[2003] UGHC 108
The court found that the prosecution proved beyond reasonable doubt that theft occurred and that the accused participated in the robbery, as evidenced by the victim's identification and the doctrine of recent possession. However, the court was not satisfied that the accused personally used or threatened to use a...
Source-derived case information.
- Citation
- [2003] UGHC 108
- Parties
- Applicant: Uganda; Respondent: Onyango Moses
- Court
- High Court of Uganda
- Jurisdiction
- Uganda
- Case Number
- Crim. CasNo-281 of 2002
- Procedural Posture
- Criminal Trial / Judgment
- Outcome
- Convicted of simple robbery under Sections 272 and 273(1)(b) of the Penal Code Act; acquitted of aggravated robbery under Section 273(2).
- Legal Topics
- Robbery, Burden of Proof, Identification Evidence, Recent Possession, Cognate Offences
- Source Language
- en
Source-derived case record
Summary, issues, holding and outcome
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Parties
Uganda
Applicant
Onyango Moses
Respondent
Procedural Posture
Criminal Trial / Judgment
Legal Issues
- 1 Whether there was theft of the motorcycle as alleged.
- 2 Whether at or immediately before or after the robbery there was use or threat to use a deadly weapon.
- 3 Whether the accused participated in the robbery.
Ratio Decidendi
The court found that the prosecution proved beyond reasonable doubt that theft occurred and that the accused participated in the robbery, as evidenced by the victim's identification and the doctrine of recent possession. However, the court was not satisfied that the accused personally used or threatened to use a deadly weapon, as the evidence did not conclusively establish who inflicted the injury. The court held that while violence was used, the specific element of use or threat of a deadly weapon by the accused was not proved. Applying Section 86 of the Trial on Indictments Decree, the court convicted the accused of the lesser offence of simple robbery under Sections 272 and 273(1)(b)...
Court Disposition
Convicted of simple robbery under Sections 272 and 273(1)(b) of the Penal Code Act; acquitted of aggravated robbery under Section 273(2).
Orders
- The accused is convicted of simple robbery c/s 272 and 273(1)(b) of the Penal Code Act.
- The accused is acquitted on the charge of aggravated robbery c/s 272 and 273(2) of the Penal Code Act.
Full Case Text
Judgment text and source record
2 paragraphs
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PROSECUTION \par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 VRS \par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ONYANGO MOSES\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'85\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ACCUSED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2773230\charrsid5335188 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5335188 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 B \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 EFO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 RE TH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 HON. LADY JUSTICE FAITH }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 MWONDHA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5335188\charrsid5335188 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 JU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 DG}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 MENT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5335188\charrsid5335188 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused was indicted on a charge of robbery c/s 272 and 273(2) of the Penal Code Act. It was alleged by the prosecution that Onyango Moses and two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 others still at \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 large on the 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 7th day of Mary 2002 at Mile two \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Tororo Road in Tororo District robbed a motorcycle Registration No. UDC 086 worth shs. 1,600,000= from one Onyango Okungu and at or immediately before or after threatened to use or used a deadly weapon to wit a pang}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a on the said \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Onyango Okungu. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 As usual \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in all criminal cases the prosecution has always the burden t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o prove the case beyond reasonabl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e doubt in order to bring the gui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 lt of the accused person home. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In a robbery case the following i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ngredients have to be proved:- \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1599275 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1. That there was theft. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2. That\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 at or immediately before or after the said robbery there was use or threat to use a deadly weapon. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 3. That it was the accused wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o participated in the robbery. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5335188 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The prosecution brought three witn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 esses to discharge the burden. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 As far as the first ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 redient was concerned PWI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 told Court that a motorcycle was stolen from him on the material day. That this was after he had been cut at the back of his dead. That the motorcycle was Registration No. UDC 086 G and the owner was one Okello George. PW2 was Geo \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rge Okello who told Court that he recovered the same along Mera Road afte}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 r a search together with \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 PW3. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused was the one who had it and despite his trying to run away, he was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 arrested}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 together with the motorcycle and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 taken to Tororo Police. I w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 satisfied that this ingredient was proved. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 On the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ingredient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , whether or immediately before or after the said robbery there was use or threat to use a deadly weapon, the evidence on recor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d is to the effect that when \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 PWI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 reached a certain spot, the \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused held him in the chest and demanded that he be left there. That at that spot there were three men armed with pangas. That they had torches which they were flashing at him and the accused persons. That the accused cut him at the back of the head. Th \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t he had used his (PWI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s) shirt to tie his hand. That with the help of the other men they removed his trouser and tied his feet. That they threw him in the bush and they went with the motorcycle. Section 272 (2) of the Penal Code Act defines deadly weapon \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to include any instrument made or adapted for shooting, stabbing or cutting and any instrument which when used for offensive purposes is likely to cause death. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The production or non production of medical evidence or panga was irrelevant much as PWJ told Court that he was cut by the accused at the back of his head, there was no evidence adduced that the accused by the time he hired PWI to \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 carry him was armed with anything or carrying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 anything. The evidence shows that it \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the three men at the spot where the accused directed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 PWI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to leave him who were armed with pangas. There was no panga recovered and \line exhibited by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 PWI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 demonstrated in Court how the accused, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ow he was standing when he cut }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 him, it was \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 evident that the accused was behind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 him and therefore it couldn\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 have been possible }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 him to se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e him (accused) cutting him at the back of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 head. Given the kind of light that was there since it was already becoming dark i.e the torches which the ot\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 her men were flashing at him and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused, it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 couldn\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 t have been possible for him to see the accused cut him. However there was certainly use of a deadly weapon as provided in the law cited. There was a cut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on PWI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and PW2 said that he said him bleeding\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . Since there was no challenge on this evidence, the tying of the hands by the accused and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 throwing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 PWI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in the bush plus the cut wound showed that there was actual violence used }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 probably}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 by a deadly weapon, which was not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 proved as already said above. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 On t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he 3rd ingredient of whether the accused participated in the robbery. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 PWI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 testified that it \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was about 7:00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p.m when he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 thinking of going home,\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 being a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 motorcycle rider. That the accused approached him and wanted to take him home. That the accused was \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 going the same direction where PWI resided. That he started off the journey. That while on road the accused held him tight on the chest and demanded that he be left at that spot. That at that spot there were three armed men with pangas. That he had known \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he accused a week before }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the incident \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 i.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e before he came to him to be his passenger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 That he had seen him with one Higayi }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a fellow moto\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rcycle rider. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 That the accused removed PWI\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s shirt and tied his hands. That with the help of the other three men they removed his trouser a \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nd they tied his legs. That he was thrown in the bush That he managed to untie himself and walked to town That he found a Police Patrol vehicle with Police Officers to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1599275 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 whom he reported }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the robbery. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 That he told them the direction the suspects had taken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hat he together with the Police drove and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 reached mile }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Mbale Road }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in a Trading Centre. That they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 et PW2 the owner of the stolen property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 . That PW2 was informed of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 robbery. PW2 and PW3 said that they got a vehicle and started to trace for and/or sea\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rch for the motorcycle. That they found the motorcycle along Mera Road when it was being pushed by the accused.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 That PW2 had identified it as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 his vehicle as it had the same Registration number. That the accused tried to run away abandoning the motorcycle \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 but he was chased and he was arrested about 10 meters from where he had abandoned t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230\charrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he same. That both the accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and the motorcyc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 le were taken to Police Tororo
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 PW3 also testified to the same effect like PW2. This evidence established the doctrine of rec\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ent possession in this case. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2773230 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Boger}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid1599275 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e Moses and Another vrs Uganda [SCU]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Criminal Appeal No.1/97 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (Unreported) it was stated:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12003004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \'93\loch\f0 It }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ought to be realized that where evidence of recent possession of stolen property is proved beyond reasonable doub\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t, it raises a very strong presumption of participation in the stealing, so that if there is no innocent \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 explanation of the possession the evidence is even stronger and more dependable than eye witness identification in a natural event. This is specifi\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cally so because invariably the form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 er is indepen\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 dently verifiable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 while the later solely depends on c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\f0 redibility of the eyewitness.\'94\loch\f0 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5335188 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In t}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he Instant case the victim [PWI]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 had sufficiently identified the accused person as the accused pretended to be a pass\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 enger or customer of the w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 itness. This was just about 7:00}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p.m as PWI was intending to retire home. He had known the accused for a week before the incident. He even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 talked}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 together and ca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rried him on his motorcycle.\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 facts which had to be taken into acco \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 unt to lead to proper and positive identification to rule out the possibility or mistaken identity by a single identifying witness existed as far as the evidence was concerned to my satisfaction. See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid12003004\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 bd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid12003004\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ulla bin Wendo and Another vrs \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 R [1953\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ] EACA 166, Rori}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid12003004\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 vrs Republic [1967]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 E. A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid12003004\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 583, Abdalla Nabulere Cr. App. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 12/81(Unreported) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid12003004\charrsid12003004 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 When the evidence of PW2 and PW3 was introduced it w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 as additional to PWI\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s testimon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 y to prove the ingredient of partici}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pation. When one considers \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of property stolen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 satisfied that it\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s the kind that readily passes from hand to hand. When the trade of the accused is taken int}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 o account to which h\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e belongs. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12003004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In the instant case the accused said that he was a smuggler, I had no doubt on my mind that he participated \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 in the theft. See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 An}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 drea Obonyo vrs Re\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 public [\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1962] E. A 542, Johns\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 on Ka \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ya Wavamuno and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2 Ors vrs Uganda \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Cr. App. No. 2/9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 9 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Unreported. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 There was no innocent explanation offered by the accused person as to how he came to be in recent Possession of \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the sam}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e. This property was stolen at \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 around\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 7:00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p.m and the same was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 found with him at around 8-9:00}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p.m the same day/night The explanation he gave during h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 is defence that, he was jus\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 carrying his smuggled merchandise on a bicycle when he was arrested }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 couldn \loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \rquote \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 be believed. He also said in his defence as an explanation that he found the \line motorcycle at the Police after he had been arrested. That he was directed to wash it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 .}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 That the Police took a photograph of him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 while }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 couldn\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 a believe this e\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 xplanation as it was not innocent and was j}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ust a mere Concoction of lies. \par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 PWI\loch\af0\dbch\af31505\hich\f0 \rquote \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 evidence as regards the way he was f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 amiliar to the accused was not s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 haken. The way he came in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 contact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 with him on the material day/night was not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 challenged during }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 cross-examination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 The defence of the accused just }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 strengthened}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the prosecution case in that, it i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 mplied that the accused was in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 town in the earlier hours of the evening/day before the robbery was committed which led to him being found in possession of the stolen property be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tween 8- 9:00\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 p.m. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 In his defence he said he was carrying his smuggled goods to town that late because he was avoiding being arrested by the URA Officials. I was satisfied that the accused participated in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 theft. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004\charrsid12003004 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5335188 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Having said that I find that both t\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ingredient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and the 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid12003004\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ingredient were proved beyond reasonable doubt but the 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid12003004\charrsid12003004 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ingredient was not. For much as the accused stated that he met armed men with the pangas and that it was the accused who cut him, it was very difficult given the positio\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n in which PWI was standing to see that it was the accused who cut him. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12003004 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid5335188 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 As I said earlier in this judgment, there was no evidence to the effect that when the Witness PWI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 carried the accused on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 motorcycle, the accused had a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 panga }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 PWI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 was standing i \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 n front of the accused an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d the accused had tied \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 his hand. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 He even demonstrated to Court how, he was standing However, there is evidence on r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1599275 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ecord that, the accused held PWI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 tightly as he demanded that he be left at the spot where the armed men were found. T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hat the accused used the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1599275 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 shirt of PWI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to tie his hand as and with the help }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 of others, the accused removed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 the trouser of PWI and they tied his legs That he was then thrown in the bush That evidence falls within the definition of robbery proved by S 2\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 72 of the Penal Code Act and S.273 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 (1) (b) of the Penal Code Act. \par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 T\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 law under S.86 of the T. I. D provides for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 conviction of the accused of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 minor cognate offence though he was not charge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 d wit\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 h it as long as the facts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 prove that it exists. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Assessors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 gav\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 e separate O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 pinions in which the first one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 advised me }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1599275 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 to acquit the accused, as the 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid1599275\charrsid1599275 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ingredient was not proved. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 2nd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Assessor advised me to convict the accused that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 prosecution has proved its \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 case. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 As I said earlier above in this judgment the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid12862568\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 and 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid12862568\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ingredients were proved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 but as to particulars that the accused per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 son used a deadly weapon at or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 immediately before the said robbery was lacki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ng as he couldn\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 t identify who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 exactly cut him. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ther}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 efore proceed under S.86 of the T. ID and convic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 t the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 accused of simple robbery c/s 272 and 273 (1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15362463\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 b) of the Penal Code Act. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15362463 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 acquit the accused on the charge of having }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15362463\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 committed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 robbery c/s 272 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15362463 \line \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 273(2) of the Penal Code Act. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15362463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15362463 \par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 F. MWONDH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15362463\charrsid15362463 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 A \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15362463\charrsid15362463 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 JUDGE \par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 7/4/03 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5335188 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15362463 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15362463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15362463 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Accused present \par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Ola for State \par \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 Natsomi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid728835\charrsid12862568 \hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 hold\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\loch\f0 ing brief}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15362463 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