[2001] UGHC 96

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\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA, AT MBARARA }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 CRIMINAL SESSION CASE NO. 254 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 OF 1997 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915

\par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 UGANDA}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85\'85}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 PROSECUTION \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 VS \line Al NUWAYINAMANI YUBU) \line A2 KAMWESIGYE }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ) }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ACCUSED \line A3 KAVIGI EDSON }{ \b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ) }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 \par }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 BEFORE: }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid5770603 THE HON. JUSTICE V. F. MUSOKE-KIBUUKA}{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 \par }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid5770603 }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid5770603 JUDGMENT}{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid5770603 Introduction }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The village of Mugono, in Itojo sub-county, Mbarara }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 District}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 , }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 was thrown into extraordinary disquiet on }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 4}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August 1996. At about 9.00 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 p.m.}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 a loud thundering noise occurred in the home of Rwakanigane Festo, the deceased in this case. After a short time, the deceased\rquote s dead body was found lying near his kraal.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Subsequently, the three accused persons were jointly charged with the murder of the deceased contrary to sections 183 and 184 of the Penal Code. Each of them pleaded not guilty.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The prosecution alleged that the three accused persons, on or about the }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 4}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 th}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 day of August, 1996, at Mugono village, in Itojo sub-county, Mbarara District, murdered one Rwakanigane Festo. \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The original indictment contained the names of six accused persons. They were all jointly charged with the same offence of murdering Rwakanigane Festo. The six included th e present three accused and Twesigye Herbert, Mugume Baker and Bataringaya Geofrey. However, on }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 5}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid16321915\charrsid16321915 th}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 July, 2000, The Director of Public Prosecutions entered a nolle prosequi withdrawing charges against Twesigye Herbert, Mugume Baker and Bataringaya Geofrey.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Prosecution\rquote s Case }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 In }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 summary, the prosecution\rquote s case, based upon the evidence adduced by the prosecution and accepted by this court, is as below:}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The deceased lived in Mugono village, Itojo, in Mbarara District. He was aged about }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 53}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 at the time of his death. He was the biological father of Al and}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915 A2 and both accused lived with t}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 he deceased more or less in the same homestead. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid16321915 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line The deceased was not a man of little means. He owned several heads of cattle. He also had a large and well-attended banana plantation.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 When, in 1996, about three months before his demise, the deceased married a second wife, relations in the home became sour. The elder wife who was the mother ofAl and A2 left the home.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 A3 had no relation with the deceased. He was an LDU who hired a single room as his residence at Nyamukana trading centre. He used to guard Nyamukana trading centre and used to carry a gun whenever he would be on duty. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 \par On 31}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid12658936\charrsid12658936 st}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 July, 1996, one Twesigye presented to A3 a proposal allegedly made by Al offering Shs. 600,000 for the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 killing of Al\rquote s father. On 1}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid12658936\charrsid12658936 st}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 August, 1996, at }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Nyeihanga, along Mbarara/Kabale Road, Twesigye and Al met A3 and }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 a fellow LDU called Baker Mugum}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 e. The terms of the contract were further discussed.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The final meeting to conclude the contract was held on Saturday, }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936\charrsid12658936 3}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid12658936\charrsid12658936 rd}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936\charrsid12658936 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, \line 1996. The contractual sum wa}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 s confirmed to be Shs. 600,000.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The day for \line the performance of the contract }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 was also fixed to be Sunday 4}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid12658936\charrsid12658936 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, \line 1996.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 \par On Sunday 4}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid12658936\charrsid12658936 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996, A3, who was on duty, withdrew from }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 it. Accompanied by Mugum}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 e Baker and armed with a rifle, A3 proceeded to the home of Al at about 8.30 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid12658936 p.m.