Thomas Nyirongo (Suing in his capacity as representative of 59 others) v Kachemu Investment Limited and Anor (Appeal No. 347/ 2023) [2024] ZMCA 130 (13 June 2024)

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF ZAMBIA HOLDEN AT LUSAKA Appeal No. 347/ 2023 (Civil Jurisdiction) BETWEEN: 13 . II '\ THOMAS NYIRONGO (Suing in his capacity as representative of 59 others) APPELLANT AND KASHEMU INVESTMENT LIMITED 1 ST RESPONDENT CHEERS REAL ESTATE COMPANY LTD 2 nd RESPONDENT Coram: Kondolo SC, Majula and Banda-Bobo, JJA On 26th April, 2024 and 13t h June, 2024 For the Appellant For the Respondents : In Person ,. : No Appearance JUDGMENT MAJ ULA J A, delivered th e J udgm en t of the Court . Cases referred to: 1. London Ngoma and Others vs LCM Company Limited and Another - SCZ Judgment No 22 of 1999. 2. Miles Sampa, Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba, Captain Seleman Banda Phangaula vs Inonge Wina - SCZ/8/ 294/ 2014. 3 . Fred M'membe & The Post Newspapers (In Liquidation) vs Abel Moozi & Others - SCZ Appeal No 175/ 2019. 4. Attorney General vs Aboubacar Tall & Another - SCZ Appeal No. 77/ 1994. J2 5. Sachar Narendra Ku mar vs Joseph Brown Mutale - SCZ Judgment No. 8/ 2013. 6. Barclays Bank vs ERZ Holdings Limited - SCZ Appeal No. 71 / 2007. 7. Rae Zambia Limited vs The Attorney General & Tullow Zambia BV - CAZ Appeal No.112/2018. 1 .0 Introduction 1. 1 This appeal emanates from a ruling by Honourable Lady Justice E. P. Mwikisa who refused to grant an application for joinder dated 28th August, 2023 . 2 .0 Background 2 .1 The background to this matter as can be gleaned from th e record of appeal, is that the appellants purchased property from the 2 nd respondent between the periods 2018 to 2023. The appellants subsequently received a letter of notice to yield possession of the subject land being Lot No . 24430/M Kabangwe, Lusaka. This was accompanied by a Consent Order dated 18th June, 2020 which had been entered into by the 1st and 2 nd respondents. 2.2 Prior to the Consent Order being executed, the 1st respondent had sued the 2 nd respondent by way of writ of summons and statemen t of claim, seeking payment of the sum of ZMWl ,695,000.00 as well as damages for breach of contract. Following this suit, the two parties entered into a Consent Order on 18th June , 2020 for vacant possession of the property in issue. The appellants were unaware of this state of affairs until the 14th of August, 2023 when they were served J3 with court documents. They immediately proceeded to apply for j oinder. 3.0 Decision of the lower Court 3.1 The court below, on 28t h August, 2023 proceeded to render a ruling declining the application for joinder. The learned Judge was of the considered view that the application for j oinder had come too late in the day when the matter had already been concluded by way of a Consent Order 3 years prior to the appellants' application. She opined that the appellants were at liberty to commence a fresh action if they felt strongly about the case. 4.0 Grounds of Appeal 4. 1 The preceding decision of the court below is what has triggered the present appeal before us. The appellant has fronted seven (7) grounds of appeal couched as follows: "1 . The Court erred in law and fact when it refused to grant the appellant the order for joinder without considering the evidence exhibited in the application. 2. The Court misdirected itself in law and fact when it did not consider the fact that the Appellants were only notified of the court process on 14th August) 2023. 3. The trial court erred in law and fact by its refusal to grant an order for joinder of Applicants to the matter in casu) contrary to the well-establishedpri.nciple of law thatjoinder J4 applications may be granted even after judgment has been delivered. 4. The Court misdirected itself when it ordered that the Appellants were at liberty to start afresh matter in the High if he feels strongly about this case without Court considering the reasons for the application. 5. The trial Court erred in law and fact by its failure to recognize that a Writ of Possession has been re-issued by the 1st Respondent and Ordering the Appellants to commence a fresh action as the commencement of a fresh action would not stay execution of the re-issued Writ of Possession relating to the subject property. 6. The trial Court erred by its failure to pronounce itself on the "acclaimed locus standi" of the Appellants in the matter and the subject property. 7. The trial Court erred in law and fact by its failure to recognise and apply "the principle of the relationship of Principal and Agent" that existed between the 1st Respondent and the 2 nd Respondent at the material time the 2 nd Respondent effected the sale of various subdivision parcels of land to the Appellants herein." 