M}{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid1209334 usoke Vs R [1958] EA 715, 718; }{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 Teper Vs R (2) [1952] AC 480. \par \par }\pard\plain \s19\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f36\fs32\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid2772352 PW6 testified that he recorded extra judicial statement s from A2 and A3. Remarkably the statements have be repudiated by the defence of A2 and A3. There is need for the statements to be corroborated by some other evidence if they are to be relied upon. \par }\pard\plain \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 \par In the extra judicial statement of A2 which is exhibit P4 he states that on 17}{\f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 2002 he left Kampala at about 3.00p.m in the company of A3. He adds that they arrived in Mbarara at abo} {\f36\fs32\insrsid1209334 ut 8.00p.m. and found A1 at the }{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 Masaka Road Roundabout. He states that he hired motorcycles on two occasions and tha t on each of these occasions the motorcycle hired was being stolen by him and his colleagues A1 and A3. He says one robbery was at Kiyanja while the other was at Ruharo; adding that during the robbery at Ruharo the victim raised an alarm as a result of w hich he (A2) was arrested after his colleagues had escaped. He states also that after his arrest he took police to Kyamuhunga where one of the motorcycles was recovered at the home of PW4. \par \par The extra judicial statement of A3 that he left Kampala in the company of A1 and A2 at about 2.00p.m on 17}{\f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 2002 and that the group arrived in Mbarara at about 7.00p.m. in the evening. While A3 and A1 walked from Rwebikoona, where the bus dropped them, to Kiyanja, A2 returned to Mbarara from where he hired a m otorcycle, the statement adds. As soon as A2 and the three accused had got hold of the motorcycle rider and ridden away on the motorcycle and hidden it in Ruharo where he awaited A2. Later A3 had ridden to Itendero where A2 did not up. In Itendero A3 h ad hidden the motorcycle in a bush. Next day A3 }{\f36\fs32\insrsid12278153 h}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 ad gone to Kyamuhunga but while there he was arrested and charged with aggravated robbery. \par \par All three accused persons stated in their respective defences which were sworn averments that they were not known o ne to another before. Indeed their defences were alibis. A1 told court that he was arrested at Rwizi bridge in Mbarara following the breakdown of a vehicle he transported construction materials in. The arrest was on 10}{\f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 July 2003, he stated, and was initially d}{\f36\fs32\insrsid12278153 u}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 e to the fact that A1 was not in possession of receipts for his construction items on the vehicle. A2 on the other hand stated in his defence that he was a trader who dealt in beans. On 14}{\f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 2002 he loaded beans at Rwahi for sale in Ka mpala. At about 10.00p.m. the vehicle in which he traveled with his said commodities nearly overturned, causing him to fall off it and getting injured in the process he became unconscious. He added that the day he was arrested he found himself in Mbarar a Hospital. Later he was arrested at the hospital at 2.00p.m. }{\f36\fs32\insrsid1209334 On}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 15}{\f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 2002 owing to the fact that he lacked identi}{ \f36\fs32\insrsid12278153 t}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 y papers, his having gone missing following the accident. Further A2 stated that on 20}{\f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 20002 he was forced to put his si gnature on a piece of paper, which had already been prepared in order that he might secure his release. It was after that he was charged with this offence. On defence of A3 was that he had left his home in Buremba on 22}{\f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 nd}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 2002 in order to visit his brother who was a doctor at Comboni Hospital, Kyamuhunga. Before he could reach the hospital he visited a shop to get some refreshing drink. While at the shop he was asked about his identity and where he came from. All he had on him was a graduated tax ticket for the year 2001 which he was told was not satisfactory. Later he was arrested by LDU personnel and others and taken to Mbarara Police Station. Afterwards he was charged with the present offence. \par When an accused person sets up a defence of al ibi he does not assume the duty to prove it. It is the responsibility of the prosecution to disprove the alibi by adducing evidence, which destroys it and places the accused person squarely at the scene of crime. See }{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 Ssentale Vs Uganda [1968] EA 365. \par \par }{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 I have considered the respective defences alongside prosecution evidence. I have stated earlier that A2 and A3 made confession implicating themselves as well as their co-accused but that the statements were repudiated. In order for a confession to be admi ssible it must expose the maker himself to the same or even greater risk than the person or persons implicated. The East African Court of Appeal in }{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 Anyanga Vs R [1968] EA 239, 240 }{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 per Sir Clement de Lestang V- P stated: \par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 \'93}{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 I}{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid12278153 f i}{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 t is a confession and implicates a co-accused it may, in a first trial, be \'93taken into consideration\'94 against that co-accused. It is, however, not only accomplice evidence but evidence of the \'93weakest kind}{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid1209334 \'94 \'85} {\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 and can only be used as leading assurance to other evidence against the co-accused.}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 \par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 \par It is also instructive to not}{\f36\fs32\insrsid12278153 e}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 that when the confession has been retr}{\f36\fs32\insrsid12278153 a}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 cted or repudiated it then requires more corroboration before it can be relied on against the maker. Needless to say need for corroboration has more account where the confession implicating a co-accused. See }{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 Israel Kamu}{ \b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid12278153 k}{\b\i\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 olse Vs R [1956] EACA 521. \par }{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 \par The confession of A3 implicates A2 himself, A1 as well as A3. The confession of A3 implicates A3 himself, A2 as well as A1. It is the evidence of PW4 that both A1 and A3 took the motorcycle in issue to her house on the night of 18}{ \f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 th}{\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 November 2002, a day after it was stolen. This evidence of recent possession of the stolen motorcycle without satisfactory explanation is corroborated by the confessions of A2 and A3 showing that A1 and A3 participated in the robbery of the motorcycle. PW1 and PW3 testified that A2 led them to the home of PW4 in Kyamuhunga where they recovered the motorcycle in issue. The evidence of PW1 corroborates that of PW3 on this matter and vice versa. To buttress this evidence are the confessions of A2 and A3 showing A2 participated in the robbery of the motorcycle. \par I have considered also the alibis of accused persons. They stated they did not know each other before and that they did not participate in the offence . I find their alibis have been disproved by the strong prosecution evidence above. I find also that they had a common intention hence the appearing together at the home of PW4 by A1 and A3 as well as the knowledge of A2 of where the motorcycle was to b e found. \par \par Consequently I am satisfied the prosecution has proved beyond reasonable doubt that the accused persons had a common intention in prosecuting the offence they committed and that they did prosecute that purpose. \par \par The gentlemen assessors in their op inion advised me to find the accused persons guilty as charged. For the reasons I have given in the course of this judgment I respectfully differ with that opinion. I instead find all the three accused persons guilty of a lesser offence of simple robber y, contrary to sections 285 and 286 (1)(b) of the Penal Code Act and convict them accordingly. \par \par \par }{\b\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 PAUL K. MUGAMBA \par JUDGE \par 23}{\b\f36\fs32\super\insrsid2772352 rd}{\b\f36\fs32\insrsid2772352 May 2007. \par }}