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 After final briefings, at Al}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \lquote s house, Al sent his young brother A2 to the house of the deceased to call him outside. The deceased was already in be d. A2 deceived the deceased that his cattle had broken the kraal and strayed into the gardens. In the meantime, Al, A3 and Mugume Baker had taken up a position among the banana plants. The deceased had moved }{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 58 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 paces from his house and was about 34 paces t o the kraal when he was struck by a single bullet on the right side of the lumber posterior. He died instantly. \par PW6, Dr. Kworora, then at Itojo Hospital, examined the body of a well- nourished African male of about }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 53 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 years of age. It was identified to him as that of Rwakanigane Festo by PW 1, Kweyamba Godfrey, a brother to the deceased.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 PW6, found a penetrating wound on the right}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 lumber posterior, measuring \line 21/2}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 inches in }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936\charrsid16321915 diameter}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 . A corresponding penetrating wound measuring }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 5 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 inches in diametre was on the right-based regional of the chest. The 7th, 8th and 9th ribs had been shattered and the right lung and the liver had been injured. The cause of death was stated to }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 be }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936\charrsid16321915 hemorrhage}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 following the injuries to the lung and liver. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The post mortem report made by Dr. Kworora is marked as Exhibit P6.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 On 5}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid12658936\charrsid12658936 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996, PW2 and PW3 \emdash No.28276 and No. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid12658936 13567 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Dt. Cpl. Tukwasibwe Robert and Dt. Sgt. Turyagumisiriza David, visited the scene of crime. PW3 drew up a sketch plan, Exhibit P3. They arrested Al at the scene of crime.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par \line On }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 e}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996, both witnesses travelled to Nyamukana trading centre where they found A3 already arrested by the LCS. A3 revealed to the two witnesses that he had shot the deceased and that he was with Al and two others. A3 led PW2 and PW3 to a single roo} {\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12658936 m house which he rented at Nyamukam}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 a trading centre as his residence. He showed an SMG rifle, AK47, No. 56.128031839, with its magazine containing 9 rounds of ammunition, which he told the two witnesses that he had u sed to shoot the deceased. They recovered both the gun and magazine of ammunitions and handed them over to PW7, Dt. Constable Nyanzi Rashid at Mbarara Police Station. The rifle is Exhibit P.1 while the magazine with 9 rounds of ammunition is marked as Exhibit P2, on the record.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par \line On 12}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid4024680 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996, A3 recorded a charge and caution statement before PW5, Dt. AlP Kwezi Josua. The exhibit is marked as Exhibit P5. A3 narrated, in details, the circumstances leading to the death of the deceased. He admitted his personal participation and implicated both his co-accused}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \rquote }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 s in varying degrees.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680

\par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Similarly, on the same day, A2 recorded a similar statement before the same police officer. His statement is marked as Exhibit P7. In that statement A2, to some degree, ex culpated himself, but he fully implicated both co-accused.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 On the other hand, in his charge and caution statement, Exhibit P4, made before PW4 Dt. IP Barutagira, on 8th August, 1996; Al totally denied the offence.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 During the course of the trial both A2 a nd A3 repudiated and retracted their respective statements. However, each statement was subsequently proved against the respective accused during a trial within a trial. The two statements are marked as Exhibits P7 and PS, respectively.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Defence }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The defence comprised of a statement by each accused, made upon oath. \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Al presented a total denial of the offence. He confirmed that the deceased died on 4thi August, 996. He stated that he was spending most of the days at Bubare where he operated a shop and a c offee buying business. However, he admitted that during the three days preceeding the death of his father he had been at his home at Mugono. He spent the entire day of 4th August, 1996, at his home. While he was sleeping, during the night, he heard a thun dering sound. He sought it was going to rain. But after some ten minutes, he heard an alarm which was coming from the direction of his father\rquote s house.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Al went to his father\rquote s house and was informed by his step mother whose name he did not know that thieves had invaded the home. He reported to the LC 1 chairperson, Kabwekyere Donozio, who, together with the village\rquote s defence secretary and Al reported the case to Itojo sub-county from where they obtained two armed Local Administration police personnel who accompanied them to the scene. Al denied that he took part in the killing of his own father.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 A2, in his sworn statement, also admitted that the deceased is dead. He however denied any knowledge of how he died. He put up an alibi claiming that he had left his father\rquote s home on 25th July, 1996 for a visit to his uncle\rquote s home at Rukoni. The uncle was called Kangwamu. A2 claimed }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 that he had remained at Kangwam}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 u\rquote s home from 25th July to 10th August, 1996. All that time he had not heard any news of the death of his father. He learned of it on 10th August, 1996, from one Kamunyoha Steven who heard an announcement of the death of the deceased on the radio. A2 immediately set off for home. When he reached Rwenyonyozi, he was arrested by the LCs}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 .}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 who informed him tha t he was a suspect in the case of the murder of his father. He denied that he took any part in the killing of his father and that h}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 e tried to run away afterwards. \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 A3, again upon oath, agreed that he was working as an LDU before }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid4024680 arrest.