5.0 Appellants Arguments 5.1 In the arguments th e appellant elected to argue grounds 1 and 2 together and grounds 3 , 4, 5, 6 and 7 together. JS 6.0 Grounds 1 & 2 6 .1 The grievance in these two grounds is essentially the refusal by the trial Court to grant the order of joinder notwithstanding the fact that the appellants only became alive to this matter on 14th August, 2023. That the Court did not consider the evidence before it which was that the Consent Order was never lodged with the Lands and Deeds Registry to indicate that there was a Court Order on the property in issue and the appellants only became cognizant of the case when they were served on 14th August, 2023. That the appellants were never made parties to the proceedings which affected them as they had an interest as occupiers. 7.0 Grounds 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7 7. 1 In these grounds, the dissatisfaction again emanates from the refusal by the court below to grant joinder, the gist of the argument is that this refusal to join the appellants to the matter was contrary to well established principles of law that joinder applications may be granted even after judgment has been delivered. In addition, that the court misdirected itself when it ordered that the appellants were at liberty to start a fresh action without considering the reasons for the application. 7.2 The appellant has drawn our attention to the fact that a Writ of Possession had been re-issued by the 1st respondent and ordering the appellant to commence a fresh action would not J6 stay execu tion of th e re-is sued writ of p ossession relating to the subj ect prop erty. 7 .3 In terms of t h e law r elatin g to wh en a p arty can be j oin ed to p roceedings, t h e app ellant h as placed r eliance on Order 15 Rule 6(2) (b) of the Rules of the Supreme Court. He has furth er called in aid the cases of London Ngoma and Others vs LCM Company Limited and Another1 and Miles Sampa, Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba, Capt. Seleman Banda Phangaula vs Inonge Wina2 which articulate the p rinciple t h at a party can be joined to p r oceedings even after a consent judgm en t. 7 . 4 We were also r eferred to th e case of Fred M'membe & The Post Newspapers (In Liquidation) vs Abel Moozi & Others3 wh ich guided th at a party wh o was not p arty to the p roceedings and a consent judgment, can a pply to be j oin ed to t h e proceedings as a p arty. That com mencing a new action was a wrong suit to ch allen ge a con sen t order in this regard. It has been strongly argued that the a b ove au thorities clothe t his Cou rt with power to hear this ap peal and that the a ppellant has dem onstrated sufficien t interest to be j oined to th e suit. 7 .5 Based on t h e fo regoing, we h ave been implored to u p h old the a ppeal. 8.0 Respondent's Arguments 8. 1 There were no h eads of arguments filed on behalf of the r esp on den t. J7 9.0 Hearing of the Appeal 9 .1 The appeal came up for hearing on 7 th May, 2024, and only the appellant was in attendance. There was proof of service that the respondents were served with the record of appeal and the notice of hearing for the appeal. 9.2 Be that as it may, the appellant wholly relied on the heads of argument that he had filed in support of the appeal. 10.0 Analysis & Decision of this Court 10 .1 We have m eticulously considered the record of appeal, heads of arguments and the a uthorities cited in arriving at our decision. Although the appellant has canvassed 7 grounds of appeal, we consider that what is at the core of the appeal is the refusal by the Judge to grant joinder. We are therefore being called upon, in our view, to interrogate what the principles are governing applications for joinder. And secondly, whether a party can be joined after the matter has been con cluded by way of Consent. 10.2 A brief r ecap of the background is that the app ellants had bought from the 2 n d respondent various parcels of land on the subject property between 2018 and 2023. According to the record, there was a consent which only came to the attention of the appellant on 14th August, 2023. It is on this basis that the appellant graced the doors of the court seeking joinder. The question t h at arises is whether they indeed had locus standi in the matter they sought to be joined to. J8 11.0 Principles of Joinder 11 .1 The starting point in ou r view is what is the law in relation to j oinder i.e. when can a party apply for j oinder. The provisions of Order 15 rule 6(2) (b) of the Rules of the Supreme Court are instructive which provide: "2. Subject to the provisions of this rule, at any stage of the proceedings in any cause or matter the Court may on such terms as it thinks just and either of its own motion or on application - (a) order any person who has been improperly or unnecessarily made a party or who has for any reason ceased to be a p roper or necessary party, to cease to be a party; (b) order any of the following persons to be added as a party, namely - (i) any person who ought to have been joined as a party or whose presence before the Court is necessary to ensure that all matters in dispute in the cause or matter may be effectually and completely determined and adjudicated upon, or (ii) any person between whom and any party to the cause or matter there may exist a question or issue arising out of or relating to or connected with any relief or remedy claimed in the cause or matter which in the opinion of the Court it would be just and convenient to J9 determine as between him and that party as well as between the parties to the cause or matter." 