[2005] UGHC 78

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\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves1\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata1\grfdocevents0\validatexml0\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors0\noxlattoyen \expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct \asianbrkrule\rsidroot4130573\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\ilfomacatclnup0\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid6698963\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (} {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9 \pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14619461 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA \line IN THE H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 IGH COURT OF UGANDA AT MBARARA \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 HCT-05-CR-CO-0176-2002 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14619461 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 UGANDA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 PROSEC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 UTOR \line VS \line TUSIIME YONA \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.. ACCUSED \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14619461 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 THE HON. MR. JUSTICE P. K. MUGAMBA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14619461 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14619461 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 JUDGMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14619461 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14619461 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 Tusiime Yona is charged with defilement, contrary to section 129 (1) of the Penal Code Act. The five witnesses called by the prosecution were the victim herself as PW 1, Mbangirwa Alfred as PW2, Sabiiti Bernard as PW3, D/ASP Baryabasha Billy a}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 s PW4 and Dr. Mugisha Trifon as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 PW5. A charge and caution statement was admitted i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 n evidence. The original }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 Runyankole/Rukiga statement is exhibit P.1. The English tra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 nslation is exhibit P.2. In his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 defence accused made a state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 ment on oath. It was an alibi. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 The prosecution case is that accused had been husband to the sister of the victi m. That sister had since died leaving two orphans. There was an arrangement for the orphans to get supplies of milk from their maternal grandfather. On the day material to this case the victim had gone to accused\rquote s home to deliver milk at about 5 p.m. Whil e she was there accused had summoned her into his house after which he had locked the door. He had proceeded to have sexual intercourse with the victim forcefully. Later the victim had been rescued by her father, PW2 and the secretary for defence, PW3. Ac cused was thereafter arrested and charged with the offence. A medical examination of the victim was carried o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 ut. The report is exhibit P.3. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14619461 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 The onus is on the prosecution to prove the charge against an accused beyond reasonable doubt. See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 Sekitoleko vs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid14619461\charrsid14619461 Uganda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 [1967] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 531. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 It is not the duty of the accused person to prove his innocence. Where the charge is of defilement the following i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 ngredients ought to be proved: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 i.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14619461 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 That the victim was below 18 years of age,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 ii.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 That the victim had sexual intercourse }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 on the occasion, and \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iii.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 That accu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 sed participated in the crime. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14619461 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 There was no birth certificate produced as evidence of the age of the victim. The father of the victim, PW2, testified that at the time material to this case the victim had been 12 years o ld. PW1 stated her age at the time of her testimony to be 15 years. The age of the victim in 2001 when she was medically examined is given as 12 \emdash 14- years in exhibit P.3. I am satisfied that at the time of the alleged offence in the year 2001 the victim was below 18 years of age. This ingredient has been successfu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 lly proved by the prosecution.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 The victim testified as PW1 saying that she had sexual intercourse on the occasion alleged. The defence itself does not contest evidence that the girl had sexual in tercourse. Consequently I find this ingredient proved by the prosec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 ution beyond reasonable doubt. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 The prosecution must prove also that accused participated in the alleged crime. This must be proved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 by the prosecution to the requir}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461\charrsid14619461 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 standard I have alread y related to. It is not the responsibility of the accused person to prove his innocence. In this case accused set up a defence of alibi. He stated on oath that at the time in issue he had taken cattle for grazing four miles away from the scene. He added t h at he did not return home on that material night. When an accused person sets up a defence of alibi it is not his duty to prove it. It is the responsibility of the prosecution to disprove and destroy it by adducing evidence which places the accused person squarely at the scene of crime. See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 Watete alias Wakhoka & 3 others vs Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 [1998-2000] HCB 7. For the prosecution the victim stated that accused had been at home on the evening in issue and that he was the one who called her into the house and locked he r inside before he had sexual intercourse with her. There is also the evidence of the father of the victim, PW2, who stated that he had found accused at his home on the night in issue and that he had raised an alarm as a result of which accused was arrest e d. There is also the evidence of PW3 who stated that when he was called to the scene he found the victim outside the house while accused was inside the house. In addition there is the extra judicial statement in which accused admits he had carnal knowledg e of the victim for the first and o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 nly time ever on the occasion. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 The prosecution evidence has to be evaluated alongside defence evidence. As I have pointed out prosecution evidence must have preponderance over defence evidence in order to disprove the alibi. For reasons best known to itself the prosecution elected not to cross-examine the accused on his defence statement made on oath. I hold this was an unfortunate departure. In a similar case the Supreme Court pronounced itself on this matter. In }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 Abasi Sali & Kasendwa Muhamed vs Uganda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 Criminal Appeal No. 7 of 1998 reported in 1 SCD (Crim) 1996/2000 at page }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 125, 135 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 the following wisdom appears: \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14619461 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 \lquote In our view failure by the learned Judge to properly evaluate the evidence of the two appellants on their alibis is fatal. The learned trial Judge and two assessors did not give sound reasons as a basis for rejecting the alibis. The evidence on alibis has been given on oath. That evidence was not shaken in cross- examination. Remembering that, under our crimi nal justice, the prosecution, in a criminal trial, throughout the trial bears the burden of proving the guilt of an accused person, we are not satisfied that in this case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461\charrsid14619461 and the}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 prosecution had discharged that burden to the standard required in a criminal tri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 al. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 We think, with respect, that both the trial Judge and the Court of Appeal erred when they did not evaluate the defence evidence. In our view the evidence of alibis raised a reasonable doubt which must be resolv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 ed in favour of the appellants.----\rquote \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14619461 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 Need I add more? By failure to challenge accused\rquote s alibi the prosecution conceded to the veracity of his testimony of an alibi. As it stands disproved, I find the prosecution has equally failed to prove that accused part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 icipated in the alleged crime. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 In their joint opinion the gentlemen assessors advised me that while the prosecution had proved two ingredients, the age of the victim and the fact that she had had sexual intercourse, beyond reasonable doubt there was no such proof of accused\rquote s participation in the crime alleged. They advised that I should find accused not guilty. For the reasons that I have given in the course of this judgment I agree with that opinion. I find accused not guilty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 and acquit him of the charge. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid14619461 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461\charrsid8544671 P. K. Mugamba}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461\charrsid8544671 Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14619461 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 25th }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130573\charrsid14619461 April 2005 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14619461 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid340286\charrsid14619461 \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8 72ba28a5d8cea249777d2cd20f18e4b12d6a8f843409c9df77ecb850ba082d74231062ce997b55ae8fe3a00e1893f354e9555e6885647de3a8abf4fbee29bbd7 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