}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 He also agreed that on Sunday }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid4024680 4}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid4024680 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid4024680 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996, h}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 e was on duty as an LDU at Nyam}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ukana and he continued to work as such until his arrest on }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid4024680 10}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid4024680 th}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996. He stated that he was armed with a rifle on }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid4024680 4}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid4024680 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid4024680 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996, while on duty and he continued using the }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 gun }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 until his arrest on 1 0thi August, 1996. Although he agreed that when he was arrested the gun which he used to use as an LDU was at his work post at Nyamukana trading centre, he denied that he showed any gun to PW2 and PW3 nor did he admit to anyone that he knew t he gun which had been used to shoot the deceased. He stated that he used to sign for the gun on a daily basis from one Kamugisha Stephen who was in charge of the LDU in the parish. When he signed for the gun which he had on }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid4024680 9}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid4024680 th}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid4024680 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996, it had 9 rounds of ammunition in it. So much for the case of each side to this trial. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The Law }{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 It is the position of the law,}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid16321915 that}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 , as a general rule in }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 a }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 criminal trial in Uganda the burden of proving the guilt of an accused person rests upon the prosecution throughout the trial and never shifts to the defence. }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Woolington }{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid16321915 vs.}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 DPP (1935) AC 462 }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid4024680 and }{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Ssekitoleko }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680\charrsid16321915 vs.}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Uganda (1967) E. A. 531. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Thus an accused person, during a trial such as this one, bears no duty to prove his or her innocence. For he or she cannot be convicted owing to the weakness or even absence of his or her defence. A conviction is based upon the strength of the prosecution\rquote s case.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 In the instant case, like in all trials on a charge for murder, contrary to sections 183 and 184 of the Penal Code, the prosecution had to prove, beyond reasonable doubt: \line a) death of the deceased; \line b) an unlawful act or omission causing the death of the deceased; \line c) malice aforethought; and \line d) participation of each of the accused.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Analysis }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line At the commencement of the fina l submissions by counsel, the defence intimated that they had no intentions of contesting essential ingredients a) b) and c). Counsel for the defence asked the court to treat those three essential ingredients of the offence of murder as proved by the pros ecution beyond reasonable doubt. Thus the f}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 inal submissions of both counsel}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 were restricted to the proof of the participation of each accused. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4024680 \par Perhap}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 s before I analyse the evidence on record in relation to the alleged participation of each accused, it is important for me to state clearly this court\rquote s finding on each of the three essential ingredients of the offence of murder which have been conceded by the defence as proved beyond reasonable doubt. It is important to do so because in a criminal trial, and e specially in a trial involving a capital offence, a court of law cannot abdicate its responsibility of making a specific finding in respect of every essential ingredient of the offence charged. That remains so, any concession by the defence notwithstan ding. \line On the death of Rwakanigane Festo, this court is duly satisfied that the}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 evidence of PW1, Kweyamba Godfr}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ey, a brother to the deceased, PW6, Dr. George Kworora and the post mortem report, Exhibit P6, PW9, Kabwekyere Donozio, the LC 1 of Mugono cell a nd that of DW1 and DW2, both sons of the deceased, prove beyond reasonable doubt that, indeed, the deceased is dead.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line On whether the death was the result of an unlawful act, the evidence of PW1, PW6 and PW9 and that of PW2 and PW3, who visited the scene of crime and took the body to Itojo hospital, was that the deceased was shot dead by a gun. Shooting a human being in unauthorized circumstances and not accidentally, amounts to an unlawful act. See }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 Gusa m}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 bizi Wesonga }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894\charrsid16321915 vs.}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 R. }{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 (1948.) }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 15}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 }{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 E. ACA.63.}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 \par }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Regarding th e essential ingredient of malice aforethought, the evidence of PW5 as it related to exhibits P5 and P7, reveals a comprehensive plan hatched over a period of time and intended to kill the deceased. Besides, there is overwhelming evidence that the deceased