11 .2 Fu rth er, th e leadin g case on j oinder is that of Ngoma and Others vs LCM Company Limited1 (supra) called in support by t h e app ellant. The h olding in that case was to the effect that t h e appellants who had an interest in the matter ough t to h ave b een joined to t h e action n otwithstanding th at consen t j u dgmen t h a d been enter ed in to as they had never been p arties and were not aware of the h earing. The apex Cou rt went further to opine t h at "the learn ed Distr ict Registrar erred in dismissing the application on th e ground t h at they cannot be joined since a consent judgment had been obtained." This was in line wit h their decision in th e Attorney General vs Aboubacar Tall4 case where the court held that Courts h ave inherent j urisdiction to exercise their discretion to j oin p arties to an action. 11.3 Similar sen timen ts were expressed in Sachar Narendra Kumar vs Joseph Brown Mutale5 where they stated th at j oinder may be granted even after judgment has been d eliver ed. Th e cou rt of last r esor t did not depart from their reason ing in t h e case of Miles Sampa2 in which t h ey cited the London Ngoma and Others1 case as well as the Barclays Bank vs ERZ Holdings Limited & Others6 . 1 1.4 We maintained the same position in th e Rae Zambia Limited vs The Attorney General & Tullow Zambia BV7 case, where we summed up th e requ iremen ts for an applicant to be joined as follows: JlO "The threshold under Order 14/ 5(1) HCR is that, for a party to be joined to the proceedings it must either; (1) Be a person who may be entitled to, or claim some share or interest in the subject matter of the suit or (2) Who may likely to be affected by the result or outcome of the suit. The import of the aforestated is that, for an application for joinder to be granted, one does not necessarily have to satisfy both requirements, but either of the two, would suffice ... In casu, as earlier stated, the 2 nd Respondent has sufficient interest in the matter and is likely to be affected by the outcome of the appeal in the court belouJ'. 11 . 5 It is therefore crystal clear from the foregoing that a party who shows sufficient interest in the matter or is likely to be affected by the outcome of any decision of the Court can be joined to an action even after consent judgment has been granted. 11. 6 J oinder applications in court are typically governed by principles of fairness, efficiency and judicial discretion. Courts aim to join parties or claimants where there is a common question of law or fact or promoting fairness by resolving related issues together. Efficiency is key as joining related matters reduces duplication of efforts and conserves judicial resources. .. Jl 1 11.7 In casu, the appellants were not a party to the proceedings and were not even aware of the hearing. The consent which was executed on 18th June 2020 was not made known to them until 14th August, 2023. From our perspective, they therefore had locus standi and satisfied the conditions to be joined . The interest shown was their claim that they had purchased land on the proposed subdivisions of Lot 24430 / M which was the subject of the consent agreement. 12.0 Joinder vs Commencement of fresh action 12.1 Flowing from above , it behoves us to state that case law supports the argument by the appellants that a person can be joined to proceedings notwithstanding that there is a consent judgment. We are fortified in so stating by the London Ngoma1 and Miles Sampa2 cases. 12.2 Turning to the lower court's ruling that the appellants were at liberty to start a fresh matter, we are in disagreement with this position. Commencing a fresh or new action would not be appropriate in the circumstances and in actual fact would be a wrong suit because the appellant was not a party to t he proceedings and the consent judgment. We stand guided by the case of Fred M'membe & The Post Newspapers (In Liquidation) vs Moozi & Others3. 12.0 Conclusion 12.1 In a nutshell, we find merit in all the grounds of appeal and accordingly uphold them. We order that the appellants be Jl2 joined and the record is remitted back to the High Court before another Judge. 12. 2 Costs shall abide the outcome of the decision of the Court below. M. M. Kondolo, SC COURT OF APPEAL JUDGE I ......... ~~· ........ P. .......... .. - ajula B. M. . COURT OF APPEAL JUDGE 0 (L J\ ... ...... ~ .. ...... ....... . A. M. Banda-Bobo COURT OF APPEAL JUDGE