was shot to death with a gun. Once fired, a gun becomes the most deadly weapon so far commonly known in everyday life. An assault with a gun is of a very serious nature because a gun is a very lethal weapon. In the instant case, the accused was shot in a very vulnerable part of the body the chest. See }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Tubere s/o Ochen vs. R. (1945) 12 E. A. C. A. 63. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Even in the absence of the evidence of PW5 and the charge and caution statements of A2 and A3, it appeal-s to me that it would be prudent to infer malice af orethought under the provisions of section 186(b) of the Penal Code to whoever shot the deceased with a gun. He must have intended or at least he }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 or }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 she must have known that the act of shooting with a gun would result }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 into the death of the deceased. \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line In th e circumstances, therefore, I find that the prosecution has proved beyond any reasonable doubt that the unlawful act of shooting the deceased with a gun was accompanied by malice aforethought.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line I will now move to the more contentious issue of this entire c ase, that is to say whether the evidence produced by the prosecution proves beyond reasonable doubt that any of the three accused persons participated in the killing of the deceased in order to warrant a conviction on a change of murder.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 In order to establish the guilt of the three accused persons the prosecution relies upon the principle of common intention under section 22 of the Penal Code which provides:}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \'93}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid9313894 22 when}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 two or more persons form a common intention to prosecute an unlawful purpose in conjuncti on with one another, and in the prosecution of such purpose an offence is committed of such a nature that its commission was a probable consequence of the prosecution of such purpose, each of them is deemed to have committed the offence.\'94 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \par }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 In Solomon Mungai And Others v. Republic (1965) E. A. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 in which section 21 of the Penal Code of Kenya, which is in }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 pari}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 materia }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 with section 22 of the Penal Code of Uganda was interpreted, it was held that where a common design is proved all those who participated are g uilty of the offence charged. And where the charge against more than two accused persons is based on common design, the acquittal of one will not affect the convictions of the others if the evidence establishes that the others shared a common design.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Now, the evidence led by the prosecution against the three accused, in \line relation to the alleged participation of each one of them consists of that of \line PW2, PW3, PW5, PW9 and Exhibit P5, the charge and caution statement of \line A3 and Exhibit P7, the charge and caution statement of A2. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Both exhibits P5 and P7 were repudiated by each accused. They were both proved to be statements made by each respective accused and voluntarily. During the respective trial within a trial, I believed the prosecution\rquote s witnesses whom I found to be highly credible witness especially PW5, AlP Kwezi, who recorded both statements and who was a highly impressive witness. He took greatest care to ensure that the recording of the statements fully complied with the }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Evidence Statements }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565\charrsid16321915 to}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Polic}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 e Officers Rules, S. I 43-1 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The evidence of A3 in the trial within a trial was unbelievable. It consisted of obvious lies. He stated that when he a}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 ppeared before AlP Kwezi on l2th }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996, to record the charge and caution statement he was very weak having been beaten seriously by those who had arrested him on}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid9313894 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894\charrsid9313894 10}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid9313894\charrsid9313894 th}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9313894 }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996. He added that AlP Kwezi gave him papers already written and asked him to sign them.}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 But then A3 was subjected to a medical examination at Mbarara Hospital on 13th August , 1996. Police Form 24, exhibited P1, in the trial within a trial which was conducted to determine the relevance of his charge and caution statement, shows that he was found without the slightest sign of beating. If he had been beaten on 10th August, 1996 , to any degree, as he claimed, he would have borne some signs of that beating on }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 13}{\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 th}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996. Secondly, the statement attributed to A3 was so detailed that it would have been impossible for any person except A3 to frame it against him.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line In respect of A2\rquote s statement, the only reason which he gave during the trial within a trial for repudiating it was that AlP Kwezi merely showed him an already written statement and asked him to sign it. He stated that he had spent merely two minutes in AlP Kwezi\'94 offic e. For the same reason, as in the case of the statement of A3, I found it unbelievable that AlP Kwezi could have invented the detailed story contained in Exhibit P7. It was the story told to AlP Kwezi by A2, and voluntarily. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The statement of A3 amounts to a confession within the meaning of sections \line 24 and 25 of the Evidence Act. It is a confession because it is sufficient in \line itself to justify the conviction of the person making it. See}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 : }{\b\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 Any}{ \b\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 ungu }{\b\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565\charrsid7240565 vs.}{\b\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 \line Republic (1968) E. A. 239 } {\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 and }{\b\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 Uganda vs Rev. Fr. Kabishenga And Another}{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line (}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 19}{ \b\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 78) HCB 69.}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 On the other hand, Exhibit P7, the statement of A2 does not }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 in }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 law amount to a confession because it contains some exculpatory material in relation to A2. He states for instance that lie was \'93ordered\'94 to go and call the deceased from }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 his}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 house. And that he went to call him }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 \lquote un}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 d}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 er the armed escort of}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 A3.\'94 Thus the statement does not amount to a confession because lithe exculpatory matters are true they would negative the offence alleged as the maker of the statement would b e availing himself the defence of compulsion under section 16 of the Penal Code Act. \line In the instant case, both the statements of A2 and A3, Exhibits P5 and P7, are statements of co-accused. In his confession A3 implicates Al and A2. And in his statement, which, as I stated above does not qualify to be treated as a confession, A2 implicates fully Al and A3.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 It is clear that the statement of A2 cannot be considered against either co}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 -}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 accused under section 28 of the Evidence Act as it does not amount to a confession. It also does not amount to evidence of a co-accused}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 as against both Al and A3. The }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 reason being that it does not constitute evidence given by A2 upon oath. But even if it were to constitute evidence of a co-accused, it would have to be substantiall y corroborated. For as general principle, courts of law are always apprehensive of basing a conviction solely upon the evidence of a co-accused. Spry J., as he then was, summed up that apprehension in the following words iii }{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565\charrsid7240565 Issa s/a Ramadhan vs. R}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 (1962) E. A. }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7240565 686,}{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \'93It }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 is repugnant to all principles of justice to convict a person on the evidence ofa co-accused, who }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 in }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565\charrsid16321915 seek}{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565 ing}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 to exculpate herself provided the prosecution with the }{\b\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 only }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 material evidence against the person convicted.\'94 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \par \line However, in the case of a confession by a co-accused }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 section 28 of the Evidence Act }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 permits a court to consider it as against a co-accused tried jointly for the same offence. However, the evidential weight to be attached to such a confession was stated by the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa, in }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Ezera Kyabanamaizi }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7240565\charrsid16321915 vs.}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 R (1962) E. A. 309. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The Court stated:}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line \'93At best such statements can only be \'93taken into }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 consideration\'94a}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 gainst a co-accused and used onl}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 y to supplement an otherwise substantial case against an accused person; }{ \b\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Muthige v R. }{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 (3) }{\b\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 (1954) 21 E. A C A 267. } {\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 They can never be the basis for a conviction, as on a proper direction, accomplice evidence can. Further, a confession cannot be considered at all against a co-accused unless there has been a full admission of guilt in statement.\'94 }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line Elsewhere, specifically at page 315, their Lordships quote, with approval, from }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 SARKAR ON EVIDENCE 91}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 0}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid14035000\charrsid14035000 th}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Edn) }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 at Page 295: \line \'93It }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 appears that the real test is not whether the confessing accused ascribes to himself a major o r minor part in the crime, but whether when implicating his co-accused he gives a full and true account of the crime and unreservedly confesses his own share of the guilt, i.e., implicates himself as fully and substantially as his co-accused. It may be th at the part assigned to him was not a leading or major one, but in any case there must be a confession to the fullest extent of whatever part he took in the commission of the crime. It is in this sense that the confession must \'93 affect them both equally \'93It is only a statement of this kind that can be said to implicate the confessing accused }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \'93}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid14035000 substantially }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 to the same extent\'94 as it implicates the others. When there is no full and complete confession of his own guilt and the part taken by him in the crime , but an embroidered story spun out with the object of clearing himself or reducing his own guilt at the expense of others, it is nothing but an explanation of an exculpatory nature or a self-serving statement\'94 }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line And lastly, I must note that even though there is no rule of law requiring corroboration of retracted statements made by accused persons, it is \'93a }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 saluto}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000\charrsid16321915 ry}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 rule of practice to seek such corroboration and for a court to direct itself and the assessors to that effect.\'94 Girisomu Bakaye And Another vs Uganda (1965) E. A. 621. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 In the instant case I did so direct the assessors and I do so to myself in respect to Exhibits P5 and P7.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 With the relevant principles which I have set out above, I will now determine the alleged participation of each of the three }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 accused}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 persons in the instant case. I will start with A3.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 In respect of A3, the prosecution produced the evidence of PW2 and PW3, who re-arrested A3 at Nyamukana trading centre. 1-le admitted to them that he had participated in the killing of the deceas ed. When they asked him where the gun he had used to kill the deceased was, he led the two witnesses to a room which he rented at Nyamukana trading centre and showed them an SMG rifle AK 47 No. 56-12803 1839, Exhibit P1. The gun had 9 rounds of ammunition , Exhibit P2. \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 If the investigations in this case had been more serious, the police would have been in position to obtain more evidence linking the death of the deceased to Exhibits P1 and }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 P2, such as obtaining a bal}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 istic expert\rquote s report whether the gun was capable of firing bullets or not and whether the 9 rounds of ammunition were live ammunition capable of being fired by Exhibit P1, and also whether or }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid14035000 not}{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 the bullet which killed the deceased was fired from Exhibit P1. This is more so in light of the evidence by PW2 that a }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000\charrsid16321915 cartridge}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 had been recovered by the police at the scene of crime.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 But be that as It may, I do not have any doubts at all that A3 told the two witnesses that Exhibit P1 was the weapon used by him to shot the deceased. The two witnesse s in my view were truthful in their testimony. Their evidence is corroborated by that of PW5 when A3 told him in Exhibit P5 that \'93I }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 told the officers the truth about the occurrence and I revealed whoever was involved in the offence.\'94 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The second piece of e vidence produced by the prosecution against A3 is the statement of A2, Exhibit P7, its overall evidential value against its maker as I have already stated above, is that the statement does not constitute a confession by A2. The relevant part in i-elation to A2\rquote s co-accused reads: }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid14035000 \'93Twesigye }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 the son of Ngingo is the one who used to ride Yubu on his bicycle to the LDU, Kavigi, before my father was killed. He was in between the wh}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 ole arrangement. That very 4/8/}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 96 around 23 hours when I was asleep at home, Yub u, Twesigye came with Kavigi who was armed with a firearm. They woke me up. They went and opened the kraal and the cows went out. Yubu, my elder brother ordered me to go and call my father, Rwakanigane, who was already asleep}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 went under escort of a n armed Kavigi and reached the courtyard where I called my father. He responded and did wake up because I had told him that the cows were escaping from the kraal. As he came out, I went together with him and Kavigi. As we reached the banana plantation, wh ere Twesigye and Yubu had remained, the said Kavigi shot my father, Rwakinigane Festo, to death with the firearm he had. After that incident Twesigye and Yubu ordered me to escort Kavigi. Then I ran away}{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14035000 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line I then went to the home of Twesigye who kept me hidd en under his bed where he was feeding me from up to Friday 9/8/96. Around 0800 hrs Twesigye sent me away via Batungura\rquote s home for GT tickets as he would pay his own money \emdash that I should look for my own destination and not reveal anything about the incident. I went via Butungura\rquote s home for GT tickets which he refused to give me. I went through the bush to Kiyora where I was arrested by LCS around 1800 hrs. on Saturday 10/8/96.\'94}{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Although the statement of A2 appears to implicate A3, but in view of the princi ples which I have set out above, it cannot be considered against A3. In the first place it does not constitute accomplice evidence given by A2 upon oath. Secondly, it does not qualify as a confession of A2 because in it A2 does not admit all the essential ingredients of the offence of murder for his statement to be considered against a co-accused under section 28 of the Evidence Act. Accordingly the statement of A2 has no }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 evidential value in respect of }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 A3. \par The third piece of evidence implicating A3 is his own confession, Exhibit P5. The confession is totally unequivocal in relation to its maker. I have assessed it as largely being true and after reading it several times, I have no doubt whatever that A3 par ticipated in the commission of this }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210\charrsid16321915 offence. This}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 confession alone is sufficient to constitute a sound basis for A3\rquote s conviction of the offence of murder. It is duly corroborated by the evidence of both PW1 and that of PW6 that the deceased was shot with a single bullet. It also supplements an already substantial case made out against A3 }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 by the evidence of PW2 and PW3.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The more relevant part of the confession of A3 reads as under: }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 \par }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 \'93On the 29}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid7157210\charrsid7157210 th}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 }{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 day of July, 1996 Mond}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 ay, one Twesigye s/o Ngingo cam}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 e and told me that Y}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 ubu the son of now late Rwakam}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 igane Festo had coffee on sale. I went there a}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 nd bought 2 bags at Shs.60, 000}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 . On Wednesday}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7157210 }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7157210 31}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid7157210\charrsid7157210 st}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 day of July 1996 Twesigye cam}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 e again and found me at home alone and told me that he had a deal of cash shillings six hundred thousand (600,000) of killing a person in Mugono village. He did not disclose the name of person in Mugono village. He did not disclose the person to be killed. Twesigye said that the owner of the deal was Yubu who wanted his father to be killed. I dec}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 lined to wards that deal. On 1}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid7157210\charrsid7157210 st}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 }{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 day of Aug}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 ust, 1996 Twesigye came with You}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 bu and found me with Baker Mugume at Nyakihanga on the }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid7157210 main}{\b\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 road Mbarara to Kabale. We }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 bargained again to be paid 1}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ,000,000}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 /}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 = as Yubu insisted to pay US. Shs. 600,000. I suggested to Baker }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 Mugume s/o Bakam}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ukwasa that we arrest}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 the two Yubu and Twesigye then Mugum}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 e insisted that we cannot arrest people who have brought us a deal of all that money the Shs. 600,000. Mugume asked whether Yubu and Twesigye had the cash then}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid7157210 they promised to pay it late, }{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 towards the scene. }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4999738 Mugume then told me }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 to be confident that we do it (meaning that we go and kill,). I resisted to}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4999738 that act a bit, On Saturday 3}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4999738\charrsid4999738 rd}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4999738 August, 1996 the two Yubu and Twesigye came back and talked to Tugum}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 e Baker to confirm when to}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4999738 kill the father of Yubu. Mugume confirmed to then Sunday the 4}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\super\langnp1033\insrsid4999738\charrsid4999738 th}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4999738 }{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 August, 1996. By tha}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4999738 t day I was not around till Sun}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 day 4/8/96 a}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4999738 t around 1500 hrs when I was on du}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8087930 ty with Baryagwisa, Junior Twijukye, K}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 asim and Posi at Mizi v}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8087930 illage. Three men I know by appearance came and told me that Mugume Baker wanted me urgently at Nyamukama village. I with drew from du}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ty and met Bake}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8087930 r at around 1700 hrs. He gave m}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 e the whole plan of setting }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8087930 off to Mugono village at 2100hrs}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 . I resisted to go before I got the money promised. As Bake}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid8087930 r}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15554088 , Mugume comforted me that we w}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 e}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15554088 re to get money at the scene an}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 d he was the one supposed t}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15554088 o patrol the trading center Nyam}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ukana, I accepted to go with him}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15554088 at the agreed time of 2100 hrs}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 . of}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 4/8/96. At around 2000 hrs I went with Mugume Baker, from Nyam}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ukana up to Nyaru}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 teme where we met Twesigye and Yubu. We then }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702\charrsid16321915 all}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 proceede}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 d up to Mugono village in Youbu}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \lquote s}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 house. I asked for the money and they confu}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 sed mite. Baker kept on tellin}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 g m}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 e to be patient. }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \par }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 At that time Yubu arranged how we }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 were to get his father. He sent}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 his young brother whom I know by appearance but not by ii allies, to call his father. 1 proceeded to the banana plantation with lily gun in company of Twesigye, M}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 ugum}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 e Yubu and we hid ourselves where the called father was supposed to pass. The young brother of Yubu called his father. The father came out of his house and moved towards where we were hidden. }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 As he approached where we were Y}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ubu alerted us that lie is that one coining. Mugume Baker then removed au SMG firearm from me and he shot at the father of Yubu one bullet. 1 heard and saw him fall down as 1 ran away leavin}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 g the rest behind I met Baker }{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 asking him whether he had got the money we worked for. He told me that Twesi}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 gye was to bring the money later}{ \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 I did not get the money till I got arrested on Saturday 10\'94 August, 1996. I told the officers the truth about the occurren}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 ce and I revealed whoever was in}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 volved in the offence.\'94 }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The defence of total denial of this offence which A3 has presented can, therefore not stand in light of the cogent evidence produced by the prosecution against him. I dismiss it as a desperate attempt to extricate oneself from a very tight situation in which he so willingly threw hi mself. \line As for A2, the prosecution has produced three pieces of evidence implicating him in the commission of this offence. \par T}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 he first is the confession of A3.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 That piece of evidence merely implicates A2 to the extent he called the deceased from his hous e. It falls short of showing that A2 was privy to the design of killing the deceased. That is to say that A2 had full knowledge of what was going to happen to his father after he called him outside or that A2 duly shared the common intention to kill the d eceased.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The second piece of evidence is the statement of Al which is Exhibit P4 on the record. Its evidential value against A2 is nil. It does not contain evidence of a co-accused given by him on oath against A2. Similarly, the statement does not qualify as a confession of Al so as to be considered against A2 as a co-accused, being tried together with Al. This statement is not helpful to the prosecution\rquote s case}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid13457702 . \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 The last piece of evidence against A2 is his own charge and caution statement, Exhibit P7, in wh ich he minimally implicates himself. But as I stated above A2 does so exculpatorily. For that reason, the statement of A2 does not amount to a confession. A2 states that he was }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 ordered by his elder brother, Al. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 to go and call out his father. He also says that he did so }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 under the armed escort of A3. }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 This evidence has not been negatived, by the prosecution, just as the doubt whether or not A2 shared the common intention of killing the deceased with Al and A3 has not.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Counsel for the prosecution asked this co urt to note that A2 never disassociated himself from the design at any one time. I have already stated that it was not clear whether or not A2 was associated with the design. His unusual conduct of running away from the scene of crime and hiding for five days following the incident cannot in itself alone render him to be regarded as a party to the design. Naturally, A2 must have been shocked by the circumstances under which he witnessed his father die in such a violent manner.. His hiding for five days under the bed of Twesigye could have arisen out of mere fear than out of guilt. Of course, in light of his own statement and the evidence of PW9 who saw him grazing his father\rquote s cattle three days before his father\rquote s death, it is quite clear that A2\rquote s alibi is false. It is nothing but a pack of lies. But such lies cannot be used to bolster a weak prosecution\rquote s case like the one against }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid5770603 A2.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Mabingo }{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603\charrsid16321915 vs.}{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Uganda (1965) E. A.71 }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 On the other hand, A2 cannot even be appropriately taken to have been an abettor of the commission of this offence as his action has not been established to have been voluntarily done even though he originally was not privy to the common design. }{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Uganda}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603 vs. Mugay}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 i Godfrey & Another (1994) I KALR 76. }{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603 \par }{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Owing to the reasons which I have set ou t above, I have to agree fully with the opinion of both assessors that the participation of A2, in the commission of the offence, has not been proved, by the prosecution, beyond reasonable doubt.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line With regard to Al, the evidence brought against him consists of the statements of A2 and A3. Both statements fully, }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 prima facie }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 implicates Al in the commission of the offence in question. \par However, the statement of A2 cannot be considered against Al. This is for the same reasons which I have already given above in respect of A3. The statement does not qualify either as evidence of a co-accused given on oath or as a confession of A2 which would be considered against Al as a co }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603 -}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 accused. It has, therefore, no evidential value as against Al.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line On the other hand, the statement of A3, qualifies as a confession and which implicates Al at the same or even higher level than A3 himself, and could appropriately be considered against Al unde r section 28 of the Evidence Act. However, and I believe, because of the casual nature in which the investigations in this case were carried out, there exists no \'93already }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 substantial case\'94 }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 against Al which the confession of his co-accused would supplement as was stated by the Court of Appeal for Eastern Africa in }{ \i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603 Ezera Kyabanam}{\i\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 aize}{\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \lquote s }{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 case (supra). The confession of A3 alone cannot constitute the basis for a conviction of Al. In the circumstances, therefore, I have, similarly, to agree with the opinions of the two assessors, though for a completely different reason from theirs, that the participation of Al as well has not been proved beyond reasonable doubt.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line In the final result, therefore, I find that the evidence brought by the prosecution against Al and A2, is inadequate to prove their guilty of the offence of murder. I acquit each of them of the offence. On the other hand, I find that the prosecution has proved beyond reasonable doubt that A3 participated in the killing of Rwakaniagane Festo on 4th Augu st, 1996. The lady and gentleman assessors both doubted that the participation of A3 had been proved beyond reasonable doubt owing to inability to properly assess the evidential value of A3\rquote s confession. I convict A3 of the offence of murder contrary to sections 183 and 184 of the Penal Code Act.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603 \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid5770603 \line V. F. Musoke-Kibuuka \line Judge \line 8/06/2001}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603\charrsid5770603 \par }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid5770603 Sentence To A3 \line Court}{\b\ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 : }{ \b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 \line }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 There is }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603\charrsid16321915 only}{ \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 one punishment provided by law for any person convicted of the offence of murder. I, therefore, sentence you to suffer death in a manner provided by law. \line }{ \ul\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Court: }{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid16321915 Right of Appeal explained to A3.}{\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603 \par \line }{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5770603\charrsid5770603 V. F. Musoke-}{\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid9854532\charrsid5770603 Kibuuka \line Judge \line 8/06/2001 \par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16321915 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp2057 {\b\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid14830933\charrsid5770603 \par }}